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Migration in Nigeria This publication has been co-financed by the EU MMigrationigration in Nigeria A COUNTRY PROFILE 2009 Democratic Republic of the Congo 17 route des Morillons, 1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 • Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] • Internet: http://www.iom.int The opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the International Organization for Migration (IOM). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IOM concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning its frontiers or boundaries. Omissions and errors remain the responsibility of the authors. IOM is committed to the principle that humane and orderly migration benefits migrants and society. As an intergovernmental organization, IOM acts with its partners in the international community to: assist in meeting the operational challenges of migration; advance understanding of migration issues; encourage social and economic development through migration; and uphold the human dignity and well-being of migrants. This publication was made possible through the financial support provided by the European Union, the Swiss Federal Office for Migration (FOM) and the Belgian Development Cooperation. The opinions expressed herein are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect the views of the European Union, the Swiss Federal Office for Migration (FOM), nor the Belgian Development Cooperation. Publisher: International Organization for Migration 17 route des Morillons 1211 Geneva 19 Switzerland Tel.: +41 22 717 91 11 Fax: +41 22 798 61 50 E-mail: [email protected] Internet: http://www.iom.int _____________________________________________________ ISBN 978-92-9068-569-2 © 2009 International Organization for Migration (IOM) _____________________________________________________ All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 04_09 This publication has been co-financed by the EU Migration in Nigeria A COUNTRY PROFILE 2009 Prepared by Adejumoke Afolayan and IOM’s Research Division Technical Working group members in nigeria Central Bank of Nigeria Embassy of Belgium Embassy of Switzerland European Commission Ministry of Finance Ministry of Foreign Affairs Ministry of Internal Affairs Ministry of Justice Ministry of Labour and Productivity Ministry of Women Affairs National Agency for the Prohibition of Trafficking in Persons and other Related Matters National Bureau of Statistics National Commission for Refugees National Planning Commission National Population Commission Nigeria Immigration Service Nigeria National Volunteer Service Office of the Special Assistant to the Vice-President on Youth, Migration and Humanitarian Services University of Ibadan Migration in Nigeria: A Country Profile 2009 3 conTenTs List of tables ........................................................................................7 List of figures .......................................................................................8 Acronyms ............................................................................................9 Foreword ...........................................................................................11 Executive summary ............................................................................15 Résumé .............................................................................................21 PART A: Introduction .........................................................................27 A.1 Development situation ............................................................................. 27 PART B: Analysis of the socio-economic context of migration ............33 B.1 Demographic changes .............................................................................. 33 B.2 Economic environment ........................................................................... 37 B.3 Labour market .......................................................................................... 41 B.4 Human capital .......................................................................................... 43 PART C: Analysis of the migration situation in the country ................47 C.1 Immigrants ............................................................................................... 47 C.1.1 Total number of immigrants ............................................................ 48 C.1.2 Types of immigrants ......................................................................... 51 C.1.3 Irregular immigration ....................................................................... 53 C.2 Emigrants .................................................................................................. 55 C.2.1 Total number of emigrants .............................................................. 55 C.2.2 Types of emigrants ........................................................................... 57 C.2.3 Irregular emigration ......................................................................... 60 C.3 Remittances from nationals living abroad ................................................ 62 PART D: Factors driving migration ......................................................65 D.1 Main characteristics of current migration trends ..................................... 65 D.2 Identifying the key drivers of migration and possible future trends ........ 66 PART E: Effectiveness of migration policies in managing the migration phenomenon .....................................................................69 E.1 Overview of the national institutional and policy framework governing migration .................................................................................. 69 Migration in Nigeria: A Country Profile 2009 5 E.1.1 Overview of recent migration policy developments ....................... 69 E.1.2 Overview of domestic legislation ..................................................... 71 E.1.3 Description of institutional actors involved in migration management .................................................................................... 73 E.2 Analysis of migration policy coherence .................................................... 79 E.3 Regional and international cooperation ................................................... 83 E.4 Overall assessment of the migration policy context ................................. 85 PART F: Evaluating the consequences of migration and migration policy on development ......................................................89 F.1 Impacts of migration on the socio-economic development of the country ........................................................................................... 89 F.2 Impacts of migration policies on the development of the country ........... 89 PART G: Conclusions ..........................................................................91 G.1 Main findings on current migration trends .............................................. 91 G.2 Recommendations on improving migration statistics .............................. 92 G.3 Recommendations regarding migration management ............................ 96 References .........................................................................................97 Annex: Statistics ..............................................................................105 6 Migration in Nigeria: A Country Profile 2009 list of tables Table 1: Trends in poverty level, 1980–2004 ............................................... 29 Table 2: Population of Nigeria by age and sex, 2008 ................................... 33 Table 3: Applications received and approved on naturalizations, SIS and renunciation, January 2000 to May 2008 .......................... 37 Table 4: Labour force, employment and unemployment rate, 2000–2008 ..................................................................................... 42 Table 5: Population distribution by nationality in the 1963 and 1991 Censuses ............................................................................... 49 Table 6: Foreign residents in Nigeria, 2001–2005 ....................................... 50 Table 7: Arrivals and departures in and from Nigeria, 2005–2008 ............. 51 Table 8: Malaria cases and reported deaths, 2002–2007 ......................... 108 Table 9: Tuberculosis prevalence rate and death rate per 100,000 population, 2000–2005 ................................................. 109 Table 10: Macroeconomic indicators, 2002–2007 ...................................... 109 Table 11: Population of Nigeria by age and sex, 1991 ................................. 110 Table 12: Population and migration characteristics of Nigeria: 1990, 2000 and 2005 ................................................................... 111 Table 13: Various Nigerian development indicators, 2008 .......................... 111 Table 14: Ratios of selected financial flows to GDP, 1996–2007 (%) ........... 112 Table 15: Nigeria foreign trade, 2000–2007 (million naira) ........................ 112 Table 16: Graduate output: bachelor’s degree, postgraduate diploma, master’s degree and doctorate degree, 2002–2005..... 113 Table 17: Primary school, secondary school and university
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