DOCSLIB.ORG

Race Leadership Struggle: Background of the Boston Riot of 1903 Author(S): Elliott M

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Race Leadership Struggle: Background of the Boston Riot of 1903 Author(S): Elliott M Journal of Negro Education Race Leadership Struggle: Background of the Boston Riot of 1903 Author(s): Elliott M. Rudwick Source: The Journal of Negro Education, Vol. 31, No. 1 (Winter, 1962), pp. 16-24 Published by: Journal of Negro Education Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2294533 Accessed: 27-07-2016 01:08 UTC Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Journal of Negro Education is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Journal of Negro Education This content downloaded from 128.210.126.199 on Wed, 27 Jul 2016 01:08:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms Race Leadership Struggle: Background of the Boston Riot of 1903* ELLIOTT M. RUDWICK Associate Professor of Sociology, Southern Illinois University Booker T. Washington and his dicta- mur! 0 times, 0 evil days, upon which torial Tuskegee Machine were challenged we have fallen! in 1901 by William Monroe Trotter, who Trotter also termed Washington a political founded the Boston Guardian in that boss who masked his machine by pretend- year. However, Trotter and the other ing to be an educator.4 He resented the Negro Radicals were almost completely Tuskegeean's connections with President unsuccessful in placing their case before Roosevelt, because the apostle of indus- the nation until they were able to per- trial education, according to the editor, suade W. E. B. Du Bois to become their opposed Negro participation in politics. leader. The Boston Riot of July, 1903, Trotter also criticized the Tuskegeean for was the incident which finally brought trusting the President, who had acted Du Bois into active affiliation with the equivocably on the lily-white question.' Radicals. The present paper will treat Furthermore, the Guardian editor accused the background of this leadership struggle Washington of being instrumental in the as well as the Boston Riot itself. appointment of a lily-white Republican to The Boston Guardian accused Booker replace a lily-white Democrat as Collector T. Washington of fathering a system of of Internal Revenue in Alabama, and the caste education,1 and Trotter charged that journalist implied that a cash reward was the Negro professional class had lost sta- expected for that political chore.' tus because of the Tuskegeean's Southern Besides editing the Guardian, Trotter surrender.2 The Guardian editor asked:' was the "spearhead of sentiment" of the To what end will your vaulting ambi- Boston Radicals,7 a group of Negroes who tion hurl itself? Does not the fear of had graduated from various New England future hate and execration, does not colleges. By the early part of 1903, the the sacred rights and hopes of a suf- lines of battle were becoming more sharp- fering race, in no wise move you? The ly drawn, and Trotter demanded that a colored people see and understand you; they know that you have marked their man support the Washingtonians or the very freedom for destruction, and yet, Radicals. He was particularly desirous of they endure you almost without mur- wooing Du Bois into the Radical camp, since the latter's academic achievements *This study was made possible through a impressed educated Negroes. grant of the Albert M. Greenfield Center of Human Relations, Philadelphia, Pa., and is a part of a full length analysis entitled, 4Boston Guardian, November 1, 1902. De- W. E. B. Du Bois: A Study of Minority cember 6, 1902. Group Leadership. Philadelphia: University 'Ruth Worthy, A Negro in Our History of Pennsylvania Press, 1960. -William Monroe Trotter, unpublished 1Boston Guardian, September 6, 1902. Sep- M.A. thesis, Columbia University, 1952, p. tember 20, 1902. 99. 2Boston Guardian, November 1, 1902. "Boston Guardian, November 15, 1902. 'Boston Guardian, September 13, 1902. "Worthy, ov. cit., p. 53. 16 This content downloaded from 128.210.126.199 on Wed, 27 Jul 2016 01:08:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms RACE LEADERSHIP STRUGGLE 17 According to Kelly Miller, Trotter was lieved that as a social scientist, he should sensitive to the charges of the Washing- be removed from the tumult of a leader- tonians that his position was visionary, ship struggle. According to Maude Trot- and the Guardian editor was determined ter Stewart, her brother was very frus- to set up an organizational structure to trated when he discovered that Du Bois attract wider support for social action proj- was "just not strong in wanting to fight."' ects. Miller contended that Trotter was Du Bois, worried about the growing aware of his own oratorical shortcomings cleavage between the advocates of college and8 education and industrial training, hoped began to cast about for a man of showy "to minimize the breach't2 by inviting faculties who could stand before the Booker Washington to attend the Atlanta people as leader of his cause. He wove a subtle net about W. E. B. Du Bois, University Conference on the Negro Ar- the brilliant writer and scholar, and tisan in 1902. Washington accepted, but gradually weaned him from his erst- his speech must have been offensive to while friendship for Mr. Washington, the sociology professor, since he empha- so as to exploit his prominence and sized the superfluity of college education splendid powers in behalf of the hos- tile forces. which left men unprepared for the "fund- Actually, it need not be hypothesized that amental . wealth producing occupa- Trotter hatched a cunning plot to secure tions.""8 Du Bois' assistance or that Du Bois had There is further evidence of Du Bois' become his unwitting tool. By 1902, Du uneasiness about the Tuskegeean. About Bois, while not "in absolute opposition" this time, Du Bois considered the possi- to Washington,9 had moved closer ideo- bility of an explicit division of labor be- logically to the Boston journalist. The tween Atlanta University (for empirical Atlanta professor's redefinitions essentially research) and Hampton Institute (for resulted from his increasing disenchant- practical applications). He suggested that ment with the Tuskegeean's methods and the General Education Board (and un- platforms. Du Bois could only have re- doubtedly Booker T. Washington) be ap- sponded with wratlh to a typical Washing- proached to support the plan, but he was tonian statement of that year:10 "One hesitant and wondered if he would have thousand bushels of potatoes produced by independence and "freedom" under such the hands of an educated Negro are an arrangement.14 He was also contacted worth more in solving our problems than by Booker Washington's friends, who dozens of orations or tons of newspaper articles." Nevertheless, the Atlanta Uni- 11Supplied by Mrs. Maude Trotter Stew- versity sociology professor refused to be art in an interview, May, 1954. 1"W. E. B. Du Bois to Booker T. Washing- actively and publicly anti-Washingtonian, ton, March 4, 1902: Washington Papers. not only because he did not disagree with (Lib. Con.) the Tuskegeean's Negro nationalism and '3W. E. B. Du Bois, ed., Negro Artisan (Atlanta, 1902), pp. 5-7. self-help themes, but also because he be- 14W. E. B. Du Bois, untitled manuscript, circa. 1902: Du Bois Papers. (I wish to thank Dr. Francis Broderick of Phillips-Exe- 8Kelly Miller, Race Adjustment (New ter School, who shared his transcriptions of York, 1908), p. 14. the Du Bois Papers. Dr. Broderick was 'W. E. B. Du Bois, Dusk of Dawn (New able to examine some of Du Bois' material York, 1940), p. 77. before the Negro leader closed the files to "0Boston Guardian, November 1, 1902. scholars.) This content downloaded from 128.210.126.199 on Wed, 27 Jul 2016 01:08:53 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 18 THE JOURNAL OF NEGRO EDUCATION tried to persuade him to transfer to Hamp- America." Continuing in his extrava- ton and become the editor of a new Ne- gance, and seeming all the more profuse gro periodical. Nothing came of this over- because of his contrasting treatment of ture since Du Bois demanded the right Booker T. Washington, Trotter heralded to establish editorial policy and served the essay as a fresh breeze for American notice that he would not be controlled by Negroes, and "a sufficient vindication for the "Tuskegee philosophy.""1 Other back- Negro higher training that one of its vo- ers of Washington sought to convince the taries could produce such a work of art."'8 Atlanta professor that he had a bright fu- We do not know Du Bois' reaction to ture at Tuskegee Institute, and he had a this fulsome editorial, but it would have few unsatisfactory meetings on the sub- been understandable if he was overjoyed ject with the school's founder, whom he by such a reception, especially in view of found to be taciturn and probably "sus- of the mounting atmosphere of distrust picious."1l and condemnation between him and the In September of 1902, Du Bois at- Washingtonians. Perhaps such red-car- tacked ideas to which Booker T. Wash- peting by the Boston Radicals enabled ington obviously subscribed, but the Tus- him to make his break with Booker T. kegeean was not directly named. The Washington more easily. Within a few Atlanta professor was sharply critical of months, in January of 1903, Trotter wrote those who discouraged a liberal arts edu- a front page article announcing that Du cation for Negroes.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice in Boston, 1900 to 2000
    The University of Maine DigitalCommons@UMaine Electronic Theses and Dissertations Fogler Library Summer 8-22-2019 "The Dream is in the Process:" Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice in Boston, 1900 to 2000 Michael J. Brennan University of Maine, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd Recommended Citation Brennan, Michael J., ""The Dream is in the Process:" Environmental Racism and Environmental Justice in Boston, 1900 to 2000" (2019). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3102. https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/etd/3102 This Open-Access Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by DigitalCommons@UMaine. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@UMaine. For more information, please contact [email protected]. “THE DREAM IS IN THE PROCESS:” ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN BOSTON, 1900 TO 2000 By Michael J. Brennan B.S. University of Maine at Farmington, 2001 A.L.M. Harvard University Extension School, 2012 A DISSERTATION Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (American History) The Graduate School The University of Maine August 2019 Advisory Committee: Richard Judd, Professor Emeritus of History Elizabeth McKillen, Adelaide & Alan Bird Professor of History Liam Riordan, Professor of History Jacques Ferland, Associate Professor of History and Graduate Coordinator of History Program Roger J.H. King, Associate Professor of Philosophy THE DREAM IS IN THE PROCESS: ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE IN BOSTON, 1900 TO 2000 By: Michael J. Brennan Dissertation Advisor: Dr. Richard Judd An Abstract of the Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in American History (August 2019) The following work explores the evolution of a resident-directed environmental activism that challenged negative public perception to redevelop their community.
    [Show full text]
  • Nomination Form
    Form NO. 10-300 (Rav. 10-74) THEME 8 - CONTEMPLATIVE SOCIETY, 8d - Intellectual Currents UNITED STATLS DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR NATIONAL PARK SERVICE NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES INVENTORY -- NOMINATION FORM SEE INSTRUCTIONS IN HOW TO COMPLETE NATIONAL REGISTER FORMS ____________TYPE ALL ENTRIES - COMPLETE APPLICABLE SECTIONS______ NAME HISTORIC William Monroe Trotter House AND/OR COMMON William Monroe Trotter House LOCATION STREET& NUMBER 97 Sawyer Avenue —NOT FOR PUBLICATION CITY, TOWN CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT Dorchester — VICINITY OF Ninth STATE CODE COUNTY CODE Massachusetts 25 Suffolk 025 QCLASSIFICATION CATEGORY OWNERSHIP STATUS PRESENT USE —DISTRICT —PUBLIC X-OCCUPIED _ AGRICULTURE —MUSEUM KBUILDING(S) -^-PRIVATE —UNOCCUPIED —COMMERCIAL —PARK —STRUCTURE _BOTH _ WORK IN PROGRESS —EDUCATIONAL *_PRIVATE RESIDENCE —SITE PUBLIC ACQUISITION ACCESSIBLE —ENTERTAINMENT —RELIGIOUS —OBJECT _IN PROCESS —YES: RESTRICTED —GOVERNMENT —SCIENTIFIC _ BEING CONSIDERED _YES: UNRESTRICTED —INDUSTRIAL —TRANSPORTATION X.NO —MILITARY —OTHER: IOWNER OF PROPERTY NAME JohnW. and Irene N. Prantis STREET & NUMBER 97 Sawyer Avenue_ CITY. TOWN STATE Dorchester VICINITY OF Massachusetts LOCATION OF LEGAL DESCRIPTION COURTHOUSE Book 2595, pp. 601-602 REGISTRY OF DEEDs.ETc. Regfstry of Deeds, Suffolk County Courthouse Book 3358, pp. 10-11 STREET&CTRPPT «, NUMBERNIIMRFR Pemberton Square CITY, TOWN STATE Boston Massachusetts REPRESENTATION IN EXISTING SURVEYS None Known DATE .FEDERAL —STATE —COUNTY —LOCAL DEPOSITORY FOR SURVEY RECORDS CITY. TOWN STATE DESCRIPTION CONDITION CHECK ONE CHECK ONE —EXCELLENT —DETERIORATED _UNALTERED ^.ORIGINAL SITE _GOOD _RUINS X_ALTERED —MOVED DATE_______ X_FAIR _UNEXPOSED DESCRIBE THE PRESENT AND ORIGINAL (IF KNOWN) PHYSICAL APPEARANCE The William Monroe Trotter House is a rectangular plan, balloon frame house of the late 1880's or 1890's. The house is set on a foundation of coursed rubble granite, and is covered by a high gabled roof of asphalt shingle.
    [Show full text]
  • NJDARM: Collection Guide
    NJDARM: Collection Guide - NEW JERSEY STATE ARCHIVES COLLECTION GUIDE Record Group: Governor Franklin Murphy (1846-1920; served 1902-1905) Series: Correspondence, 1902-1905 Accession #: 1989.009, Unknown Series #: S3400001 Guide Date: 1987 (JK) Volume: 6 c.f. [12 boxes] Box 1 | Box 2 | Box 3 | Box 4 | Box 5 | Box 6 | Box 7 | Box 8 | Box 9 | Box 10 | Box 11 | Box 12 Contents Explanatory Note: All correspondence is either to or from the Governor's office unless otherwise stated. Box 1 1. Elections, 1901-1903. 2. Primary election reform, 1902-1903. 3. Requests for interviews, 1902-1904 (2 files). 4. Taxation, 1902-1904. 5. Miscellaneous bills before State Legislature and U.S. Congress, 1902 (2 files). 6. Letters of congratulation, 1902. 7. Acknowledgements to letters recommending government appointees, 1902. 8. Fish and game, 1902-1904 (3 files). 9. Tuberculosis Sanatorium Commission, 1902-1904. 10. Invitations to various functions, April - July 1904. 11. Requests for Governor's autograph and photograph, 1902-1904. 12. Princeton Battle Monument, 1902-1904. 13. Forestry, 1901-1905. 14. Estate of Imlay Clark(e), 1902. 15. Correspondence re: railroad passes & telegraph stamps, 1902-1903. 16. Delinquent Corporations, 1901-1905 (2 files). 17. Robert H. McCarter, Attorney General, 1903-1904. 18. New Jersey Reformatories, 1902-1904 (6 files). Box 2 19. Reappointment of Minister Powell to Haiti, 1901-1902. 20. Corporations and charters, 1902-1904. 21. Miscellaneous complaint letters, December 1901-1902. file:///M|/highpoint/webdocs/state/darm/darm2011/guides/guides%20for%20pdf/s3400001.html[5/16/2011 9:33:48 AM] NJDARM: Collection Guide - 22. Joshua E.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915
    Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 i v ABSTRACT Rethinking Genocide: Violence and Victimhood in Eastern Anatolia, 1913-1915 by Yektan Turkyilmaz Department of Cultural Anthropology Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Orin Starn, Supervisor ___________________________ Baker, Lee ___________________________ Ewing, Katherine P. ___________________________ Horowitz, Donald L. ___________________________ Kurzman, Charles An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Cultural Anthropology in the Graduate School of Duke University 2011 Copyright by Yektan Turkyilmaz 2011 Abstract This dissertation examines the conflict in Eastern Anatolia in the early 20th century and the memory politics around it. It shows how discourses of victimhood have been engines of grievance that power the politics of fear, hatred and competing, exclusionary
    [Show full text]
  • Microfilm Publication M617, Returns from U.S
    Publication Number: M-617 Publication Title: Returns from U.S. Military Posts, 1800-1916 Date Published: 1968 RETURNS FROM U.S. MILITARY POSTS, 1800-1916 On the 1550 rolls of this microfilm publication, M617, are reproduced returns from U.S. military posts from the early 1800's to 1916, with a few returns extending through 1917. Most of the returns are part of Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office; the remainder is part of Record Group 393, Records of United States Army Continental Commands, 1821-1920, and Record Group 395, Records of United States Army Overseas Operations and Commands, 1898-1942. The commanding officer of every post, as well ad commanders of all other bodies of troops such as department, division, brigade, regiment, or detachment, was required by Army Regulations to submit a return (a type of personnel report) to The Adjutant General at specified intervals, usually monthly, on forms provided by that office. Several additions and modifications were made in the form over the years, but basically it was designed to show the units that were stationed at a particular post and their strength, the names and duties of the officers, the number of officers present and absent, a listing of official communications received, and a record of events. In the early 19th century the form used for the post return usually was the same as the one used for regimental or organizational returns. Printed forms were issued by the Adjutant General’s Office, but more commonly used were manuscript forms patterned after the printed forms.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Resources on the Black Press MSRC Staff Howard University
    Howard University Digital Howard @ Howard University Moorland Spingarn Research Center Publications Moorland-Spingarn Research Center 8-1-2015 Guide to Resources on the Black Press MSRC Staff Howard University Follow this and additional works at: http://dh.howard.edu/msrc_pub Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Staff, MSRC, "Guide to Resources on the Black Press" (2015). Moorland Spingarn Research Center Publications. Paper 8. http://dh.howard.edu/msrc_pub/8 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Moorland-Spingarn Research Center at Digital Howard @ Howard University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Moorland Spingarn Research Center Publications by an authorized administrator of Digital Howard @ Howard University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. GUIDE TO RESOURCES ON THE BLACK PRESS IN THE MOORLAND-SPINGARN RESEARCH CENTER HOWARD UNIVERSITY TABLE OF CONTENTS LIBRARY DIVISION RESOURCES............................................................................... , UNITED STATES............................................................................................... ' Bibliographies ......................................................................................... I Biographies (Collected).................................................................... Biographies/Remimscences............................................................ -j Books (General)......................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • “The Schools Are Killing Our Kids!” the African American Fight for Self- Determination in the Boston Public Schools, 1949-1985
    ABSTRACT Title of dissertation: “THE SCHOOLS ARE KILLING OUR KIDS!” THE AFRICAN AMERICAN FIGHT FOR SELF- DETERMINATION IN THE BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS, 1949-1985 Lauren Tess Bundy, Doctor of Philosophy, 2014 Dissertation directed by: Associate Professor David Freund, Department of History This dissertation examines a grassroots movement led by black Bostonians to achieve racial justice, quality education, and community empowerment in the Boston Public Schools during the postwar period. From the late 1940s through the early 1980s black parents, teachers, and students employed a wide-range of strategies in pursuit of these goals including staging school boycotts, creating freedom schools, establishing independent alternative schools, lobbying for legislation, forming parent and youth groups, and organizing hundreds of grassroots organizations. At the heart of this movement was a desire to improve the quality of education afforded to black youth and to expand the power of black Bostonians in educational governance. This dissertation demonstrates that desegregation and community control were not mutually exclusive goals or strategies of black educational activism. I examine the evolution of the goals, ideology, and strategy of this movement over the course of more than three decades in response to shifts in the national and local political climate. This work traces the close ties between this local movement in Boston and broader movements for racial and social justice unfolding across the nation in the 1940s, 50s, 60s, and 70s. Most importantly, my dissertation puts this movement in conversation with a broader national project of various marginalized groups in the postwar period to radically transform the institutions of democracy. This dissertation challenges a well-known narrative of civil rights and school desegregation in Boston in this period.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Tour De France' 1903
    Unusual and little-known Tales from the ‘Tour de France’ 1903 – 1947 With Barrington Day The line between insanity and genius is said to be a fine one, and in early 20th century France, anyone envisaging a near 2,500km cycle race around the country would have been widely viewed as unhinged. But that didn’t stop Géo Lefèvre, a journalist with L’Auto magazine at the time, from proceeding with his inspired plan. His editor, Henri Desgrange, was bold enough to believe in the idea and to throw his backing behind the Tour de France. So, on 1st July 1903, sixty pioneers set out on their bicycles from Montgeron. After six mammoth stages (Nantes - Paris, 471 km!), only 21 “routiers”, led by Maurice Garin, arrived at the end of this first epic. Having provoked a mixture of astonishment and admiration, le Tour soon won over the sporting public and the roadside crowds swelled. The French people took to their hearts this Tour Founder - Henri Desgrange unusual event which placed their towns, their countryside, and since 1910, even their mountains, in the spotlight. Le Tour has always moved with the times. Like France as a whole, it benefited from the introduction of paid holidays from 1936; it has lived through wars, and then savoured the “trente glorieuses” period of economic prosperity while enjoying the heydays of Coppi, Bobet, Anquetil and Poulidor. It has opened itself up to foreign countries with the onset of globalisation. Over a hundred years after its inception, le Tour continues to gain strength from its experience.
    [Show full text]
  • !!35%5~9F PA FORT HUNTER COLLECTION
    I '-LOMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA SUBJ EMG-316, Fort Hunter Collection Deposit Division Staff FROM: Linda A. Ries, Head Appraisal Section Division of Archives and Manuscripts This is to inform you that MG-316, the Fort Hunter Collection, which was on deposit at the State Archives since 1979, was returned to the Fort Hunter Museum September 19, 1995. At this point, all requests for the collection should be referred there. Carl Dickson, Director Fort Hunter Flusem 5300 North Front Street !!35%5~9f PA FORT HUNTER COLLECTION A. General Correspondence -Box Folders General Correspondence, 1862-1939 &I% bEdd2, U64-65 , 1867, J.872, 2.874-&BBQ (1579, Cd .Ma MtaCaWLey, Mwa Treasure, Charles L. Bailey, President of Central Iron and Steel Works) 7.56 1881-82 . 1883-84 1884-86 2.758 1886-92 r150 1893-99 L-7 4y 1900 (1900 on-Ed. Hurnrnel from John Reily; Edwin Decevee, Hbg. Conservatory of Music; James B. Bailey, Cen- tral Iron and Steel; J. Horace McFarland, Mt. Pleasant Printery, I-Ibg. , Pa. ; Edwin Bowers ; ICline Cycle Manufacturing; Mr. Naumann, P.R.R.; Edward ~ailey,Pres. of Hbg. Nat.; John Herman-Atty.; Golm A. I-Ierman-Atty. ; Dr. MoEf itt; Spencer Gilberk; Meads R. ~e.kwaihr,Htty. ; J'amer~ Lett ; W. Q. 13i~kok, Mfg.; Chas. Adler, Real Estate and Insurance; Chas. H. Bergner, Atty.; Dives Pomeroy €4 Stewart, Dept. Store; John C. Kunlcle, John D. Bogar & Son;*Vance McCormick; James McCormick, Jr.; Harry Moore; G.W. Reilly; W.C. Whitney; Gabrielle Gilbert; Ross A. Hickok; Henderson Gilbert. 1900-01 8 9 1902 (Dietrich & Son Confectioners) 9 6 1902-03 10 9 1904-05 11 12 1906-08 12 12 1908-09 13 8 1909-10 14 7 191.0-1.2,' 1.914-lG, 1.923, 1936-33 15 13 n.d.
    [Show full text]
  • Holy Land and Holy See
    1 HOLY LAND AND HOLY SEE PAPAL POLICY ON PALESTINE DURING THE PONTIFICATES OF POPES PIUS X, BENEDICT XV AND PIUS XI FROM 1903 TO 1939 PhD Thesis Gareth Simon Graham Grainger University of Divinity Student ID: 200712888 26 July 2017 2 CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction – Question, Hypothesis and Methodology Chapter 2: A Saint for Jerusalem – Pope Pius X and Palestine Chapter 3: The Balfour Bombshell – Pope Benedict XV and Palestine Chapter 4: Uneasy Mandate – Pope Pius XI and Palestine Chapter 5: Aftermath and Conclusions Appendix 1.The Roads to the Holy Sepulchre – Papal Policy on Palestine from the Crusades to the Twentieth Century Appendix 2.The Origins and Evolution of Zionism and the Zionist Project Appendix 3.The Policies of the Principal Towards Palestine from 1903 to 1939 Appendix 4. Glossary Appendix 5. Dramatis Personae Bibliography 3 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION – QUESTION, HYPOTHESIS AND METHODOLOGY 1.1. THE INTRIGUING QUESTION Invitation to Dr Theodor Herzl to attend Audience with Pope Pius X On 25 January 1904, the Feast of the Conversion of St Paul, the recently-elected Pope Pius X granted an Audience in the Vatican Palace to Dr Theodor Herzl, leader of the Zionist movement, and heard his plea for papal approval for the Zionist project for a Jewish national home in Palestine. Dr Herzl outlined to the Supreme Pontiff of the Catholic Church the full details of the Zionist project, providing assurances that the various Holy Places in Palestine would be “ex-territorialised” to ensure their security and protection, and sought the Pope’s endorsement and support, preferably through the issuing of a pro-Zionist encyclical.
    [Show full text]
  • Beyond the Civil Rights Agenda for Blacks: Principles for the Pursuit of Economic and Community Development
    University of Massachusetts Boston ScholarWorks at UMass Boston William Monroe Trotter Institute Publications William Monroe Trotter Institute 1-1-1994 Beyond The iC vil Rights Agenda for Blacks: Principles for the Pursuit of Economic and Community Development James Jennings University of Massachusetts Boston Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.umb.edu/trotter_pubs Part of the African American Studies Commons, Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Community Engagement Commons, Inequality and Stratification Commons, and the Politics and Social Change Commons Recommended Citation Jennings, James, "Beyond The ivC il Rights Agenda for Blacks: Principles for the Pursuit of Economic and Community Development" (1994). William Monroe Trotter Institute Publications. Paper 4. http://scholarworks.umb.edu/trotter_pubs/4 This Occasional Paper is brought to you for free and open access by the William Monroe Trotter Institute at ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. It has been accepted for inclusion in William Monroe Trotter Institute Publications by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at UMass Boston. For more information, please contact [email protected]. 0 D — Occasional Paper No. 29 Beyond The Civil Rights Agenda for Blacks: Principles for the Pursuit of Economic and Community Development by James Jennings 1994 This paper is based on a presentation made at a forum sponsored by the African-American Law and Policy Report, University of California at Berkeley, in January 1994. James Jennings is Professor olPolitical Science and Director of the William Monroe Trotter Institute at the University of Massachusetts Boston. Foreword Through this series of publications the William Monroe Trotter Institute is making available copies of selected reports and papers from research conducted at the Institute, The analyses and conclusions contained in these articles are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions or endorsement of the Trotter Institute or the University of Massachusetts.
    [Show full text]
  • Flags of the Pope's Swiss Guard Since 1798 Emil Dreyer
    Page 427 Emil Dreyer: Flags of the Pope’s Swiss Guard since 1798 Abstract: A chronological history of the flags of the Pope's Swiss Guard since the establishment of the Roman Republic in 1798 until today is presented and richly illustrated. Up to the first half of the 19th century only colour drawings can he used as a pictorial testimony of the guard’s flags, since no original flag from before that time is known to have survived. The flags used to he striped in the Medici livery colours blue, red and yellow and had the Pope's and the commander's arms painted on them. When a Pope or commander changed, the new arms were painted covering the old ones, so the flag fabric was rarely made new. A new flag design by Robert Diirrer with a white cross throughout was accepted in 1913 and blessed by Pope Pius X on 5 May 1914. Changes of a Pope and/or commander were now reflected on the flag by cutting out the old personal emblems and replacing them bv the new ones, the basic design remaining unchanged, hut in the course of the 20th century flags were made completely new more often. Original flag photographs document the history of the guard’s flags since the middle of the 19th century until present times with the flag under Pope Benedict XVI and commander Elmar Mdder. In a second part of this work the various flags of the veteran ’s association of the Pope’s Swiss Guard, founded in 1921, are presented.
    [Show full text]