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The Evolution and Everyday Practice of Collective Patient Involvement In Alexander Haarmann The Evolution and Everyday Practice of Collective Patient Involvement in Europe An Examination of Policy Processes, Motivations, and Implementations in Four Countries The Evolution and Everyday Practice of Collective Patient Involvement in Europe Alexander Haarmann The Evolution and Everyday Practice of Collective Patient Involvement in Europe An Examination of Policy Processes, Motivations, and Implementations in Four Countries 123 Alexander Haarmann NIVEL Utrecht The Netherlands ISBN 978-3-319-64594-0 ISBN 978-3-319-64595-7 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-64595-7 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017950210 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland Summary/ Samenvatting/ Zusammenfassung/ Sammanfattning Introduction This study deals with the development of collective patient involvement in the Netherlands, England, Germany, and Sweden. Starting point for this study is on the one hand the theoretical classification of the Dutch and the English healthcare system as completely different regarding funding, organisation, and governance. On the other hand, this is contrasted by the observation that both countries have legislated a virtually identical form of collective patient involvement at hospitals with identical competences. With discussions on the topic emerging at the same time, the question is, what factors contributed to this development or hampered it in other countries? Theory and Methodology As laws (not only) regarding patient involvement are passed in parliament, this is the arena in focus of this study. The aim of the theoretical part, then, is to some extent to guide the search for factors of influence. It is mainly comprised of two components: First, a variant of the ideational approaches in order to answer the question whether or not the path hitherto pursued still gives satisfactory answers to the perceived problems and where new ideas stem from. The second component is the ‘actor- centred institutionalism’, which is employed in order to bring in institutional path dependency as well as actors’ preferences, interests, powers, and relations between them. Both parts can be understood to contribute to an ideal-typical sequential model of policy processes. The study has an exploratory, qualitative, and comparative case study design. In order not to fall for any random factor that only appears to have influenced the policy process, two additional countries were sought that match the English and Dutch healthcare system well, namely, Sweden and Germany. Next to academic v vi Summary/ Samenvatting/ Zusammenfassung/ Sammanfattning literature, green and white papers, legal texts and regulations, expert interviews, and parliamentary minutes comprised the main sources. The categories found were based upon single codes, which were derived by selective and open coding. Results In summary, all four countries have developed their own particular ways of patient involvement, which do not converge. The countries can be categorised as having their focus on involvement at the provision level (England and the Netherlands) or at the policy level (Germany and Sweden). Each case has followed its highly individual path with mostly politicians as the main drivers for legislative changes. Their main motives range from more democratisation, through the adaptation of sickness funds to a system of marketised healthcare insurance, and more independence and accountability of hospitals to sticking to self-governance in social insurances as the main mode of involvement. The search for a new leitmotif for the governance of the healthcare sector can be discerned as the common factor for the Netherlands and England. The analysis shows that more attention should be paid to different stances among complex actors—such as political parties—and the actors’ perception as a potentially decisive factor in the political process. Eventually, a new model of the policy process can be derived. The analysis resulted in four abstract factors as the main distinguishing points within this process: (a) the framing of the problem at hand; (b) the constellation, context, relation, etc. in the political realm; (c) the relation and influence of other actors as well as; a (d) the persistence of existing institutions. Samenvatting Inleiding Dit boek analyseert de veranderingen van collectieve medezeggenschap in Neder- land, Engeland, Duitsland en Zweden. Het uitgangspunt van deze studie is aan de ene kant de totaal verschillende theoretische indeling van Nederland en Engeland ten opzichte van de financiering, de organisatie en het bestuur van het zorgstelsel. Aan de andere kant is er de observatie dat beide landen een wettelijke regeling kennen met bijna identieke vormen en rechten van collectieve medezeggenschap van patiënten in ziekenhuizen. Aangezien de discussie over het thema medezeggenschap gelijkertijd ontstaan is in beide landen is de vraag welke factoren deze ontwikkeling hebben bevordert of – in andere landen – hebben geremd. Summary/ Samenvatting/ Zusammenfassung/ Sammanfattning vii Theorie en Methodologie Het zijn de politici die wetten aannemen met betrekking tot collectieve mede- zeggenschap, en daarom plaatst deze studie het parlement in het middelpunt. Het theoretische deel heeft als doel richting te geven aan de zoektocht naar invloedfactoren. Het bestaat uit twee componenten: Ten eerste, een variant van een ideële aanpak om na te gaan of het pad dat tot nu toe is bewandeld nog steeds gewenste oplossingen op waargenomen problemen biedt biedt en hoe nieuwe ideeën ontstaan. De tweede component is ‘acteur gecentreerde institutionalisme’, wat zowel de institutionele padafhankelijkheid, als ook voorkeuren, belangen, en macht van de acteuren, alsmede de onderlinge relaties omvat. Beide componenten zullen bijdragen aan een ideaaltypisch, stapsgewijs model van het beleidsprocess. De studie heeft een exploratief, kwalitatief en vergelijkend ontwerp. Om het risico te vermijden onzuivere conclusies te trekken op basis van toevallige factoren, zijn twee aanvullende landen, die vergelijkbaar zijn met het Nederlandse en Engelse zorgstelsel, aan de studie toegevoegd: Duitsland voor de vergelijking met Nederland en Zweden voor de vergelijking met Engeland. Naast wetenschappelijke literatuur vormen parlementaire nota’s, teksten van wetten en verordeningen, parlementaire handelingen en interviews met deskundigen de belangrijkste bronnen van deze studie. De afgeleide categorieën zijn gebaseerd op selectief en open coderen. Resultaten De belangrijkste uitkomsten kunnen worden samengevat als dat alle vier de landen hun eigen vorm van medezeggenschap hebben ingevoerd en er geen convergentie plaatsgevonden heeft. De landen kunnen worden ingedeeld in twee groepen: Nederland en Engeland, die de focus leggen op medezeggenschap van zorgverleners, en Duitsland en Zweden, waar de focus op het beleidsniveau rust. Ieders casus heeft daarbij zijn eigen individuele pad gevolgd, waarbij meestal politici de voornamelijkste sturende factor waren voor wetgevende veranderingen. De belangrijkste motivatie varieerde tussen de wens voor meer democratisering in de zorg, aanpassing van patiëntenrechten in verband met de veranderingen van het zorgstelsel, meer onafhankelijkheid en verantwoordelijkheid van ziekenhuizen, en het vasthouden aan het corporatistische zelfbestuur. Het zoeken naar een nieuw leidmotief voor het besturen van de zorgsector is een gezamelijke factor in Nederland en Engeland. De analyse toont aan dat verschillende standpunten binnen complexe acteuren – zoals bijvoorbeeld politieke partijen – en het perspectief van deze acteuren als mogelijk doorslaggevende factoren, meer aandacht zouden moeten krijgen. Uiteindelijk kan een nieuw beleidsproces worden afgeleid. De analyse resulteert in vier abstracte factoren, die de verschillen tussen de respectieve landen het best viii Summary/ Samenvatting/ Zusammenfassung/ Sammanfattning weergeven: a) Het kader van actuele problemen, b) de constellatie, de context, de relatie etc. in het politieke domein, c) de relatie en de invloed van andere factoren en d) de standvastigheid van bestaande instellingen. Zusammenfassung
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