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Species Diversity and Distribution of Mangroves in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India

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Species Diversity and Distribution of Mangroves in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India Botanica Marina 2014; 57(6): 421–432 M.P. Goutham-Bharathi*, S. Dam Roy, P. Krishnan, M. Kaliyamoorthy and Titus Immanuel Species diversity and distribution of mangroves in Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India Abstract: Despite extensive studies on mangrove ecosys- Introduction tems of Andaman and Nicobar Islands since the 1870s, knowledge of exact species composition is far from com- About 71% of India’s mangroves are found in the east coast plete, and there is a lack of comprehensive locality data. (Forest Survey of India 2013) and the largest areas are those The present study was designed to review the existing of the Indian part of the Sundarbans and the Andaman literature and to provide an updated checklist of the true and Nicobar Islands. Mangroves of the Andaman and mangrove species of the Islands. Preliminary surveys Nicobar Islands account for 13% of the total Indian man- were carried out in seven regions (four from the Andaman grove cover (Forest Survey of India 2013), the diversity of group and three from the Nicobar group), and the specific which is similar to the Southeast Asian mangroves (Spald- survey sites for detailed study (n = 51) were selected based ing et al. 1997). With a relative mangrove density of 76.5% on representativeness, importance, and accessibility. Dur- (Mandal and Naskar 2008), the mangroves of Andaman ing 2009–2013, all the selected sites were visited, and and Nicobar Islands are recognized as the best in the mangrove species occurrence was recorded. At present, 25 country in terms of density and growth (Dagar et al. 1991). true mangrove species distributed among 10 families and Despite extensive studies of biogeography, ecology, 14 genera were identified vis-à-vis 17 to 36 species reported and forestry of the mangrove ecosystems of the Andaman in earlier studies. The discernible changes in species num- and Nicobar Islands since the 1870s, considerable dis- bers from earlier studies could mainly be attributed to our parities in species composition still exist, and there is a exclusion of associated littoral vegetation and of species lack of comprehensive locality data. The number of true unlikely to be present among the true mangroves of the mangrove species (plants restricted to intertidal and adja- Islands. Given their limited geographical area, the low cent communities) reported from the Islands ranges from similarity index values between the Andaman and Nico- 17 (Parkinson 1923) to 36 (Debnath 2004). Notwithstand- bar Island groups ( ≤ 0.4) indicate a need for periodical ing the geographical isolation of different islands, many surveys, as mangrove biodiversity is usually homogenous biogeographic studies (for example, Debnath 2004) have in regions where there are no impassable dispersal barri- given imprecise distributional data (Andaman Islands; ers. Further, regular updating of information on the extent Nicobar Islands) for the mangrove species reported in and status of mangroves in the Islands is imperative not their study. Further, mere inclusion of associated littoral only to improve our understanding of phytogeography but vegetation and of species unlikely to be present by several also for better management and conservation. authors based on earlier reports also has contributed to erroneous additions to the mangrove flora of the Andaman Keywords: conservation; floristic affinities; island; phyto- and Nicobar Islands, which emphasizes the importance of geography; species composition; true mangroves. extending our knowledge of mangrove species diversity and distribution in the Islands. DOI 10.1515/bot-2014-0033 Among the 25 countries that have mangrove veg- Received 3 June, 2014; accepted 29 October, 2014 etation in Asia, five viz., Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Bangladesh, and India, experience intensive logging or conversion to other land uses (FAO 2007). Mangrove forest *Corresponding author: M.P. Goutham-Bharathi, Fisheries Science area in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands continues to Division, Central Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), decline rapidly, and approximately 369 km2 of mangroves Post Box No. 181, Garacharma (Post), Port Blair 744101, Andaman were lost over a period of 24 years from 1989 to 2013 (Forest and Nicobar Islands, India, e-mail: [email protected] Survey of India 2013). Though not subject to human-driven S. Dam Roy, P. Krishnan, M. Kaliyamoorthy and Titus Immanuel: Fisheries Science Division, Central Agricultural Research Institute land-use changes and urbanization threats, recent reports (ICAR), Post Box No. 181, Garacharma (Post), Port Blair 744101, indicate that there is a dearth of data relating to the det- Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India rimental factors responsible for such continued loss. 422 M.P. Goutham-Bharathi et al.: Mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands Hence, there is an urgent need to conserve the remaining the Islands. Generally, mangroves are categorized into mangrove area in the Islands. two viz., exclusive species (referred as strict mangrove, The knowledge of exact species composition is imper- obligate mangrove, or true mangrove) and non-exclusive ative not only for understanding the structure and func- species (referred as semi-mangrove, back mangrove, or tion of mangroves and their biogeographical affinities but mangrove associate) based on their habitat and morpho- also to plan strategies for their conservation and manage- logical specialization (Tomlinson 1986). The list given in ment (Jayatissa et al. 2002, Wang et al. 2003). The present Table 1 is not exhaustive, and publications in which no study aimed at assessing the species diversity and distri- categorization was followed (i.e., true mangroves vs. man- bution of mangroves in the Islands, supplemented with a grove associates) were not considered when reviewing critical review of the published literature. The probable mangrove species composition. However, these are briefly reasons for the significant disparities in numbers of man- discussed with regard to the topics studied separately. grove species reported in the earlier studies are also dis- cussed vis-à-vis our field surveys. Floristic similarities The floristic similarities between the seven regions were Materials and methods examined based on the species presence/absence data using the Sørensen (1948) similarity index. It was calcu- Study area and methods of survey lated as, 2a Mangrove communities across the entire stretch of the Sørensen similarity index(C)= , S (2ab++c) Andaman and Nicobar Islands were surveyed for a period of 5 years at different seasons during 2009–2013. Pre- where a = the number of shared species; b = the number of liminary surveys for identifying specific survey sites were species only in collection 1; c = the number of species only carried out in seven regions (four from the Andaman in collection 2. group of Islands and three from the Nicobar group). The survey sites were selected based on representativeness, importance, and accessibility. The 51 sites selected for conducting comprehensive mangrove surveys are mapped in Figure 1, and the GPS coordinates are given in Table S1. Results and discussion Sites were accessed using both road and boat transport in order to survey the extensive range of tidal reaches. Each Mangrove species reported in earlier studies of the survey sites was visited at least twice, and care was taken to observe both floral and vegetative characters. The numbers of true mangrove species recorded in 18 pub- The mangrove species were identified in the field follow- lications in which mangroves were categorized into true ing Tomlinson (1986) and Giesen et al. (2006), and loca- mangroves and mangrove associates are summarized in tions were recorded. Herbarium specimens for all the true Table 1. There is significant disparity in species numbers, mangrove species were prepared. Because of the conspic- and these have increased from 17 (Parkinson 1923) to 36 uous similarities in floristic characteristics between the (Debnath 2004) in a period of about 80 years. A similar Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Southeast Asian coun- increase in mangrove species diversity over the years has tries, the classification scheme adopted by Giesen et al. been reported from Australia (Duke 1992) and from Sri (2006) for classifying the Southeast Asian mangroves was Lanka (Jayatissa et al. 2002). followed in the present study. In addition to the literature listed in Table 1, mangrove species composition including halophytes and associated littoral vegetation of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Review of the published literature has also been investigated by a few authors, although without classifying them into true mangroves and man- Mangrove species composition in the published literature grove associates. According to Blasco (1977), the princi- was compared with the present study to help determine pal halophilous nonparasitic species of the Andaman the validity of earlier records and to extend our knowl- and Nicobar Islands amount to a total of 35 species dis- edge of the current distribution of mangrove species in tributed among 22 families and 26 genera. Rajagopalan M.P. Goutham-Bharathi et al.: Mangroves of Andaman and Nicobar Islands 423 Figure 1 Map of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands depicting the survey sites. (A) Andaman group of Islands; (B) Nicobar group of Islands (see Supplementary Table S1 for names and geographical coordinates of sites). (1987) reported 42 species of typical mangroves and the these, Chengappa (1934) investigated the regeneration of closely associated
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