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Book of USAFA Abstracts TABLE of CONTENTS CSURF Colorado Springs Undergraduate Research Forum 2020 Book of USAFA Abstracts TABLE OF CONTENTS Dean of the Faculty Letter 1 Department of Biology 2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering 8 Department of Computer and Cyber Sciences 9 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 15 Department of English and Fine Arts 21 Department of Foreign Languages and International Studies 25 Department of History 27 Department of Law 41 Department of Management 49 Department of Political Science 51 Department of Physics 54 USAFA Office of Research Mission Statement and Contacts 64 DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: ALL ABSTRACTS APPEARING IN THIS PUBLICATION WERE CLEARED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE; DISTRIBUTION UNLIMITED. CONTACT THE OFFICE OF RESEARCH FOR DETAILS Colorado Springs Undergraduate Research Forum Letter from the USAFA Dean of the Faculty Every facet of our society has been touched by COVID-19, and research is no exception. Every Spring the Air Force Academy partners with our local Colorado Springs schools of higher education to hold the Colorado Springs Undergraduate Research Forum (CSURF). CSURF is a collaborative event designed to highlight the research and creative works of undergraduates from Pikes Peak Community College, Colorado College, the United States Air Force Academy, and the University of Colorado Colorado Springs. Each year the conference rotates between these institutions, and USAFA was scheduled to host the event in 2020. Due to the pandemic affecting our nation and with the safety of our students, staff and local community in mind, we decided to cancel the 17th Annual CSURF. While the event was cancelled, our students still have research stories to tell. They worked feverously on their research projects for many months, and in some cases years. While we cannot meet in person with our Colorado Springs partners and regular CSURF attendees, we still wanted to share with you the great research accomplishments of our cadets. In this “virtual CSURF” booklet, please find abstracts summarizing 87 cadet projects from 11 of our academic departments conducted during the 2019/2020 academic year. While I regret that you cannot meet with our incredibly bright and motivated cadets, I hope you will still be inspired by their remarkable undergraduate research. From all of the faculty and staff at the United States Air Force Academy, we wish you health and safety. LINELL A. LETENDRE Brigadier General, USAF Dean of the Faculty, United States Air Force Academy 1 Department of Biology Antibiotic Characterization of Marine Algal Extracts C2C Anne A. Ahlquist, C3C Taryn M. Cates-Beier, C2C Rebekah M. Joy, C2C Alyssa B. Tamburo, and C1C Tyler J. Wright Faculty Mentor: Dr. Anthony R. Arment Abstract: The objective of this research is to isolate and identify novel anti-bacterial compounds from marine algal extracts. Using disc diffusion assay, a small amount of antibiotic activity was detected for all of the tested extracts. Precipitates were formed using alcohol separation and were re- solvated in H2O; antibiotic activity was detected in both the supernatant and the precipitates. Currently, we are using paper chromatography to separate the extracts' components, which will individually be tested for antibiotic activity. For isolated components with antibiotic activity, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry will be used to determine chemical structure, which will reveal if we have a novel antibiotic. Genetic Engineering of Cyanobacteria with a GFP Trehalose Biosensor to Visualize Response to Desiccation C2C Katarina M. Kowar Faculty Mentors: Melanie L. M. Grogger and Dr. Donald V. Veverka Abstract: Concerns about climate change and desertification have increased research efforts in elucidating cellular mechanisms used by extremophilic microorganisms to survive in hostile environments. The objective of this research is to ascertain whether production of trehalose in certain cyanobacteria correlates with their ability to tolerate desiccation. Researchers have found that some cyanobacterial extremophiles, isolated from desert crusts, are able to survive desiccation by producing trehalose to stabilize cellular structure and protect genetic information. We are developing a genetically engineered biosensor to indicate real-time trehalose production in cyanobacteria under desiccation conditions. Genetic engineering is being used to insert a biosensor, which activates green fluorescent protein (GFP) upon binding of trehalose, into cyanobacterial expression vectors. Protocols for producing electrocompetent cyanobacterial 2 cells were developed for four different strains with successful transformation of a GFP-expressing plasmid in Anabaena. Understanding the mechanisms through which some extremophiles achieve stress tolerance could have profound implications in developing drought resistant crops and stabilizing soils affected by desertification. Bacterial Expression of Tardigrade Damage Suppressor Protein C1C Johnathan W. Ford and C2C Camryn M. Olhausen Faculty Mentor: Dr. J. Jordan Steel Abstract: The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the potential of the tardigrade protein DSUP to reduce adverse radiation effects in both biological and mechanical contexts. This protein is implicated in the ability of tardigrades to withstand extremely high levels of ionizing radiation. DE3 Escherichia coli will be transformed with an expression plasmid containing the DSUP gene. Transformed cells producing DSUP will then be treated with UV light to evaluate their radiation resistance by comparing their survival rates to those of the controls. The protein can then be extracted for further application, to include a topical coating for electronics in order to extend satellite longevity in geocentric orbital environments. Utilizing Falcon Microbiomes to Aid Conservation C1C Kaila L. Baca Faculty Mentor: Erin A. Almand Abstract: The objective of this study was to survey and compare the gut microbiomes present in six falcon species maintained in the Falconry Program at the United States Air Force Academy. Samples of fecal material provided microbial DNA, which was amplified by PCR for 16S rDNA sequencing. Data will be analyzed for trends related to age, oral medication, and time in captivity in order to draw conclusions about their effect on raptor health. The falconry and conservation communities hope research in raptor gut microbes will improve the health of their birds, allowing better preservation of these apex predators and increasing the success rate of raptors as they are released back into their natural habitat. 3 Bioaccumulation of PFOA in an Ant-Plant-Aphid Mutualism C1C Angela Buch and C1C Ethan Maertz Faculty Mentor: Dr. Kellie Kuhn Abstract: This laboratory experiment exploits an ant-plant-aphid mutualism to assess bioaccumulation of perfluoroctanoic acid (PFOA), an emerging contaminant linked to cancer and other health issues in rodents. Although PFOA has shown the ability to bioaccumulate in flora and fauna in laboratory and field conditions, the ecological effects of PFOA are largely unknown. We hypothesize that if PFOA bioaccumulation occurs in angiosperms by soil contamination in the laboratory, the growth rate of these plants will be reduced and they will act as less suitable hosts for naturally occurring ant-aphid mutualisms. Prairie sunflowers (Helianthus petiolaris), radishes (Raphanus sativus), and peas (Pisum sativum) were reared from seed in the laboratory, dosed with PFOA via contaminated water, and colonized by aphids and ants. Quantitative and behavioral analyses were conducted to determine the amount of bioaccumulation in the plants and higher trophic levels. With an enhanced understanding of the ecological effects of PFOA, better policies can be implemented to protect people and the environment. Bacterial Interspecies Communication and Inhibition: the Effects of Lactobacillus reuteri on Different Bacterial Species C2C Meghan S. Carbiener and C2C Ruby P. McKain Faculty Mentor: Dr. Katherine Bates Abstract: The objectives of this study were to characterize the in vitro inhibitory properties of Lactobacillus reuteri on Bacillus atrophaeus, and to evaluate the effects of the histamine produced by L. reuteri on bacterial species found in the small intestine of mammals. Lactobacillus reuteri is a probiotic known to produce antimicrobial molecules, such as organic acids, ethanol, reuterin, and can inhibit the colonization of pathogenic microbes. Lactobacillus reuteri was co-cultured along with B. atrophaeus, a Bacillus anthracis proxy, at various distances, and incubated before checking for B. atrophaeus inhibition. After isolating L. reuteri and inducing it to produce bacterial histamine, tests were conducted to observe the histamine’s ability to inhibit the growth of other bacterial species. This research aims to demonstrate that L. reuteri may have potential as an alternative to antibiotic use. 4 Highly Sensitive and Specific Bioreporters for the Detection of PFAS in Environmental Samples C2C Alissa M. Till, C3C Conley L. Walters, C3C Olivia M. Orahood, C2C Chris S. Jeon, C3C Nick D. Garbinski Faculty Mentors: Dr. Anthony R. Arment, Dr. Erin A. Almand, Dr. J. Jordan Steel, and CPT John C. Sitko Abstract: Microbial bio-reporters offer an excellent form of detection for known biochemical contaminants and pollutants within our environment. Detection methods for Per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) utilizing current laboratories and technological equipment are costly, time consuming, and limited. Previous research identified
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