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Beauty and Eros in Plato's Hippias Major

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Beauty and Eros in Plato's Hippias Major "What's Beautiful is Difficult": Beauty and Eros in Plato's Hippias Major Author: Santiago Ramos Persistent link: http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:105052 This work is posted on eScholarship@BC, Boston College University Libraries. Boston College Electronic Thesis or Dissertation, 2015 Copyright is held by the author, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise noted. Boston College The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Department of Philosophy “WHAT’S BEAUTIFUL IS DIFFICULT”: BEAUTY AND EROS IN PLATO’S HIPPIAS MAJOR a dissertation by SANTIAGO RAMOS submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2015 © copyright by SANTIAGO RAMOS 2015 “WHAT’S BEAUTIFUL IS DIFFICULT”: BEAUTY AND EROS IN PLATO’S HIPPIAS MAJOR SANTIAGO RAMOS Boston College Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, 2015 Dissertation Adviser: Marina McCoy ABSTRACT This dissertation investigates the role that eros in general, and philosophical eros in particular, plays in the search for the eidos of the beautiful in Plato’s Hippias Major. It defends the claim that noesis of the eidos of the beautiful can only be accomplished within the life of philosophical eros, that is, within the life of eros which is directed toward the good. As such this dissertation aims both to provide an interpretive key to the Hippias Major, allowing us to read the dialogue in a rich and novel way, and also to make the claim that the Hippias Major presents us with a picture of the interrelation between eros, philosophy, and beauty, and about how these three elements manifest themselves in human life. As such, some continuities and parallels can be found between it and the other two dialogues which deal most explicitly with beauty and eros, the Phaedrus and Symposium. The first five chapters interpret a particular section of the Hippias Major according to role the eros plays within it, attempting to show that eros, both in general and in its unique manifestation as philosophical eros, is a crucial mediating term for any comprehensive understanding of any section of the dialogue, and therefore of the dialogue as a whole. In each of these five chapters, I will articulate the role that eros plays within the search for obtaining a noetic glance at the eidos of the beautiful. The first chapter demonstrates how Socrates’s philosophical eros gives birth to the question about the beautiful itself within the context of a discussion about sophistry and money. The second chapter shows how Socrates’s philosophical engagement with Hippias’s definitions of the eidos of the beautiful generates a dialectic of ascent, allowing Hippias to expand his understanding of what counts as beautiful in a trajectory that mirrors Diotima’s ascent in the Symposium. The third chapter articulates the erotic significance of Socrates’s claim that the eidos of the beautiful inheres in being and not appearances. The fourth chapter gauges the erotic significance of Socrates’s and Hippias’s claim that the beautiful is good, and the good beautiful. The fifth chapter interprets the comic and tragic aspects of the dialogue in terms of philosophical eros, its rejection and fulfillment. The sixth chapter will take stock of the overall interpretation of the Hippias Major developed in the first five chapters, and will present the overarching view about the relationship between the contemplation of beauty, on the one hand, and desire for possession of beauty and moral concern, on the other, which one can glean from the character and action of Socrates in Hippias Major. It will bring this view into a conversation with the notion of “liking devoid of interest” which is found in Kant’s Critique of Judgment. The conclusion of this dissertation will underscore the principle claim, that the philosophical search for the eidos of the beautiful can neither be separated from the eros which beauty inspires in a human being, nor can it be accomplished without one’s eros being directed toward the good, and that this philosophical search is marked by suffering and possible tragedy. TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………1 Status Questionis…………………………………………………………………………..4 Method and Terms………………………………………………………………………...8 Outline of this Study…………………………………………………………………..…23 Chapter One: The Birth of Socrates’s Question……………………………………………...26 Hippias and Socrates: Two Contrasting Characters……………………………………...26 Socrates’s Philosophical Eros……………………………………………………………42 The Interrogative Stance…………………………………………………………43 Socrates’s Interest in the Good…………………………………………………..47 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….49 Chapter Two: Dialectic and Ascent……………………………………………………………50 Hippias’s Definitions and Socrates’s Responses………………………………………...51 Girl, Maiden, or Virgin (286d-289c)…………………………………………….51 Gold (289d-291c)………………………………………………………………...63 Human Life (291d-293c)………………………………………………………...74 Hippias’s Ascent…………………………………………………………………81 Socrates’s Analogical Way of Speaking about the Beautiful……………………………84 Socrates’s Requirements for a Proper Definition………………………………..85 Socrates’s Analogical Attribution of Beauty…………………………………….86 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………….....92 Chapter Three: From Appearances to Being…………………………………………………94 Socrates’s “Knowledge”…………………………………………………………………96 The Beautiful is Radiant………………………………………………………………..103 …Only to the Person driven by Philosophical Eros……………………………………128 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...144 i Chapter Four: The Goodness of the Beautiful………………………………………………147 The Erotic Shift…………………………………………………………………………148 The Recognition of Beauty’s Goodness……………………………………………..…168 The Relationship between the Beautiful and the Good………………………………...174 Eros, Noesis, and the Good……………………………………………………..175 The Beautiful and Philosophy…………………………………………………..182 The Drama of Beauty and Goodness…………………………………………...185 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...187 Chapter Five: Comedy, Tragedy, and Beyond………………………………………………188 Dénouement and Recapitulation………………………………………………………..191 Comedy in the Hippias Major………………………………………………………….207 Tragedy in the Hippias Major…………………………………………………………..216 The Tragedy of Hippias………………………………………………………...217 The Tragedy of Socrates………………………………………………………..226 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………..……….240 Chapter Six: Beauty, “Liking Devoid of Interest,” and Eros…...…………...……………..243 “Liking Devoid of Interest”…………………..…….…………………………………..245 Contrast with Socrates………………………………………………………………….250 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………...256 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………………..258 Bibliography…………………………………………………………………………………...271 ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would not have been able to write this dissertation without the love and support of mentors, family, and friends. I would first like to acknowledge the generous support, patience, and care of my esteemed advisor, Dr. Marina McCoy, who went through many, many drafts of various chapters of this dissertation over the last few years, and always supplied me with meticulous, careful, and valuable advice. I would also like to thank Dr. Drew Hyland, who provided me with notes and comments on every chapter in this dissertation, as well as timely words of encouragement. I am grateful as well to Fr. Gary Gurtler, for taking the time to serve on my committee. As a whole, all three members of my committee have been invaluable partners in dialogue, as well as models of the philosophical vocation. I am also thankful to RoseMarie DeLeo, the Graduate Program Assistant, who was always patient in helping me to remember all the details involved in finishing the dissertation and graduating from BC. I would like to thank my parents, Mario and Marina Ramos, for their ever-dependable love and support, and their welcome home. My sister Maria helped me in numerous ways, not least by letting me occupy her living room and balcony as I made the final edits of this dissertation. My brother Francisco has been a steadfast friend as well, and I am grateful for his letting me use his library card so that I could check out books at the KU library. My cousin Alejandro helped me to fight the stress of writing by being my personal trainer and gym companion. Lela me apoyó desde el Cielo. I am blessed with many friends, and I owe them all a debt of gratitude. Gregory Floyd, Burke Thompson, and Nathaniel Peters were all three generous enough to let me stay in their apartment on those occasions when I had to return to Boston for some business in BC. As fellow iii philosophy students, Greg and Burke have also proved to be wonderful dialogue partners and true friends throughout my years in the PhD program. I learned as much about philosophy from informal conversations with Rocco Sacconaghi and Andrea Staiti as I did in any official course that I took. Fr. Pietro Rossotti was a “spiritual guide” throughout the time it took me to finish the PhD. Amy Sapenoff, Everett Price, and Tim Herrmann: “human diversities.” Anthony Giacona always provided some folksy wisdom during the difficult times. I look to Mario Ŝilar as a model of the virtues proper to a philosopher. Fr. Antonio Lopez helped me to figure a few things out. Gregory Wolfe remains a great mentor and friend, who regularly takes time out of his 18-hour work days to answer my emails. El tío Alberto Reyes, siempre conmigo a través del “WhatsApp.” Paul Elie, mentor and friend, always provided a vitally important point of reference beyond academia. Gabriele Vanoni would always check up on me. Mike Emmerich provided a soundtrack. My nephews, JP Chiodini and Joe Lynch, would give me feedback
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