7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT Design and Access Statement (Part 1-context) v.4 The Walled Garden

Author: Lambert Bardsley Reeve Architecture, 1 High Bungay Road, Loddon, Norwich, NR14 6JT T: (01508) 522952 Web. www.lambertbardsleyreeve.co.uk 6 May 2020

1 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT CONTENTS: Part 1 0 Introduction Page 3 Context:

1. Coltishall and the Norfolk Broads Page 4 2. Coltishall walled garden, Page 5 3. Use and access Page 9 4. Origins of the walled garden Page 10

5. 1800s onwards – the development of walled gardens in the UK. Page 10 6. The importance of walled gardens Page 11 7. Architectural importance Page 12 8. Social importance Page 12

9. Orientation and solar gain in a walled garden Page 13 10. Buildings within a walled garden Page 13 11. Living and working in a walled garden Page 14 12 Primary greenhouses in a walled garden Page 14 13. Other glass houses in a walled garden Page 15

14. Materials in a walled garden. Page 15 15. Science and technology in a walled garden Page 15 16. Heating the greenhouse Page 16 17. Over-heating control. Page 17

18. Historic precedents. Page 18 19. References (part 1) Page 21 20. List of images (part 2) Page 22 Part 2 Proposal:

2 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 0. Introduction 0.1 This Design and Access statement forms part of the full planning for the creation of live /work dwelling in the Walled Garden, Belaugh Green Lane, Coltishall NR12 7AJ. 0.2 It should be read in conjunction with the following documents that are submitted to form the complete application: 7.350 (S) 000—OS location plan 7.350 (S) 001—002 existing drawings. 7.350(D)001—005 Proposed Drawings—note that excerpts of some of the drawings are included in this report for expediency, but these will not be to scale and will have key annotations removed for clarity. Where possible, always refer to the original document. Heritage Impact Assessment (One Planning) Planning Statement Ecological report and protected species assessment. (Gray Ecology) Landscape proposal (CY Landscape design) Arboreal report (BH Trees & Woodland ) Highways Supporting Statement (Clancy Consulting) 0.3 This project regenerates the existing redundant walled garden behind Coltishall Hall to create a live / work’ dwelling. This new use of a historically important site draws upon, reflects and celebrates the ingenuity and history of the Walled garden. 0.4 Architecturally the residence draws upon the form, character and appearance of the large greenhouses that were once an intrinsic part of the setting within these gardens, whilst the surrounding garden is rejuvenated with a contemporary landscape design inspired by the traditional designs of the walled garden. (see accompanying report). 0.5 Environmentally it demonstrates that a very high sustainable construction with very low ongoing energy usage can be achieved. 0.6 The project celebrates and builds upon the ideas and concepts that were central to these historic walled gardens. 0.7 This proposal enhances a redundant setting with a building that is innovative and highly sustainable. It specifically relies on its location within the garden to generate energy from the sun. The scheme enables the reinterpretation and reconstruction of the garden itself as well as the maintenance and management of the wider woodland. 0.8 This document explains why this redundant walled garden is an appropriate location for an outstanding sustainably designed building that meets the Paragraph 79 criteria by exploring the immediate context and condition of the existing walled garden, as well as discussing the historical development and importance of walled gardens before detailing the development, specification and sustainability of the proposed scheme.

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1. Context: Coltishall and the Norfolk Broads: Coltishall 1.1. Coltishall is a village in North-East Norfolk, some 8 miles north of Norwich. 1.2. Situated on the River Bure it has been referred to as the Gateway to the Broads, being the ‘Norfolk Broads’ start of the navigable portion of this river. Norwich

1.3. The Norfolk Broads (shown in blue in the map D.1. North Norfolk satellite below) is the most easterly of the UK’s 15 national parks, and forms the southern boundary of Coltishall Village. 1.4. Originally dug out for peat, the subsequent flooding provided waterways that form the basis for trade and tourism, the Coltishall D.2. Norfolk Broads backbone of the north Norfolk economy. 1.5. With the Norfolk Broads containing 9 national nature reserves, 28 sites of specific scientific interest providing home to ‘more than a quarter of the of the rarest species in the Norwich country’ (Broads Authority), wildlife

D.3. Coltishall diversity is an important facet to this part of Norfolk. 1.6. Coltishall is a busy village, with a couple of local pubs, restaurants and hotel/ B&Bs , a post office, a primary school and medical practice as well as a Cricket club, village hall and recreation ground. 1.7. The village developed between the 16th and 19th centuries, a commercial centre with many malt houses, ship-building yards and wherries for river trade prior to the development of the railway. Many of the properties reflect the importance of this trade. 1.8. Coltishall’s former RAF base is situated about a mile north of the village, although flying ceased here

4 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT in March 2006. 1.9. The parish church is St John’s the Baptist thatched church is located centrally to the village. 1.10. The grade II listed hall, Coltishall hall, is located to the eastern edge of the village. A full history of this property and the association with the walled garden is detailed within the associated Historic Impact Assessment report. 1.11. The walled garden is located to D.4. Coltishall satellite view the north west of the grade II hall, to the east of the main village of Coltishall. 1.12 A check on the Environment Walled Garden Agencies Flood risk map shows that the north– east corner of the village North of the river, including the Walled D.4.1. Coltishall Walled Garden is Garden Flood Risk Map

Walled Garden

Coltishall Hall

Flood zone not within a flood risk area.

2.Context: Coltishall Walled Garden. As discussed in greater detail in the Heritage Impact Assessment Report, the walled garden is associated D.5. Coltishall Walled Garden satellite view

with the Grade II listed Hall to the east of

5 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT Coltishall. 2.1. The house was built circa 1700, and the walled garden is presumed to have been constructed in the mid-late 18th century (pre 1817 mapping as discussed on page 15 HIA report).

D.6. View to walled garden from access track.

D.7. View to walled garden from Belaugh Green Lane.

2.2. Separated from the hall in the 1980s, the walled garden is accessed from a farm track off Belaugh Green Lane. 2.3. Located on an area of high ground and surrounded by woodland, the walled garden is not well known within the village as there is no public access or view from the village itself, only being visible from Belaugh Green Lane which is further restricted in the summer when crops are high.

D.8. Walled garden outline.

6 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 2.4. In 2014 when the client took ownership, the walls were in a poor state of repair, with Ivy clinging to the walls and damaging the integrity of the masonry. These images give an idea of the condition of the wall.

D.9. North west corner (north side)

D.10. North wall internal pier.

D.11. Wall vegetation, south west corner.

D.12. North wall pillar D.13. North wall pillar base base (before) (after)

7 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 2.5. Aligned with the historic axis of the garden (still faintly visible in the work paths in this aerial photograph—accessed in 2020) there are two current entrances to the garden, one pedestrian to the north and one vehicular to the east. To the west, the original pedestrian access remains, but has been blocked off, whilst the timber gate remains in position to the southern pedestrian entrance, but is obscured by vegetation. 2.6. The walls are constructed in red brick, standing 3m tall to the north, east and west, and only 2.5m to the south, with half round capping stones to the north, east and west with a soldier course to the south, stepped details at the D.14. Aerial axis photograph corners, piers at the entrances.

D.15. West entrance

D.16. Southern access.

D.17. Northern access.

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D.18. Junction between southern and western wall

D.19. North eastern corner after repair works.

3. Current use and access: 3.1. The site is currently an un- used grassland, with low bio- diversity (for full assessment re- fer to The Preliminary Ecology assessment report). 3.2. An existing brick building in the north west corner contains storage, WC facilities and bore D.20. North west corner. hole for the current restoration of the walls. 3.3. Because of it’s location tucked away from Belaugh Green Lane, at the end of a private farm track, and on a high ridge of higher ground above neighbouring properties, the Walled Garden is not accessible to the public. 3.4. Access to the garden is currently along a farm tracks from Belaugh Green Lane via a choice of two field gated entrances. With regards to the entrance to be utilised by the new live/ work dwelling please refer to the report from Clancy Consulting.

9 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 4. CONTEXT: Origins of the walled garden 4.1. The concept of the walled garden goes back centuries to the Persians and the Babylonians. The idea of an earthly paradise separated from the hustle and bustle and cares of the world has always had a universal appeal for those in a position of privilege. 4.2. Early walled gardens represent a very human perspective of perfection. A man-made creation containing and emulating nature but ordering and containing it. 4.3. The fact that general access (both people and animals!) was restricted, allows the planting within it to reach a higher potential than it would in the outside world of untamed nature. 4.4. The very deliberate act of conceiving and crafting a walled garden inevitably means that great thought and consideration is invested in the venture. A walled garden has always had more attention, management and maintenance lavished than an ordinary open garden. 4.5. Creating a version of paradise gave the whole venture a ‘high status’. Maintaining that idea throughout the life and seasons of the garden took all the ingenuity and skill that the owners and their gardens had. 4.6. The walled garden has always engaged the highest level of technical achievement, the latest techniques and the most modern tools. It has also traditionally been a place for experimentation…. grafting, propagation, storage and protection of the valuable (often new & exotic species) horticultural stock. The whole process observed and managed from the seed to the final bloom or fruiting. 4.7. The contained, controlled, sheltered environment of the walled garden providing a ‘laboratory’ or test ground for these investigations. The combination of honed traditional gardening techniques together with an analytical, arguably scientific, approach to the plants themselves is one of the defining characteristics of this exceptional entity.

5. CONTEXT: 1800s onwards, the development of walled gardens in the UK 5.1. The walled garden as developed in the British Isles is very different from those early versions originating in the Middle East. Unlike those early gardens here, walled gardens are productive and useful. Their pleasures are not primarily to experience the sights and scents from within the garden but are there for enjoyment of the gardens produce, remove to within the grand house, in the form of cut flowers or fruit and vegetables. Often unusual or exotic, these were frequently supplied out of season. Although the walled garden could be visited and walked through, it was principally a ‘production area’ and not a pleasure garden. Visitors to these gardens would be there more out of a sense of curiosity, or a chance to ‘see behind the scenes’. It was not an ‘earthly paradise’ to encourage contemplation….it was far too busy for that! 5.2. These walled gardens also provided the daily supply of the more common-or-garden fruit and vegetables for the house. An efficient production system, more akin to a market garden, rather than a domestic kitchen garden.

10 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 6. CONTEXT: The importance of the Walled Garden:

6.1. There are many reasons why the D.21. Scampston Hall estate walled garden became an established building form for the larger Country Houses. Principally they conferred a high status on the owner. A chance to show off the wealth of the estate. Theses gardens were visually impressive and technologically advanced whilst providing great delight in their specialised production of exclusive, rare and exotic produce and flowers. 6.2. In addition to this they became a key and important element of the wider landscape of the Country House. Originally a kitchen garden would have been close to the grand house within easy reach of the kitchen, allowing a close connection for the management of the garden and the harvesting and collection of produce. By the late 1800’s these houses were looking to have planned ornamental gardens surrounding them, allowing the owner and guests to walk straight out into the garden from the house. This meant that having the unsightly vegetable patch, potting shed and general garden outbuildings close to the house, was no longer acceptable. 6.3. This change in the way the houses were D.22. Raveningham Hall—espaliered pears used, coupled with the growing demand for a reliable supply of fruit and vegetables, were some of the main factors that shaped the form of the walled garden as we know it today. The creation of a purpose made walled garden was an expensive undertaking and a large investment in terms of the estate generally. In the most basic sense, it allowed the vegetable patch to be better set out with more room for espaliered fruit trees along the walls. It could contain the necessary outbuildings and keep everything out of sight including the increasing numbers of gardening staff required to keep them functioning at their best and to their highest potential. 6.4. On a more advanced level it allowed the ready adoption of new current horticultural ideas and technology. Being yet a fairly new construction idea, the walled garden was a natural point to engage with and implement the new technologies that were available.

11 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 7. Architectural importance 7.1. The very presence of a walled garden then defined the scope and status of an estate. An imposing costly brick structure constructed to provide luxurious and rare (as well as the day to day) produce of the house. Seen in the distance the walls also hinted at the size and expanse of the wider estate. This indication of wealth was also achieved in tandem by constructing monuments and follies. 8. Social importance 8.1. The creation of the walled garden coincided with the growing wealth of the country and particularly the aristocratic and merchant class, principally between the late 17th -18th Century. International trade around the world had created a wealth class that could afford not only the purchase, upkeep and maintenance of a large house and grounds but the cost of a walled garden and its staff, equipment, buildings and raw materials. 8.2. The gardens were labour intensive, providing lots of employment opportunities and attracted experienced horticulturalists to run them. 8.3. At the heart of the walled garden was the head gardener. In the 18th & 19th century, head gardeners were already an important part of the household management team at the large country houses. They were senior in the overall D.23. Sir John Llewelyn with the Head gardener ranking of the household staff. They were well paid, and of Penllergare Valley Woods Walled Garden. the position usually came with better accommodation on the estate. Houses were known by the quality of their lawns, hedges, trees shrubs and garden features.

8.4 This was the case right up until the first part of the 20th Century when the First world war dramatically changed the life of the large Country house and indeed these gardens. They did continue to operate but at a far more pedestrian level as an efficient managed vegetable patch to provide food in the time of wartime shortages.

D.24. Picton Walled Garden and gardeners—green houses were destroyed in a storm in the1950s.

12 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 9. CONTEXT: Orientation and solar gain in a walled garden 9.1 Walled gardens were traditionally orientated to maximise the sunlight. The Northern wall and northern part of the garden being the hottest. This wall was planted with fruit trees that needed most heat and light such as plumb, pear and peach. The southern wall being the coolest and having no direct sunshine would have varieties that did not need direct sunlight. East and West walls would accordingly be planted for the different individual environments that were created. Depending on orientation the walls, each had their own climatic profile and hence the correct type of fruit tree or flowering plant was suited. Plums, pears, cherries, damsons and a wide range of other fruit and ornamental planting. 9.2 Most walled gardens are constructed of a brick wall that are usually some 3000mm high. These brick walls are usually 225mm thick as a minimum with piers periodically. The mass of the brick retains the suns heat and radiated it back into the garden at night. Even low winter sun raises the night-time temperature. 10. CONTEXT: Buildings within a walled garden 10.1 Buildings were frequently constructed within the Walled Garden.

10.2 Single storey brick built potting sheds of all sizes were common as were stores for garden equipment and tools.

10.3 Boiler rooms were also common. Wood or coal fired boilers provided the heat to allow tender plants to be kept throughout the winter in the greenhouses. Heating also allowed spring and autumn temperatures in the greenhouses to be raised to allow exotic plants to be maintained. Fuelling and maintaining boilers and indeed adjusting their heat output was essential to the complex operation of the greenhouses.

10.4 Chimneys from the boiler rooms would appear above D.25. Calke Abbey Boiler room and hot house over the parapet of the walled garden.

10.5 Immediately outside the Walled Garden the head gardeners house would be located, or lean-to bothy constructions to accommodate the lesser gardeners.

10.6 It was not unusual for walled gardens to be sub divided by internal walls, creating different rooms or spaces within the garden for different purposes, such as Holkham & Felbrigg Hall in North Norfolk, and Calke Abbey in Derbyshire.

D.26. Holkham Hall Walled garden layout.

13 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 11 CONTEXT: Living and working in a walled garden

11.1 The tradition of living in or next to the walled garden was established from the outset, particularly at the larger gardens. The intense nature of these gardening operations meant that it required constant supervision and work. Within the garden the ‘Gardeners bothy’ was common. It was not unusual for a number of gardeners to be accommodated in simple accommodation (essentially a brick lean-too or outbuilding). This allowed the staff of which the numbers had indeed grown with the creation of the garden to be accommodated. It also had the advantage of keeping these staff out of sight of the house itself. 11.2 The other accommodation that was commonly provided in close proximity to the walled garden was that of the head gardener. The status of the gardener had gradually risen so that by the mid 1800’s they had become one of the most senior staff members of the house. They were literate and needed to grasp and understand the evolving horticultural science and it’s practice. To work effectively they needed to be on site. Many operations were dependent on close observation of the growing cycle and careful timing in planting, pruning, propagation as well as covering and uncovering and in the case of greenhouses temperature control as shading control. To enable this to happen the head gardeners house was often constructed just outside the walled garden. 12. CONTEXT: Primary greenhouses in a walled garden

D.27. Long Glass house at Clumber Park.

12.1 In many ways this was the flagship for the whole garden itself. 12.2 The prime greenhouse is always located on the northern wall, with a large expanse of glazing – roof and walls– facing south. 12.3 Its form is synonymous with that of the walled garden. It’s distinctive shape – typically a long rectangle along the wall with a central projecting gable section is iconic within the walled garden. 12.4 Traditionally the central feature or element of the greenhouse would be a larger section with a gable construction and would house the best specimens or plants. Often with a table & chairs would allow an appreciation of both the building itself and of the planting within. 12.5 The ‘lean too’ itself construction on the northern wall facing south took best advantage of the sun. The ‘lean too’ form provides a good height for plants.

14 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 12.6 The thermal mass of the masonry wall was put to added use. Rays from the sun– enhanced by the green house effect of the glass – increase the temperature of the masonry throughout the course of the day and are radiated back into the conservatory at night-time so keeping the conservatory warm. 12.7 The walls were also painted to reflect the light back into the conservatory so giving the plants even more light and heat. 12.8 The large vinery greenhouses were often ‘sunk’ into the garden to accommodate heated beds at ‘work top’ height to the lower part of the vinery whilst still allowing adequate height for the vines, peaches etc on the main wall. 13. CONTEXT: Other glass houses in a walled garden 13.1. Immediately outside the greenhouse at the lowest part of the mono-pitch there were usually ‘cold frames. These were for bringing on seedlings. They were accessed externally, and the covers could be propped open to allow heat out in high D.28. Attingham Park walled garden summer. 13.2. There were many other lesser greenhouse structures within the walled garden. Standard single storey greenhouses with pitched roofs of varying sizes. Usually constructed with a brick wall to around 1000mm high and then a glasshouse above. Timber frame construction with small panes of float glass. 14. CONTEXT: Materials in a walled garden 14.1. The predominant material within the walled garden is brick. Masonry walls formed the primary construction method for the defining enclosing walls as well as many of the buildings associated with the garden. As well as being a sometimes expensive material which enabled owners to show off their wealth in defiance of the taxes of the period. 14.2. Glass is the other pre-defining material of the walled garden. D.29. Deans Court Garden—crinkle-crankle brick wall

15. CONTEXT: science and technology in a walled garden 15.1. The walled garden was the pinnacle of horticultural technical achievement. Its management required not only specialist horticultural skills but all year round skilled labour and often specialist equipment.

15 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 15.2. With a walled garden, the role of the head gardener expanded. No longer just garden and landscape management but now including the science of successfully growing a wide range of produce in the sheltered protected environment of the walled garden and its greenhouses. 15.3. The operation of the walled garden itself was an important part of the life of the house. They represented a large investment in expertise not only in the D.30. Growing creation and setting up of a garden but in the ongoing pineapple staffing to manage and oversee the planting, nurturing, pruning, of the plants. The garden allowed the propagation of rare, exotic or unusual fruits and vegetables, among these:

• Pineapple • Peaches • Greengages • Asparagus • Rhubarb • Grape vines D.31. Growing Peaches • Melons • Oranges and other citrus fruit • Various flowers such as camellias

15.4. The walled gardens created a microclimate by which plants that would not usually survive in the UK’s temperate climate could be grown. To achieve this, required a great amount of work and the plants needed far more attention than the general grounds and garden. To achieve the outstanding results that were possible, they took careful observation and management and very precise D.32. Camellia– Wollaton Hall Camelia House D.33. Calke Abbey control over the ‘Hot Wall’ interpretive covering, the moving of plants in and out of the greenhouses sketch by Fiona Fyfe and the fertilisation and propagation. 16. Heating the greenhouse 16.1. Heating and heat management of greenhouses utilised cutting edge equipment and technologies. Actively heating the greenhouses ensured year-round growing conditions. 16.2. Initially, coal fired boilers set into the masonry walls (accessed through boiler houses to the north of the Walled Garden) would circulate heat throughout the wall. Hypocaust systems were used to directly heat planting beds within the greenhouse, whilst hot air circulated from fire pits could heated cold frames. 16.3. Later, during the Victorian era, it was common for large diameter cast iron heating pipes to run along this wall at low level. Some greenhouses have heating pipework within the floor with cast iron lattice grilles over.

16 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 16.4. At the lower part of the greenhouse there was a D.34. Raveningham Hall vinery—figs growing up the raised ‘bench’ for smaller plants to be grown. It painted walls to the left, heating grill to the floor and was beneath here that the cast iron heating raised beds. pipes would also run. 16.5. Commonly all greenhouses in the garden would be heated 17. Overheating control of the greenhouses 17.1. Greenhouses were designed to be as hot as possible to bring on exotic and temperate plants. In summer the large south facing glass area would lead to overheating which needed to be overcome. 17.2. The greenhouses were designed with extensive opening lights to the glass area. Usually these were within the top row of glass panes and were operated with a hand winding worm drive mechanism, or sometimes lead weight counter balanced sash windows. The doors were often positioned at either end so to allow a good through draught if required. The glass would be painted in whitewash in the summer to shade or internal or external blinds were sometimes used either wood or sometimes canvas.

18. Historic Precedents: 18.2 RAVENINGHAM Hall, Norfolk. 18.1 Many influential examples of walled garden heritage are found both locally and nationally. A Victorian walled garden built within the protection of a woodland shelter belt, with a 19th century Boulton and Paul range of glass houses, D.35. Raveneingham Hall vinery stocked conservatories and melon pits. The vinery, with its central gable, is central to the primary walled kitchen garden which produces fruit, vegetables and cut flowers, the ridge projecting above the limit of the red brick enclosure walls. Behind the vinery the former boiler rooms and work spaces are retained, with further glass houses and gardener accommodation to the west of the kitchen garden.

D.37. Raveningham Hall vinery

D.36. Raveningham Hall—buildings beyond the walls 17 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT 18.3 Scampston Hall, North Yorkshire 18th century walled garden, with large vinery with central elongated octagonal greenhouse, central oval dipping pool and large garden area with a wide range of planting types. A contemporary design conceived in 1999 to redevelop the garden after 50 years of dereliction. Owner Chris Legard states that “The main challenge is the repair and renovation bills of the garden”. This extensive garden is part of the ‘Historic homes’ group is open to the public and a wide range of school and heritage activities.

D.38. Scampston Hall vinery D.39. Scampston Hall walled garden

18.4 Fulham Palace, London A large garden of 13 acres in central London, of which 3.5 acres are enclosed in historic red brick walls with a non-rectilinear plan. Productive in the late 17th centuries and 18th century, this is London’s second oldest botanical garden. Restored in 2012 along with the associated bothies. The Coltishall Walled Garden scheme takes inspiration from the configuration this Vinery on a curved plan. Fulham Palace also features the higher central wall and chimneys from the hot wall boilers.

D.40. Fulham Palace walled garden curved vinery

D.41. Fulham Palace walled garden plan

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15.5 Wimpole Estate, Cambridgeshire 18th Century walled garden constructed by William Eames and featuring Sir John Soane designed glasshouse. Heated wall, pineapple pit and arched design to allow outside planting to keep the roots cool whilst the fruit was inside.

D.42. Wimpole Hall vinery

18.6 Clumber Park, Nottinghamshire. A 137metre long Vinery for figs, peaches and nectarines. Central raised feature section, with boiler house behind.

18.7 Attingham Park, Shrewsbury D.43. Clumber Park vinery. 18th Century walled garden with a number of glasshouses dating from the 1920s in the north east corner of the walled garden. Beyond the glass houses, the chimney for the boiler house (north of the wall) and the gardeners bothy (to the east, forming part of the garden wall) are visible. The effect of this visually is similar to that of the proposed live/work scheme at Coltishall. Seen from the garden the combination of the mono-pitched ‘lean-to’ roofs, the stand alone dual-pitched roof of the vinery, tomato house and melon house, with the cold frames in front, give a staggered appearance. Attingham has gardeners’ bothies located immediately next to the green houses in the north eastern corner of the garden. This location in the north east corner of the garden is reflected in the position of the Coltishall proposal. Attingham garden and glasshouses, restoration of the gardens began in 2008.

D.44. Attingham Park Glass houses

D.45. Attingham Park bothy

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18.8 Tatton Park, Cheshire A walled garden with a Head gardeners house constructed as part of the northern wall to the immediate west of the Vinery. The front façade of the house including front door facing directly into the garden. A clear example of ‘Live /work’ accommodation with the garden.

D.46. Tatton Park head gardeners cottage.

18.9 Calke Abbey, Derbyshire Located some distance from the hall of Calke Abbey, the walled gardens are productive and pleasure gardens subdivided into several areas with any associated buildings within and immediately adjacent to the walls. These include: the gardeners bothy (at the centre of the garden, used as store room, head gardeners office and gardener accommodation); potting sheds; a large orangery and associated peach house with boiler house behind; pheasentry; walled meadow/ orchard to the south of the orangery; pelargonium theatre; and numerous glass houses and cold frames. In addition, the gardeners tunnel was used to keep the gardeners out of sight of the hall as they traversed from the walled garden to their accommodation.

D.47. Calke Abbey layout

D.48. Calke Abbey garden heating pipes. D.49. Calke Abbey Orangery and peach house

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19: References (Part 1):

Note, all websites accessed between January and April 2020. http://www.tournorfolk.co.uk/coltishall.html https://www.broadland.gov.uk/downloads/file/1186/broadland_and_broads_authority_boundary https://www.visitthebroads.co.uk/discover-the-broads/about-the-broads https://historicengland.org.uk/images-books/publications/dlsg-garden-park-structures/heag108- garden-and-park-structures-lsg/

Walled Gardens, J. Hudson, Pavillion Books, National Trust, London, 2018. http://raveningham.com/gardens/ https://www.scampston.co.uk/at-scampston-north-yorkshire/walled-garden https://www.fulhampalace.org/house-garden/the-garden/ https://www.fulhampalace.org/house-garden/restore-renew/ https://www.fulhampalace.org/house-garden/the-garden/the-walled-garden/ https://www.fulhampalace.org/house-garden/the-garden/importance-of-the-garden/ https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/attingham-park/features/10-years-of-restoring-the-walled-garden- at-attingham https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/attingham-park/features/help-restore-attinghams-walled-garden- glasshouses https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/calke-abbey/features/calkes-gardens-in-full-bloom

20: List of images (part 1):

Note, all websites accessed between January and April 2020. Cover – Coltishall Walled Garden, North wall internal. (LBR.) D.1. – North Norfolk Satellite image (Google Maps): https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/ Coltishall,+Norwich/@52.7331546,1.3633964,6103m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4! 1s0x47d75849982d7557:0x6786994128674dce!8m2!3d52.728035!4d1.36535 D.2. – Norfolk Broads (Broadland District Council): https://www.broadland.gov.uk/downloads/ download/175/map_of_broadland_and_broads_authority_boundaries D.3. – Coltishall (Google maps – as D.1) D.4. – Coltishall satellite view (i.bid) D.4. – Coltishall Walled Garden Flood Risk - https://flood-map-for-planning.service.gov.uk/confirm- location?easting=626843&northing=320501&placeOrPostcode=coltishall

D.5. – Coltishall walled garden satellite view (i.bid) D.6. – View to walled garden from access track (LBR) D.7. – View from walled garden from Belaugh Green Lane (LBR) D.8. – Walled garden outline (Extract from OS map. LBR)

21 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT D.9. – North West corner (north side) prior to repair works (M. Chapman) D.10. – North wall internal pier prior to repair works (M. Chapman) D.11. – Wall vegetation, south west corner. (LBR) D.12. – North wall pillar base prior to repair works (M. Chapman) D.13. – North wall pillar base after repair works (M. Chapman) D.14. – Aerial axis photograph: (Googlemaps – as D.1.) D.15. – West entrance. (LBR) D.17. – Northern access (LBR) D.18 – Junction between southern and western wall. (LBR) D.19. – North eastern corner after repair works. (LBR) D.20. – North west corner (LBR) D.21 – Scampston Hall estate. (Trip Advisor) D.22 – Raveningham Garden espaliered pears. (K.Morral) D.23. – Sir John Llewelyn with the head gardener of Penllergare Valley Woods walled garden: https:// penllergare.org/phase-two-walled-gardens-orchid-house/ D.24. – Picton walled garden and gardeners: https://www.pictoncastle.co.uk/the-walled-gardens-at- picton-an-appeal D.25 – Calke Abbey Boiler room and hot house (K. Lee; https://www.picturesofengland.com/user/ madhen/pictures//England/Derbyshire/Ticknall/Calke_Abbey ) D.26. – Holkham Hall walled garden layout: https://www.holkham.co.uk/blog/post/walled-garden D.27. – Long glass house at Clumber Park: https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/clumber-park/features/ walled-kitchen-garden D.26. – Attingham Park walled garden: https://notesoflife.uk/2016/11/autumn-at-attingham-park/

D.29. – Deans Court crinkle-crankle brick wall: https://www.gardenvisit.com/gardens/ deans_court_garden D.30. – Growing pineapple: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple D.31. – Growing peaches: https://behind-the-french-menu.blogspot.com/2017/05/peche-peach-fruit- peaches-in-france.html D.32. – Camelia, Wollaton Hall Camelia House: https://spiritarchitecture.co.uk/projects/wollaton-hall- camellia-house-nottinghamshire/ D.33. – Calke Abbey ‘hot wall’ interpretive sketch, Fiona Fyfe: https://www.fionafyfe.co.uk/2012/ research-and-interpretation-plan-for-garden-archaeology-calke-abbey/ D.34. – Raveningham Hall Vinery (KMorral) D.35. – Raveningham Hall Vinery (KMorral)

22 7.350(D)Doc201 The Walled Garden Design and Access Statement PLANNING DOCUMENT

D.36. – Raveningham Hall, buildings beyond the walls (KMorral) D.37. – Raveningham Hall Vinery (KMorral)

D.38. – Scampston Hall vinery: https://www.scampston.co.uk/at-scampston-north-yorkshire/venue-hire D.39. – Scampston hall walled garden: https://www.scampston.co.uk/at-scampston-north-yorkshire/ walled-garden

D.40. – Fulham Palace walled garden curved vinery: https://www.fulhampalace.org/house-garden/the- garden/the-walled-garden/ D.41. – Fulham Palace Plan (Google maps: https://www.google.com/maps/search/ fulham+palace+walled+garden/@51.4695196,-0.2139808,146m/data=!3m1!1e3) D.42. – Wimpole Hall vinery: https://www.ntprints.com/image/359758/a-mass-of-scarlet-orange-and- yellow-tulips-in-the-walled-garden-in-april-at-wimpole-hall-cambridgeshire-the-glasshouse-was- recreated-in-2000-from-an-original-design-by-sir-john-soane

D.43. – Clumber Park vinery: https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/clumber-park/features/walled-kitchen- garden D.44. – Attingham Park glass houses: https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/attingham-park/features/10-years -of-restoring-the-walled-garden-at-attingham D.45. – Attingham Park Bothy: https://notesoflife.uk/2016/11/autumn-at-attingham-park/ D.46. – Tatton Park head gardeners cottage https://www.gardening-forums.com/threads/tatton-park- gardens.2063/ D.47. – Calke Abbey layout (Google maps): https://www.google.co.uk/maps/place/National+Trust+- +Calke+Abbey/@52.7985449,-1.453072,320m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4! 1s0x4879fb98b17bdea1:0xf4902ce041d547d0!8m2!3d52.7997132!4d-1.4558947

D.48. – Calke Abbey garden heating pipeshttp://www.hevac -heritage.org/items_of_interest/heating/ national_trust_properties/calke_abbey/calke_abbey.htm D.49. – Calke Abbey Orangery and peach house: ps://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/calke-abbey/features/ sleeping-winter-gardens-at-calke-abbey

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