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Michel Foucault POWER/KNOWLEDGE Selected Interviews and Other Writings 1972-1977 Michel Foucault Edited by COLIN GORDON Translated by COLIN GORDON, LEO MARSHALL JOHN MEPHAM, KATE SOPER a Pantheon Books, New York Copyright © 1972, 1975, 1976, 1977 by Michel Foucault Preface and Afterword Copyright © 1980 by Colin Gordon Bibliography Copyright © 1980 by Colin Gordon This collection Copyright © 1980 by The Harvester Press All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. Published in the United States by Pantheon Books, a division of Random House, Inc., New York, and simultaneously in Canada by Random House of Canada Limited, Toronto. Originally published in Great Britain by The Harvester Press, Limited. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION DATA Foucault, Michel. Power Iknowledge. Bibliography: p. 1. Power (Social sciences) I. Gordon, Colin. II. Title. HM291.F59 303.3'3 79-3308 ISBN 0-394-51357-6 ISBN 0-394-73954-x (pbk.) Manufactured in the United States of America 40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 CONTENTS page Preface vii Translations and Sources xi 1 On Popular Justice: A Discussion with Maoists 1 2 Prison Talk 37 3 Body/Power 55 4 Questions on Geography 63 5 Two Lectures 78 6 Truth and Power 109 7 Power and Strategies 134 8 The Eye of Power 146 9 The Politics of Health in the Eighteenth Century 166 10 The History of Sexuality 183 11 The Confession of the Flesh 194 Afterword 229 Bibliography 261 PREFACE Michel Foucault's name, at least, must now be a familiar one to English-speaking readers, since this is the tenth volume of his writings to have been translated within the last dozen years. But perhaps the distinctive features of his work have not always been easy for us to discern from among that gyrating nebula of Gallic luminaries which we have been so arduously and querulously observing during the span of Foucault's career to date. One of the motives for fabricating, in translation, this further Foucault 'book' has therefore been the hope that it will facilitate access to works that are, at least in principle, already available: to construct a sort of non-didactic primer made up of texts in which the author himself explains in straightforward and informal terms some stages and facets of his work and the preoccupations that traverse it. By bringing into clearer focus the political and intellectual environment in which this work has been carried out, this volume should help to undo some of the obfuscating effects commonly produced by the use of such vague and 'polemical labels as 'structuralism' and 'post-Marxism', and hence make possible a more informed estimate of its significance within contemporary thought, or, to speak less grandly, of the interest, utility and pleasure it offers us. A few words about the material selected. All the pieces date from since Foucault's election, following a brief spell as one of the founders of the experimental University of Vincennes, to the chair of History of Systems of Thought at the College de France; within his published output, they succeed his two methodological and programmatic texts, The Archaeology of Knowledge (1969) and The Order of Discourse (1970). With the exception of Chapter 1, which is a discussion occasioned by an episode in post-1968 revolu­ tionary French politics, all of the book is closely linked to the themes and arguments of Foucault's two most recent Preface viii works, Discipline and Punish (1975) and The Will to Know: History of Sexuality 1 (1976). We have sought to minimise internal redundancies, and have omitted items already widely available in English. The resulting pattern is that of an aleatory, open-ended collage in which, from point to point and in changing contexts and perspectives, a certain number of figures and motifs recur. The forms and occasions of the pieces, the identity of the interlocutors and the origin and point of the questions posed are numerous and diverse. Some texts are more or less direct oral transcripts, others are writings in a more orthodox sense. Some have never appeared in France, or are no longer available there. The diversity of this volume's sources (documented in a separate note below) gives an indication of the remarkable impact of Foucault's books in France and elsewhere, an impact by no means confined to the literary beau monde. What are in essence historical essays, albeit unconventional ones in their scope and form, have encountered a wide and receptive audience among the proliferating intellectual and militant action groups, campaigns, currents and publications which have been a feature of the international terrain since the 1960s. One should note that this volume does not represent Foucault's important and extensive journalistic output on topics including capital punishment, abortion, suicide, prison revolts and the recurring scandals of justice and psychiatry (not to speak of their everyday norms), crime and punishment in the Soviet Union, China and Iran, and the popular uprising in the latter country. Some of his articles, notably those on the application of the guillotine by Presidents Pompidou and Giscard, have a philippic force rare in contemporary writing. What is striking about the discussions collected here is the way in which the dimen­ sions of history and philosophy are brought to intersect and interact with this same detailed confrontation of present actuality. It would nevertheless be misplaced to set about installing Foucault within the lineage of Voltaire, Zola and Sartre, French tradition of great intellectual paladins of justice and truth. For reasons which his analysis of the twilight of the 'universal intellectual' (see p. 126ft) makes clear, Foucault has persistently and dexterously avoided the canonical roles IX Power/ Knowledge of revolutionary guru, great-and-good writer or 'master­ thinker'. This feature of his personal trajectory, while making it less readily visible from afar than those of other illustrious contemporaries and predecessors, may perhaps turn out to be as seminal as any system of theoretical positions to be extracted from his books. At any rate, part of the interest of the present volume lies in the complex relationship it documents between a singular intellectual venture and some common issues posed by our recent historical experiences. Collaborative, consciously pro­ visional, often fragmentary and digressive, abounding in hypotheses and sparing in conclusions, these dialogues manifest their own kind of rigour through an abiding concern, constant throughout Foucault's work, to question and understand the fluctuating possibilities, the necessary or contingent historical limits of intellectual discourse itself. The problematic of 'pouvoir-savoir', power and knowledge, which has given this book its title, is a fundamental theme of Foucault's historical studies of the genealogy of the human sciences: it is also, ineluctably, a fundamental question concerning our present. This also means that these discussions, given their location in time and space, have to do with the events of May 1968 and the transformations of political thought and practice which these events were seen as inaugurating. Now, some years later, one can tentatively identify the years around 1972-1977 in France as an unusual and fascinating, albeit confused, period, during which new lines of investigation and critique emerged on the intellectual scene in a relation­ ship of mutual stimulation with new modes of political struggle conducted at a multiplicity of distinct sites within society. This is not of course to say that France has been unique in this respect, nor that the relationship in question should be understood as having provided these new zones of militancy with a set of perfect and reciprocal political and theoretical legitimations. In France, moreover, many would now see this period of intellectual ebullition and pervasive 'local struggles' as over, ended-at the latest-by the electoral debAcle of 1978. But if these years' climate of immediate optimism has for the moment given way-and not only in France-to one of morosite, something of their Preface x vitality will, we hope, be transmitted through the present texts. The chapters in this book are arranged in approximate chronological order. Readers new to Foucault may however prefer to start with Chapters 5 and 6, for a general overview, and Chapters 2 and 10, for presentations of the recent books. Foucault is his own best expositor and his writings are intractable material for the commentator's arts; I have, however, added as an appendix an essay in which I attempt a speculative summary of the philosophical background to Foucault's enterprise and its main conceptual architecture. COLIN GORDON TRANSLATIONS AND SOURCES Chapter 1 is translated by John Mepham, Chapter 5 by Kate Soper, Chapter 10 by Leo Marshall and the remainder by Colin Gordon. Original titles and sources of the pieces are as follows: Chapter 1: 'Sur la justice populaire: debat avec les maos', in Les Temps Modernes 310 bis, 1972: a special issue entitled Nouveau fascisme, nouvelle democratie. Pierre Victor is co-author with Jean-Paul Sartre and Philippe Gavi of On a raison de se revolter (Paris, 1974). Chapter 2: From Magazine Litteraire 101, June 1975, reprinted as 'Les jeux du pouvoir' in D. Grisoni (ed.) Politiques de la Philosophie (1976). Chapter 3: 'Pouvoir et Corps', in Quel Corps?, September/ October 1975, reprinted in Quel Corps? (Petite collection maspero, Paris, 1978), a selection of material from this Marxist journal on physical education and sport. Chapter 4: 'Questions a Michel Foucault sur la geographie', in Herodote 1 (1976). Issue 4 of this Marxist geographers' journal contains responses to questions posed in return by Foucault. Chapter 5: These two lectures, which have not appeared in French, were transcribed and translated by Alessandro Fontana and Pasquale Pasquino in Michel Foucault, Micro­ jisica del Potere (Turin, 1977).
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