Clinical and Basic Immunodermatology Clinical and Basic Immunodermatology
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Clinical and Basic Immunodermatology Clinical and Basic Immunodermatology Edited by Anthony A. Gaspari, MD Department of Dermatology University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA Stephen K. Tyring, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, TX USA Editors Anthony A. Gaspari, MD University of Maryland School of Medicine Baltimore, MD USA Stephen K. Tyring, MD, PhD University of Texas Medical School at Houston Houston, TX USA ISBN 978-1-84800-164-0 e-ISBN 978-1-84800-165-7 DOI 10.1007/978-1-84800-165-7 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Control Number: 2008923739 © Springer-Verlag London Limited 2008 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. The use of registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publisher can give no guarantee for information about drug dosage and application thereof contained in this book. In every individual case the respective user must check its accuracy by consulting other pharmaceutical literature. Printed on acid-free paper 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 springer.com Preface In 1981, the first edition of Clinical Immunodermatology was published, with Dr. Mark Dahl as the editor and sole contributor. This textbook filled a real need for residents in training, as the focus of this textbook was immuno- logically mediated skin disease. It certainly was critical and highly enjoyable reading for me when I began my dermatology residency in 1982 at Emory University. Its second edition in 1985 and the third and final edition in 1996 saw further improvements in this outstanding textbook. It has been a tremen- dous asset for all of those interested in the immune system, and how it plays a protective and pathologic role in skin diseases. The critical features of this textbook were its concise nature, simple diagrams, and clear and direct style of delivering fundamental information about the role of the immune system and its relevance to skin diseases. All of these features made this textbook well appreciated by residents and clinicians. This textbook really was the brainchild of Dr. Mark Dahl, and reflected well his lucid approach to teaching, organizing information, and presenting a complex topic in such a high-quality product. Fortunately for our specialty, Dr. Dahl remains active in academic dermatology, teaching, patient care, and publishing. Over the past twelve years, much has changed, stimulating Steve Tyring and I to revisit this important subject. There has been an explosion of information in the fields of cellular, molecular, innate, adaptive immunity, and immuno- pharmacology. In parallel, these advances have been applied to and translated to a better understanding and treatment of a number of common and less common dermatologic diseases. There are also a number of new therapeutic agents that are targeted therapies, or have an immune mechanism. All of these developments have occurred during the blossoming of the information age. Thus, we decided that it was no longer possible to present a single or even a dual authored/edited textbook. Steve Tyring and I decided to pursue the recruitment of national and international experts to author chapters on their respective areas of expertise. Hence, our approach for this important endeavor is that of a multiauthored collection of chapters that would be integrated into this book. Despite the different approach, our goal is to present the latest information related to fundamentals of the skin immune system, as well as a disease-focused textbook in the same concise, readable, and easily digested format that was initially developed by Dr. Dahl. We thank Dr. Dahl for his vision and his original book, which has had pro- found influence on generations of dermatologists. We have strived to enhance the teaching of cutaneous immunology, particularly as related to skin disease, to the next generations of young dermatologists who will be caring for patients v vi Preface afflicted with immune-based skin diseases. We would be delighted if our text- book triggered the kind of interest in immunology that was stimulated in Steve and I during our training. Anthony A. Gaspari Stephen K. Tyring Contents Preface . v Section I Concepts of Fundamental Importance for Understanding Skin Disease 1 Cytokines and Chemokines . 3 Oliver A. Perez and Brian Berman 2 Innate and Adaptive Immunity . 17 Jan D. Bos and Marcel B.M. Teunissen 3 Neuroimmunology . 31 Erica Lee and Richard D. Granstein 4 Stress and Immunity . 45 Francisco A. Tausk, Ilia Elenkov, Ralph Paus, Steven Richardson, and Marcelo Label 5 Toll-Like Receptors . 67 Donna Bilu Martin and Anthony A. Gaspari 6 Conventional and Unconventional T Cells . 85 Scott Roberts and Michael Girardi 7 Complement System . 105 Kim B. Yancey and Zelmira Lazarova 8 Cutaneous Dendritic Cells in Health and Disease . 119 Mark C. Udey 9 Antimicrobial Peptides . 131 H. Ray Jalian and Jenny Kim 10 Photoimmunology . 147 Christopher Hansen, Justin J. Leitenberger, Heidi T. Jacobe, and Ponciano D. Cruz, Jr. 11 Angiogenesis for the Clinician . 157 Benjamin A. Lefkove, Levi E. Fried, and Jack L. Arbiser vii viii Contents Section II Common Skin Diseases 12 Contact Dermatitis: Allergic and Irritant . 171 Donald V. Belsito 13 Atopic Dermatitis . 193 Thomas Bieber and Julia Prölss 14 Psoriasis . 207 Frank O. Nestle 15 The Immunology of Acne . 217 Guy F. Webster and Jenny Kim 16 Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer . 223 Fergal J. Moloney and Gary M. Halliday 17 Immunobiology and Immune-Based Therapies of Melanoma . 245 Mariah R. Brown, John C. Ansel, and Cheryl A. Armstrong 18 Drug Eruptions . 263 Craig K. Svensson 19 Cutaneous Vasculitis . 277 Sherrif F. Ibrahim and Carlos H. Nousari 20 Immunodermatology and Viral Skin Infection . 297 Natalia Mendoza, Anita Arora, Cesar A. Arias, Aron J. Gewirtzman, and Stephen K. Tyring 21 HIV Disease and AIDS . 323 Andrew Blauvelt 22 Bacterial Infections . 335 Carolyn Senavsky, Noah Craft, and Lloyd S. Miller 23 Parasitic Infections . 363 Sidney Klaus 24 Fungal Infections . 373 Nahed Ismail and Michael R. McGinnis 25 Cutaneous T-Cell Lymphoma . 411 Ellen J. Kim, Camille E. Introcaso, Stephen K. Richardson, and Alain H. Rook 26 Graft-Versus-Host Disease . 439 Edward W. Cowen Contents ix 27 Allergic Urticaria . 459 Laura M. Gober and Sarbjit S. Saini Section III Immunopharmacology 28 Biologic Therapies for Inflammatory Disease . 481 Emily M. Berger and Alice B. Gotlieb 29 Topical Immune Response Modifiers:Adjuvants . 527 Annemarie Uliasz and Mark Lebwohl 30 Topical Immune Response Modifiers: Antiinflammatories . 539 Thomas A. Luger and Martin Steinhoff 31 Traditional Immune-Modulating Drugs . 551 Stephen E. Wolverton 32 Topical Corticosteroids . 561 Ulrich R. Hengge 33 Vaccines . 579 Anita Arora, Natalia Mendoza, Anne Marie Tremaine, and Stephen K. Tyring 34 Intravenous Immunoglobulins . 605 Doerte Bittner and Alexander Enk Section IV Autoimmunity, Immunodeficiency, and Immune – Associated Dermatoses 35 Novel Approach to the Evaluation of Primary Immunodeficiencies . 617 Clemens Esche and Bernard A. Cohen 36 Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency and Skin Disease . 633 Brenda L. Bartlett and Jennifer Z. Cooper 37 Granulomatosis . 645 Kurt Q. Lu 38 Vitiligo Vulgaris . 661 James J. Nordlund, I. Caroline Le Poole, and Raymond E. Boissy 39 Alopecia Areata . 691 Richard S. Kalish and Amos Gilhar x Contents 40 Cutaneous Lupus Erythematosus . 703 David F. Fiorentino and Richard D. Sontheimer 41 Fibrotic Skin Diseases . 721 Irina G. Luzina and Sergei P. Atamas 42 Pemphigus Family of Diseases . 739 Masayuki Amagai 43 The Pemphigoid Spectrum . 751 Kelly Nelson, Ning Li, Zhi Liu, and Luis A. Diaz 44 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita . 763 Julie Burnett, Jennifer Remington, Mei Chen, and David T. Woodley 45 Immunoglobulin A Dermatoses . 771 Todd V. Cartee and Robert A. Swerlick Index . 789 Contributors Masayuki Amagai, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan John C. Ansel, MD Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA Jack L. Arbiser, MD, PhD Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA Cesar A. Arias, MD, MSc, PhD Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, USA Cheryl A. Armstrong, MD Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, CO, USA Anita Arora, MD Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA Sergei P. Atamas, MD, PhD Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Brenda L. Bartlett, MD University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA Donald V. Belsito, MD Clinical Professor of Medicine (Dermatology), University of Missouri-Kansas