HUNGARIAN GROUP of ANNUAL TECHNICAL JOURNAL Czechs and Hungarians

cimlap2011-angol.qxp 2011.05.12. 10:49 Page 1 Price: 10 EUR HUNGARIAN GROUP OF fib CONCRETE STRUCTURES ANNUAL TECHNICAL JOURNAL Géza Tassi – György L. Balázs Czechs and Hungarians – history, culture, concrete 2 Bernát Csuka - László P. Kollár Reinforced concrete columns under centric load 17 Gábor Pál Construction of metro line station 26 Zsuzsanna Török Concrete technology for extradosed bridge 32 Zoltán Klopka – Péter Szász School in organic concrete form 38 Noémi Friedman – György Farkas Roof structures in motion 41 Katalin Szilágyi – Adorján Borosnyói – István Zsigovics Surface hardness of concrete 51 Kálmán Szalai – Tamás Kovács Use of global safety factor format 58 Dezsõ Hegyi – András Árpád Sipos Concrete slab cantilever 66 Noémi Seres – László Dunai Individual embossment of composite floor 69 Anita Fódi – István Bódi Basics of reinforced masonry 76 2011Vol. 12 CZECHS AND HUNGARIANS SIDE BY SIDE OVER THE CENTURIES − HISTORY, CULTURE AND CONCRETE Géza Tassi – György L. Balázs The Czech Republic and the Republic of Hungary are situated in Central Europe, and their current territory and population is similar (approximating that of Ohio in USA). The similitude and difference between the situation of Czech and Hungarian countrymen changed over the centuries. However, there has always been a close connection between the two people. It is a great honour for the headquarters and the member countries of fib that the 2011 Symposium will be organized in Prague. Our Czech colleagues have hosted on several occasions various events of fib=CEB+FIP. Their excellence in organization and the high technical-scientific value of previous meet- ings predicate the success of the symposium. This paper wishes to give an impression of past relations in anticipation of good co-operation in the future. 1. INTRODUCTION As for the Hungarians, who call themselves Magyars after the name of one of their tribes, they emerged in the Following the Second fib Congress, the journal of the Hungarian neighbouring area some two hundred years after the Czechs. Group of fib called CONCRETE STRUCTURES starts with The Hungarians soon involved themselves in transitory a leading article that aims to improve friendship between the antagonisms with the Czechs, having opposing interests and member groups of our international federation. We wish to a long and mutual frontier. The latter is proved also by the introduce our country emphasizing our respect to other nations place-names Uherské Hradiště, Uherský Ostroh, Uherský as well as showing in our mirror to the host countries. Brod and Tlumačov which is the name of the Pecheneg tribe called Talmács in Hungarian. The Talmács people were then Hungarian subjects and they served as border guards of the 2. HISTORY country (Györffy, 1977). Both nations, Czech and Hungarian have a history spanning more than thousand years. Both countries experienced periods 2.2 In the Middle Ages of suppressions, wars, revolutions, and an enduring yearning In the 10th century, during the reign of the Bohemian Přemyslid for freedom and progress. The commotions experienced prince Boleslav II. and his Hungarian counterpart prince between these two states were sometimes fluctuating but there Géza, there was a longer period of peace which facilitated the has always been good neighbourliness between our people. adoption of Christianity of the then heathen Hungarians aided In this paper it is impossible to write about all rich areas of by the Bohemians. By this time the Bohemians had already links. Due to limited space we have to omit some areas like converted to Christianity, nevertheless the missionary of the fields of science, sports and we will deal in more detail with bishop Saint Adalbert and his mostly Benedictine friars were others. ascribed mainly to the grave hostility between the Přemyslid prince Boleslav II and the Slavnikid family of Adalbert. 2.1 The Commencement However, the veneration of the blessed bishop Adalbert proved to be stable and long lasting throughout the whole of There are innumerable facts that bind both the Czechs and the th Hungarians together. Firstly there is the duality of the names Europe, as testified in a wood cutting of the 16 century (Fig. of the two peoples and lands. 1, Fitz,1956). The name Čechy is a documented name for people from as The cause of Christianity remained a lasting mutual interest early as the 10th century A. D., when they called themselves between Hungary and Bohemia into the future. Consequently Češi, a name based on the name of a middle Bohemian tribe. The the Hungarian king, St. Ladislas (Szent László), appointed etymologies of the two names, Češi, and Bohemia, until now the Bohemian friar Duch as the head of the newly established have not satisfactorily been explained. Since their settlement in episcopate of Zagreb with Latin rite (Hóman, Szekfű, 1935). the region during 6th century, their learned contemporaries call Less than two hundred years later the Hungarian king Anjou them Bohemians. The origin of this name seems to be hidden Louis the Great (Nagy Lajos) presented Bohemia the sword in the Celtic Boier (Encyclopaedia, 2003). of the first Hungarian king, St. Steven (Szent István), which remains to this day in even now in the treasury of the Sv. 2 2011 • CONCRETE STRUCTURES (Kiss, 1980.). It is noted that even in the present telephone directory of Budapest there are 214 family names “Cseh” (=Czech, Čech). Returning to medieval history: Some decades after the Mongolian invasion of Hungary the Přemyslid king of Bohemia, Otakar II expressed his endeavour to become also the king of Germany. In order to strengthen his power he seized some Hungarian fortresses at the western frontier of the country and collected troops and allies. However, Otakar’s new royal endeavour had to face the claim of Rudolph Habsburg, who, with a clever diplomacy succeeded in winning the support of the young Hungarian king, Ladislas IV (IV. László). The hostilities finally came to the battle near to Stillfried and Dürnkrut on 26th August, 1278 in which the substantial support of the Hungarian troops turned to be decisive in favour of Rudolph Habsburg. King Otakar not only lost the battle but also died in action. With this engagement Hungary actually facilitated the dynastic power of the Habsburg family from which family members later became kings both of Hungary and Bohemia (Hóman, Szekfű, 1935) (Fig. 3, Cronicon, 1964). Fig. 1: St. Adalbert from the Missale Strigoniensis Fig. 2: The sword of the first Hungarian king St. Steven from the Cathedral St. Vid, Prague Vít (St. Vid) Cathedral Prague (Fig. 2, Serédy, 1938). These early links between the two people and their dynasties are amply documented both in the contemporary diplomas and legendaries. As for the latter ones, scientists are of the view that both the legends of St. Steven (Szent István), St. Ladislas (Szent László) and of the Bohemian Kristian. As previously mentioned some names of communities in early Bohemia refer to the Czech-Hungarian links. During Fig. 3: King Ladislas IV and the name of the king Otakar from the the period of the Hungarian Árpád-dynasty there were new Cronicon Pictum settlements containing in their name the “Czech” word, such as the following: Csehi (“belonging to Czechs” (Vas County), The first centuries of the second millennium were, however, Drávacsehi (Baranya County), Egercsehi (Heves County), marked not only by wars between the two nations, but also furthermore Csehbánya (Veszprém County), Kiscsehi (Zala by significant cultural influences due initially to the activities County), Kálmáncsa, referring that King Kálmán settled of the Benedictine and Cistercian orders both in Hungary Czech people to that village, Ordacsehi and Sümegcsehi (Zala and Bohemia. A long list of ecclesiastical institutions and County), all showing arrival of residents of Czech nationality buildings were established by the brave friars in both countries. CONCRETE STRUCTURES • 2011 3 Nevertheless, mention must be made of the Bohemian cathedrals of St. Margaret in Břevnov, the St. Prokop in Třebič, in Prague, the monasteries in Vysší Brod and in Zlatá Koruna as well as Hungarian ones in Ják and Zsámbék. The monasteries also had significant scholastic activity and influence in both countries. Among the artistic monuments of these early centuries erected in an outstanding position in Prague is the beautiful bronze statue of St. George (Sv. Jiří), created by the Hungarian brothers Márton and György Kolozsvári in 1373. According to the records of the Bohemian Jesuit friar Bohuslav Balbin from 1677, the date and the name of the sculptor were inscribed on the now missing shield of the saint (Fig. 4, Aradi, 1983). Fig. 5: Students and a professor from the University of Prague (second from right might be a Hungarian) led to the reformation fuelled by Hassidism founded in the teaching and activity of Jan Hus. Hus was a follower of the Englishman John Wycliffe and based on his teaching and the texts of the gospels, he argued for the communion in both kind („sub utraque specie”, hence the name of his followers, the „Utraquists”). Additionally he requested the pope and the bishops to abandon secular power and to exercise apostolic activity instead. Hus urged, furthermore the translation of the Bible into national languages and especially the promotion Fig. 4: The statue of St. George from the Hradzin, Prague and preference of the Czech language. Hus thus fell under the After Přemyslid dynasty died out,the Luxembourgian Fig. 6: Jan Hus on the stake in Constance, 1415: dynasty ascended the throne of Bohemia and somewhat later with Sigismund (Zsigmond) (1387-1437) ascended to the Hungarian throne, as well. In the first decades of the new dynasty the relations between the church and the kingdom were burdened with certain conflicts, among others due to the reluctance of Svatý Jan Nepomucký (~1340-93) to follow the orders of the king Václav (Wenceslas) IV (1361-1419).

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