Rift Opening and Inversion in the Marrakech High Atlas: Integrated Structural and Thermochronologic Study

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Rift Opening and Inversion in the Marrakech High Atlas: Integrated Structural and Thermochronologic Study Rift opening and inversion in the Marrakech High Atlas: integrated structural and thermochronologic study Mireia Verdaguer September 2015 Departament de Geologia Universitat de Barcelona Departament de Geologia Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Rift opening and inversion in the Marrakech High Atlas: integrated structural and thermochronologic study PhD Dissertation presented by MIREIA DOMÈNCH VERDAGUER In candidacy for the degree of Doctor in Geology PhD thesis supervised by Dr. Antonio Teixell Cácharo Unitat de Geotectònica Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona September 2015 This research work is funded by a predoctoral FPU grant (AP-2009-4936) from Ministerio de Educación (España) and supported by MEC and MINECO projects CGL2014-54180-P, CGL2010-15416, CGL2007-66431-CO2-01 (TOPOMED), and Consolider-Ingenio 2010 CSD2006-00041 (TOPOIBERIA). Als meus pares “The earth is large and old enough to teach us modesty” Hans Cloos (1885-1951) Acknowledgements/Agraïments/Agradecimientos Tot i que la realització d’una tesi doctoral és una tasca individual, seria pràcticament impossible de realitzar sense l’ajuda de tanta i tanta gent que en algun moment o altre, en major o menor mesura, han ajudat a tirar-la endavant. Arribats doncs a aquest punt, és just dedica’ls-hi unes paraules d’agraïment. Una de les figures més determinants tant durant el procés de realització, com en el resultat final d’una tesi és el director. Jo he tingut la infinita sort de tenir un director que no només s’ha involucrat al màxim científicament, aconsellant, guiant, anant al camp, aportant idees, discutint, corregint i donant-me suport econòmic per congressos i pel camp, sinó que també m’ha donat la llibertat i confiança perquè pogués créixer i desenvolupar-me com a geòloga i s’ha preocupat en tot moment pel meu benestar tant a nivell personal com a la universitat, contribuint en gran mesura a que hagi gaudit cada dia d’aquests últims anys fent aquesta tesi. Per tot això, la meva més sentida i profunda gratitud és pel meu director de tesi, Antonio Teixell. My sincere thanks also goes to Daniel Stockli, who gave me the opportunity to join their team for three months, and who granted me access to the laboratory and research facilities at the Jackson School of Geosciences. Also, for his valuable comments and geologic discussions, which have contributed greatly to develop Chapter 3 of this thesis. I would also like to thank Roman Kislitsyn, Spencer Seman, Josue Pujols, Mike Prior and Emily Goldstein who helped me in the lab, and Ethan Lake for his generous hospitality. All of them contributed to making my experience in Austin and in the University of Texas really nice and enriching. I am also very grateful to Kerry Gallagher who guided me generously and with a lot of patience into the use of the QTQt software. A Mª Luisa Arboleya por acompañarme al campo y brindarme su ayuda y discusión siempre que lo he necesitado. Al grupo de “paleomac” de la Universidad de Zaragoza-Universidad de Burgos, especialmente a Antonio Casas y a Juanjo Villalaín, apasionados geólogos con quien tuve la suerte de compartir campo y discusiones científicas. También a Juanjo, por su hospitalidad, amabilidad y ayuda durante las 2 semanas que estuve en Burgos analizando las muestras de paleomagnetismo. A l’Eduard Saura, que em va ajudar revisant el capítol 2 d’aquesta tesi. A Eliseo Tesón, por su ayuda y apoyo en los inicios de esta tesis. Gracias también a ti y a Andrés Mora por la oportunidad que me brindasteis de ir a Colombia a ampliar mi formación como geóloga, y por tu hospitalidad durante las dos semanas que estuve allí. Al Raül Mas i a l’Anna i al Mariano Medina per acompanyar-me i ajudar-me al camp. A mis amigos Jorge Pinto y Gregoire Messager agradecerles las discusiones científicas y los ánimos que me han dado. Al David Gómez agrair-li el seu suport i ajuda quan més ho he necessitat. A les “secres”: Sílvia, Glòria, Tere i Sara; i als professors del departament: Gumer, Rita, Oriol, Reche i especialment a l’Esteve, Paco, Grigri, Pini, Mercè i Geneta pels ànims que m’han donat, per les calçotades-garrinades, els sopars, dinars i cafès. Gràcies al bon ambient de treball que creeu entre tots, sempre és més fàcil aixecar-se per anar a treballar. Al Marc Viaplana, amic i company de despatx amb qui he tingut la sort de compartit llargues hores de feina i totes les alegries i penes d’aquesta tesi, i de la vida, durant els últims quatre anys. Gràcies per aguantar-me i animar-me durant tot aquest temps. A la Lucía Struth, pels bons moments que hem viscut juntes tant a Austin com a la Universitat, per estar sempre disposada a donar-me un cop de mà quan ho he necessitat, i pel seu suport i ànims. Al Salvador Boya, agrair-li el seu suport moral i les bones converses davant d’una cervesa filosofant sobre la vida, el món i sobre tot en general, que fan que un dia dur sempre s’acabi arreglant. A la resta de “becarios precarios”: Isaac, Àlvar, Eudald, Jordi, Miquel, Victor, David, i molt especialment al Dídac, a la Marta i al Camilo pel bon ambient de treball, pel companyerisme constant, per les xerrades, riures i bon humor sempre presents, per les “Friday beers”, dinars, sopars, festes, cafès, etc. per tot, moltes gràcies! Sense tots vosaltres aquests anys passats a la Universitat fent aquesta tesi no haguessin estat el mateix. A les meves amigues de tota la vida agrair’ls-hi els seus ànims. Molt especialment a la Mireia Prat, amiga amb majúscules, la qual, des de que tinc memòria, sempre ha estat allà animant-me i recolzant-me incansablement. Als meus pares. Tot el que sóc com a persona i tot el que he fet a la meva vida, és gràcies a vosaltres. Gràcies per tots els valors que m’heu transmès i per ensenyar-me que a la vida s’ha de ser valent i confiar en un mateix per perseguir tots els teus somnis i objectius. També al meu germà Marc. Gràcies a tots tres pel vostre suport i ajuda incondicional, pels ànims constants, i per fer de casa, un refugi segur i càlid on tornar sempre. També a la resta de la meva família els seus ànims i suport, especialment a la meva padrina Montse. També agrair-li a la meva àvia Mª Teresa, per l’exemple de vida, treball i esforç que ens va donar a tots. A tu Andreu Badia, qui m’aguanta en els bons i mals moments, qui m’anima sempre, qui veu sempre el canto positiu de tot i qui sempre veu el millor de mi. Gràcies pel teu recolzament durant tot aquest temps. Al teu costat tot és sempre molt més fàcil. També a la Pepa, els seus ànims i suport. Index 1 2 Index Index Abstract ................................................................................................................... 5 Resumen .................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 1. Introduction: Geologic setting and aims of this study ....... 7 1.1. Regional tectonic framework of NW Africa ................................................................................ 9 1.2. Tectonic history of NW Africa .................................................................................................. 13 1.2.1. The Pan-African and Variscan orogenic domains ............................................... 13 1.2.2. The Triassic-Jurassic rifting and Cretaceous post-rift stage .......................... 16 1.2.3. The Atlas orogeny ............................................................................................................ 20 1.3. Aims of this study .......................................................................................................................... 28 1.4. Methodology ................................................................................................................................... 32 1.4.1. Field-based structural analysis .................................................................................. 32 1.4.2. Thermochronologic analysis and thermal modelling ....................................... 33 Chapter 2. The inverted Triassic rift of the Marrakech High Atlas: a reappraisal of basin geometries and faulting histories ........................ 39 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 41 2.2. Triassic basins in the Marrakech High Atlas ...................................................................... 41 2.3. Structural analysis of the Triassic basins ............................................................................ 44 2.3.1. Preserved extensional structures .............................................................................. 47 2.3.2. Compressional structures ............................................................................................. 5 5 2.3.3. Selective reactivation of normal faults .................................................................... 59 2.4. Microstructural analysis of fault planes .............................................................................. 60 2.5. Discussion ........................................................................................................................................ 62 2.5.1. Fault localization and orientation ............................................................................. 66 2.6. Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 67 3 Index Chapter 3. Clues to burial and exhumation during the Atlas rifting and orogeny from apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He
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