DOCSLIB.ORG

(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0266061 A1 Stinchcomb Et Al

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
(12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0266061 A1 Stinchcomb Et Al US 2005O266061A1 (19) United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10) Pub. No.: US 2005/0266061 A1 Stinchcomb et al. (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 1, 2005 (54) TRANSIDERMAL DELIVERY OF (52) U.S. Cl. ............................................ 424/448; 514/454 CANNABINOIDS (76) Inventors: Audra L. Stinchcomb, Lexington, KY (57) ABSTRACT (US); Buchi N. Nalluri, Lexington, KY (US) The present invention overcomes the problems associated Correspondence Address: with existing drug delivery Systems by delivering cannab Hoffman, Warnick & D’Alessandro LLC inoids transdermally. Preferably, the cannabinoids are deliv Three E-Comm Square ered via an occlusive body (i.e., a patch) to alleviate harmful Albany, NY 12207 (US) Side effects and avoid gastrointestinal (first-pass) metabo Appl. No.: 11/157,034 lism of the drug by the patient. A first aspect of the invention (21) provides a method for relieving Symptoms associated with (22) Filed: Jun. 20, 2005 illness or associated with the treatment of illness in a mammalian Subject, comprising the Steps of Selecting at Related U.S. Application Data least one cannabinoid from the group consisting of cannab inol, cannabidiol, nabilone, levonantradol, (-)-HU-210, (+)- (63) Continuation-in-part of application No. 10/032,163, HU-210, 11-hydroxy-A-THC, A-THC-11-oic acid, CP filed on Dec. 21, 2001. 55,940, and R(+)-WIN 55,212-2, selecting at least one permeation enhancer from the group consisting of propylene (60) Provisional application No. 60/257,557, filed on Dec. glycol monolaurate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, an 22, 2000. oleoyl macrogolglyceride, a caprylocaproyl macrogolglyc Publication Classification eride, and an oleyl alcohol, and delivering the Selected cannabinoid and permeation enhancer transdermally to treat (51) Int. Cl." ......................... A61K 31/353; A61L 15/16 an illness. Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 1 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 NNN ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ØI 83 I'9IJI NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN 3303 93 §§§§§§§§§§§ No.ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ ZZZZZZZZZZZZZØø2NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 2 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 FG. 2 Representative Permeation Profile G 5. w C O 2 a 40 CD 2 S s O 1 O O Time (hr) Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 3 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 FIG. 3 9. 3. L g- 2 g 6 8 Permeability X 10 (cm/h) Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 4 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 FIG. 4 BRJ 6% g E. n BRU 0.5% Ul as i 2 o D t BR6% c o BRU 0.5% BRs. Permeability X 10 (cm/h) Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 5 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 FIG. SA 1 4 2 as 's E 1 O 9 Me d ve X ce s s E G al BSA 4% BRU 6% BR6% BSA 4% BRU SA CTR CTR BSA 4% CTR CR SUBJECT1 SUBJECT 2 SUBJECT 3 Receiver fluid Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 6 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 F.G. SB a HBSA 4%. Control G ABRJ 6%. Control S. w -O-BRIJ 6% (48h) - BSA 4%(48 h) O E CC c 2 E O Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 7 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 F.G. 6 BRIJ 6% : BSA 6% BSA 4% BRU 6% BSA 6% : 2 L BSA 4% c 2 G BRIJ 6%. 8 9 Y BSA 6% BSA 4% BRIJ 6%. 8 BSA 6% i BSA 4% 2 3 Permeability X 10 (cm/h) Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 8 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 FIG. 7 His BR6 INT s s BRIJ 6% STRS w - BRIJ 0.5% INT ?o o BRIJ 0.5% STR 2 BSA 6% NT d - s BSA 6% STR c N H BSA 4% NT 9 L s s BSA 4% STR e - BSA 4 INT d U s BSA 4% STR 6 8 10 12 14 Permeability X 10 (cm/h) Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 9 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 FG. 8 Maximum Flux of Cannabidiol from Saturated Mineral Oil Solutions 4%BSA 6%Brij98 4%BSA 6%Brij98 Subject 1 Subject 2 Subject 3 Receiver Fluid Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 10 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 Human Skin Permeation Profiles of Cannabidiol (CBD) with and without Lauroglycol-90(LG-90) and Transcutol-HP(TC-HP) -- CBD -- CBD+LG-90 45 OO OO - - CBD+TC-HP 23 FIG. 9 Human Skin Permeation Profiles of Cannabidiol (CBD) with and without Labrasol (LB), Labrafil 1944 CS (LF) and 800 Novol NF (OA) 6 O O 5 E S 5 O O geO 400 d S 3. O O h G 2 OO FIG 10 Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 11 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 s C O SE O 8 s 9. O (Tuffu)uOle Jueduoo eu Seld OHL Patent Application Publication Dec. 1, 2005 Sheet 12 of 12 US 2005/026.6061 A1 t O) . O) (u?ou) UOleUeoUOO euSed CEO US 2005/0266061 A1 Dec. 1, 2005 TRANSIDERMAL DELIVERY OF CANNABINOIDS 0009. A first aspect of the invention provides a method for relieving Symptoms associated with illness or associated CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED with the treatment of illness in a mammalian Subject, com APPLICATIONS prising the Steps of Selecting at least one cannabinoid from the group consisting of cannabinol, cannabidiol, nabilone, 0001. This application is a continuation-in-part applica levonantradol, (-)-HU-210, (+)-HU-210, 11-hydroxy-A- tion of co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/032, THC, A-THC-11-oic acid, CP 55,940, and R(+)-WIN 163, filed Dec. 21, 2001, which claims priority to U.S. 55,212-2, Selecting at least one permeation enhancer from Provisional Patent Application No. 60/257,557, filed Dec. the group consisting of propylene glycol monolaurate, dieth 22, 2000, each of which is hereby incorporated herein by ylene glycol monoethyl ether, an oleoyl macrogolglyceride, reference. a caprylocaproyl macrogolglyceride, and an oleyl alcohol, and delivering the Selected cannabinoid and permeation BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION enhancer transdermally to treat an illness. 0002) 1. Technical Field 0010) A second aspect of the invention provides an occlusive body for the delivery of cannabinoids, comprising 0003. The present invention generally relates to the trans an impermeable backing, a rate-controlling microporous dermal delivery of cannabinoids. More particularly, the membrane, Said backing and membrane defining a cavity present invention relates to a method and mode of transder therebetween, a cannabinoid disposed within the cavity, a mally delivering cannabinoids to treat various illnesses permeation enhancer disposed within the cavity, and a and/or Symptoms. Viscous flowable gel confined between the backing and the 0004 2. Background Art membrane within the cavity for immobilizing the cannab inoid and the permeation enhancer. 0005 The use of cannabinoids to treat medical illnesses 0011 A third aspect of the invention provides a method is of great interest to the medical community. Specifically, for increasing the concentration of cannabinoids or cannab illnesses Such as AIDS and cancer are often accompanied inoid metabolites in a Subject, comprising contacting the with a lack of appetite. Moreover, patients receiving cancer Subject's skin with a compound Selected from the group chemotherapy often experience nausea and vomiting side consisting of cannabinol, cannabidiol, nabilone, levonantra effects. Chronic pain (especially neuropathic pain), malig dol, (-)-HU-210, (+)-HU-210, 11-hydroxy-A-THC, nant tumors, Spasticity (in multiple Sclerosis and Spinal cord A-THC-11-oic acid, CP 55,940, and R(+)-WIN 55,212-2 injury), and or dystonia are additional therapeutic targets for and contacting the Subject's skin with a permeation enhancer cannabinoid therapy. The capability to control or eliminate Selected from the group consisting of propylene glycol these problems would greatly increase the quality of life for monolaurate, diethylene glycol monoethyl ether, an oleoyl many patients. macrogolglyceride, a caprylocaproyl macrogolglyceride, 0006. Heretofore, attempts have been made at adminis and an oleyl alcohol. tering the cannabinoid A-THC (Dronabinol) orally, in the 0012. The preferred embodiment of the present invention form of a capsule. However, Severely nauseated patients are is designed to Solve the problems herein described and other often not able to retain the capsule in their Stomachs long problems not discussed, which are discoverable by a skilled enough for the drug to take effect. This problem is com artisan. pounded by the fact that four to Six doses of the capsule must be taken around chemotherapy. Another issue with capsules, BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS as well as Smoked marijuana, is that patients absorb the drug relatively rapidly (as compared to controlled drug delivery 0013 FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an occlusive rates that a patch produces) and receive high drug concen body in accordance with the present invention. trations in their body. These high drug concentrations, or peak levels, are often associated with Serious psychoactive 0014 FIG. 2 is a permeation profile of showing the and other central nervous System side effects. delivery of a cannabinoid acroSS Skin. 0015 FIG. 3 is a bar graph showing permeability of skin 0007. In view of the above, there is a long felt need in the art for A-THC and other cannabinoids to be delivered Samples to a cannabinoid for various receiver Solutions. transdermally (across the skin). Preferably, Such cannab 0016 FIG. 4 is a bar graph showing permeability of skin inoids will be delivered by patch, bandage, topical formu Samples to a cannabinoid for various receiver Solutions. lation or the like and release the appropriate dose of can 0017 FIG.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Cannabinoids in the Pathophysiology of Skin Inflammation
    molecules Review Cannabinoids in the Pathophysiology of Skin Inflammation Cristian Scheau 1 , Ioana Anca Badarau 1, Livia-Gratiela Mihai 1, Andreea-Elena Scheau 2, Daniel Octavian Costache 3, Carolina Constantin 4,5, Daniela Calina 6 , Constantin Caruntu 1,7,*, Raluca Simona Costache 8,* and Ana Caruntu 9,10 1 Department of Physiology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (I.A.B.); [email protected] (L.-G.M.) 2 Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Fundeni Clinical Institute, 022328 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] 3 Department of Dermatology, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] 4 Immunology Department, ”Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] 5 Department of Pathology, Colentina University Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania 6 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Craiova, 200349 Craiova, Romania; [email protected] 7 Department of Dermatology, “Prof. N. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 011233 Bucharest, Romania 8 Gastroenterology and Internal Medicine Clinic, Carol Davila University Central Emergency Military Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania 9 Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, “Carol Davila” Central Military Emergency Hospital, 010825 Bucharest, Romania; [email protected] 10 Faculty of Medicine, “Titu Maiorescu” University, 031593 Bucharest, Romania * Correspondence: [email protected] (C.C.); [email protected] (R.S.C.); Tel.: +40-745-086-978 (C.C.) Academic Editor: Eric J. Downer Received: 30 December 2019; Accepted: 2 February 2020; Published: 4 February 2020 Abstract: Cannabinoids are increasingly-used substances in the treatment of chronic pain, some neuropsychiatric disorders and more recently, skin disorders with an inflammatory component.
    [Show full text]
  • Nabilone for Chronic Pain Management: a Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, and Guidelines
    TITLE: Nabilone for Chronic Pain Management: A Review of Clinical Effectiveness, Safety, and Guidelines DATE: 11 November 2011 CONTEXT AND POLICY ISSUES Cannabis sativa is a flowering plant that has long been used as a recreational drug, and for medicinal purposes.1,2 The main psychoactive component of cannabis is delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol (∆9-THC).2 Nabilone (Cesamet®) is an oral synthetic cannabinoid, which is licensed in Canada for treating patients with severe nausea and vomiting related to chemotherapy for cancer and who have failed to respond adequately to conventional antiemetic treatments.2-4 Clinical trials and anecdotal reports have suggested that the use of nabilone in other medical conditions, such as appetite stimulation, anxiety, spasticity, and pain.1,5 Chronic pain affects approximately one in five people in developed countries and two in five in less well-resourced countries. In many circumstances, the patient’s quality of life is poor due to persistent pain caused either by an ongoing illness or nerve damage caused by the disease after resolution or cure of the disease.6 Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease, and is the most common cause of neurological disability in young people, with an average age of onset around 30 years and a prevalence of about 120 per 100,000 individuals in North America. The majority of patients with MS display symptoms, such as fatigue, muscle stiffness or spasticity, pain, memory problems, balance trouble, tremors, urinary disturbance, and sexual dysfunctions.2,7 The purpose of this review is to assess the evidence of benefits and harms related to the use of nabilone in management of chronic pain, including patients with MS.
    [Show full text]
  • Medicinal Chemistry Endeavors Around the Phytocannabinoids
    CHEMISTRY & BIODIVERSITY – Vol. 4 (2007) 1707 REVIEW Medicinal Chemistry Endeavors around the Phytocannabinoids by Eric Stern and Didier M. Lambert* Drug Design and Discovery Center and Unite´ de Chimie pharmaceutique et de Radiopharmacie, Ecole de Pharmacie, Faculte´ de Me´decine, Universite´ catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier 73, U.C.L. 73.40, B-1200 Bruxelles (phone: þ3227647347; fax: þ3227647363; e-mail: [email protected]) Over the past 50 years, a considerable research in medicinal chemistry has been carried out around the natural constituents of Cannabis sativa L. Following the identification of D9-tetrahydrocannabinol (D9-THC) in 1964, critical chemical modifications, e.g., variation of the side chain at C(3) and the opening of the tricyclic scaffold, have led to the characterization of potent and cannabinoid receptor subtype-selective ligands. Those ligands that demonstrate high affinity for the cannabinoid receptors and good biological efficacy are still used as powerful pharmacological tools. This review summarizes past as well as recent developments in the structure–activity relationships of phytocannabinoids. 1. Introduction. – Despite the wide uses of preparations of the hemp Cannabis sativa L. during the History, the modern pharmacology of natural cannabinoids has been hampered by the slow progress in the elucidations of the chemical structures of its major components. Indeed, it is nowadays known that more than 70 compounds derived from a diterpene structure are present in the plant [1], and this fact may explain the difficulty to obtain pure chemical entities in the past. In addition, the medicinal research for more than a half century has been driven by the search for the components responsible for the psychoactive effects of cannabis, this era in the history of the chemical research on cannabinoids have been recently reviewed [2][3].
    [Show full text]
  • Marinol Cannabidiol C21H30O2 Trade Name
    Cannabinoids are a group of terpenophenolic compounds secreted by Cannabis flowers that provide relief from a wide array of symptoms including, pain, nausea, and inflammation. They operate by imitating the body’s natural endocannabinoids, which activate to maintain internal stability and overall health. When consumed, cannabinoids bind to receptor sites throughout the brain (CB1 receptors) and body (CB2 receptors). Different cannabinoids have different effects based on their binding affinity for each receptor. By targeting specific cannabinoids at these receptors, different types of relief can be achieved. Presently, there are at least 113 different cannabinoids isolated from Cannabis—each exhibiting varied effects. THC Tetrahydrocannabinol C21H30O2 Trade name: Marinol Legal Status: US – Schedule I, Schedule II (as Cesamet), Schedule III (as Marinol) OH CA – Schedule II UK – Class B AU – S8 (controlled) H Psychoactive Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is typically the most abundant cannabinoid present in cannabis products on the market today. THC has very high psychoactive characteristics and is associated with the ‘high’ and euphoria experienced when using cannabis products. When smoked or ingested, THC binds to cannabinoid receptors throughout the body and affects memory, O coordination, concentration, pleasure, and time perception. H Medicinal Benefits Analgesic • Anti-nauseant • Appetite Stimulant Reduces Glaucoma Symptoms Sleep Aid • Reduces Anxiety and PTSD Symptoms CBD Cannabidiol C21H30O2 Trade name: Epidiolex OH Legal Status: US – Schedule I CA – Schedule II UK – POM (Perscription only) H AU – S4 (Perscription only) non-psychoactive Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major phytocannabinoid and accounts for up to 40% of the plant’s extract. Due to its lack of psychoactivity and HO non-interference with motor and psychological functions, it is a leading candidate for a wide variety of medical applications.
    [Show full text]
  • Recent Developments in Cannabis Chemistry
    Recent Developments in Cannabis Chemistry BY ALEXANDER T. SHULGIN, Ph.D. The marijuana plant Cannabis sativa contains a bewildering Introduction array of organic chemicals. As is true with other botanic species, there are representatives of almost all chemical classes present, including mono- and sesquiterpenes, carbohy- drates, aromatics, and a variety of nitrogenous compounds. Interest in the study of this plant has centered primarily on the resinous fraction, as it is this material that is invested with the pharmacological activity that is peculiar to the plant. This resin is secreted by the female plant as a protective agent during seed ripening, although it can be found as a microscopic exudate through the aerial portions of plants of either sex. The pure resin, hashish or charas, is the most potent fraction of the plant, and has served as the source material for most of the chemical studies. The family of chemicals that has been isolated from this source has been referred to as the cannabinoid group. It is unique amongst psychotropic materials from plants in that there are no alkaloids present. The fraction is totally nitro- gen-free. Rather, the set of compounds can be considered as analogs of the parent compound cannabinol (I), a fusion product of terpene and a substituted resorcinol. Beyond the scope of this present review are such questions as the distribution of these compounds within the plant, the bo- tanic variability resulting from geographic distribution, the diversity of pharmacological action assignable to the several Reprinted from Journal of Psychedelic Drugs, vol. II, no. 1, 197 1. 397 398 Marijuana: Medical Papers distinct compounds present, and the various preparations and customs of administration.
    [Show full text]
  • Article 22 Regulation for Restriction of Synthetic Drugs
    ARTICLE 22 REGULATION FOR RESTRICTION OF SYNTHETIC DRUGS SECTION 22.1 AUTHORITY This regulation is promulgated under the authority granted to the Needham Board of Health under Massachusetts General Laws Chapter 111, Section 31 which states that “boards of health may make reasonable health regulations”. SECTION 22.2 PURPOSE The Needham Board of Health has found that synthetic marijuana, consisting of plant or other material treated with various chemicals or other synthetic substances not approved for human consumption, may be marketed and sold as herbal incense in the greater Boston area, although they are being used in the same manner and for the same purposes as scheduled drugs. In addition, the use of these products has become particularly popular among teens and young adults. Based on information and reports from hospitals, emergency room doctors, and police agencies, individuals who use these products experience dangerous side effects including convulsions, hallucinations, and dangerously elevated heart rates. This is evidence that synthetic marijuana products are harmful if inhaled or consumed, and present a significant public health danger. These synthetic compounds and others have a high potential for abuse and lack of any accepted medical use, these dangerous products, while not approved for human consumption, are marketed and sold in a form that allows for such consumption, putting at risk the individuals who come into contact with them. Therefore, the Needham Board of Health adopts this regulation for the purpose and with the intent to protect the public health and safety of the Town of Needham and its residents from the threat posed by the availability and use of synthetic marijuana, synthetic stimulants, synthetic hallucinogens, and other dangerous products by prohibiting persons from trafficking in, possessing, and using them within the town.
    [Show full text]
  • Federal Register/Vol. 84, No. 214/Tuesday, November 5, 2019
    Federal Register / Vol. 84, No. 214 / Tuesday, November 5, 2019 / Notices 59645 Authority: 42 U.S.C. 6213; and 30 CFR company plans to bulk manufacture Controlled substance Drug Schedule 556.511–556.515. these drugs as synthetics. No other code Walter D. Cruickshank, activities for these drug codes are Hydromorphone ....................... 9150 II Acting Director, Bureau of Ocean Energy authorized for this registration. Hydrocodone ............................ 9193 II Management. Morphine .................................. 9300 II Dated: October 18, 2019. Oripavine .................................. 9330 II [FR Doc. 2019–24052 Filed 11–4–19; 8:45 am] William T. McDermott, Thebaine .................................. 9333 II BILLING CODE 4310–MR–P Assistant Administrator. Opium extracts ......................... 9610 II Opium fluid extract ................... 9620 II [FR Doc. 2019–24107 Filed 11–4–19; 8:45 am] Opium tincture ......................... 9630 II BILLING CODE 4410–09–P Opium, powdered .................... 9639 II DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Opium, granulated ................... 9640 II Oxymorphone .......................... 9652 II Drug Enforcement Administration Noroxymorphone ..................... 9668 II DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE Tapentadol ............................... 9780 II [Docket No. DEA–536] Drug Enforcement Administration The company plans to manufacture Bulk Manufacturer of Controlled [Docket No. DEA–526] the listed controlled substances as an Substances Application: Organix, Inc. Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) Bulk
    [Show full text]
  • 2 Spice English Presentation
    Spice Spice contains no compensatory substances Специи не содержит компенсационные вещества Spice is a mix of herbs (shredded plant material) and manmade chemicals with mind-altering effects. It is often called “synthetic marijuana” because some of the chemicals in it are similar to ones in marijuana; but its effects are sometimes very different from marijuana, and frequently much stronger. It is most often labeled “Not for Human Consumption” and disguised as incense. Eliminationprocess • The synthetic agonists such as THC is fat soluble. • Probably, they are stored as THC in cell membranes. • Some of the chemicals in Spice, however, attach to those receptors more strongly than THC, which could lead to a much stronger and more unpredictable effect. • Additionally, there are many chemicals that remain unidentified in products sold as Spice and it is therefore not clear how they may affect the user. • Moreover, these chemicals are often being changed as the makers of Spice alter them to avoid the products being illegal. • To dissolve the Spice crystals Acetone is used endocannabinoids synhtetic THC cannabinoids CB1 and CB2 agonister Binds to cannabinoidreceptor CB1 CB2 - In the brain -in the immune system Decreased avtivity in the cell ____________________ Maria Ellgren Since some of the compounds have a longer toxic effects compared to naturally THC, as reported: • negative effects that often occur the day after consumption, as a general hangover , but without nausea, mentally slow, confused, distracted, impairment of long and short term memory • Other reports mention the qualitative impairment of cognitive processes and emotional functioning, like all the oxygen leaves the brain.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION One of the Tasks of a Pharmacologist Is the Classification of Drugs
    NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC STUDIES OF MARIJUANA: SOME SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL THC DERIVATIVES IN ANIMALS AND MAN* Edward F. Domino Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48104 and Lafayette Clinic, Detroit, Mich. 48207 INTRODUCTION One of the tasks of a pharmacologist is the classification of drugs. Marijuana and its derivatives pose some problems. Legally marijuana has been classified as a narcotic, yet pharmacologically it is quite different. Mankind has known about the Cannabis plant from which marijuana and other products are obtained for more than 4,708 years. A considerable body of data is available to describe its gross effects. Over the centuries it has been called a depressant, euphoriant, ine- briant, intoxicant, hallucinogen, psychotomimetic, sedative-hypnotic-anesthetic, and stimulant. Perhaps more than any other drug it is a social irritant that elicits rather remarkable behavior reactions in both users and nonusers. Moreau’ in 1845, employed it to produce a model psychosis, thus initiating the fashion to study hallucinogens as a means of gaining insights into mental illness. Lewin2 classified Cannabis as one of the “phantastica: hallucinating substances.” One text on hallucinogens3 does not even refer to Cannabis, but another does? There are some aspects of the subjective effects of both LSD-25 and Cannabis that are similar, yet the latter produces sedative effects, no significant sympatho- mimetic actions, and no cross-tolerance to LSD-25. Hollister5 reviewed the re- cent findings on the effects in man of marijuana and its putative active ingredient Ag-THC, stressing that current investigators have, for the most part, confirmed the Cannabis-induced clinical syndromes long known to occur.
    [Show full text]
  • Introduced B.,Byhansen, 16
    LB301 LB301 2021 2021 LEGISLATURE OF NEBRASKA ONE HUNDRED SEVENTH LEGISLATURE FIRST SESSION LEGISLATIVE BILL 301 Introduced by Hansen, B., 16. Read first time January 12, 2021 Committee: Judiciary 1 A BILL FOR AN ACT relating to the Uniform Controlled Substances Act; to 2 amend sections 28-401, 28-405, and 28-416, Revised Statutes 3 Cumulative Supplement, 2020; to redefine terms; to change drug 4 schedules and adopt federal drug provisions; to change a penalty 5 provision; and to repeal the original sections. 6 Be it enacted by the people of the State of Nebraska, -1- LB301 LB301 2021 2021 1 Section 1. Section 28-401, Revised Statutes Cumulative Supplement, 2 2020, is amended to read: 3 28-401 As used in the Uniform Controlled Substances Act, unless the 4 context otherwise requires: 5 (1) Administer means to directly apply a controlled substance by 6 injection, inhalation, ingestion, or any other means to the body of a 7 patient or research subject; 8 (2) Agent means an authorized person who acts on behalf of or at the 9 direction of another person but does not include a common or contract 10 carrier, public warehouse keeper, or employee of a carrier or warehouse 11 keeper; 12 (3) Administration means the Drug Enforcement Administration of the 13 United States Department of Justice; 14 (4) Controlled substance means a drug, biological, substance, or 15 immediate precursor in Schedules I through V of section 28-405. 16 Controlled substance does not include distilled spirits, wine, malt 17 beverages, tobacco, hemp, or any nonnarcotic substance if such substance 18 may, under the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, 21 U.S.C.
    [Show full text]
  • Substances in Penalty Group Two
    Substances in Penalty Group Two Sec. 481.103. PENALTY GROUP 2. (a) Penalty Group 2 consists of: (1) any quantity of the following hallucinogenic substances, their salts, isomers, and salts of isomers, unless specifically excepted, if the existence of these salts, isomers, and salts of isomers is possible within the specific chemical designation: alpha-ethyltryptamine; 4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine (some trade or other names: 4- bromo- 2, 5-dimethoxy-alpha-methylphenethylamine; 4-bromo-2, 5-DMA); 4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyphenethylamine; Bufotenine (some trade and other names: 3-(beta-Dimethylaminoethyl) - 5-hydroxyindole; 3-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)-5- indolol; N, N- dimethylserotonin; 5-hydroxy-N, N-dimethyltryptamine; mappine); Diethyltryptamine (some trade and other names: N, N-Diethyltryptamine, DET); 2, 5-dimethoxyamphetamine (some trade or other names: 2, 5- dimethoxy- alpha-methylphenethylamine; 2, 5-DMA); 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine ( trade or other name : DOET); 2, 5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (trade or other name: 2C-T-7); Dimethyltryptamine ( trade or other name : DMT); Dronabinol (synthetic) in sesame oil and encapsulated in a soft gelatin capsule in a U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved drug product (some trade or other names for Dronabinol: (a6aR-trans)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro- 6,6, 9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H- dibenzo [b,d]pyran-1-ol or (-)-delta-9-(trans)- tetrahydrocannabinol); Ethylamine Analog of Phencyclidine (some trade or other names: N- ethyl-1-phenylcyclohexylamine, (1-phenylcyclohexyl) ethylamine,
    [Show full text]
  • Toward Drugs Derived from Cannabis
    Toward Drugs Derived from Cannabis R. Mechoulam Department of Natural Products, Hebrew University Pharmacy School, Jerusalem, Israel E.A. Carlini Department of Psychobiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Sao Paolo, Brasil Recent work aimed at the introduction of natural spasm. Some fifty years later, Reynolds [6] reviewed and synthetic cannabinoids as drugs is reviewed. A 1_ the experience accumulated in England and concluded Tetrahydrocannabinol (A1-THC) is mainly investi- that Cannabis was useful for epilepsy, neuralgia, mi- gated as a potential drug against glaucoma and graine, and psychosomatic disorders, but not for asthma, and as an antiemetic agent in cancer chemo- neuritis, arthritis, and other rheumatic conditions. therapy. Cannabidiol is being tried in the clinic Yet, around the turn of the century, its use slowly against epilepsy and as a hypnotic. Numerous syn- declined. There are two major reasons for this: thetic cannabinoids are currently being investigated 1. The constituents of Cannabis had not been isolated as analgetics and as sedative-relaxants. in a pure form. Hence, crude plant preparations or extracts had to be used. Cannabis is notorious for its chemical variability and its easy deterioration. Therefore, reproducible clinical effects were not always obtained. Ibn al-Badri, in a treatise on hashish written around 2. Legally, in many countries, Cannabis was linked 1464 (preserved in Paris in manuscript form) tells to the opiates. The use of these drugs was officially that the poet Ali ben Makki visited the epileptic Za- controlled and frequently made difficult. However, hir-ad-din Muhammed, the son of the Chamberlain the opiates due to their medical indispensibility con- of the Caliphate Council in Baghdad, and gave the tinued to be widely employed; Cannabis use declined.
    [Show full text]