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Faculty Code: REL Project Sequence: 8003 IQP Division: 41 ENHANCING PLASTIC RECYCLING FROM DANISH HOUSEHOLDS AN INTERACTIVE QUALIFYING PROJECT SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE Sponsored by Danish Waste Association (Dansk Affaldsforening), Denmark SUBMITTED BY: ______________________ Jennifer Biener ([email protected]) _____________________ Chietara Japutra ([email protected]) _____________________ Michael Morales ([email protected]) SUBMITTED TO: Sponsor Liaison: Niels Remtoft ([email protected]) DATE: May 8, 2013 Plastic can be recycled into many different products, but Denmark still incinerates the majority of its plastic waste. The European Union (EU) set a target for its member states to recycle 50 percent of household waste by 2020. In order to fulfill this target, Denmark needs to improve how it recycles household plastic waste. Our project focuses on enhancing plastic recycling from Danish households and suggesting to the Danish Waste Association different recycling initiatives for each stakeholder in the Danish waste sector. Our findings reveal that source separation, improved communication between stakeholders, and extended producer responsibility should be implemented to achieve the EU directive. -i- We would like to thank the following people for their time and support: • Niels Remtoft for organizing our visits and providing guidance for our project. • Jacob Hartvig Simonsen for providing support and resources in facilitating our project. • Nana Winkler and Inge Werther for constructive criticism and guidance to develop our project. • Camilla Steensgaard-Hansen for introducing us to Danish culture and work environment. • Danish Waste Association for being receptive to our project, providing useful input towards its development, and accommodating us during our stay. • Representatives of the municipalities and companies that we visited for giving their time to provide us with useful information and generous hospitality. • Mr. Tom Thomsen and Professor Peder Pedersen for preparing us for an enjoyable experience in Denmark. • Rebecca Ziino for providing us with useful directions for our project. • Finally, Professor Reinhold Ludwig for his consistent guidance and time to help us produce a coherent Interactive Qualifying Project. -ii- The ideas and information presented in this report demonstrate our understanding of the topic. The sections of the report were equally divided among team members in order for each team member to develop an area of expertise, and all sections were revised together. A detailed list of authorship for each section is provided here: Section Primary Author(s) Abstract All Executive Summary All Introduction All Background: 2.1 Plastic Michael Background: 2.2 Waste Management in Denmark Jennifer and Michael Background: 2.3 Pressures to Increase Recycling Rates in Denmark Michael Background: 2.4 Current Issues with Household Plastic Collection Jennifer and Chietara Background: 2.5 Best Management Practices to Increase Household Chietara Plastic Recycling Rates Objectives All Methodology All Results and Discussion: 5.1 Interviews with Stakeholders All Results and Discussion: 5.2 Summary of Problems and Discussions Chietara Results and Discussion: 5.3 Site Visits and Observations of Jennifer Recycling Facilities Results and Discussion: 5.4 Results from Previous Study Jennifer Conducted by RenoSyd I/S Results and Discussion: 5.5 Workshop with Experts on Plastic Michael Recycling Results and Discussion: 5.6 Short-Term Solutions Chietara and Jennifer Results and Discussion: 5.7 Long-Term Solutions Michael Conclusion All Recommendations All Appendix A Michael Appendix B: Parts I, XI and XII Michael Appendix B: Parts II-VII, X Jennifer Appendix B: Parts VIII and IX Chietara Appendix C Michael Appendix D Chietara -iii- ABSTRACT ...............................................................................................................................i ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...................................................................................................... ii AUTHORSHIP ....................................................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS .......................................................................................................iv TABLE OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................ix EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .....................................................................................................x CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...........................................................................................1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND .............................................................................................2 2.1 Plastic ........................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1.1 Different Uses and Types of Plastic ...................................................................................... 2 2.1.2 Mixing Plastic ........................................................................................................................ 3 2.2 Waste Management in Denmark ............................................................................................... 4 2.2.1 Overview of Recycling Process ............................................................................................. 4 2.2.2 Structure of the Danish Waste Sector .................................................................................... 5 2.2.3 Relationships of Stakeholders ............................................................................................... 6 2.3 Pressures to Increase Plastic Recycling Rates in Denmark .................................................... 8 2.3.1 Trends and Composition of Household Plastic Waste Generation ....................................... 8 2.3.2 Regulations on Plastic Recycling ........................................................................................ 10 2.3.2.1 Waste Hierarchy .......................................................................................................................... 10 2.3.2.2 EU Framework Directive on Waste 2008/98/EC ........................................................................ 11 2.3.2.3 Extended Producer Responsibility .............................................................................................. 11 2.3.2.4 Packaging and Packaging Waste Directive ................................................................................. 12 2.3.2.5 REACH Regulation 1907/2006/EC ............................................................................................ 12 2.3.2.6 Waste Shipment Regulation No. 1013/2006 ............................................................................... 12 2.3.3 Driving Forces to Improve Plastic Recycling Rates ............................................................ 13 2.4 Current Issues with Household Plastic Collection ................................................................. 14 2.4.1 Overview of Current Collection Schemes ........................................................................... 15 2.4.1.1 Curbside Collection .................................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1.2 Drop-Off Collection .................................................................................................................... 18 2.4.2 State of Current Recycling Technology .............................................................................. 20 2.5 Best Management Practices to Increase Household Plastic Recycling Rates ...................... 21 2.5.1 Countries with Successful Recycling Initiatives ................................................................. 21 2.5.2 Recycling Strategies of Other Countries ............................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 3: OBJECTIVES ...............................................................................................24 -iv- CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................25 4.1 Objective 1 ................................................................................................................................. 25 4.1.1 Interview with Stakeholders ................................................................................................ 25 4.2 Objective 2 ................................................................................................................................. 25 4.2.1 Site Visits to and Observation of Recycling Facilities ........................................................ 25 4.3 Objective 3 ................................................................................................................................. 26 4.3.1 Results from Previous Study Conducted by RenoSyd I/S...................................................26 4.4 Objective 4 ................................................................................................................................. 26 4.4.1 Workshop ...........................................................................................................................