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Turshak Et Al EJAEC 129 2018 | Vol. 4 | Issue 2 | Pg. 192 - 197 Ewemen Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry ISSN 2488-913X Available online at http://ewemen.com/category/ejaec/ Full Length Research EMPIRICAL STUDY OF PLANT DIET OF DOUBLE-SPURRED FRANCOLIN FRANCOLINUS BICALCARUS AND STONE PARTRIDGE PTILOPACHUS PETROSUS 1*TURSHAK L.G., 1OGBECHIE C.I., 2CHASKDA A.A. 1Department of Science Laboratory Technology (Biological Sciences Techniques), University of Jos, Nigeria 2Department of Zoology, University of Jos, PMB 2084, Nigeria ABSTRACT Received 20, Nov., 2018 Double-spurred Francolin Francolinus bicalcarus and Stone Partridge Revised 13 Dec., 2018 Ptilopachus petrosus are species of birds belonging to the order galliformes. Accepted 15 Dec., 2018 Their diet comprises fruits, cereals and other plant materials. This study aimed *Corresponding Author’s Email: at determining the plant diet of Double-spurred Francolin and Stone Partridge [email protected] at the Jos Wildlife Park, Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. One hundred and ninety six grams (196g) of faecal droppings of the two species of galliformes was collected twice in two weeks, taken to the laboratory and gently meshed together using a bottle on a sample paper plate. Faecal dropping of 9.5g was mixed with 300g of soil (sharp and top soil) and poured into 30 polythene bags. This was repeatedly done for each polythene bag and labeled as treatment. Thirty (30) black polythene bags were also filled with soil mixture without faecal dropping and labeled as control. After four weeks of watering of the treatment and control, the results showed that treatment had nine (9) Orders while control had four (4) Orders. Higher Families were recorded for treatment soil while the control had the least. There was a significant difference in the treatment and control soil plant (P<0.001). Based on species richness and abundance, treatment soils were rich in species as different species of plants grew from it than the control soil. Keywords: Savanna Woodland; Diet; Plants and Galliformes; Francolinus bicalcarus; Ptilopachus petrosus INTRODUCTION As with humans, birds have different dietary needs and grains. Of the large selection in the seeds and and preferences depending on the season. In winter, grains category, some are more readily available, many birds (especially those migrating long popular with different species of birds and less distances) need food sources that are high in proteins, expensive (Rogers, 2002). Sunflower seeds for fats and carbohydrates (Breathing Places, 2011). Nuts instance are favorite for songbirds (birds belonging to are ideal during this time and legumes consumed by the passerines called ‘perching birds’). They contain people such as peanuts, almonds, hazelnuts and rich supplies of fats and oils, which help songbird pistachios are food choices for bird fuel too. The nuts through rigid winter nights. Sunflower seeds are which contained protein and fibre are safe for birds to consumed primarily by smaller birds such as consume. Some birds prefer different types of seed cardinals. These birds have beaks that are equipped © 2018 Ewemen Resources Limited / EJAEC. All rights reserved. Ewemen Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 2018, 4(2): 192 – 197 Turshak et al. for breaking tough outer shells of nuts which can be The external features of Double-spurred Francolin placed in feeders or spread over the ground. Millet and Domestic chicken (Gallus domesticus) are similar, seeds are preferred by birds that can handle nuts probably due to their phylogenetic relationship but with medium to hard shells such as sparrows, the former has a more rounded shape. Being wild cardinals and juncos (Wilkinson, 2010). Phasianids and because their meat is very tasty, Francolins are widely consumed as bush meat in Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, Nigeria and other African countries. This fact was characterized by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the confirmed by (Falana et al., 2005) in a comparative laying of hard shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a biochemical study of the meat quality and digestive four – chambered heart and a light weight but strong enzymes of Double-spurred francolin and Domestic skeleton. Birds are widely distributed and range in chicken. A team of 10 taste panelists in that study size from 5cm (2inch) humming bird to 2.75m (9ft) found the meat of Double-spurred Francolin more ostrich. They rank the class of tetrapod with the most palatable, juices and tastier than Domestic chicken. living species at approximately ten thousand with The Francolin meat was also found to be richer in more than half of these being perching birds protein than chicken meat (Falana et al., 2005). (songbird) (Gadow, 1883). The loss of forests, plains, trees and other natural A plant based diet is a diet that constitutes fruits, systems into agriculture, mines, and urban vegetables, tubers, whole grains and legumes; it development’s reduce potential habitat for many excludes proteins, dairy products and eggs, as well as species. The welfare of Galliformes is intimately highly refined sugar and oil. The diet of birds varies linked to the quality of food and shelter in their widely and generally includes seeds, nuts, fruits, small habitat. Therefore, this experimental study is insects, beetles and worms (David, 2010). Different intended to give a clear knowledge of the Plant diet of species of birds consume various substances and Double-spurred Francolin and Stone Partridge which avian diets are different from domestic animals. In all will in turn help in formulating a conservative plan to These, season also play a role in determining what protect the species. This study focused on plant diets foods birds eat; when berries and nuts ripen in the of two species of Galliformes (Double-spurred spring and summer, for instance, birds consume large Francolin and Stone Partridge). quantities of those foods (Dobkin,1998). All birds need food to survive, including water and MATERIALS AND METHODS shelter. Most birds share the same water supplies and live in similar structures but have vastly different Study Area. dietary requirement (Rogers, 2002). In the wild, common natural food supplies for many species This study was conducted at the Jos Wildlife Park, Jos, include insects, fruits, berries and nectar from Plateau State, Nigeria. The study area was chosen flowering plants. Some species even suck sap out of because it has a good population of Double-spurred tree buds while others pick termites, grains / cereals, Francolin and Stone Partridge. The Jos Plateau has the insect larvae from blades of grass and tree cavities. highest landmass and forms an isolated vegetation Large birds like hawks, vultures and owls may unit, within the Guinea-Congolian Sudanian Regional consume larger sources of meat such as fish and transition zone (Ezealor, 2002). It is located in the rodents. Many birds eat food caught live and fresh, north-central region of the country with landmass of although some such as vultures could feed on about 26,899 sq km, it lies between Latitude 08° 24' carcasses (Philip et al., 1994). North and Longitude 08° 32' East. Temperature varies markedly through the month reaching its Among the galliformes, one of the most diverse minimum of 8°C to 15°C during the harmattan (dry) genera of the family is the genus Francolinus. The season, characterized by cool, dusty wind which genus comprises 41 species, 36 of which are Afro- occurs between November and mid-February. Great tropical. They are common in Africa; some species are heat usually follows in March, followed by the rains in most abundant in certain parts of the continent. April. Temperature may rise well above 32°C between According to Keith (2000), seven of these 36 Afro- April and October. Annual rainfall ranges from tropical species of Double-spurred Francolin, have 131.15mm to 146.00mm. The rains are accompanied been recorded in Nigeria. by extreme low temperatures (6°C), leading to cold weather conditions. www.ewemen.com page 193 Ewemen Journal of Analytical & Environmental Chemistry 2018, 4(2): 192 – 197 Turshak et al. the morning and evening hours. The plants were Much of the vegetation of Jos Plateau has been taken to the herbarium at Federal College of Forestry devastated by tin-mining activities (Hadejia et al., Jos for proper identification and classified accordingly 2000). A high human population (200-300 per km2) from the Order to species level. has resulted in continued large scale deforestation and conservation of grassland and shrubs to Statistical analyses agriculture and few remaining patches of forests and woodland are fast being depleted by unsustainable Independent sample t-test was conducted on SPSS fuel wood collection (Lodewijk and Were, 2001). Only version 23, to analyze the data between treatment a few areas of natural grassland, savannah woodland and control plants. and forest remain on Jos Plateau and one of such areas is the Jos Wildlife Park. The Jos Wildlife Park was established in 1972. The park is located on the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION South West of Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria at Latitude 9° 52' and Longitude 8° 53' and covers an area of Total Number of Plants on Treatment and Control approximately 8 km2. It is characterized by hilly and A total of 281 plants were identified to have grown in rocky topography with seasonal streams, good the Treatment and Control after week four of savannah woodland and riparian forest and also planting. Hundred (100) plants grew on treatment, consists of some exotic plants. The Park consists of while 181 grew on control. In the first week of caged animals and a safari area. Planting, no visible plant growth was observed on treatment and control. However, in the second week Collection of faecal droppings of Planting, 9 plants grew on treatment while 69 Faecal droppings of the two species of Galliformes plants grew on control.
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