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The Port of Rotterdam and the Maritime Container

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The Port of Rotterdam and the maritime container The rise and fall of Rotterdam’s hinterland (1966-2010) De Rotterdamse haven en de zeecontainer De opkomst en de ondergang van het Rotterdamse achterland (1966-2010) K i ii The Port of Rotterdam and the Maritime Container The rise and fall of Rotterdam’s hinterland (1966-2010) De Rotterdamse haven en de zeecontainer De opkomst en de ondergang van het Rotterdamse achterland (1966-2010) PROEFSCHRIFT Ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de rector magnificus Prof.dr. H.A.P. Pols en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op vrijdag, 13 juni 2014 om 09.30 uur door Klára Magdolna Süli geboren te Szeged (Hongarije) iii Promotiecommissie: Promotor: Prof.dr. H.A.M. Klemann Overige leden: Prof.dr. H.E. Haralambides Prof.dr. J. Jonker Prof.dr. P.T. van de Laar Copromotor: Dr. B. Wubs iv , who rightfully believes in the power of education. v vi “My heart beats for the German ports, but the Rhine flows down to Rotterdam and A tw rp ” Erwin Frohnhäuser, former director of the container terminal in Mannheim vii viii Acknowledgements Nobody writes a PhD thesis alone. This work came into being under the dedicated supervision of Prof. Dr. Hein A.M. Klemann and Dr. Ben Wubs, who helped to smooth the bumpy process of conducting research and writing the results. I am also thankful to them for creating a warm and friendly atmosphere in the research group’s frequent meetings, often in their home accompanied by delicious food. I would also like to thank my colleagues in the research group, Joep Schenk and Marten Boon, for their support and for tolerating my frequent fits of insecurity and listening to my endless stories and jokes. I am also very grateful to Dirk Koppenol for the discussions we had, which made me understand what I actually think, and Hilde Harmsen for being such a good roommate, friend and language advisor. My work was likewise made a lot easier by the telephone calls and meetings I had with Martijn van der Horst and Jos Denis, for which I am very thankful. I would similarly like to thank Dr. Martijn Lak, who got me through by helping me to overcome my initial insecurity and panic. This thesis could not have been written without the cooperation of the people who were willing to give me interviews. Their experiences in the field provided me with some wonderful insights and their anecdotes made my day. I am especially thankful to Heinrich Kerstgens, the managing director of Contargo, who gave me two interviews and permission to visit all of the c mpa y’s German barge terminals. He also agreed to check the chapter on barge transport for any mistakes. Also from Contargo, I would like to thank Vincke Cok from Zwijndrecht, Jasmin Daum from Germersheim, Conrad Fischer from Ludwigshafen, Andreas Mager from Frankfurt am Main, Michael Mies and Heiko Vollmer from Emmerich, Arndt Puderbach from Koblenz, Christian Riegel from Dortmund, Leo Roelofs from Duisburg, and Wolfgang Schlegel from Worth. Furthermore, I would like to express my gratitude to: Cees van Altena and Pieter-Dirk Roeleveld from Rail Cargo Information, Frans van de Boom from Containertransferium Ridderkerk, Andrea Classen de Cunto from DB Schenker Rail Nederland, Jos Denis, the former director of Combined Container Service, Wout van de Heuvel from Transport and Logistiek Nederland, Cor Hoenders, former director of Rail Service Centre Rotterdam, Henk van Ielen, former director of Kieserling, Kees Kleijn, director of Kleijn Transport, Frans Kool from the library of the Maritiem Museum Rotterdam, Arie Koolwijk, former director of Koolwijk Transport, Gert Mensink from the Ministrie of Infrastructure and Environment, Jan Minnaard, former director of Spronssen Transport, Jan Niehof from CARU Containers, Kees Overbeek jr. and Ingrid de Winter from Intern. Transportbedrijf Overbeek, Johann ter Poorten from KNV Spoorgoederenvervoer, Leo and Harm Roelofsen from Rotra Forwarding BV, Tom Stuij, former director of Stuij en de Man, Jan Swier from ProRail, Ruud Visser from OPDR Netherlands Agencies, Harry Welters from NS Cargo, Arnoud Willeumier from the Port Authority of Rotterdam and Gijs Winterswijk, former director of Winterswijk BV. Finally, I would like to thank my family, Arie Jan, Melinda, Alex and Kris, for their support and patience. When the commotion is over I promise to spend more time with you! ix x Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ ix Contents .................................................................................................................................................. xi Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................................... xiv List of Figures ...................................................................................................................................... xvi List of tables .......................................................................................................................................... xx Part I: Beginnings .................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 Hinterland, globalization and networks ............................................................................................... 3 Historiography ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Method .............................................................................................................................................. 11 Sources and their limitations ............................................................................................................. 15 Structure ............................................................................................................................................ 17 Chapter 2 The History of Containerization ........................................................................................ 19 The history of the European continental container ............................................................................ 20 The history of the American maritime container .............................................................................. 24 Continental containers versus maritime containers ........................................................................... 26 The history of the maritime container in Rotterdam (1966-2010) .................................................... 29 Hinterland transport and intermodal competition .............................................................................. 33 Conclusion ......................................................................................................................................... 38 Part II Three Modalities ........................................................................................................................ 39 Chapter 3 The Rhine versus Deutsche Bahn German and Dutch Transport Policy and Liberalization (1966-2010) .................................................................................................................... 41 Intra- and intermodal competition, transport policy and liberalization ............................................. 41 German and Dutch transport policy from the 1960s to the mid-1990s ............................................. 47 The rail sector ................................................................................................................................ 50 The barge sector ............................................................................................................................ 52 The road haulage sector ................................................................................................................. 55 Liberalization..................................................................................................................................... 58 The rail sector ................................................................................................................................ 59 The barge sector ............................................................................................................................ 62 The road haulage sector ................................................................................................................. 63 Conclusion: the effect of liberalization on intra- and intermodal competition .................................. 65 Chapter 4 Rail: The Stepchild of Container Transport ...................................................................... 69 Dutch rail freight transport before the advent of maritime containers .............................................. 69 xi Combined transport, maritime containers and continental containers .............................................. 71 The introduction of maritime containers at Nederlandse Spoorwegen ............................................. 73 The growth of container transport networks before the liberalization of rail freight transport (1964- 1993) .................................................................................................................................................
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