FINAL DRAFT REPORT

ON

SOCIO – ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND PUBLIC CONSULTATION OF LAKE TURKANA COMMUNITIES IN NORTHERN KENYA

Prepared by:

Consultants:

Anna Stella Kaijage - [email protected]

Niceta M. Nyagah - [email protected]

December, 2009

Page | 1 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table of Contents

ABBREVIATION 5

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 8

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9

CHAPTER I

1.1 Introduction and Description 43

1.2 Primary Objective 45

1.3 Scope of Work 45

1.4 Objective of Assignment 45

1.5 Expected Outputs 46

1.6 Expected Outputs of Socio Economic Analysis and Public Consultations of Lake Turkana Communities 46 1.7 Structure of the Report 48

1.8 Limitations of the Study 48

CHAPTER II: - POLICY AND LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 Policy and Legal and Administrative Framework 50

2.1.1 National Policies 50

2.1.2 Africa Development Bank Policies 53

2.1.3 International Treaties and Conventions 55

CHAPTER III: - SOCIO –ECONOMIC SITUATION ANALYSIS OF LAKE TURKANA COMMUNITIES

3.1 Introduction 61

3.2 Project Area 61

3.3 Administrative Structure 64

3.3.1 Adminstratives Structure of the Western Side of Lake Turkana 64

3.3.2 Administrative Structure of Eastern Side of Lake Turkana 65

3.4 General Environment of the Study Area 66

3.5 Settlements Patterns 68

3 .6 Socio Economic Analysis of Lake Turkana Communities 69

3.6.1 Demography 69

3.6.2 Socio-Cultural, Societal Framework And Political Characteristics Of Sampled Communities by Lake Turkana 73 2 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3.6.3 Social Services and Public Infrastructure 86

3.7 Health 98

3.7.1 Public Health 98

3.7.2 Medical Services 103

3.8 Water 103

3.9 Education 109

3.10 Trade, Tourism and Industry Sector 118

3.11 Tourism 123

3.12 Production Systems 123

3.13 Agriculture, Land Use and Ownership 133

3.14 Possible Future Projects: 146

CHAPTER IV: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

4.1 Stakeholder AnalysisaAnd Public Consultations 147

4.1.1 Primary Stakeholders 147

4.1.2 Governmental Organizations: 147

4.1.3 Non Governmental Organization (Ngos): 147

4.2 Agenda of the Consultations 147

4.3 Number of Stakeholders Consulted and Number of Households Interviewed 148

CHAPTER V: - FINDINGS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION

5.1 Cultural Factors that May Affect the Consultation 154

5.2 Utilization of Lake Turkana 156

5.3 Changes Noted on the Lake 159

5.4 Fears and Concerns 162

5.5 Misinformation on Gibe III 167

5.6 Risk Analysis 168

5.7 Continuation of Public Participation by all Stakeholders 178

CHAPTER VI: - MONITORING AND EVALUATION 181

6.1 Water Quality 181

6.2 Omo River and Gibe Iii 181

6.3 Environmental Conservation at the Lake Shores, Lake Basin and River Bed182

3 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 6.4 Wildlife 182

6.5 Aquatic Ecology 183

6.6 Fish Stocks 183

6.7 Marine Life 183

6.8 Public Health 184

6.9 Security at the Lake Turkana Basin 184

6.10 Mitigation Measures 185

VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 Conclusion 186

7.2 Recommendations 187

VIII REFERENCES 190

4 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Abbreviation

ADP Area Development Programme

AfDB Africa Development Bank

AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

ALRMP Arid Lands Resource Management Project

ASAL Arid and Semi Arid Lands

CAP Community Action Plan

CBAHC Community Based Animal Health Care

CBO Community Based Organisation

CCF Christian Children’s Fund

CDC Constituency Development Committee

CDF Constituency Development Fund

CHW Community Health Worker

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

CSO Civil Society Organization

DDC District Development Committee

DDO District Development Officer

DDP District Development Plan

DEAP District Environment Action Plan

DMEC District Monitoring and Evaluation Committee

DMU District Management Unit

DO 1 District Officer One

DOL Diocese of Lodwar

ECA Export Credit Agencies

ECGD Export Credits Guarantee Department

EEPCo Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EIB European Investment Bank 5 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. EMCA Environmental Management and Coordination Act

EPC Procurement and Construction

ESAP Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures

ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment

ESMP Environmental and Social management Plan

FBO Faith based Organisation

FPE Free Primary Education

FRD District Focus for Rural Development

GEF Global Environmental facility

Gibe III The 3rd Gibe Hydro –electric Dam on Omo River

GOE Government of Ethiopia

HIV Human Immune Virus

ICOLD International Commission on Large Dams

IEA International Energy Agency

IGA Income Generating Activities

IWRM Integrated Water Resources Management

KIHBS Kenya Integrated Households Budget Survey

KWS Kenya Wildlife Service

LATF Local Authority Transfer Fund

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MPND Ministry of Planning, National Development (and Vision 2030)

MSME’s Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises

NALEP National Agriculture and Livestock Extension Programme

NEMA National Environmental Management Authority

NGO Non Governmental Organisation

PMCT Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission

PPR Peste des Petits Ruminants

SACCO Savings and Credit Cooperative Society

SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (Analysis)

TCC Turkana County Council 6 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. ToR Terms of Reference

TRP Turkana Rehabilitation Project

UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification

UNDP United Nations Development Program

UNEP United Nations Environment Programme

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

VCT Voluntary Counselling and Testing Centre

WCD World Commission on Dams

WFP World Food Program

WUA Water Users Association

7 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Acknowledgement

We wish to acknowledge the AfDB, and particular Mr. Noel Kulemeka, Mr. Emmanuel Nzabanita, and Mr. Amadou Diallo for extending to us the opportunity to do public consultations and sociao-economic study of the Lake Turkana Communities with regard to Gibe IIIHydro-electric Dam in Ethiopia.

We also wish to extend our gratitude to all the Government Ministerial officers at Headquarter of the various government officials and officers for their cooperation, The National, Provincial and District Administration officials, District Officers of various government departments, Chiefs and Sub-Chiefs for their hospitality and generosity especially by availing time to talk to us.

We also wish to acknowledge the Kenya Police for providing us with security through out the public consultation process especially while travelling in the operational areas around the Lake Turkana.

Last but not least we wish to express our heart felt gratitude to the Communities of Lake Turkana who were not only cooperative during the household surveys, but also attended all the public forums in their particular areas and honestly aired their views that have made this report possible.

8 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Executive Summary

Introduction Ethiopia has one of the lowest electricity access rates in the world with only 10% of Ethiopians connected to electricity. The condition in rural areas is even worse, with only 2% access rate. About 90% of the population depends on biomass energy because of lack of any alternative solutions for energy. To meet its increasing demand, Ethiopia has embarked on an accelerated electrification program to increase the rate to 50% by 2010. In addition, the Government of Ethiopia ("GOE") would like to monetize its vast hydropower resources by exporting power to the sub–region. To attain that objective The Federal Government of Ethiopia through the State owned electricity utility, Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo), has embarked on the construction of a dam, the Gibe III Hydropower Project (the Project), which is expected to generate 1870 MW of hydropower on the Omo River. Ethiopia using its own resources has completed 32% of the construction work of the Gibe III dam.

In the course of construction, the Ethiopia government required funds to complete the remaining 68% of the dam construction. Therefore the Government of Ethiopia has approached the AfDB and other financing institutions to consider financing the Electro‐mechanical and Hydro‐mechanical equipment to be procured through international competitive bidding. However, to be in line with the Bank’s policies and also concerns of the environmental activists about the possible impacts of the Gibe III dam on the downstream including the Lake Turkana and the indigenous communities living along the lake who depend on the Lake Turkana for their livelihood, the Bank commissioned this study so that it can provide more information to be considered in the process of implementing the project.

The construction of the dam on the Omo River is expected to cause environmental and social impacts in various ways both negative and positive. The main reservoir area, the power plant and camp site, downstream area and the area around Lake Turkana are subjected to these impacts. Yet the magnitude of these effects downstream is not known with any degree of certainty. At the moment there is no reliable study that can inform the Bank about the Turkana communities, their livelihoods in relation to the Lake, and how they are likely to be affected by Gibe III project upstream. Yet a number of complaints have been raised by a number of CSOs cautioning that building the Dam upstream will adversely affect the Lake environment and Lake Turkana communities. This has prompted AfDB to hire consultants to embark on a socio economic situation analysis of Turkana communities and identify potential effects of the Gibe III project to these communities and the lake itself; and above all inform the various affected persons and communities about the on‐going dam construction works.

The main objectives of the public consultations were to:

• Conduct public consultations of the communities living around Lake Turkana and those dependent on the Lake resources to ensure that they have been fully informed about Gibe III project and its likely impacts on the Omo River and subsequently Lake Turkana. The Consultations will dwell on relaying the various impacts and mitigation measures being planned under the project; and

9 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Conduct an assessment of any signs of ecological changes on Lake Turkana potentially and those already taking place and the likely impacts on communities dependent on the lake resources; and • Collect stakeholders’ views, concerns on the Gibe III project.

The Consultant was expected to carry out consultations with primary and secondary stakeholders in order to inform them about the Gibe III dam construction and to collect their view on the project. The Consultant gathered evidence of misinformation whether inadvertently provided or deliberately done so by antagonists of the Gibe III project. The Consultant summarised and produced a detailed record of the actions undertaken to consult the groups likely to be affected by the project, as well as other concerned key stakeholders including Civil Society Organisations. Issues and concerns raised by communities and stakeholders and responses provided are clearly outlined in the final report. Similarly, the report documents any other issues affecting other stakeholders regardless of whether directly or indirectly linked to the Gibe III project; and the ecological nature and dynamics of the lake.

A triangulation of methods was applied during this study including literature review, Focus Group Discussions with women and women groups; women headed households, Youth, and elderly. Face to face interviews with local chiefs, ministry officials, district officials of Marsabit, North Marsabit, Laisamis, Central Turkana, CBOs, NGO, and FBOs and etc. Public Barazas were held with communities living along Lake Turkana. The use of checklist facilitated the discussion during both public Baraza and FGD. Household questionnaires were administered in all visited locations. Three consultative workshops were held at the district head quarters of Massabit, Laisamis and Central and North of Turkana. The consultants undertook an extensive literature search from various sources with regards to GIBE III project, socio economic profiles of surrounding communities and published concerns of various stakeholders. For details refer to annex

Methodology

The aim of this assignment is to undertake a social and economic analysis of the Lake Turkana communities who may potentially be affected by the Gibe III project with respect to the needs of special and vulnerable ethnic groups and tribes. This was accomplished by collecting data and understands their sources of livelihoods and wellbeing. In addition the consultant prepared a compendium of information on type of and coverage of on‐going development activities being undertaken by Government of Kenya and other stakeholders such as NGOs, the private sector. The study compiled a list of activities that could be developed with potential to provide sources of income to the communities.

Project area included in this study covers communities along and adjacent to the western and the eastern shores of Lake Turkana. On western side are 6 districts recently curved out of larger Turkana District? The larger Tukana district has been the largest district in the country covering an area of 77,000 sq. Km, which is about 42.4% of the total area of Rift Valley Province. In 2007, Turkana was split into three (3) districts, namely: Turkana North, Turkana Central and South districts. During this financial year (2008/2009), three more districts were carved out of the aforementioned districts. The new districts are: Turkana West, the Loima, and Turkana East. Turkana has three electoral constituencies, namely Turkana North, Turkana Central, and Turkana South. Districts adjacent to western shores of Lake Turkana are Turkana North, Turkana Central and Turkana East. Turkana

10 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. North, Central and South districts of larger Turkana are both arid and semi arid lands (ASAL). Mean temperature ranges from a low of 24 ºC to a high of 38 ºC with a mean of 30 º C. The rainfall pattern and its distribution has been unreliable and erratic over the years and range from 19 mm to 380 mm. On the western side of Lake Turkana, this study sampled villages located in Kalokol location of Kalokol division and, Kang’risae and Lorengelup locations of Kerio Division of Turkana Central.

On the eastern side, the larger part of Lake Turkana lies in Laisamis and Marsabit North districts which were recently curved out of larger Marsabit District. The districts face challenges of drought since most parts of the district are arid and semi ‐ arid and receive erratic short rains. Chalbi desert covers most of the two districts. On the eastern side of Lake Turkana, this study sampled communities located at North Horr and Illerete locations of North Horr Division of Marsabit North District and communities located in Loiyangalani location of Loiyangalani Division of Laisamis Districts.

Communities adjacent to Lake Turkana In event that the lake is affected adversely communities adjacent both sides of the lake are likely to be affected. The predominate tribe on the western side of the Lake is the Turkana. Other minor tribes include Luo, Kisii, and Luhya who have migrated from other regions. Turkana are primarily pastoralist, notable for raising camels and weaving baskets. The Turkana rely on several rivers, such as the Turkwel River and Kerio River. When these rivers flood, new sediment and water extend onto river plain that is cultivated after heavy rainstorms, which occur infrequently. When the rivers dry up, open‐pit wells are dug in the riverbeds which are used for watering livestock and human consumption. Livestock is an important aspect of Turkana culture. Goats, camels, donkeys, and sheep are the primary herd stock utilized by the Turkana people. Over the years, more Turkanas are turning into fishing due to frequent prolonged drought occurrences. Six Major ethnic groups live adjacent to the eastern side of Lake Turkana. These are the Daasanch, Gabbra, Turkana, El molo, Renddile and the Samburu. The major tribes living at Illeret, adjacent to northern east shores of lake but close to Kenya and Ethiopia border are the Daasanach. Minor tribes include the Turkana and Somali. The Daasanach are traditionally a pastoral people but in recent years they have turned into agropastoralism and and fishing. The Daasanach community do not keep camels. Gabbra is the major tribe located at North Horr. Other minor tribes include Turkana, Boran, Wata, Somalis. The Gabbra live in the Chalbi desert of northern Kenya, between Lake Turkana and Moyale and Marsabit, extending into the Bula Dera plain east of the Moyale‐Marsabit road, and the Mega escarpment in southern Ethiopia. They share portions of this area with the Boran, Rendille, Samburu, Daasanach and Turkana. The Gabbra are primarily pastoralist. The Gabbra culture is entwined with their care of camels. A mixture of tribes is found at Loiyangalani namely, the Rendille, Samburu, Turkana. The Rendille are ethnic group inhabiting the Kaisut Desert of Kenya. They are nomadic pastoralists.. Women, children, and older men live in semi‐permanent villages that are moved only a few times a year and rarely more than a few kilometers. The Samburu are related to the Masai although they live just above the equator where the foothills of Mount Kenya merge into the northern desert and slightly south of Lake Turkana in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. They are semi‐nomadic pastoralists whose lives revolve around their cows, sheep, goats, and camels. The main ethnic group at Elmolo Bay are the Elmolo tribe. Other minor tribes include the Samburu and Turkana. Elmolo is a small village just 10 km north of Loiyangalani. The tiny population main livelihood is fishing from Lake Turkana. Their dwellings resemble igloos, built from stick/reed.

11 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Demography Majority of the population in Laisamis District are found in Laisamis, Loiyangalani and Korr depending on economic activities practiced by the resident. The sampled division of Loiyangalani had a population of 16,965 in 1999 with a population density of 1.46. In 2008, the population was projected to be 21, 623 with a density of 1.86 and a projected population of 22, 719 with a density of 1.96 by 1012. Loiyangalani has an area of 11584.7 km2 Marsabit North District is one of the largest districts in the country covering an area of 38,952 km2 which represent 6.6 per cent of the total area of the country but with a sparsely distributed population density of 2 persons per km2. The low density makes it hard for provision of basic facilities such as health, water, education and security service. The sampled division of North Horr in Marsabit North District had a population of 13,621 in 1999 with a population density of 1 person per Km2. This is projected to be 17,535 and 2 people per km2 by 2008 and 18,630 and density of 2 people by 2010. North Horr Division has an area of 11,286 km2.

The Turkana Central district population had a population of 163,923 as per 1999 census and projected to 229,585 people in 2008. This is projected to rise to 243,809 and 253,777 by 2010 and 2012 respectively. Two divisions sampled from Turkana Central district are Kalokol and Kerio Divisions. Kalokol Divisions had a population of 22,735 and a density of 13 people per km2 in1999. This was projected to be 40,245 with a density of 19 people per km2. By 2010, population is projected to be 42,739 with a density of 20 people per km2. Kerio division had a population of 15, 409 with a density of 4 people per km2 in 1999. In 2008, this is projected to grow to 21,581 with a density of 8 people perkm2. In 2010, this is projected to be 22,918 with density of 6 people per km2.

Majority of households sampled indicated a family size of four to six people per household. 53.5% to 60.3% of members of interviewed households were less than 20 years implying a high dependency ratio. 42.8% to 47.5 % of household members interviewed were female.

Settlement Patterns and Housing Structure On the western side of Lake Turkanas, the settlement patterns in the district and divisions sampled is determined by the availability of water, pastures and social facilities and mainly found in urban and peri‐urban centres. The Turkana people under normal situation settle in the plains. But due to variations in weather, very few of them settle permanently in one place. During and shortly after the rains the Turkana people are concentrated at the plains. As the drought starts, they move mostly to high mountain areas and even to neighbouring countries of Sudan and Ethiopia in search of pasture and water for their animals, which comprises mainly goats, sheep, cattle, donkeys and camels. Permanent and semi‐permanent settlements in the district are found along Turkwel and Kerio rivers where small‐scale irrigated farming is practiced and along the lake shores of Lake Turkana with some social infrastructures like schools and health facilities that support human settlement. Along these areas, there exist peri‐urban market centres or fish trading centers. Similary, on the eastern side of the lake, permanent settlements are concentrated around the water points, close to lake shores, and determined by availability of water, pasture and fish. Administrative and political units have been set up following these settlement patterns. The structures in these settlements are semi permanent in nature apart from churches, health centre and schools.

Majority of houses belonging to communities around the lake reflects their traditions. At Kalokol, Kang’arise and Lorengelup, it is common to find a household with more than one house. A typical

12 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Turkana house at Kang’arise, Kalokol and Lorengelup is made of mud floor with over 90% houses made of stick/poles and reed or poles/stick and mud walla. At Kang’arise 99%use thatch to roof their houses while at Lorengelup 82.3% use thatch and plastics (9.4%). Kalokol which has a peri‐urban setting had 76.1% of households roofing with thatch and 7.2% corrugated iron sheets. Majority of households have lived in their current location for 20 years or less while a significant proportion for less than 10 years.

Similarly houses of communities found on the eastern part of the lake are made of mud floor. A Typical Gabra house at North Horr is doom shaped and made of mud floor with walls made of sticks/poles and covered with pieces of cloth. 52.3% of sampled houses walls are made of stick/pole with animal skin/cloth material. Loiyangalani has mixed tribes, namely, the Samburu, Turkana, Rendille and Elmolo. 32.3 % had houses made of reed/sticks/poles while 29.1 % had sticks/poles and palm leaves. 15.15% had walls of poles/sticks plus mud. At Elmolo villages of Leyani, 100% of walls of houses are made of palm reeds. At Kamote village of Elmolo bay, 91.7% of walls are palm reeds. At Illeret, a typical Daasanach house is doom shaped and made of mud floor. 11.9 % had walls made of iron sheets while 11.9 % used plastic material. 16.8% had animal skin walls while 42% had reed/stick/poles. At IIleret, thatch roof (58%) is most common followed by corrugated sheet(18.9%) and corrugated plastic(15.4%) and animal skins. The corrugated iron sheets are used on traditional doom house. Some are further curved to cover the walls. At North Horr roofing materials is mainly thatch, animal skin and sisal. At Loiyangalani all kinds of material are used namely thatch, animal skin, sticks clothes and boxes. At Loiyangalani 10% had Iron sheets roofing.

Sources of Livelihood and Income The Turkana area is remote and living standards are low with majority of people living below the poverty line. This can be clearly depicted from the indicators of wealth including housing condition, coupled with limited access to social services such health facilities, schools, water sources and informal business. With exception of the peri‐urban area and urban centers like Lodwar, majority of the rural people are poor. Similarly, Marsabit North and Laismais District are among the poorest districts in the upper Eastern Province. The districts are also dependant on relief food, as most of its areas are arid. The situation indicates that the majority of the people are food poor owing to the fact that they depend entirely on livestock. The causes of poverty in sampled communities couldbe attributed to drought, lack of livestock markets, lack of improved livestock and agricultural production methods, poor infrastructure, and lack of employment opportunities, ethnic/border conflict, gender disparity, illiteracy, physical handicaps, and unexploited and un‐utilized local resource. The source of livelihood in all communities is livestock. Incomes from sale of livestock and livestock products play a significant role in their livelihood. Incomes increases during the rainy season in April to May and November from sale of animals. All households interviewed do not get income from remittances with exception of those residing at Kalokol. Similarly, salaries did not feature as a significant source of income with exception of communities at Kalokol, Loiyangalani and Illeret. Fishing is a significant source of income for all communities sampled in this study with exception of North Horr. Basket weaving featured as significant source of incomes for the Turkana communities at Kalokol and Lorengelup and to a lesser extent at Kang’arise. Basket weaving did not feature as a source of income for almost all of the households interviewed at Illeret, North Horr and Loiyangalani. All households reported some income from sales of crop. This is mainly from resale of crops imported from other regions. However, at Kang’arisae, some farming activities take place along the 13 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Kerio River but mainly for subsistence hence incomes earned from sale any extra are not much. Similarly, at Illeret some subsistence farming activities takes.A closer look at the incomes shows that they are low with majority estimated to earn K.sh 50,000 or less in a year

An inventory of items owned by households interviewed show that with exception of a radio, table, stool /chair and to some extent modern bed, most households lack basic household’s items. However, due to availability of telephone network, a significant number of households own cellular phones at North Horr and Loiyangalani.

Sources of Water Laisamis and Marsabit North Districts face serious water problems. The district being arid semi‐arid land have been faced with challenges of water scarcity and continued environmental degradation due to over reliance of the community on wood fuel as a source of energy . The major sources of water found in the district are sub surface water resources such as springs, dams and shallow wells for domestic and livestock development. However, the main source of water for communities living at Elmoro bay is Lake Turkana. Major sources of water for communities at Illeret are traditional wells and Lake Turkana. The main sources of water for domestic consumption and livestock at Loiyangalani are tap water system from Loiyangalani springs. Other sources include traditional wells, boreholes, waterholes dug in riverbeds and lake water. A permanent source of surface water is at the top of Mount Kulal. At North Horr the main source of water are boreholes and traditional wells. All interviewed households complained that the water is salty and often contains dirt particles. The main source of water at Kalokol is tradional wells and Lake Turkana. Similarly the main sources of water for communities at Loreneglup and Kangirisae are traditional wells. The distance of many communities from water source is not as far as expected considering they are arid and semi arid areas. This could be attributed to the fact that the settlements were first attracted by water sources. For instance, majority at Illeret, Loiyangalani, and North Horr walk less than ane or 1 ‐2 km or an hour or less. On western side, at Lorengelup, Kangirisae and Kalikol a significant number of interviewed households had to walk longer distances over 3 or 5 km to water sources. With the exception of Lake Water, most water sources are not adequate. Health and Sanitation The nomadic pastoralist way of life has led to little demand for sanitation facilities like latrines hence latrine coverage is estimated to be as low. There is low hygiene and sanitation awareness, low priority and poor perception on hygiene issues. Every district is served by a district hospital. The health care services are skewed to the urban areas with only poorly equipped and manned dispensaries operating in the rural areas. At Illeret, 71.3 % defecate in bushes while 28.7% in own pit latrines. At Loiyangalani, 36.8% defecate in bushes while 55% in own pit latrines and 8.2% defecate in by the river bed. At North Horr, 60.3% defecate in bushes while 37.1% deface in own pit latrine. Households interviewed dispose their liquid waste by tossing it out of the house.

79.9% of households interviewed at Kalokol defecate in the bush while 20.1% owns pit latrines. In Lorengelup, 70% defecate in the bushes and 30% own pit latrines. 96.1% at Kang’arise defecate in the bushes while 3.6% in shared pit latrines. At Illeret, 26.6% boil water and Loiyangalani, 53.6% also boil water. Only 21.5% at North Horr boil water. Most community members at Illeret do not boil drinking water. Communities at Illeret and North Hor had a significant number of households who do not boil water. At Kalokol, 87.6 % stated that they boil drinking water. Similary, 70.4 % to 77.7%of housleholds Interviwed at Kangirisae and Lorengelup boil water. A significant number of households samplmed at Kang’arise Kalokol and

14 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Lorengelup understand the reason for boiling water. This could attribute to scaling up of public health education triggeredby recent outbreaks of cholera.

The most common diseases reported are diarrhea, coughing, eye infection, typhoid, malaria, cholera, worm infestations, pneumonia, skin lashes. Nutrition related includeanemia, kwashiorkor and marasmus. HIV/AIDs was least reported. This could be due to stigma or low levels of awareness about the disease.

Sources of Energy The main source of energy for communities adjacent to the lake is fuel wood. There is lack of electricity supply in the whole Turkana Central District with the exception of Lodwar where diesel driven generators supply a few commercial buildings and business. Most of the businesses operate private generators. 72.7% of households in Kalokol use firewood to light up houses at night while 19.6% use torch batteries as a source of light for houses.Few people use kerosene, solar, or dry grass to light their houses. At Kang’arise, 89.3 % use firewood to light their houses while other use candle, batteries,, kerosene. At Lorengelup 51.2% use firewood while 25.1 % use batteries and 15.8% use grass to light their houses. The main sources of energy for cooking at Kalokol are firewood for 97.6 % of households Interviewed. 2.4 % stated that they use charcoal for cooking. Similarly 95.5% of households at Lorengelup use fire wood for cooking while 100% at Kang’arise cook with firewood. The major source of Energy for communities living at Illeret and North Horr is firewood. A few community members use solar. The reported sources of energy at Loiyangalani are firewood, charcoal, solar and wind. Loiyangalani is not connected with electricity but electricity is generated through diesel powered generator in schools, tourist facilities. One notable thing about Loiyangalani is the strong winds experienced at night which calm down by midday. These winds have a strong potential to generate wind power. Lake Turkana wind power project has been initiated to convert these winds into energy.

At North Horr 84.8 % use batteries to light houses at night. Other use kerosene and firewood. At Illeret 58% use firewood to light their houses while 33% use batteries. At Loiyangalani 39.1 % use Kerosene to light houses while 38.6% use batteries and 15.9% use firewood.

Social Services With Exception of Lodwar Town, social services are scarce in Kalokol, Lorengelup and Kang’arise. Relative to other village Towns, Kalokol has more businesses Similarly, Kalokol has 9 primary schools and a secondary school while Lorengelup has 4 primary schools but lacks secondary school. The eastern side of Lake Turkana is very remote, desert environment with scarce socio services concentrated on few settlement located close water sources. Illeret is least endowed with socio services. Loiyangalani and North Horr have relatively more socio services concentrated around the peri‐urban centres. Banking services are not available and the communities depend of Marsabit. The main challenges facing the education sub‐sector include low staffing, inadequate infrastructure, poverty and nomadic way of life which results to disruption of education activities. Some of interventions to reduce the turnover include awarding of bursaries to needy children, school feeding programs, and building of classrooms, boarding facilities.. The districts are least endowed with tertiary institutions making access to tertiary education hard and costly. Some of the challenges facing education in Marsabit North and Laisamis districts is shortage of personnel managing

15 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. education; high poverty levels, lack of equipments e.g. Information Communication Technology equipment; lack of relevant teaching material for adult learners.

Majority of members from interviewed households lack a basic education. The percentage of members of interviewed households with a primary education was lowest at Illeret (13.9%) and highest at Kalokol (41.4%) Insignificant percentage of household members had aquired secondary, college or university education. Similarly, with exception of Kalokol, majority of households members cannot read or write. For instance 84.3%, 76.3% of members of interviewed households at Illeret and Kangirisae cannot read or write. Kalokol portrays a different picture whereby 53.1% of household members can read and write.

Physiacl Infrastructure Roads: The poor state of the roads coupled with harsh terrain makes transport cost high Most of the rural areas are not served by reliable means of transport and the locals are forced to trek long distances. Camels and donkeys are used for transporting goods.The road network is poorly developed and maintained. The National road that connects Lodwar with Kitale was once tarmac, part of it proximal to Lodwar has completely been worn out and not re carpeted over the years. The village’s roads are in poor condition, and deep sand makes them impassable. During the rainy season the roads are impassable and one has to wait until the floods subside. This makes accessibility to the district and transportation of goods and passenger expensive. Only major shopping centres have well linked roads with the district headquarter. Harsh terrain and high cost of maintenance have resulted to the bad roads over the years.

Kalokol is accessible by tarmac and hence more means of transport. About 20 vehicles, 20 Motorbikes and over 200 bicycles are found at Kalokol. On the contrary, accessibility to Lorengelup and Kang’arise is more challenging as one has to drive through deep layers of sand which is further hampered by lack of defined road network. Community members trek long distances. Only landrovers and Landcrusers can access the area.

Generally the road condition is very bad at both Laisamis and Marsabit North District. There are no tarmac roads in the project area. The road between Isiolo and Laisamis is being upgraded to a tarmac road. The stretch between Laisamis and Marsabit is dusty, very rough with loose murram.

The road from Marsabit, North Horr to Illeret through the Chalbi desert is very rough and one has drive on a stony road that alternates to bare desert soil for most of the route. For instance, between Marsabit and North Horr via Maikonoa, one has to identify the road by following recent vehicle tracks. The ragged terrain between Loiyangalani and South Horr is served by dry weather surface road that is very stony and in poor condition. The transporters interviewed claimed that the main means of public transport used are Lorries, whose availability is not reliable. These Lorries often ferry livestock. Passengers use the same Lorries loaded with live animals by sitting on top of the rails. Transporters confirmed that the road is passable during the dry season but are rough with loose surface leading to regular and high vehicle maintenance costs. These roads are prone to seasonal floods making them impassible when it rains. Communities at El molo bay lack means of transport and normally walk long distances to access services at Loiyangalani. Similarly at Illeret people have to walk long distances. One private vehicle, two bicycles and one motor cycles was reported at Illeret. Community members normally beg for rides from Cotholic Mission vehicles,

16 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. government vehicles, General service Unit vehicles or Redcross Relief vehicles. Other means of transport is by boats along and across the lake. Similarly the most common mode of transport at North Horr is walking for a long distances. A few people own vehicles. The common means of trapsort are Lorries which are not readily available. At North Horr, bicycles are not commonly used because the roads are sandy. Motor cycles mainly belong to government officer extension officer.

Communication: There is very limited telephone network reachable only at Lodwar, and seldom in the villages. Most divisional headquarters rely on radio call messages. With exception of Lodwar, communities at Kalokol, Lorengelup and Kang’arise lack a telephone and television network. However, many can access radio stations. A post office is found at Lodwar and an extension of it at Kalokol. This has made several offices to be located withinLodwar town far from their areas of jurisdiction. Loiyangalani has an air strip, cell‐phone network, Loiyangalani has post office and one can access safari cellphone network On the contrally, with exception of radio net work, Illeret lacks electricity, telephone or television network Safaricom cellphone network is available at North Horr and Loiyangalani. North Horr lacks electricity. However, a few business premises such as guest houses and campsites use solar energy.

Trade and Commerce In Larger Turkana, trade revolves around agricultural products, general shop merchandise, and hospitality and service industry. Lodwar, Kalokol, Kakuma, Lokichar, Kainuk and Lokori, Lokichogio trading centres are the major beneficiaries as most of the wholesale and retail shops are located in these centres. Turkana district offers a transit area from port of Mombasa to southern Sudan. Internally, the major sectors that enable trade to thrive are the food sector. Turkana is a net importer of food stuffs such as maize and beans. The district is a major producer of animal products which includes live animals which are transported to other parts of the country. Beside these, the district produces a huge supply of fish which forms the bulk of trade with other parts of Kenya. Other main industries are basket weaving and tourism. Communities interviewed further confirmed that food commodities are mainly imported from other regions. Vegetables and cereals are mainly obtained from Kitale. Clothes are obtained from Nairobi, Kitale and Kisumu. Fishing gear is bought at Kisumu and Kitale Towns. The main commodities exported to other regions are fish and livestock. A survey of prices of common shop groceries and their sources shows a significant price differential reflecting scarcity and transportation costs.. Most shop items are obtained from Kitale. Meat is found locally. Bulky products like crates of sodas and beer areobtained from nearest neighbouring trading centre, Kapenguria.

On the eastern side of the Lake, commercial activities take place in major district town such as Laisamis and Marsbit. Most of food commodities are mainly imported from other regions. For instance, vegetables, potatoes, onions are mainly from Meru district. Maize and beans are mainly imported from Ethiopia.

Basic shop groceries are imported from other regions. At Loiyanagalani, shop groceries are mainly obtained from Nyahururu. At Illeret, the shop commodities are obtained from Marsabit while shop groceries at North Horr are mainly from Nairobi. Shop groceries at Laisamis are mainly from Isiolo. The main products exported to other regions are live animals. At Loiyangalani and Illeret, fish is exported to other regions. Normally, meat is found locally. Bulky stuff such as crates of soda is normally obtained from the next nearest town. For instance, crates of soda and beer at Illeret and North Horr are obtained form Marsabit. Meat is found locally. Spatial price differences significant reflect high transportation costs due to poor road condition. 17 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Production Systems Fishing is a livelihood activity for communities by the lake. Over the years, fish yields from the lake have been declining due to the drying of the Ferguson gulf and the state of insecurity in Todonyang (the mouth of river Omo). Originally, fishing was carried out by a small minority of Luo from the western part of Kenya. Over the years, affected by adverse weather condition, the Turkana are increasingly turning more into fishing. Artisanal fish processing methods used are mainly sun drying and smoking. In the past NORAD initiated a fish processing plant and cooperative. The cooperative was partially financed and managed by the NORAD but collapsed with withdrawal of NORADs funds. Now the community cooperative group is reviving the processing plant by renting it to a private businessman. A number of private traders are transporting dried fish by trucks while fresh fish is transported in refrigerated vans all the way to Nairobi and western part of Kenya and as far DRC. A focus group discussion with trader at Kalokol indicated that fresh fish is bought at K.sh 50. The same fresh fish at Nairobi will be sold for K.sh 150 each. Sun dried fish will be sold for K.sh 17 and sold at Busia for K.sh 30 each. Similarly a smoked fish will sell at K.sh 20 to 40 depending on size and will be sold between K.sh 40 to 70 each. Fish traders noted that drought is driving more people into fishing. Elmoro bay is a community which entirely rely on fishing for their livelihood. Incomes received fishing increases when Lake water levels increases. Similarly, the main economic activity at Illerret is livestock keeping and fishing. There are several fishing collection/trading site along both shoress of the lake. Many species of fish are reported from Lake Turkana. Of economic importance include:‐tilapia species, barbus bynie, labeo hari, Clarias lazera, alestes species, citharinus citharus, disticodus niloticus, bagrus Docmac, hydorcynus farskali, latea nilotica. There exsist twelve landing bays where fish is collected. Eight are located on the western side at Lowerengak, Nachukui, Todonyang, Kalokol, Kerio, Elliye springs, Namadak. On the eastern side landing bays are located at Loiyangalani, Elomolo bay, Moite and Illeret. There exist other landing bays which are not yet gazzeted. Government had been supporting fishing through provision of boats, training on sustainable fishing methods, cool storage, and general security for the fishermen, training to beach management units. Most fish is marketed at the beaches. Some transported to Kisumu, Eldoret, Nakuru, Nairobi and Moyale.

Livestock Keeping The western part of the Lake is predominately occupied by the Turkana. Ethically, the Turkana are pastoralist. Majority of the population derive their livelihood from livestock‐based activities. The Turkana practice nomadic pastoralism. During the rainy season, the animals graze in the plains. During the dry season, the animals graze in the mountainous area at the borders of Kenya and Uganda and often crossing the border to Ugandan side. Livestock are moving further away in search of pasture especially to the Elemi Triangle in the North West and to Todonyang in the North East. In South, animals graze towards Pokot. Animals kept include cattle, camels, donkeys, goats. Sheep and goats normally follow the movement of cattle. Usually a few stock comprised of lactating stock and none lactating are left behind to take care of family. Veterinary officers usually follow animal for deworming and various vaccinations. This is an expensive exercise and NGO are called upon to assist. Livestock keeping is the major activity in both Chalbi Districts and Laisamis Districts engaging and employing about 90% of the population. This sector has faced challenges that include erratic weather, insecurity, poor infrastructures and unexploited potential, but now the Department livestock is improving the sector. Types of animals kept are cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys and horses. The main livestock products include milk, beef, mutton, and poultry.

Over the years, climatic changes resulting in prolonged drought has led to loss of livestock. At such times Lake Turkana has become the safe net with increasing number of Turkana turning into fishing. Currently, the ongoing drought is adversely affecting the livelihood of the communities and further perpetuating the nomadic life style and dependence on the fish. At the time this survey was undertaken severe drought had hit the Lake Turkana communities and the government and NGOs 18 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. supporting livestock keepers had been destocking by buying weak animals from the livestock keepers, having them slaughtered and donated as food aid for vulnerable members of the community. Generally, extension officers are inadequate. Extension officers’ lacks means of transport. Livestock keeping is challenged by diseases. In the recent past, goats and sheep are having suffered from a disease known as PPR, also locally known as ‘Lomoo’. The diseases have cost the government lots of money to contain it using a vaccine. Other livestock diseases include CCPP, Trypanosomiasis, and infestation of worms. Another challenge facing the livestock sector is inadequate allocation of funds to livestock in arid semi‐arid lands, compared to budget allocated to agriculture and yet livestock is the main source of food security such areas. This calls for more collaboration with NGOs to meet the short falls in finances. The main market outlet let for livestock is Nairobi, Eldoret, Kitale and Busia. Among the sampled villages, Communities at North Horr are Livestock keepers. The main livestock kept are camels, goats, cattle. During the dry season anilams graze close to the Lake, by Simbliloi national park and also across the border in Ethiopian highlands, Livestock markets are not developed. Incomes are high during the wet season due to increased availability if milk and meat. At illerets, animals graze freely in the open space and along the shores during the rainy season. During the dry season, majority graze along the shores.

Although Elmoro bay is a fishing village some households keep livestock namely sheep, goats, donkeys and few cattle..

Main livelihood at Lorengelup is livestock keeping of goats, camels, cattle and donkeys. Some of the constraints include drought, cattle diseases, lack of veterinary drugs and extension services, lack of cattle dips, shortage of pastures.| Problems associated with livestock keeping include, cattle rustling, drought, diseases, lack of market outlets, and tribal crashes, lack of veterinary services, cattle dips, lack of pastures

Agriculture, Land Use and Ownership Crop production is practiced by agro‐pastoralists mainly on pockets of arable land within flood plains and along riverline areas. The harvest is dependent largely on the amount of rain realized in a good year, and the volume of water flowing in the two major seasonal rivers of Turkwel and Kerio. Indigenous fruits/foods are important sources of food particularly during dry spells. Of the wild fruits, doom palm is the most widely used. It is used for basket and mat making. Acacia Tortilla is utilized for firewood and charcoal production. At Lorengelup, 21.8 % of households farm by Kerio River and River Lokichar when it rains. Those who farm at Lorengelup use hand hoe and practice bush burning. Farmers do not use improved farming practices. At Kang’arise 12.1% of households also undertake farming. 64.6% of interviewed households a Kang’arise grow crop and cultivate by use hand hoe while 6.3% hire donkeys. None of households interviewed at Kalokol farmed. Households interviewed at Kang’arise 70.9% complained that farming was limited by climatic change. At Lorengelup, 20% complain that arable land was cultivated. 18.7% complained that drought is killing farming.

Crop production is very limited. Households interviewed at Loiyangalani and North Horr do not farm.. At Illeret, 39% interviewed households grow crops. 14. % of interviewed households at Illeret cultivate by use of hand hoe while 57.5% use bush burning. However, 51.7% of households at Illeret complained that they did not farm because of drought. 2.5% complained that the water in river Omo had reduced to a level where the water is no 19 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. longer adequate to flood the lake sides. All communities interviwed experience food shortages hence the provision of relief food.

Coping mechanism mentioned includes assistance from neighbours and friends, government relief food, assistance by NGOs and foreign organizations, sale of livestock for food, opt to fishing or undertake petty businesses. Others coping mechanism I repeatedly mentioned include, relief food, fishing, skipping meals and sale of livestock

There are no agricultural activities at Elmolo bay, Loiyangalani and North Horr and currently the communities are receiving food aid ration comprising of maize, peas, Corn, soya beans and oil. On the eastern part of the Lake, flood farming is mainly carried out by villages by the side of the Lake Turkana. Crops grown include millet, green gram, cowpeas and to a small extent drought tolerant varieties of maize. One notable farming village is Nang’olei in Illeret. Farming villages have farms on small plots of land about a quarter to half acres per household. Land is mainly obtained through inheritance or simply identifying any idle land and undertaking the agricultural activities. Minor conflicts with regards to agricultural land are when a community member settles on a piece of land previously owned by someone else. The yields are as low as 4 bags per acre of sorghum. Communities practice traditional faming methods. Land is cleared by use of machetes and bush burning. Planting is undertaken by using sharp stick to open the land and put a seed while harvesting is done by using knifes to cut the crop and threshing by hand using sticks. The communities hope that they can be assisted with an irrigation project. The major constrains to farming include pests and insects such as birds, squirrels, bore worms, grasshoppers. Other constraints include drought,. The communities coping mechanism to meet food shortages include barter trade in exchange of grains from Daasanach communities from neighbouring Ethiopia who farm on Omo delta. I goat worth K.shs 700 is exchanged for 2 bags of 50 kg of sorghum. 25 kg of green grams will be exchanged for I goat. The Ethiopian side of the Omo delta has more intensive farming with bigger farm sizes.

Land Ownership Most land in Arid and semi arid land is not owned by individuals but government trust land or communally owned. There are no individual title deeds hence one can settle down on an idle piece of land. Conflict sometimes arises when one settles down on lane previously utilized by another person. Most of the land is not conducive for settlement except close to water sources.

Community Development Programs The Government Departments, government agencies, various local and International NGOs are undertaking various community development and relief programs. The major ones are summarized below:‐ Table 1:‐ Stakeholders and their interests and Activities Organization of Organization Programs VSF. Lodwar office. Regional office in Nairobi but Emergency relief,, Drought Mitigation and headquarters in Brussels. preparedness, Livestock Development, Water for On the Eastern side of he lake, works through VSF livestock and human, Peace and conflict mitigation Germany e.g. at Illeret. Another office in Garisa. Catholic Dioceses of Lodwar. Presence since 1962. Water, Education, health, Women and youth. Provides relief food on and off. Oxfam Great Britain Cash for work program, Livestock sector, Animal health, Public health component, education sector, Peace building, governance.

20 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Consortium of Government of Kenyan(ministry for Social protection and Hunger safety net program development of Northern Kenya and other arid Lands), Oxfam, Help age, Care international, Safe the Children UK and equity bank and funded by department for International development (DFID) Riam Riam This is a community based peace network supported by USAID, Oxfam, COMIC Relief, DAI(development alternative Inc). Promotes peace development at grassroots through ADAKA peace development Committee(APDC) Practical Action Peace building sector, Water and sanitation sector, An international NGO whose mother office is in Livestock, alternative livelihood sector, Natural UK. Regional office in Nairobi for East Africa. resources management, peace and conflict management World Vision, Lodwar ADP Food security, Livestock, Health, Water and Sanitation, This is one of the Area Devlopment Programs Education, Sponsorship & HIV, Essential nutrition located in the North Rift Zone. project, Christian Values, Advocacy.

International Rescue Committee at Lodwar 3 main components namely health, livelihood, governance. Turkana Basin Institute Involved in fossil research. Fossils collected is preserved in their centre and is a tourist attraction which generates local income. TBI also support community development initiatives such as sponsorship of students to secondary schools. In addition it provides employment of the locals. TBI has been promoting on household sanitation e.g. rubbish pits ,Promoting beehives, Energy saving stove Catholic Diocese of Lodwar, Justice peace Catholic Diocese of Marsabit has 5 development commission sectors namely:‐ Inter community peace building and conflict transformation, Health sector, Water sector, Humanitarian program. Disaster Risk reduction;_ Education Government of Kenya Implementing various sectorial programs among the project as spelt in their district development plans. Solidarity in North Horr community sanitation by building latrines and bins for waste disposal PISP In North Horr Sinking wells and pumps for existing wells CIFA In North Horr Vaccination and community training of community health workers Loiyangalani wind power project Generate electricity from strong winds at Loiyangalani

21 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

Women groups projects Mazingira women group‐ started in 1997 with support of GTZ‐ Runs a guest house with 24 bed and camping gear with 45 members North Horr women group‐ Galasa women group HADCO group (Areida men and women group. Involved in fences and tree planting, water wells. Fix water pumps for existing well, fetches water and distributes, Red Cross Relief and emergency work WFP Relief Constituency Development funds Implementing various development programs prioritized by the constituencies Ministry of Development of Northern Kenya and The project is currently on phase II which runs from other Arid‐ 2003 to 2010, the first phase I ran between 1996 to Arid lands Resource management Project 2003 The arid land resource management projects is funded by the world bank and focuses on the following:‐ • Drought Management early warning through production of monthly drought bulletin • Natural resource management . • Peaces building since conflicts are mainly centred on resource sharing. • The Arid lands invest in Training the community on sustainable use of the Lake Turkana and its conservation. • It also provided fishing gears including boats, nets, and training. • The manager of arid lands is also the chairperson of the Lake Turkana fisheries development committee that is assigned the task of developing a strategic plan of sustainable use of Lake Turkana, working together with • Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute. • Fisheries Dept • Oxfam • Turkana County Council • CDF • Diocese of Lodwar

22 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Possible future projects: Assist Lake Turkana communities to diversify their livelihood especially those dependent of lake by doing the following:

• Sink boreholes to generate water for livestock and human consumption • Build refrigerated storage facilities where they can fish and store their store fish, when the fish is in low supply • Rural electrification from Turkwel could help the communities to establish small scale industries including value addition for their fish. • Poor road network limit the marketing of livestock/ fish. Construction of road and improvement of livestock market infrastructure could be one way of supporting livestock keepers to access market. • Improve Livestock breed like the Torgenburg goats. • Training communities on pasture management • Animal bones could be used to make various articraft like flower vase, candle sticks • Since the communities along the lake have inadequate pasture to feed their livestock the folder production along the Lake could be an alternative option. Increase livestock production by increasing drought resistant animals such as camels and their market. • Support basket weaving around the lake communities and search for market outside the region and abroad. • Support self employment for youth by providing grants and loans and entrepreneurial skills • Support bakeries to reduce dependence on Kisumu as a source of bread to the project area • There si a claim that Turkana has untapped resources e.g. bee keeping, Aloe‐vera, gum Arabica, beads, gemstones and gold. All the these could be tapped to diversify the economy • Scale efforts to reduce conflict and insecurity in Turkana. Prepare a conflict management strategy to solve the current conflict in resource management and what might arise with building of Gibbe III dam on Omo River. • Utilise the available lake water like through drip irrigation for crops tolerant to saline soils. • Improve ecotourism for communities along the Lake by promoting their cultures/ dances and handcraft. • Intensity cash for work project for communities along the lake Turkana • Generate energy from wind power • Improve medical care by increasing medical infrastructure and personnel. • Intensity environmental management programme in all communities around lake Turkana and its catchment • Scale up good initiatives being undertaken by NGOs and government as indicated in the compendium of community development activities

The following are some of the policies and Acts of the Kenya Government and international regulations/conventions/standards that the consultants deem to be important and affect the construction and operation of the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project including potential impacts on trans‐ boundary waters that drain into Lake Turkana. More policies, regulations and Acts are found in the main document.

Vision 2030

Kenya is a water scarce country. The Kenya vision is to protect and use effectively this scarce resource, including Lake Turkana.

23 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semi Arid Lands of Kenya

The Kenya government has developed a policy to ensure the development of the arid lands under which the entire Lake Turkana Basin belongs.

National Environment Management Authority

Created under the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1997 provide the legal framework for EIA in the country, and specific regulations on EIA were adopted in 2003. According to Legal Notice No. 101, the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 states that No proponent shall implement a project which is likely to have a negative environmental impact.

Water Management Policy

The Water Act established an autonomous Water Resources Management Authority, destined to manage and protect Kenya’s resources. The Authority has a mandate to regulate and protect water resources and quality from adverse impacts.

Kenya Fisheries Policy

The fisheries policy in Kenya aims to promote conservation and management of fisheries resources, to generate the maximum amount of employment, to maximize revenue from fisheries and other related activities.

Kenya Wildlife policy

The Government holds in trust for present and future generations nationally and globally the biological diversity represented by Kenya’s extraordinary variety of animals, plants and ecosystems.

Kenya Livestock Policy and Law

Trans‐boundary Water Resource Management Authority

There are no specific laws relating to the use of the Lake Turkana or its affluent river waters, though each country has a water act that covers the use of waters in all water bodies within the respective countries. There is currently no trans‐boundary water resource management authority in place for the water of Omo River and Lake Turkana.

Africa Development Bank

For Category 1 projects, the inclusion of conditions and/or covenants in loan documents shall ensure an effective compliance with the Bank’s environmental and social policies (e.g. submission of resettlement plans, creation of monitoring units, stakeholder consultations, etc.). The purpose of the ADB’s ESAP is to improve decision‐making and project results in order to ensure that Bank‐ financed projects and programs are environmentally and socially sustainable as well as in line with Bank’s policies and guidelines. It’s the Borrower’s Responsibilities to conduct meaningful consultations and ensure follow‐up during ESIA preparation; Approve ESA studies (ESIA Report and ESMP) prior to Project Appraisal and Bank review; Finalize ESIA Report and prepare ESMP according to Bank’s policies and guidelines; Ensure compliance with the ESMP and Resettlement Action Plan 24 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. (RAP) during project activities (construction and operations); Continue to consult with relevant stakeholders throughout project implementation; propose changes to ESMP whenever non‐ compliance to agreed requirements or unexpected impacts occur.

Policy on Indigenous Peoples in Bank Operations

Policy Elements: ‐ For development interventions it supports or assists, the Bank will ensure that affected populations and persons are at least as well off as they would have been in the absence of the intervention, or that adequate and appropriate compensation be provided.

Vulnerable Group Group of people characterized by a higher risk and reduced ability to cope with adverse impacts such as vulnerable ethnic minorities, refugees, displaced people, children, elderly, disabled people, etc. Poor and women are normally considered independently. European Investment Bank

The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the financing institution of the European Union (EU). Therefore, all projects selected by the EIB have to be acceptable to, and consistent with, EU environmental policies and laws.

World Commission on Dams (WCD)

The Gibe III project implementation must also adhere to the WCD’s recommendations firmly grounded in “a rights based approach” (World Commission on Dams, op. cit. 18, and p.198.) based on “the framework of internationally accepted norms on human rights, the right to development and sustainability.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

This was signed in 1973 and seeks to regulate trade in endangered species and their parts as well as products made from such species e.g. certain tree and endangered fish species. Some of which are found in Lake Turkana.

International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD),

Since Gibe III is a large dam based on the requirement of (ICOLD) an industry grouping, requires that “all projects have to be planned, implemented, and operated with the clear consent of the public concerned.”

The International Energy Agency (IEA)’s Hydropower Agreement:‐

The International Energy Agency (IEA)’s Hydropower Agreement emphasises participatory decision making as a key requirement and states: “Minimising the adverse social impacts on vulnerable minority groups requires that local communities be willing partners in the development of a hydropower project. (Source 1:‐ International Energy Agency Hydropower Agreement, op. cit. 35, p.103)

25 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

United Nations Environment Programme, established in 1972, is the voice for the environment within the United Nations system. The mission of UNEP is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.

Stakeholder analysis

The primary stakeholders of this assignment were identified; these included all communities who had high dependence on the lake such as Daasanach, Gabra, Rendille, Samburu, Elmolo and the Turkana. The people are engaged mainly in nomadic pastoralism, fishing agro‐pastoralism and trading. Among the primary stakeholders, are the vulnerable groups such as women, and the youth who were given due consideration during the consultation process by doing both women focus group discussions and also youth focus group discussions. The Secondary Stake holders identified were the Government, Parastatal Institutions, NGO’s and FBO’s.

Governmental Organizations:

The identified stakeholders for consultations were selected from Ministerial Offices in Nairobi, District Offices, Divisional and Location and sub‐location level. Various government district departments were also consulted, these included, ALRMP II, DEO, District Development Officer, District Public Health Officer, District Agricultural Officer,

Non Governmental Organization (NGOs):

These included, World Vision, Oxfam – GB, VSF‐B, Catholic Church, Friends of Turkana, Riam Riam, etc.

In total 1574 participants took part directly through either one on one interview, public forums, focused group discussion and/or stakeholders’ workshops. A total of 672 persons participated in focus group discussions, 119 of them being the youth as well as 196 women. A total of 10 key informants at the National Government were interviewed plus 36 district government officials and 10 key informers at NGOs level.

Cultural factors that may affect the Consultation

Language barrier

Majority of the communities only speak their local dialects and languages with very few people who understood either Kiswahili language or English Language.

Hostility to the Gibe III Project

This made it very difficult to discuss any ideas on mitigation; it took extra effort and wisdom to bring about discussions on mitigation measures.

26 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Cultural Gender Barriers

The culture of the Communities in Lake Turkana is male dominated. For example among the Gabbra a four‐year‐old boy’s opinion is considered rather highly to that of a 25 year old woman. In some places where the consultations were done, elders didn’t permit women to speak in Barazas although there was no problem listening to consultants who were women. However, if wanted to get deep information it was necessary to separate women from men.

High Level of Illiteracy

Almost 90 % of the population in some villages are not able to read or write this made it difficult for the participants to write their names on the attendance sheets, thus there was the need to take finger prints. The area has experienced continuous droughts over the years. This has made the communities to be dispersed and the young men caring for livestock having had to migrate from the villages to places as far as Ethiopia or to the unknown in search of pasture for the livestock. The study, as a result, was affected as the energetic section of the community members were away and hence their views may not have fully been reflected.

Vast, rough, unclear terrain, and poor infrastructure where available

Most of the roads are seasonal and only passable during certain times. This made travelling from place to place very difficult, the villages were located far from each other and roads were unclear and definite landmarks unavailable.

Fear of Victimization

The Gibe III was a sensitive topic in the government offices, since the government had already signed an MOU with Ethiopia on purchase of power. Some of the government officials were very fast to state that whatever they said were their personal opinions not representing those of government.

Insecurity, Threats and Hostility among Communities

Due to insecurity, the team had to move carefully and avoided places with incidences of ongoing fighting at the time of the consultancies.

Lack of Allowances to the Attendants

Since several NGO’s have a culture of paying participants to attend seminars and workshops, the people had accepted this as the norm and where the consultant did not pay, participation was at times compromised.

27 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Utilisation of Lake Turkana

The following were identified as the main uses and utilisation of Lake Turkana by stakeholders

Domestic source of water

People living around the lake in places such as Moite, Elmolo Bay, and Kilimambogo among many others depend on the lake as a source of domestic water.

Watering Livestock and Cure for livestock diseases

The lake is also a source of water for livestock, and its waters are believed to be of medicinal value to livestock with de‐worming and nutritional value.

Domestic Source of Nutrition

The roots of Masai reeds are dried and ground for food during dry seasons, there is also the Nile Cabbage whose seeds are dried and ground and used as floor during drought.

Flood Farming (Recession farming)

People at Illeret at the River delta and at the shore of Lake Turkana practice flood (recession) farming.

Fishing

Elmolo people have totally depended on fishing for a livelihood for the past two centuries; they have witnessed Lake Turkana recede over the past forty years due to repeated drought and climatic changes. Approximately 500 Gabra fishermen also depending on the fish.

Tourism

Lake Turkana is a tourist attraction with the Sibiloi National park on one side and the Kobi Fora on the other side. Also there are archaeological fossils and several cultures with rich historic information suitable for cultural tourism

Transportation

Boats on the Lake are used as a means of transportation

Security / Shield /Boundaries

Each of the communities of Lake Turkana claims that the lake protects from their dangerous enemies on the opposite side. The Elmolo, who are not aggressive and warlike, take refuge on islands from the dangerous cattle rustlers, a culture of all the surrounding communities. The lake demarcates the fishing boundaries for communities.

Marine and Wildlife conservation

Lake Turkana is endowed with a lot of marine life and a robust wildlife population depend on it both as a habitat and a source of water. The wonderful heritage of wildlife is what constitutes the Sibiloi

28 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. National Park. The lake also has one of the highest numbers of Nile Crocodiles as wee as some rare and endangered species.

Recreation

For lack of any other recreational and sports facilities for the youth and children, the lake is a major recreation area for the members of the communities living around the lake. It’s where the young learn how to swim. It can be further used for sports fishing and other marine sports.

Place of refuge for vulnerable members of community

Young children from families struggling from lack of resources can easily get fish from the lake. This acts as nutritional supplement and a source of sustenance for the orphans and destitute members of the community.

Cultural Values:‐

The communities around the lake have several cultural ceremonies that are done by the lake side including circumcision.

Changes noted on Lake Turkana

Retrieving of the shores of Lake Turkana

The lake had the habit of retrieving during the non rainy seasons but normally expands in August, September and January. This phenomenon does not seem to happen anymore. The Elmolo bay settlement is now no longer surrounded by the Lake Turkana which used to engulf it in September a phenomenon that was last witnessed in 1998. At Kalokol the Lake has moved a few kilometres during this season and according to the chief of Kalokol, it’s not only because of drought but other possible uses of water upstream. From their experience, as the lake recedes and the shores get muddier, the weak animals get stuck in the mud as they follow the receding waters. The amount of water in domestic wells has also gone down and shallow wells are recessing at the moment with some already dried up as wells are somehow connected to the levels of water on the Lake. This situation increases the problem of unavailability of water for domestic use.

Change in quality and colour of water

Due to increase farming activities along the beds of Omo River, there is much sedimentation causing the water to have a brownish colour at the upper end of the Lake Turkana.

Pollution

Human activity; there are lots of pollutants getting into the river as a result of heavy grazing along the lower Omo valley, especially along watering routes and overnight pasture. There is much human activity on the lake thus occasionally; the fishing boats capsize with people on board, while fishermen also discard the excess fishes into the lake.

Low fish catch

29 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. With emergence of commercial fishing since 1960, now there are boats and nets being used to fish at the deeper parts of the Lake. It’s no longer possible to catch big sizes of the Nile Perch and the sizes of Tilapia have also reduced.

Lack of reeds on the shores and Loose of breeding grounds for fish

The lake retrieved as a result to recurrent drought, and thus overstocking and grazing at the lake shores ,the reeds which grows at the shallow waters have been destroyed by livestock, thus leaving these areas muddy and bear and un‐conducive for planktons. And also not suitable for fish to breed on thus destruction of the ecosystem supporting the breeding ground for fishes.

Salinity, health problems to bones (pH 10.4) the water is now dangerous to consume

As the salts settle in the lake without any source of fresh water the pH of the water increases, when animals and human consume the water such salinity causes problems of metabolism and displacement reaction on in‐calcium salts which are in the basic bone structure. This affects the human teeth and other part of the body.

Hooves of livestock being stuck at the shores

As the water becomes more and more polluted, animals tend to wade in deeper for the cleaner water, the has led to some parts of the shore becoming muddy, coupled with animal waste, the weak animals get hooves stuck in mud and may even die if not rescued on time

Disappearance of some fish species

There are certain fishes that need fresh water during the breeding cycle, yet there are other who cannot survive when the pH in water becomes too high, such fishes would be found close to the river delta. The people at Elmolo bay claimed to have witnessed disappearance of some species of fish, reduction of sizes, and general unavailability of fresh water species of fish

Loss of flood (recession) cultivation

Food crops such as millet and sorghum are cultivated in the delta after flooding and the river retreats back.

Erosion and siltation

Increased siltation due to much cultivation along the river beds and the lake shore

Stakeholders Fears and concerns on Gibe 111

Most of the communities interviewed expressed fears and concerns on the possible effects of Gibe III on the levels of Lake Turkana and their fears were driven by the following factors.

River Omo related fears

The understanding of the damming process is very erratic, the imagination that a “wall” i.e. dam shall be erected across the river gives a permanent feeling that the river shall not flow again.

Drought related fears 30 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. When there is drought, the communities clearly stated that the lake has been there only refuge, and no relief can assist the way the Lake Turkana does that. Therefore, any imagination of losing the lake causes much anger, concern, and desperation.

Poverty related fears

Most of these communities leave utterly below the poverty line; the government and various relief agencies are constantly working in this area to save life and livelihoods of these communities. Fishing has become the only source of income during drought and seems to be the only sustainable income generating activity in this arid area. Thus, these are true concern that should the Lake waters be affected, this might in turn affect the availability of fish.

Gender Related Fears

Women, the youth and children are most vulnerable group during natural and man‐made disasters including the effects of damming.

Women are the core and the master orchestra of the family and community, and in the Lake Turkana communities, women take up the big responsibility of household chores as the men continue in nomadic life and cattle rustling and livestock raids. Women still bear the big burden of shallow water fishing for domestic source of food. Women are the farmers; they do the cultivation at the delta river delta and at the irrigation schemes around the Kerio River. The Daasanach women also collect both the Nile cabbage whose seed they dry, and grind and store for food during drought. Its women who also dig out the roots of masai reeds which grow by the lake shores and dry and ground them ready for consumption in the dry seasons.

Women participate in fishing and related business and trade as a source of income since the Livestock is primarily a man’s business and source of prestige and in some communities such as the Gabbra and the Daasanech, the women are not allowed to slaughter even a goat while their families are on the verge of starvation.

However, fish from the lake has given them a source of empowerment and thus the imagination that even this refuge that women have might be withdrawn. Faced with much responsibility even now, they eat last when everyone else is already well fed from the remains in cooking pots, since traditionally they don’t have plates. Thus as result of interference on Omo River the already overburdened women, will be stretched to unimaginable limits that no doted evenly spread mitigation measures can salvage them from this foreseen inhuman circumstances.

Water related fears

This is the main source of water, and something the communities vowed to fight for since water is life for the people and their livestock too. These communities have lived in this arid area for generations, water is not easily available, the only permanent source of water has been the lake Turkana , saving them and their livestock from extinction in every spell of drought for even the rivers around are only seasonal.

Irrigation on Omo River Related Concerns

31 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. When irrigation is done , there are several factors that affect the volume of water, this include silting, increased evaporation, increased water users which might include domestic uses, cattle and many other users that shall evolve in the irrigation process. This will definitely lead to decrease of River waters. At the same time, no one knows exactly what percentage of the water shall end up in irrigation and whether this irrigation shall be seasonal or throughout the year.

Concerns on Pollution,

The damming of a river causes water to gather at an artificial place, whose rock structure and chemical contents have not yet been predetermined, this might greatly affect the chemical composition of the waters at the dam thus affecting the downstream composition of the water. Since as part of the mitigation measures, there are also plans to irrigate some areas downstream, the farming activities might lead to chemicals used as fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides to end up in waters downstream. As the waters pass through a turbine there are also chances of contamination of one form of the other.

Lack of Regulatory Mechanism

There are treaties and agreements that govern shared water bodies, and there are also regulatory authorities such as the Nile Basin Authority which monitors the activities around and about the sources of River Nile for the purposes of safe guarding the livelihoods of the people along the River Nile. For the lack of such agreements as concerns Lake Turkana and its sources, and lack of any trans‐boundary waters agreement between Kenya and Ethiopia. there is no way that Kenya can intervene on the use of the waters of Omo River, the concern that Ethiopia could even go ahead and use the waters for irrigation which they said was part of the Gibe IV, Gibe V project would be very bad for the Lake. And the period that it would take to fill the dam is not definite and it also lacks any monitoring mechanism in place.

Late Consultation

Due to the fact that the dam was already 32% done before they were consulted, made the stakeholders feel as though the consultation process now going on was just a mockery exercise since the dam had started and reached 32% and its just that the Ethiopian government ran out of funds that has now necessitated the AfDB to do the public consultation.

There was also a feeling of mistrust to the ability of the concerns and the results of the public consultation process among the traditionally marginalised communities which live around the lake to really have enough weight to determine the destiny of the project.

MOU of the Kenya Government to Buy Electricity from Ethiopia

Even before a study was done on the possible effects of the Gibe III project on the Lake, just as all the other activities done around and about the project was found to be questionable, the Kenyan Government was already willing to purchase electricity from the Gibe III project.

The agreement between the Kenya Government to purchase electricity from Ethiopia, though the project would possibly hurt the Lake made the people concerned that the government of Kenya hardly cares about them nor is concerned with their plight. Such kind of agreements made these

32 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. communities feel left out in the National Fabric, thus wondering if they were really Kenyan, leaving them feeling lost and without allegiance.

Similar Projects without benefits

There are similar hydropower projects that have been done in the area. These include the Turkwel Hydropower plant on river Turkwel. This project was done on River Turkwel which is also a source of water to the Lake Turkana. The hydropower station turned out to be a white elephant, which has never ever reached the proposed targets. The communities mentioned that despite Electricity being generated from Turkwel, it has never benefited the people of Turkana.

The question remains, if the government could not provide them with electricity from Turkwel, how then they could be provided with that from Ethiopia which is much further away. The communities around the Lake said they only graze their cows under the electricity poles transmitting the electricity generated from Turkwel to the big cities. The consulted communities showed genuine concerns that they would be more at the losing end than obtain any benefits from the Gibe III project.

Human to Human and Human to Wildlife Conflicts related fears

The water is both a resource and a separating protection from hostile communities, whose main source of conflict is livestock raids. As the waters grow thin, there shall be more pressure on the lake, thus several stakeholders were concerned that this pressure might lead to conflicts among fisher folks and livestock keepers. Who move closer and closer into the Lake. They would also lose the Masai reed that is a source of food, pasture and breeding ground for fish. Thus with this reductions, conflicts are sure. There is also concern that there could be human wildlife conflict, since the lake is a habitat to dangerous Nile Crocodiles, which currently because of plenteous of fish are not such a threat to humans. Hippopotamus are also vicious attacking and injuring humans.

Misinformation about Gibe III

The lake shall dry up

Most of the interviewed people who had heard about the Gibe III project had a misconception that Lake Turkana shall dry up because of the project. The consultants went on to explain that the water shall continue to flow downstream after the electricity in produced, and the levels of water at the river shall be regulated to ensure there is enough water.

The river shall be blocked completely

Most of the communities are not well informed concerning hydropower generation process, so they believed that the dam shall block the water and retain it to generate electricity.

The consultants explained that the river shall not be blocked completely and it will continue to flow even in its normal way once the dam filled.

33 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. The main reason why the lake has retrieved is Gibe III project

Though drought and environmental degradation are some of the major reasons why the lake was retrieving, most communities had thought Gibe III was the reason. Some of these communities go for years without seeing any rainfall thus but since the lake swells and shrinks depending on the rain patterns in the Catchment areas of River Omo. The consultant engaged the public in a productive conversation to ensure they understand that retrieving of the lake is more a result of local environmental degradation and overstocking and overgrazing are some of the factors leading to drought.

Gibe III has caused drought

Some even thought that the construction of Gibe III had caused drought. The communities were made to understand that drought is a natural phenomenon that has occurred severally even before the Gibe III project was thought off.

AfDB are the ones construction the dam

At some places they thought its AfDB that was funding the construction of the dam. The consultants made it clear that AfDB had been approached to fund the project and had not yet to decide to fund it, and had to carry out the public consultation process, and this is why the consultants were carrying out the exercise.

The people can go to pull down the dam

They suggested they were willing to go and pull down the barrier that had been erected on the river; some even suggested the dam should be put southward of Loiyangalani area of the lake. The consultants convinced the communities where possible that the Lake would not dry up and that there was no need of getting into an armed conflict over the dam, even the government of Kenya must have seen some benefits of the project one of them being production of electricity.

Only AfDB is the only source of funds for the Gibe III project

The consultants informed the communities that the Ethiopian Government has many alternatives of funding the project.

Kenya should fight with Ethiopia

Some of the communities suggested that Kenya should fight with Ethiopia since If Gibe III is done all fish shall disappear Ethiopia was becoming an aggressor. The consultants gave examples that Kenya had already used Turkwel River to construct a hydroelectric power project. So there was no reasonable cause for the project to destroy the good relationship they have with Ethiopia over the same kind of project upstream Omo River.

The dam is already holding back water.

Some of the members of the communities thought that the dam was already holding water. The consultants stated clearly that the dam was not holding any water yet since only 32% had been constructed and was not yet in operation.

34 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Iron sheets on the roofs was causing drought.

Some elders at Loiyangalani said that the iron sheet roofs were causing the clouds to disperse. The consultants stated that the iron roofing could not in any way affect the rainfall pattern.

Indentified Risks as the result of Gibe III

Apart from fears and concerns, the study was also tasked to ascertain possible risks related to Gibe III projects. Some of the risks were mentioned under fears. Risks include the following:

Risk: Reduction in number of fish

Mitigation measures : Introduction of artificial breeding grounds, replanting fishes from other sources that can live in saline waters, protect fish breeding ground, enforcing the use of proper nets to avoid harvesting of undersize fishes, training of fishermen on better fishing techniques, Provision of refrigeration to preserve the harvested fish for better market.

Resources requirement: Funding Human resource and capacity building of fisher folks refrigerated fishing vessels and transportation vessels, more proper fishing gears and availability of market.

Source of support could be the government through fisheries department, the NGOs organization and the, donors funding the project.

Indicators: Increased activities both trade and industrial activities related to fishing around the lake, increased use of modern fishing gears, Increased catch of fish compared the catch to‐date increased, revenue for the government from fishing, reduced complaints on low fish catch from fishermen.

Number of trained fisher folk in improved fishing techniques.

Means of verification: records at the fisheries department, increased in the amount and quality of fish caught, availability of the correct sizes of fish in the lake.

Risk: Unpleasant and uncomfortable weather / hydrosphere

Mitigation measures: Plant more trees and do more research on indigenous ways of environmental conservation and finding plants that can survive in arid and semiarid environments. Train communities on environmental conservation techniques including the consequences of overgrazing to environment.

Resources required: funds to train the manpower and finance research stations to do major work on forestation and implement the research finding.

Source of support: the government, UNEP, Environmental NGO’s, CBO’s FBO’s including Friends of Lake Turkana and political goodwill are required.

Indicators for such activities would be increased number of trees, visible efforts of environmental conservation. Reduced numbers of livestock but the available herds are healthier than what is present now.

Means of verification: Tree count and availability of sheds and less destruction of the environment and records from forestry department 35 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Risk: Abject poverty

A majority of people in Turkana are already in poverty

Mitigation measures: Create alternative sources of livelihoods and food production, including introducing commercial drought resistant crops such as Jetropha for biodiesel, infrastructural improvements, harvesting of rocks and gravel and sand for construction in cities and Construction of green houses.

Resources required: funds and commitment from all parties ( communities, NGO’s, CBO’s, FBO’s Government, donors and it also require political will to give priority to Arid and semi arid land priorities in Government development plans.

Source of support: government, donors, NGOs

Indicators: Construction of railroads and roads and planting of drought resistant commercial crops.

Means of verification: Records, conduct interviews and increased revenue for the government and local authorities.

Risk: Inadequate Water

Mitigation measures: would be water harvesting and preservation measures, to digging and construction of permanent wells and harness wind power in pumping water from the wells to reservoirs, creating ranches and production of hay and pasture for livestock during the rainy seasons and storing it for dry seasons. Reducing the numbers of livestock owned by communities, introduce taxes for excess numbers of livestock. Introduce large scale poultry farming as opposed to livestock which do require lots of water, Establishment of green houses. Introduce desalination and water purification equipments to rehabilitate community wells and make the waters suitable for human consumption and commercial packaging and for selling.

Resources required for the above to be implanted is land which is available in plenty, funds and technical support plus skilled manpower to effect the change and turn a desert into productive land.

Source of support would be definitely from the government and other international donors working together with CBO, FBO and NGO on the ground level.

Indicators there would be emergence of ranches, increased in the number of wells and availability of water, reduced walking distances by women and children o water sources. Per capita consumption increased from.... buckets of water per day to two buckets of 20 litres per day. Reduced water related diseases in communities including cholera, less complaints from communities on water availability and quality.

Means of verification would be through increased commercial livestock production records at ministry of agriculture, and other records as well as public interviews.

Risk: Loss of Income

Since the Lake is a major source of income, through some communities totally depend on the lake.

36 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Mitigation measures training on entrepreneurship skills for alternative income generating activities

Resources required: funds for training and manpower development

Source of support: government, CBO’s NGO’s and FBO’s

Indicators: increase in alternative income generating activities, Ownership of property, improved houses, and Food intake per day. Increased numbers of trained people on different entrepreneurships and establishes businesses by trainees. Improved wealth indicators including housing, food intake and ownership of important items in the households including radio, bed, tables and etc

Means of verification: records from the district trade officers and increased revenue for the government from business sources.

Risk: Unemployment

The Lake provides diverse hub for livelihoods and employment.

Mitigation Measures: fast tracking of alternative source of employment for the local communities, like employing local people on all the mitigation and copying mechanism, using human labour instead of machinery where possible.

Resources required: combine all the mitigation activities to be labour intensive.

Source of support: would be funds from the governments and the sponsors of each particular project

Indicators would be more people actively engaged in productive employment

Means of verification: records and interviews.

Risk: Increase in crime activities

Mitigation measures: increase the presence of security apparatus, and jail and rehabilitate the criminals to be productive members of the society through teaching of different skills. Intensify community policing.

Resources required: more rehabilitation centres, police stations and posts around and about the area.

Source of support: funds from the government

Indicators: reduced crime rate, less complaints on crime cases in the communities,

Means of verification: occurrence records from police stations.

Risk: Rural‐ urban migration

Due to pressure on the limited resources and helplessly hopeless situation as a result of loss of the only source of livelihood, people shall migrate to the nearby urban areas, causing much pressure on the limited resources at the urban centres. 37 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Mitigation Measure s: would be to expand the available resources in urban centres and preference to labour intensive ways of doing projects as opposed to heavy machinery. Distribute evenly the resources in the non urban centres. Improve quality of life in rural areas.

Resources required is planning urban centres and resources in urban places to cater for higher population through rapid expansion

Source of support would be funds from government though CDF, CDTF and donors

Indicators would include expansion in resources and capacity in urban centres and developing more facilities in rural areas.

Means of verification would be through records from relevant sources, such as schools, hospital, market places, and district statistics office.

Risk: Early Marriage and Prostitution

Mitigation Measures: educate the girl‐child by provision of scholarships, building boarding schools for girls, law enforcement and advocacy against early marriage and child abuse. Training in entrepreneurship skill such as dress making, cooking, weaving, building and etc

Resources required: manpower to educate the community, building of more schools, law enforcement mechanism

Source of support: government, CBO’s, FBO’s and NGO’s

Indicators: less early marriages and more girls in schools and institutions of higher learning

Means of verification: records on gender balance in school enrolment and job market.

Risk: Child Labour:‐

Due to loss of livelihood, children shall be exposed to labour in order to earn subsistence.

Mitigation Measures: introduce school feeding programs, building children centres and provision of relief to vulnerable families and law enforcement sand advocacy on the importance of education.

Resources required: funds, more schools equipped with kitchens and dining halls and boarding facilities

Source of support: government and supplemented by NGO,s FBO’s and donors

Indicators: more pupils going to school instead of working

Means of verification: school enrolment records and conducting interviews.

Risk: Loss of government revenue

Mitigation Measures: government to come up with alternative taxable sources of revenue.

Resources required: would be training of the locals to impart new skills of earning livelihoods and awarding of loans. 38 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Source of support: government working together with NGO’s

Indicators: increased productivity in alternative sources of income.

Means of verification: would be records of amounts of revenue collected by the government.

Risk: Epidemic diseases

Outbreak of water borne and vector borne diseases among human and livestock

Mitigation Measures: would training and posting more public health personal to the area, construction of more health centres, and provision of clean water.

Resources required: funds to construct wells and to affect water projects

Source of support: government and the NGO’s

Indicators: reduction in disease prevalence

Means of verification: checking medical record

Risk: Human wildlife conflict

Mitigation Measures: would be to transfer the wild life to other national parks to ease pressure on resources, and fencing the National park so that the movements of the wildlife are limited.

Resources required: would be funds to construct for fencing parks and transportation.

Source of support: would be from K W S

Indicators: would be reduced human wildlife conflict

Means of verification: through records and interviews

Risk: Communities’ conflict

Mitigation Measures: reduce the livestock raid related activities Operation to collect all illegal arms from the communities, and arrest, charge and imprison the raiders in correctional facilities.

Resources required: more police station, electronic tagging equipment and livestock movement control station.

Source of support: the government and its security apparatus

Indicators: would be reduced conflicts

Means of verification: would be through occurrence books at police stations

Risk: Extinction of indigenous communities and disappearance of settlements

Mitigation measures: would be to create cultural museum and cultural tourism programs to ensure culture is maintained with economic productivity

39 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Resources required: funds and training of cultural tourism.

Source of support: would be ministry of tourism and cultural heritage

Indicators: would be more cultural shows, groups and increase in cultural tourism

Means of verification: would be through the records on number of cultural tourist visiting the village.

Risk: Wastage of resources

Mitigation measures: diversifies the economy infrastructure, schools, and institutions of higher learning

Resources required: the government and the able donors.

Indicators: an increase in human and economic activities that are independent from the waters of Lake Turkana such as wind power station.

Means of verification: survey, observation and interviews

Risk: Extinction of endangered species on Lake Turkana

Mitigation Measures: create game sanctuaries and marine parks

Resources required: would be well developed facilities that can replicate the very conditions of the lake in specified pools of water or similar environments thus safe guarding the endangered species.

Source of support: government and conservationists

Indicators: emergence of game sanctuary and marine parks for endangered species of Lake Turkana.

Means of verification: is counting and checking availability of endangered species

Risk: Loss of culture and traditional norms and values

The people around the Lake are unique, and have retained their cultural practices over the years. From the Daasanech upstream, Gabbra, Rendile, Samburu, Elmolo and the Turkana still boast of rich traditional cultures. This stands endangered as people migrate and pressures on resources stretch social norms to breaking point.

Risk: Increase in Illiteracy

Provide free and compulsory primary education coupled with school feeding program.

All these are able to be effected in a conductive social environment devoid of conflicts and loss of livelihoods.

Mitigation Measures : establish boarding schools served with meals and all learning materials freely for the communities. The government and the NGO’s enable adult education in such areas, and allow young girls to continue with school even after having babies.

40 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Resources required: this would require construction of the state of the art schools in the middle of these desert lands, availability of adult learning programs and suitable mobile schools, enough food and funds to support these schools

Source of support: would be first of all the government supported by well wishers such as UNICEF and donors

Indicators: would be increased literacy and thirst for learning and availability of schools

Means of verification: would be by observation, interview and checking of statistical records

Risk: HIV / AIDS

The prevalence of HIV increases

Mitigation Measures: more public awareness on HIV, establish counselling centres, teaching the populations on safe sex and availing condoms to communities

Resources required: testing centres, human personnel, funds and drugs

Source of support: would be the NGO’s, FBO’s and CBO’s and the Government through its various multifaceted channels.

Indicators:

More awareness on HIV, and lower rate of HIV infections by change of behaviour

Means of verification records on number of tests done and number of people attending the VCT’s

Frame for on Going Process of Public Consultation to be undertaken to Ensure Continued Participation by All Stakeholders

The consultant through public consultations has identified the following to be undertaken to ensure continued consultations

• Establish Website for Gibe III public information, the targeted population will be Government, Multinational Organisation, International Community to be updated on the latest information and development on Gibe III and the concerns. • Local Radio established in three languages of Turkana Borona and the Samburu, the targeted population the 1local communities surrounding the Lake Turkana targeted communities.

• Prepare and distribute Brochures and flyers leaflets, the targeted group are NGO,s CBO’s, FBO’s and other government departments, Chiefs and Local leadership, Schools and teachers. The project needs a support from the NGO, CBOs and faith organisation

• NGO,s CBO’s, FBO’s Faithfull members are targeted group and expected output is to Further public consultations on activities around and about River Omo and lake Turkana. These are

Turkana Socio ‐Economic and Public Consultation Final Draft report December 2009

41 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. the catalyst of development in the society, they have members, followers and these organisations have developed strong cohesion and influence in the communities where they operate.

• Chief and other local leadership. The targets are communities and other primary stakeholders. The output will be Updates from the local environmental committees on Gibe III. The chiefs and other local leaders could organise public Baraza and tell people about the project and also collect community ideas and pass it over to the relevant institutions for further action.

• Cultural songs, the consultant strongly feels that songs method could be given to disseminate information on the project, though it requires some arrangement and coordination.

42 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Chapter 1 1.1 Introduction and Description

The Federal Government of Ethiopia through the State owned electricity utility, Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo), has embarked on the construction of a dam, the Gibe III Hydropower Project (the Project), which is expected to generate 1870 MW of hydropower on the Omo River. The project site is located about 80 km downstream from the confluence of the tributary Gilgel‐Gibe and the Gibe River and is situated 503 km south of Addis Ababa, in Wolayta‐Dawro province. Gibe III will be the largest hydropower project in Ethiopia. This power plant will be the third project on the Omo‐ Gibe river basin, which has an operational capacity of 184 MW Gilgel Gibe I plant and a 420 MW Gilgel Gibe II plant, currently under construction.

The proposed power plant is expected to generate on average 6,250 GWh/annum of energy. For the construction of Gibe III, EEPCo has entered into an Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) turnkey contract with Salini Costruttori S.p.A. (Italy). Construction of the dam is underway with over 32% of works completed. The EPC contractor, Salini Costruttori S.p.A. also constructed Gilgel Gibe I and is currently building Gilgel Gibe II. Another hydropower project in which Salini is currently involved is the Beles hydroelectric power project (expected to be completed in 2009). The EPC contract also includes access roads and a new road from Chida to Sodo. In addition, the project includes a power transmission component to be executed in parallel to the EPC contract.

The Government of Ethiopia has approached the AfDB and other financing institutions to consider financing the Electro‐mechanical and Hydro‐mechanical works to be procured through international competitive bidding. This has prompted AfDB to hire consultants to embark on a socio economic situation analysis of Turkana communities and identify potential effects of the Gibe III project to these communities. This was to be in line with the banks policies and also concerns of the environmental activists.

43 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Figure 1: PROJECT MAP

44 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 1.2 Primary Objective Ethiopia has one of the lowest electricity access rates in the world with only 10% of Ethiopians connected to electricity. The condition in rural areas is even worse, with only 2% access rate. About 90% of the population depends on biomass energy because of the lack of any alternative solutions for energy. To meet its increasing demand, Ethiopia has embarked on an accelerated electrification program to increase the rate to 50% by 2010. In addition, the Government of Ethiopia ("GOE") would like to monetize its vast hydropower resources by exporting power to the sub–region. Approximately 3,100 GWh/annum shall be exported to Kenya, Sudan and Djibouti with the remainder made available for domestic use. The proposed Project supports these objectives by increasing generation capacity of the country at least cost, in an environmentally and socially sound manner and boosts export revenues from power sales.

1.3 Scope of work

This Consultant assignment has been prompted by ongoing construction of Gibe III Hydropower Project (the Project) on Omo River, by Federal Government of Ethiopia through the state owned electricity utility, Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation (EEPCo). The construction of the dam on the Omo River is expected to cause environmental and social impacts in various ways both negative and positive. The main reservoir area, the power plant and camp site, downstream area and the area around Lake Turkana are subjected to these impacts. Yet the magnitude of these effects downstream is not known with any degree of certainty. At the moment there is no reliable study that can inform the Bank about the Turkana communities, their livelihoods in relation to the lake, and how they are likely to be affected by Gibe III project upstream. Yet a number of complains have been raised by a number of CSOs building the Dam upstream will adversely affect the lake environment and Lake Turkana communities.

For any concerned party to effectively engage in a constructive debate with regard to potential impacts of constructing Gibe III it is important to get a clear picture of the circumstance of the Turkana communities who derive their livelihood from the Lake. Hence the AfDB has outsourced a team of consultants, to undertake socio economic study and public consultation with the key stakeholders likely to be affected by the project.

1.4 Objective of Assignment i) Collect data and compile a socio‐economic situation analysis report of the Lake Turkana communities in order to better understand their sources of livelihoods and wellbeing. ii) Prepare a compendium of information on type of and coverage of on‐going development activities being undertaken by Government of Kenya and other stakeholders such as NGOs and the private sector. iii) Prepare a list of activities that could be developed with potential to provide sources of income to the communities.

45 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. iv) Conduct public consultations of the communities living around Lake Turkana and those dependent on the Lake resources to ensure that they have been fully informed about Gibe III project and its likely impacts on the Omo River and subsequently Lake Turkana. The Consultations will dwell on relaying the various impacts and mitigation measures being planned under the project; and

(v) Conduct an assessment of any signs of ecological changes on Lake Turkana potentially and those already taking place and the likely impacts on communities dependent on the lake resources.

(vi)Collect stakeholders’ views, concerns on the Gibe 111 project

1.5 Expected outputs

This study intends to provide the necessary information and facts on socio economic situation of Turkana communities and potential impacts of Gibe III projects in order to inform the client, engage the communities, the government and other stakeholders in ascertaining preparation of a comprehensive mitigation plans and eventually monitor the effects of implementation of the project upstream. This will be undertaken through public consultations and socio economic studies in the project areas.

1.6 Expected Outputs of socio economic analysis and Public consultations of Lake Turkana communities The aim of the assignment is to undertake a social and economic analysis of the Lake Turkana communities who may potentially be affected by the Gibe III project with respect to the needs of special and vulnerable ethnic groups and tribes. This was accomplished by collecting data and compiling a socio‐economic situation analysis report of Lake Turkana communities in order to better understand their sources of livelihoods and wellbeing. In addition the Consultant prepared a compendium of information on type of and coverage of on‐going development activities being undertaken by Government of Kenya and other stakeholders such as NGOs, the private sector. The study compiled a list of activities that could be developed with potential to provide sources of income to the communities.

The specific aspects of the analysis include but not limited to:

• Identification of interested and affected people and communities • Gathering of baseline information on the demographic, gender, social‐cultural, societal framework and political characteristics of the concerned communities • Description of the production systems, livelihoods and standard of living • Gathering of information on land tenure and land use systems in the area • Information on rights and use of natural resources related to cultural practices (religious sacrifices, traditional medication, etc. • Cultural factors that may contribute to exclusion of some groups from development benefits • Coordination and engagement of key stakeholders • Social risk analysis • Available public infrastructure and social services • Compendium of on‐going community development programs • Recommendations of potential community development interventions

46 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. The Consultant was expected to carry out consultations with primary and secondary stakeholders in order to informing them about the Gibe III dam construction. These consultations entailed systematic and methodical dissemination of information on the Gibe III project and other associated activities of the lower Omo River basin to the communities of Lake Turkana and those dependent on the lake. The Consultant gathered evidence of misinformation whether inadvertently provided or deliberately done so by antagonists of the Gibe III project. The Consultant summarised and produced a detailed record of the actions undertaken to consult the groups likely to be affected by the project, as well as other concerned key stakeholders including Civil Society Organisations. Issues and concerns raised by communities and stakeholders and responses provided are clearly outlined in the final report. Similarly, the report documents any other issues affecting other stakeholders regardless of whether directly or indirectly linked to the Gibe III project; and the ecological nature and dynamics of the lake. The approach is in consistent with the AfDB’s Environmental and Social Assessment Procedures (ESAP). The following items assisted the Consultant to fulfil this task:

• Identified the primary and secondary stakeholders likely to be affected by the Gibe III project; • Collected adequate information on similar projects or activities in the same area and/or sector and take note of lessons learned; • Identified the socio‐cultural factors that might influence the consultation process; • Consulted with all categories of stakeholders and classes of people; • In identifying participants to multi‐stakeholder consultations, selected a broad spectrum of interests and views, paying particular attention to women, poor and more vulnerable groups (youth, vulnerable ethnic minorities, elderly, etc.); ( Please this should be shown cleared in the methodology how did we include these groups • Considered various alternative approaches based on the particular situation and adapted the participatory process according to stakeholder preferences (individual meetings, focus groups, consultative committee, workshop, etc.); Similar to the above the methods used for each category should be shown • Involved all team members in the planning process especially those engaged from within the locality; (show how the leaders in the districts and the chiefs were involved organising public meetings, selection of households for interviews, selection of villages to carry out the study. The district officers how were they involved to plan for the workshops, selection of villages for the study and etc.

• Defined the parameters, goals and expected outcomes of the consultation process; • Utilisation of lake Turkana • Hydrological Changes of lake Turkana and etc • Coping mechanism • Ongoing development activities • Information on Gibe III • Possible mitigation measures • Secondary stakeholders in the area

• Framed the ongoing process of public consultation that to be undertaken to ensure continued participation by all stakeholders; and • Provided maps and sketches of locations; and pictures of communities consulted

47 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 1.7 Structure of the report The report commences with two executive summaries of public consultation and socio‐economic study.

Chapter One: mentions the background of the project with a brief introduction and description of primary objective, scope of work, and the expected outputs of the report.

Chapter Two: ‐ looks at the policy and legal and administrative framework relevant to the gibe iii project starting from Kenya National Policies, Africa Development Bank policies, and International Treaties and Conventions relevant to Gibe III project.

Chapter III:‐ is about socio –economic situation analysis of lake Turkana communities, with consideration of administrative and political units.

Breaking down the study by administrative divisions, locations and sub‐locations while looking at socio economic analysis of turkana community, demography. The indigenous people, who are the Rendille, Elmolo, Gabbra, Daasanach /Merile, Samburu and the turkana people, and also given a mentioning.

The chapter also examines social economic services and public infrastructure and further looks at cultural factors which exclude certain members of society from owning resources.

Chapter Four: ‐ consist of stakeholder analysis and public consultations, looking at primary stakeholders, governmental organizations, NGO’s: who are directly or indirectly affected by the lake.

It also elaborates the number of stakeholders consulted and households interviewed, table of type and category of consulted people, cultural factors that may affect the consultation , uses of the lake and briefly mentioning the changes noted on the lake, fears and concerns, misinformation on gibe iii and risk analysis,

Chapter Five: ‐ handles different ways and parameters to be monitored and evaluated.

Finally the report is concluded and recommendations made.

1.8 Limitations of the study

Undefined road network The terrain was vast and most of the roads very unclear, the team was lost in some places as the result the guides were hired to show the road for example from Marsabit to North Horr, North Horr to Illeret, Illeret to Loiyangalani and Loiyangalani to Isiolo.

Because of the rough state of the road, it took longer to cover relatively short distances. The villages and settlements were also relatively dispersed from each other.

Language barrier Translation was required since a majority of the communities do not understand the local language. The made the consultation process takes longer than usual, and also the tone of speech was lost

48 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. during the translation, since some of the local expressions would not have had the exact words in English.

Insecurity because of cattle rustling and I tribe unrest/ conflicts Due to insecurity caused by cattle rustling the team had to hire armed escort while moving from one centre to the other. Occasionally evidence of just completed confrontations was seen as on the road from Sibiloi to Loiyangalani.

Ethnic Rivalry This necessitated the training of new enumerators at every settlement in the Eastern side of the lake, for example the Daasanech would not accept the Gabbra enumerators, and because of unmarked, and unmapped settlements, it took the locals to know the exact location of a settlement.

There was the final village at Todonyang where the team did not manage to visit due to unrest and conflicts that had been reported in the area. Thus a handful of representatives from Todonyang come to Lodwar workshop.

Data on Livestock and Earning

Most of the interviewed household did not give accurate figures on earnings because of either lack of proper records, and low levels of literacy too and also they did not want to reveal the amount of livestock they owned.

Car breakdown Due to the rough terrain, the vehicles despite being new and hardy suffered enough stress and got stuck in sand rivers occasionally and broke down along the rocky terrain. During which the consultation team had to make some meals in the middle of a desert as the cash were being fixed. At the hot sands en route to Kang’arise, the tyres developed punchers almost in a succession.

Figure 2: vehicle stuck in sand at El Isacko Malla Village at North Horr

49 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. CHAPTER II: - POLICY AND LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

2.1 Policy and Legal and Administrative framework The Socio‐economic and Public Consultation of the Lake Turkana Communities as concerns the Gibe III project which is on Omo River a key tributary to Lake Turkana has been carried out within the framework of within the framework of AfDB which required Public Consultation and Socio‐economic baseline study to be carried out.

The following are some of the policies and acts of the Kenya Government and international regulations/conventions/standards that the consultant deem to be important and affect the construction and operation of the Gibe III Hydroelectric Project which would have an impact on trans‐boundary waters that drain into Lake Turkana.

2.1.1 National Policies

Vision 2030 Kenya is a water scarce country. The economic and social developments anticipated by Vision 2030 will require more high quality water supplies than at present. The country, therefore, aims to conserve water sources and start new ways of harvesting and using rain and underground water. The 2030 vision for water and sanitation is to ensure that improved water and sanitation are available and accessible to all. The goal for 2012 is to increase both access to safe water and sanitation in both rural and urban areas beyond present levels.

To promote agricultural productivity, the area under irrigation and drainage will increase from 140,000 to 300,000 hectares. Specific strategies will be introduced to raise the standards of the country’s overall water, resource management, storage and harvesting capability. Kenya will rehabilitate her hydro‐meteorological data gathering network, construct multipurpose dams (on Nzoia and Nyando Rivers and other smaller dams), and also construct water and sanitation facilities to support industries and a growing urban population.

Lake Turkana being one of the largest water bodies in Kenya, and a world heritage, it would paramount that in the achievement on vision 2030 the lake is seriously considered as a resource to the nation and to the people of Lake Turkana communities. Thus it must be preserved and protected and harnessed to fully benefit the community in a sustainable way.

(Source 2:‐ Vision 2030, popular version)

National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semi Arid Lands of Kenya The Kenya government has developed a policy to ensure the development of the Arid lands under which the entire lake Turkana Basin belongs, and the article 1.5.3 of the policy which is concern with the environment states that all effort shall be made to curb environmental degradation, this calls for the Kenyan Government to ensure an EIA is done as concerns Gibe III on the Lake Turkana Basin

Environmental sustainability: Conservation, sustainable utilisation and management of the environment and natural resources constitute an integral part of ASAL planning and development efforts. All efforts will therefore be made to curb environmental degradation. Issues of concern 50 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. include rising population and declining natural resource base; poor environmental awareness and information dissemination; poor land use policies that promote settlement around permanent water sources; inappropriate land use technologies that have exacerbated soil degradation; poor integration of environmental considerations in land use planning; low level of environmental data collection; poor management of water catchments and riparian vegetation and lack of enforcement of environmental laws. In order to ensure sustainable environmental and natural resource management, and in line with the New National Environmental Management Act (NEMA), the Government and other stakeholders will create awareness on environmental costs and benefits and involve communities in environmental conservation and in natural resource management activities such as afforestation, grazing management, development of permanent water sources in the arid districts, rising human population issues, and the enforcement of environmental standards and sustainability indicators. The Government will support the carrying out of a proper natural resource inventory and intensive research on population dynamics and the environment, and institute policy guidelines on effective community‐based land use planning and governance measures.)

(Source 3:‐ National Policy for the Sustainable Development of Arid and Semi Arid Lands of Kenya)

National Environment Management Authority The main administrative body for EIA in Kenya is the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA). Created under the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA) of 1997 provide the legal framework for EIA in the country, and specific regulations on EIA were adopted in 2003.

According to Legal Notice No. 101, the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations, 2003 Its states that No proponent shall implement a project ‐ (a) likely to have a negative environmental impact; or (b) for which an environmental impact assessment is required under the Act or these Regulations; unless an environmental impact assessment has been concluded and approved in accordance with these Regulations.

Thus from the above mentioned legal requirements and EIA is a requirement for all projects that would qualify as stated above. Thus in the case of Gibe III an international notification procedures requirement on the impact assessment report from the Ethiopia should have been forwarded to NEMA through the ministry of foreign affairs, a requirement which was breached at the time of commencement of Gibe III.

Source 4:‐ Environmental Regulations 2003

Water Management Policy 2002 Water Act intended to tackle the worsening water services experienced over the earlier decade. This step has given poverty reduction in Kenya a new possibility. This Water Act established an autonomous Water Resources Management Authority, destined to manage and protect Kenya’s resources.

The Authority has a mandate to regulate and protect water resources and quality from adverse impacts, to manage and protect water catchments and to gather and maintain information on water resources and from time to time to publish forecasts, projections and information on water resources.

51 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. This policy is relevant in the case of Gibe III project that though being in Ethiopia shall have an effect to the waters of Lake Turkana since it’s built on Omo river which is the major source of waters in lake Turkana. Especially considering the Section 90 a. (conserving or regulating the water resource, or preserving it from pollution or protecting the bed over which it lies or flows, preventing the excessive or illegal diversion, waste or pollution of the water resources or interference with any such bed.) Therefore Water management Authority has a mandate of protecting Lake Turkana, considering that the lake is located in the harsh environment of arid land

(Source 5:‐Water Act 2002)

Kenya Fisheries Policy The fisheries policy in Kenya aims to promote conservation and management of fisheries resources, to generate the maximum amount of employment, to maximize revenue from fisheries and other related activities, to promote an integrated economy, to enhance food supply and food security, to promote safety at sea, and Development of the Ocean fisheries.

The Gibe III dam through River Omo touches directly on this act, Lake Turkana is a major water body, and a source of fish that is consumed in Kenya and exported to other countries too. Thus any changes on Lake Turkana shall affect the fish and the Aquatic life too.

Kenya Wildlife policy The Government holds in trust for present and future generations nationally and globally the biological diversity represented by Kenya’s extraordinary variety of animals, plants and ecosystems ranging from coral reefs to alpine moorlands and from deserts to forests. Special emphasis is placed on conserving Kenya's assemblage of large mammals found few other places on earth.

The Gibe III project, which is on the main source of water to Lake Turkana touches the heart of this policy since there is the Sibiloi National Park just at the shores and part of Lake Turkana. Thus all matters of conservation of this lake are paramount.

(Source 6:‐Kenya Wildlife Policy)

Kerio Valley Development Authority Act The Kerio Valley covers the entire region along the path of river Kerio, including the Turkwel Hydro‐ electric dam plus their entire catchment areas. The area of Kerio location part of the Lake Turkana Basin where public consultations were done is part of the Kerio Valley Development Authority. The Act was established with the functions to plan for development in the area and to initiate project activities identified for such planning through the government generally to develop and keep up to date the long range development plan for the area.

Kerio Division is part of the area under the Kerio Valley development Authority, this is where the people of Kangrisae and Lorengelup belong since they are located along Kerio Valley, thus any negative effects of Lake Turkana shall have an implication on the on going projects at Kerio Valley.

Trans‐boundary Water Resource Management Authority There are no specific laws relating to the use of the Lake Turkana or its affluent river waters, though each country has a water act that covers the use of waters in all water bodies within the respective countries. 52 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. There is currently no trans‐boundary water resource management authority in place for the water of Omo River and Lake Turkana. Nevertheless, new national environmental policies/acts have been enacted in both Ethiopia (1997) and Kenya (1999), and environmental authorities have been set up to implement the policies which seek to promote sustainable environmental management and development.

One of the important new regulations in this Kenya Water Act (2002) is the recognition of, and provision for, the public and communities to participate in managing the water resources within each catchment area.

The District Development Plans (2002–2008) for Turkana District (west of Lake Turkana) and Marsabit District (east of Lake Turkana) in Kenya have the following priority issues in relation to water resources: improvement of fish production; environmental conservation, improvement of rural water supply and sanitation; disaster management (e.g. droughts, degradation of natural resources); and improving the tourism potential of the lake districts (Republic of Kenya 2002a and b).

At the height of advocacy by Civic Groups, Politicians which followed a demonstration at Kalokol, the Government of Kenya sent a team to view Gibe III project and prepare a report. The Kenyan government has taken an approach of good and cordial neighbourliness’ to sort out any arising issues peacefully.

Yet looking at both countries, Kenya and Ethiopia through with the shared transbounday water of Omo River draining into Lake Turkana, both countries have Environmental guidelines that require that a project with the magnitude of Gibe III requires a detailed EIA report, this was done in Ethiopia and must also be carried out on the Kenya side of this Transboudary waters.

(Source 7:‐ Kenya Water Act (2002))

2.1.2 AFRICA DEVELOPMENT BANK POLICIES

Africa Development Bank For Category 1 projects, the inclusion of conditions and/or covenants in loan documents shall ensure an effective compliance with the Bank’s environmental and social policies (e.g. submission of resettlement plans, creation of monitoring units, stakeholder consultations, etc.).

AFDB The purpose of the ESAP is to improve decision‐making and project results in order to ensure that Bank‐financed projects and programs are environmentally and socially sustainable as well as in line with Bank’s policies and guidelines. The ESAP have therefore been designed with the recognition that environmental and social dimensions shall be assessed early in the project cycle and taken into account in project selection, sitting, planning, and design.

It’s the Borrower’s Responsibilities to conduct meaningful consultations and ensure follow‐up during ESIA preparation; Approve ESA studies (ESIA Report and ESMP) prior to Project Appraisal and Bank review; Finalize ESIA Report and prepare ESMP according to Bank’s comments (Category 1); Ensure compliance to ESMP during project activities (construction and operations); Continue to consult with relevant stakeholders throughout project implementation; Monitor environmental and social impacts of project activities; Report to OP’s on ESMP implementation and ongoing consultations; 53 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Propose changes to ESMP whenever non‐compliance to agreed requirements or unexpected impacts is noted.

AfDB Water Fund The purpose of the Water Fund is to pool the resources mobilized from donors to finance water infrastructure and water investment facilitating activities in Africa.

Areas of Intervention

The resources of the Water Fund are important in effecting some of the recommendation for Lake Turkana as necessitated by the Gibe III project be undertaken such as:

(a) Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)

(b) Capacity Building

(c) Policy, legal and Institutional Reform

(d) Knowledge and Information building or dissemination

(e) Developing and Implementing a Regulatory Framework

(f) Effective Management of Shared Waters

(g) Monitoring and Evaluation

(h) Environmental Management

(i) Strategic capital investment programmes and projects implementation

Furthermore, given the important role of women in the African water sector, gender issues and dimensions around the communities of lake Turkana should be mainstreamed into the programs and activities financed by the Water Fund.

Policy on Indigenous Peoples in Bank Operations Policy Elements: ‐ For development interventions it supports or assists, the Bank will ensure that affected populations and persons are at least as well off as they would have been in the absence of the intervention, or that adequate and appropriate compensation be provided.

Policy should ensure equality of opportunity for indigenous peoples. Policy must ensure that Bank interventions affecting indigenous peoples are (i) Consistent with the needs and aspirations of affected indigenous peoples, (ii) compatible in substance and structure with affected indigenous peoples’ culture and social and economic institutions, (iii) conceived, planned, and implemented with the informed participation of affected communities, (iv) equitable in terms of development efforts and impact, and (v) not imposing the negative effects of development on indigenous peoples without appropriate and acceptable compensation.

A policy together with practices addressing indigenous peoples would be applied in parallel with and would not replace or supersede other existing Bank policies and practices. Each of the elements of policy and practice addressing indigenous peoples would be considered within the context of

54 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. national development policies and approaches, and the fundamental relationship between the Bank and governments would be the basis for country‐specific operations in a given country.

Policy on indigenous peoples will ensure that the process of initial social assessment mandated in Bank operations includes specific consideration of indigenous peoples, as a potentially affected population. If the initial social assessment identifies indigenous peoples specifically as a significantly and adversely affected population, or vulnerable to being so affected, it will be ensured that an indigenous peoples plan as described in this working paper is prepared by a government or other project sponsors.

The Bank will work to develop necessary and appropriate internal capacities for addressing indigenous people’s matters in its operational activities, The Bank will work with borrowing member countries as appropriate and necessary to support and assist the development of capacities for addressing indigenous people’s matters. As necessary and appropriate, specific institutional development and capacity building support would be provided to both indigenous peoples communities and to governments, consistent with the Bank's policies and approaches addressing institutional development and capacity building.

Thus, the above policy must also be carefully adhered to as concerns the indigenous communities of Turkana, Daasanech, Gabbra, Rendile, and Elmolo who inhabit the Lake Turkana Basin.

2.1.3 INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS

Export Credit Agencies and Dams Export Credit Agencies (ECAs) have a long history of granting support for hydroelectric projects in developing countries. Although the total number of dams funded by ECAs to date is unknown, a preliminary assessment suggests that ECAs have been involved in financing at least 30 major dams, the overwhelming majority of them with severe and adverse environmental and social impacts. A significant number of the projects, including those funded by Britain, have been rife with corruption or have left countries saddled with debts that have only been repaid at great cost to the poorest sectors of society.

Thus utmost care should now be taken under the watchful eye of all the involved people to ensure that regulations are adhered to in the case of Gibe III project.

Examples of previous flows on international regulations are:‐

In Britain’s case, some £683 million has been spent by the UK Export Credits Guarantee Department (ECGD) since 1990 on financing such large dams, including :‐ The Muela Hydropower Project, (£16 million) – part of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which resulted in the forced resettlement of 27,000 people, the shooting of striking construction workers, proven corruption and major environmental impacts; Turkwell Gorge, Kenya (£17.5 million) ‐ now recognized as a “byword for corruption and mismanagement”; and Naptha Jhakri, India (£22 million)5– resettlement so grossly mismanaged that many of those forcibly evicted from their homes have yet to be rehabilitated.

(Source 8:‐ See: Llewellyn, B., and 5 August 2005: Hansard, Column 406 W, 26 February 2001(http://www.parliament.the‐stationery‐

55 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. office.co.uk/pa/cm200001/cmhansrd/vo010226/text/10226w23.htm) ; ECGD, Annual Accounts 1996/97, ECGD, London.)

European Investment Bank The European Investment Bank (EIB) is the financing institution of the European Union (EU). Therefore, all projects selected by the EIB have to be acceptable to, and consistent with, EU environmental policies and law. Which stipulates clearly that a project of Gibe III magnitude, which is of Category C as per the EIB regulations, requires a detailed EIA study both upstream and downstream, thus including the Lake Turkana basin, a study that is yet to be done though the construction of Gibe III project has reached 32 %, a complete disregard to good practice by the Ethiopian Authorities.

(Source 9EIB Environmental Procedures document; Environmental Statement (2004);, (Source 10:‐The EIB and its Contribution to Sustainable Development (2002); (Source 11:‐ EIB Public Disclosure Policy, Principles, Rules and Procedures, March 2006; (Source 12:‐ EIB’s EIA Directive 85/337/EEC, amended by Directive 97/11/EC.)

World Bank World Bank’s guidelines, affected communities are excluded from the legal agreements for the project, including the resettlement agreements, whose terms are enforced through loan conditions agreed between the financing agencies and the project sponsors or borrowers.

(Source 13 World Bank, Involuntary Resettlement, OP 4.12, para 2 (b))

World Commission on Dams (WCD) The Gibe III project implementation must also adhere to the WCD’s recommendations firmly grounded in “a rights based approach” (World Commission on Dams, op. cit. 18, and p.198.) based on “the framework of internationally accepted norms on human rights, the right to development and sustainability.” The report is explicit on the implications: “Reference to the human rights framework means those policies that deny the rights of some to fulfil those of others cannot be adopted.”(World Commission on Dams, op. cit. 18, p.200) The WCD’s proposed decision‐making framework is thus aimed at identifying and bringing together rights holders – and those whose rights are at risk – “as the basis for negotiated decisions on dams and their alternatives.”

(Source 14:‐ World Commission on Dams, op. cit.18, p.198)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It was signed in 1973 and seeks to regulate trade in certain species and their parts as well as products made from such species e.g. certain tree and fish species. Some of which are found in Lake Turkana. The species on Lake Turkana are as follows with majority falling under the category of endangered species.

Endangered Fish Species on Lake Turkana;

Bagrus bayad Forsskål, Alestes nurse Rüppel (Tigerfish),

Citharinus intermedius Warth (Ray‐finned fish), Distochordus niloticus Linn

Barbus bynni rudolfianus Worthington (Minnows and carps), 56 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Barbus hindii Günther (Minnows and carps), Labeo horie Heckel (Minnows and carps),

Bagrus bayad Forsskål (Catfish) Alestes baremose Linn (Tigerfish)

Alestes dextrex Linn (Tigerfish), Alestes imberi Linn (Tigerfish)

Alestes minutus (Tigerfish)

Endemic Fish Species on Lake Turkana

Lates rudolfianus Worth (Nile perch), P. senegalus (Bichirs),

Polypterus bichir Günther (Bichirs), Labeo horie Heckel (Barbels),

Haplochromis rudolfianus Trevaras (Tilapia)

Rare Fish Species on Lake Turkana

Hydrocynus forskalii Curier

The International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), Since Gibe III is a large based on the requirement of (ICOLD) an industry grouping, requires that “all projects have to be planned, implemented, and operated with the clear consent of the public concerned.”

(Source 15:‐ International Commission on Large Dams (ICOLD), Position Paper on Dams and Environment, 1997, p. 13,)

Dublin Principles As the case is on Gibe III the Dublin Principles, drawn up in 1992 by “five hundred participants, including government‐designated experts from a hundred countries and representatives of eighty international, intergovernmental, and nongovernmental organizations” goes beyond merely recommending consultation and stresses the need for the active involvement of the water users in decision‐making. “Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners, and policy‐makers at all levels.” “The participatory approach involves raising awareness of the importance of water among policy‐makers and the general public. It means that decisions are taken at the lowest appropriate level, with full public consultation and involvement of users in the planning and implementation of water projects.”

(Source 16:‐ The Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development, International Conference on Water and Environment, Dublin 1992, http://www.wmo.ch/web/homs/documents/english/icwedece.html )

United Nations Development Assistance Framework Decision‐Making through Multi‐stakeholder Process for Gibe III

Experience shows that in the formal political process, poor and politically marginalized communities (such as those who have historically been most affected by large dams) are often excluded from the decision‐making process. International good practice is based on addressing the imbalances of

57 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. power relations that lead to such exclusion and ensuring that all stakeholders are equally involved in decision‐making.

The United Nations Development Assistance Framework, adopted by 18 UN Agencies, views participation in decision‐making as a right and states: “Supporting policies and legislation that protect and promote the rights of local communities to participate in the processes are essential . . . ensuring full participation of all groups in the development process are priorities.

(Source 17:‐ The United Nations Development Assistance Framework, http://www.un.org.in/undaf.htm, p.10)

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) – 1992 and the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC – 1997, This convention addresses climate change issues and global warming which is because of industrial emissions and interference of the natural environmental process through human activities, and Gibe III being a category 1 dam definitely required an ESIA study. The study that was done on the upstream and down

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)‐1994 Its mandate is to conserve, rehabilitate degraded lands –arid, semi‐arid and dry sub‐humid zones, and to improve the socio economic conditions of communities that inhabit these areas. Such areas as inhabited by the communities of Lake Turkana fall under Arid and Semi Arid lands.

Both countries subscribe to the Desertification Convention. Kenya is now a signatory to the Ramsar Convention. One of the proposed national actions is to collaborate with Ethiopia to accede to the Ramsar Convention and to undertake joint transboundary

Wetland conservation programmes for the Lake Turkana/Omo River transboundary wetlands.

UN Commission on Human Rights’ (Gaining Public Acceptance) The principle that dams and other water and energy infrastructure development should enjoy public acceptance is increasingly widely accepted, both on practical grounds (experience shows that public acceptance is essential if the outcome of development projects is to be equitable and sustainable) and as a central concomitant of a rights based approach to development.

For indigenous peoples, free, prior, informed consent to developments that affect their lands is now firmly entrenched in international law and recognized as such by the UN July 2005, the UN Commission on Human Rights’ Sub‐Committee on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights. Working Group on Indigenous Populations accepted the principle of FPIC in international law.

(Source 18:‐ See: UN Economic and Social Council, Legal Commentary on the Principle of Free Prior Informed Consent, 21 June 2005, and E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.4/2005/2.)

International Hydropower Association The International Hydropower Association also calls for “providing affected communities with improved living conditions” and “improving public health conditions for impacted communities.”

(Source 19:‐International Hydropower Association, op. cit. 53, paras 6.2.1 and 6.2.2)

58 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. The International Hydropower Association, a leading industry grouping, and “encourage countries to have in place national and/or regional energy policies” that clearly set out their energy development strategy. “National and/or regional energy policies should include a Strategic Assessment (SA) process that includes assessment of cumulative impacts, determination of land use and environmental priorities, as well as goals for poverty alleviation and economic growth. The policies should be framed in the context of the global need to reduce greenhouse emissions. They should also incorporate the three elements of sustainability ‐‐ economic, social and environmental ‐‐ in energy planning.”

As the case is with Gibe III which would have effects on more than one country a Regional and country level assessments, including a comprehensive review of energy options, should be made prior to the assessment of specific projects. If the decision is taken to develop hydropower, then sustainability criteria must be available to provide an effective comparison of hydropower project alternatives. Where projects present significant threats to vulnerable social groups, “they should be avoided if the threats cannot be mitigated.

The International Energy Agency (IEA)’s Hydropower Agreement:‐ The International Energy Agency (IEA)’s Hydropower Agreement emphasises participatory decision making as a key requirement and states: “Minimising [the adverse social impacts on vulnerable minority groups] requires that local communities be willing partners in the development of a hydropower project . . .it also requires that local communities be given sufficient lead time to assimilate or think through the consequences of such a project and to define on a consensual basis the conditions in which they would be prepared to proceed with the proposed development.”

(Source 20:‐ International Energy Agency Hydropower Agreement, op. cit. 35, p.103)

Gibe III project on Omo River in Ethiopia implementers must ensure that all affected people benefit from the project even as far as Lake Turkana just as Industry groups increasingly recognize the need for affected peoples to benefit from projects. The International Energy Agency Hydropower Agreement states: “Proponents must ensure that hydropower projects result in improved standards of living for affected people.”

(Source 21:‐ International Energy Agency Hydropower Agreement, op. cit. 35, p.149.)

The Global Environment Facility (GEF) The Global Environment Facility forges international co‐operation and finances actions to address six critical threats to the global environment: biodiversity loss, climate change, degradation of international waters, ozone depletion, land degradation, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs).

The overall strategic thrust of GEF‐funded international waters activities is to meet the incremental costs of: (a) assisting groups of countries to better understand the environmental concerns of their international waters and work collaboratively to address them; (b) building the capacity of existing institutions to utilise a more comprehensive approach for addressing transboundary water‐related environmental concerns; and (c) implementing measures that address the priority transboundary environmental concerns. The goal is to assist countries to utilise the full range of technical, economic, financial, regulatory, and institutional measures needed to operationalise sustainable

59 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. development strategies for international waters. All the above factors greatly apply in Gibe III project.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) United Nations Environment Programme, established in 1972, is the voice for the environment within the United Nations system. The mission of UNEP is to provide leadership and encourage partnership in caring for the environment by inspiring, informing, and enabling nations and peoples to improve their quality of life without compromising that of future generations.

UNEP work encompasses: Assessing global, regional and national environmental conditions and trends; developing international and national environmental instruments; strengthening institutions for the wise management of the environment; Facilitating the transfer of knowledge and technology for sustainable development; Encouraging new partnerships and mind‐sets within civil society and the private sector

Gibe III Hydropower project being a category one dam will surely necessitate environmental alterations of one form or the other, with impacts thus the regulations and guidelines of UNEP must be adhered to in its management.

UNDP Poverty reduction and Water Management Partnership International Water Policy (Poverty Environmental Partnership) of which African Development Bank, is a member states that through the creation of an enabling framework by national governments should ensure that actions to enhance the role of water in poverty reduction are supported and take place with secure rights and regulations.

The basis for this should be a national assessment of water‐poverty relationships and a process for defining policy and strategic priorities which should be linked to national poverty reduction strategies such as PRSPs, with actions to address key constraints identified by the UN MDG Task Force:

It further suggests the establishment of an effective regulatory system, including creating a level playing field to encourage investments by small local private sector enterprises also favours a multistakeholder process: “Stakeholders should establish an equitable, credible and effective environmental assessment process that considers the interests of people and the environment within a predictable and reasonable schedule.

“Stakeholders must be treated in an equitable manner” and that there should be “established rules and clear responsibilities for all stakeholders.

Looking at the above relevant policies, acts of law treaties, agreements and international convention, environmental and socio‐economic impact and multi‐stakeholder involvement in Gibe III Hydropower Dam project in Ethiopia must involve all the people who shall be affected in one way or the other including the indigenous and vulnerable groups in decision making.

60 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. CHAPTER III: - SOCIO –ECONOMIC SITUATION ANALYSIS OF LAKE TURKANA COMMUNITIES

3.1 Introduction This chapter focuses on socio economic analysis of Lake Turkana communities who may be potentially affected by Gibe III project. The chapter gives a brief introduction of location, general environment and settlement patterns of communities within the study area. The chapter further looks into the demography, identifies different ethnics groups living adjacent to Lake Turkana, their standards of living and sources of incomes. The chapter describes access to socio services, available infrastructure, and further looks into production systems with emphasis on fishing, livestock and agriculture. The chapter concludes with a compedium of community development activities by highlighting development programs being implemented by key NGOs, the government and gives an ouline of future community development opportunities.

The aim of the assignment is to undertake a social and economic analysis of the Lake Turkana communities who may potentially be affected by the Gibe III project with respect to the needs of special and vulnerable ethnic groups and tribes. This was accomplished by collecting data and compiling a socio‐economic situation analysis report of Lake Turkana communities in order to better understand their sources of livelihoods and wellbeing. In addition the Consultant prepared a compendium of information on type of and coverage of on‐going development activities being undertaken by Government of Kenya and other stakeholders such as NGOs, the private sector. The study compiled a list of activities that could be developed with potential to provide sources of income to the communities.

The specific aspects of the analysis include but not limited to: • Identification of interested and affected people and communities • Gathering of baseline information on the demographic, gender, social‐cultural, societal framework and political characteristics of the concerned communities • Description of the production systems, livelihoods and standard of living • Gathering of information on land tenure and land use systems in the area • Information on rights and use of natural resources related to cultural practices (religious sacrifices, traditional medication, etc. • Cultural factors that may contribute to exclusion of some groups from development benefits • Coordination and engagement of key stakeholders • Social risk analysis • Available public infrastructure and social services • Compendium of on‐going community development programs • Recommendations of potential community development interventions

3.2 Project Area The project area included in this study covers communities along and adjacent to the shores of Lake Turkana. On the western side of the Lake, the communities sampled are located in two districts which were recently curved out of the larger Turkana District, namely, Turkana North, Turkana Central and Turkana East. On the eastern side, the study sampled communities located in Marsabit North and Laisamis Districts which were recently curved out from larger Marsabit District. Located adjacent to the North western shores of Lake Turkana are Kapur and Lokitaung divisions of Turkana North District. Similarly, Kalokol and Kerio divisions of Turkana Central District are adjacent 61 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. to the western shores of Lake Turkana. The south west shores of Lake Turkana borders the Lokori Division. This study sampled villages located in Turkana Central District located at Kalokol Location in Kalokol Division and, Kangirisae nd Lorengelup Locations of Kerio Division. On the eastern side, this study concentrated on communities in North Horr Division, which is made up of three locations namely North Horr location, Galasa location and Illeret location. Out of these divisions, the study sampled North Horr location and Illeret locations of North Horr Division. North Horr location is made of three sub locations, namely, North Horr, Darade, and Malobot sub locations. Illeret location has one sub location known also called Illeret sublocation. 13 villages were sampled from both North Horr and Illeret sub locations as indicated on the table 3.1 below:‐‐ Table 3.1:‐ Village Sampled on both eastern and western sides of Lake Turkana

District Division Locations Frequency Percent

Marsabit North North Horr Illeret Frequency Percent

Sieslucho 10 7.0

Ilkimere 38 26.6

Telesgaye 24 16.8

Illeret 27 18.9

Nangolei 44 30.8

Total 143 100.0

Laisamis Loiyangalani Loiyangalani Kiwanja Ndege 43 19.5

Kilimambogo 45 20.5

Layeni 29 13.2

Komote 36 16.4

Total 220 100.0

Laisamis North Horr North Horr El‐Isako‐Mala 30 12.7

Sesi 2 27 11.4

Manyatta Durte 30 12.7

Horri gutha 59 24.9

Burra 25 10.5

Ola Godana Tullu 31 13.1

Ilam 35 14.8

62 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Total 237 100.0

Turkana Central Kerio Lorengelup Lorengelup 84 41.4

Nangodia 22 10.8

Kambi Loree 23 11.3

Kambi mpya 30 14.8

Kangichok 11 5.4

Nangorchoto 33 16.3

Total 203 100.0

Turkana Central Kerio Kangirisae Lodoket‐ engol 23 11.2

Kangirisae 38 18.4

Nakwale 28 13.6

Nachoto 42 20.4

Lokito – Eker 32 15.5

Kamekwi 43 20.9

Total 206 100.0

Kalokol Kalokol Nayole 21 10.0

Kambi Loroo 21 10.0

Napeikopo 22 10.5

Impresa 21 10.0

Natirae 21 10.0

Nakwamomwa 21 10.0

Napete 20 9.6

Lopangae 22 10.5

Fisheries 21 10.0

Kamugengiro 19 9.1

Total 209 100.0

63 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Figure 3.1 below indicates the study area.

3.3 Administrative Structure

3.3.1 Adminstratives structure of the western side of Lake Turkana The larger Turkana District is situated on the North‐western part of Kenya. It has been the largest district in the country covering an area of 77,000 sq. Km, which is about 42.4% of the total area of Rift Valley Province. In 2007, Turkana was split into three (3) districts, namely: Turkana North, Turkana Central and South districts. During this financial year (2008/2009), three more districts were carved out of the aforementioned districts. The new districts are: Turkana West, the Loima and Turkana East. Despite the six (6) administrative districts, Turkana has three electoral constituencies, namely Turkana North( composed of Turkana North and West districts ), Turkana Central(comprising of Turkana Central and Loima districts) and Turkana South(which covers Turkana East and Turkana South districts( source 22:‐Arid Lands Resource Management Program, Lodwar)

Districts adjacent to the Lake on the western side are Turkana North, Turkana Central and Turkana East. Divisions adjacent to the Lake Turkana are Lapur and Lokitaung of Turkana North District; Kerio,

64 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Kalokol divisions of Turkana Central District and Lokori divisions of Turkana South District. Table 3.1 shows the divisions, number of locations and sublocations.

Table 3.1‐ Divisions adjacent ot the LakeTurakan on western shores Division Area (KM2) Locations Sub‐Locations

Lapur 2,274.50 3 7

Lokitaung 1,836.20 4 11

Kerio 2750.1 3 8

Kalokol 2132.4 3 8

Central 799.6 2 5

Lokori 7040.5 4 11

Source 23:‐District Statistical Office, Turkana Central 2008

3.3.2 Administrative structure of Eastern Side of Lake Turkana The larger part of Lake Turkana lies in Laisamis and Marsabit North Districts located on the eastern side of the Lake Turkana. Laisamis District is one of the districts of Eastern Province that was recently curved out of lager Marsabit District. It covers an area of 20265.7 km2 and is situated between longitudes 36040” east and latitude 00 150 south. The district borders Marsabit district to the east, Turkana district to the west, Marsabit North District to the north, Isiolo District to the southeast and Samburu District to the south west. Administratively the district is divided into three divisions of Laisamis, Korr and Loiyangalani. The district is further subdivided into 11 Locations and 30 sub‐locations. The district has 8 wards out of 18 in County Council of Marsabit; The Laisamis District is further divided into a constituency, Laisamis constituency.

This study sampled communities located in Loiyangalani Division which occupies the largest area in Laisamis District with an area of 11584.7 km. 2. Loiyangalani is a small town located on the south eastern coast of Lake Turkana in Kenya. The town has about 16,965 inhabitants (1999 census). Loiyangalani means "a place of many trees" in the native Samburu tongue. It is home to Turkana people and was founded near a freshwater spring in the 1960s where the Elmolo people live. Its main industries include fishing, tourism and gold panning. It is a popular tourist destination in northern Kenya, as the surrounding El Molo and Turkana villages offer unique (although somewhat commercialized) experiences. Loiyangalani Division of Marsabit District is headquartered in Loiyangalani town. The town is sometimes spelled as Loiyangalani.

Marsabit North District (also known Chalbi District) was also recently carved from the former larger Marsabit District and is the largest district in Eastern Province. It borders Marsabit and Laisamis Districts to the South, Isiolo District to the South‐East, Moyale District to the North‐East, Republic of Ethiopia to the North and Turkana District to the West. The district covers an area of 38,952 km2 65 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. including Lake Turkana with an area of 2,478 km2. The district lies between Latitude 010 15’ North and 040 27’ North and Longitude 360 03’ East and 390 59’ East. The district is sub‐divided into four divisions, namely, North Horr, Maikona, Dukana and Turbi. It has thirteen locations, eighteen sub‐ locations and one constituency. The district falls under Marsabit County Council. The district has one local authority, Marsabit County Council, which is sub‐divided into ten civic wards. This study sampled North Horr location and Illeret locations of North Horr Division. North Horr location is made of three sub locations namely North Horr sublocation, Darade sublocation and Malobot sublocations. Illeret location had one sublocation known also called Illeret sublocations. Table 3.4 shows the area of sampled division, number of location amd subloactions.

Table 3.4: Area of the District by Division (KM2) Division Area (KM2) No of Locations No of Sub‐locations

North Horr 11,286 3 6

Loiyangalani 11584.7 4 14

TOTAL 20265.7 11 30

Source 24:‐Laisamis District commissionner office 2008

This study did not put emphasis on Marsabit district as it would not be directed affected by Gibbe III. However, Marsabit it is worth mentioning as it retained the name of former larger Marsabit from which Marsabit North and Laisamis was curved out. Some department of the two new districts are still being administered from Marsabit district. Marsabit District is an administrative district in the Eastern Province (Kenya). Its capital town is Marsabit, a town in northern Kenya. It is located in the Eastern Province and is almost surrounded by Marsabit National Park and Marsabit National Reserve. Marsabit is a cosmopolitan district. Several tribes live here including the Bulgis, Rendille, Gabbra, Turkana and Samburus. Immigrant communities comprise business and civil servants and remain a minority. Main sources of livelihood are livestock which comprise camels, cattle, sheep and goats, poultry and bee keeping. There is very limited agriculture production. Nomadic pastoralist is a way of live for most tribes. The Bulgis communities are good in trade mainly operating trucks for transporting traded commodities such as animals and other goods. Generally, the pastoralist tribes in Marsabit keep large herds of cattle for prestige. Livestock keeping is a major source of conflicts. Historically, livestock raids have taken place between tribes to accumulate large stocks for prestige but recently raids have been commercialized and often involve armed robbery, which had led to animosity between tribes. Generally the levels of poverty are high despite the amount of resources which have been pumped into the district which tend to lead to dependency syndrome. Due to persistent droughts, the government has been providing relief food.

3.4 General environment of the study area Larger Turkana District on the western side of the Lake shares international borders with Ethiopia to the North, Sudan to the Northwest and Uganda to the West. Within Kenya, it borders: Marsabit to the East, Samburu to the South East, Baringo and West Pokot District to the South. Much of the Eastern flank of the District is on Lake Turkana, which stretches North‐South for more than 200 km.

66 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Most of the Larger Turkana consists of low‐lying plains, with isolated mountainous and hilly ranges. The altitude rises from about 900 m at the foot of the escarpment marking the Uganda border to the West and then falls to 369 m to the shores of Lake Turkana in the East. The altitude of the mountain ranges between 1500 and 1800 metres in the east reaching the peak at Loima which forms undulating hills for a stretch of some 65 sq. km. The isolated mountains are mainly found in the central area with plains around Lodwar and more specifically the Lotikippi plains in the north. In the southeast, the Suguta valley follows a tectonic trough bordering the Samburu uplands. Turkana has three distinct physical features, Lotikippi plains in the north, the Kalokol/Turkwel/ Kerio lowlands along the western shores of Lake Turkana and the Suguta basin in the southeast. Volcanic rocks formed from widely varying compact ash cinder and flow materials cover a third of the district. Basement system outcrops are confined to the Uganda escarpment to the west of the district and to the mountains south of Lokichar and Lodwar. The area has several rivers with the major ones being Turkwel and Kerio both originating in the highlands to the south. Most rivers are seasonal. Kerio is a river in Rift Valley province; it flows northward into Lake Turkana. It is one of the longest rivers in Kenya, originating near the equator. In south it flows through the Kerio Valley between Tugen Hills and Elgeyo escarpment. The river also partly bounds the South Turkana National Reserve. The river starts from Eldamaravin and ends at Lake Turkana. Turkwel River is a river flowing from Mount Elgon in the border of Kenya and Uganda to Lake Turkana. The river is called Suam River from its source to the border with the West Pokot District of Kenya. Turkana North, Central and South districts of larger Turkana have both arid and semi arid lands (ASAL). Mean temperature ranges from a low of 24 ºC to a high of 38 ºC with a mean of 30 º C. The lowest rainfall recorded in the central plains around Lodwar. This area receives an annual average rainfall of 120 mm. The heaviest rainfall is experienced in the northwest area around Lokichogio, which has an average rainfall of about 430 mm. Lokitaung to the northeast and Kaputir in the Turkwel valley to the south, have an average of 300 mm and 280 mm respectively. The rainfall pattern and its distribution has been unreliable and erratic over the years as is evidenced from the annual figures derived from Lodwar meteorological station which range from 19 mm to 380 mm. Rain is usually accompanied by sharp thunderstorms in the late afternoons and at night. The long rains usually fall between April to June, and short rains in October ‐ December. The beneficial effect of rainfall depends on its amount and distribution due to conditions of poor soil cover, high evaporation and rapid run‐off (source 25:‐Arid Lands Resource Management Program, Lodwar).

The climatic conditions of Marsabit North District of the eastern side of lake Turkana are characterised largely by desert like temperatures where days are very hot with soaring temperatures of 38o C on average, and cool breezy nights falling below 18oC on average. The temperature changes towards Hurri Hills and Northern Arid and Semi Arid Land (ASAL) of Forole and Dukana falling between average 27‐33oC. Rainfall comes in both short and long seasons but is often erratic and poorly distributed. Annual precipitation averages are 250‐400 mm.

Marsabit North District drainage system is mainly endhorheic; that is, internal without an outlet towards ocean. Most seasonal rivers (lagas) thus drain into Chalbi (the salty flood basin in the centre of the district) These are laga balal which flows from Ethiopian’s southern highlands, Balesa and Kulal, which originate from Mt. Ngiro on the boarder of Laisamis and Samburu, and flows through South Horr‐ Kulal valleys and empty into Chalbi. There are numerous small lagas from Hurri Hills that also drain into Chalbi. Other physical features in the district are Hurri Hills 1685m, Chalbi Desert, 67 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Galgalu Plains, and Northwestern shoreline of Lake Turkana and Northern slopes of Mt Kulal near Gas settlement.

The climatic conditions in Laisamis Districts are characterized largely by desert like temperatures where days are very hot with soaring temperatures and cool breezy nights. The hottest areas are low lying plains and plateaus, except for the areas on the slopes i.e Ngurunit, Oltorut, Ilaut and nolpilpil. The main physical features of the district are Mount Kulal (2355 metres in height) in loyangalani. The western part of the district is flat, whereas further southwards, the topography is often characterized by steep ridges and valleys, occasionally interrupted by hills such as Ndoto and Sori Adi.

The major sources of water found in the district are sub surface water resources such as springs, dams and shallow wells for domestic and livestock development. The district has gazetted forest like Mount Kulal biosphere conservation which covers about 45,729ha.

The district is drained by the Melgis river, it drains Samburu district and flows through Kaisut desert between Marsabit and Lenkiyoi (Mathew Range) Sorioadi floods plains then south east wards until it joins Ewaso nyiro .Laga Urr originating from Mathews ranges drains through Korr and end up in flood plains of Halisirwa.

The district is drained by other short lagas some only 30 km which end up in the perennial in Lake Turkana .Most lagas originate from Mount Kulal and Mount Ngiro of South Horr.(Government of Kenya, Ministry of state for planning for planning national development of ditricts, 2008)

3.5 Settlements Patterns

The settlement pattern in the district and divisions is determined by the availability of pastures and social facilities mainly found in urban and peri‐urban centers. Turkana people under normal situation settle in the plains. But due to variations in weather, very few of them settle permanently in one place. During and shortly after the rains the Turkana people are concentrated on the plains. As drought starts, they move mostly to high mountain areas and even to neighboring countries of Sudan and Ethiopia in search of pasture and water for their animals, which comprises mainly goats, sheep, cattle, donkeys and camels.

The population density in the district varies from as low as 8 persons per Km² in Kerio Division to as high as 63 persons per Km² in Central Division. This is based on the 2008 population projections. The low density in Kerio Division is attributed to the aridity of the area occasioned by frequent drought occurrence.

Permanent and semi‐permanent settlements in the district are found along Turkwel and Kerio rivers where small‐scale irrigated farming is practiced. In addition to that , permanent and semi permanent settlement are found along the lake shores of Lake Turkana with the some social infrastructures like schools and health facilities that support human settlement. Along these areas, there exist peri‐ urban market centres or fishing trading centres.

Marsabit North District on the eastern side of the Lake has harsh climatic condition which dictates the settlements patterns. Low rainfall, high temperatures and sporadic prolonged droughts are only favourable for rearing camel and sheep and goats. Where by communities practices nomadic 68 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. pastoralism. Permanent settlements are therefore concentrated around the water points. Administrative and political units have been set up following these settlement patterns. The structures in these settlements are semi permanent in nature apart from churches, health centres and schools. The outskirts are characterised by sporadic and random mosaic type of settlement.

The settlement pattern of Laisamis District is influenced by rain and pasture availability. Areas, which receive less rainfall, have a more scattered settlement pattern compared to those with ample rainfall. The majority of the populations are found in the high potential areas of Laisamis, while the rest are in Korr, Kargi and Loiyangalani.

3 .6 Socio Economic Analysis of Lake Turkana Communities

3.6.1 Demography Among the sampled villages, location chiefs were interviewed with regards to statistics of their villages. Data was not readily available. Recently, the Government of Kenya conducted a national census, but data is still being processed hence not readily available to local leaders. However, reliable data upto divisional level was available in most of district development plans as reported below.

The 1999 population census estimated Turkana North District population at 216,797. The district population grows on average at a rate of 3.3 % per annum. At the beginning of the 2008 the total district population was 303,638 people. This figure is projected to increase to 335,635 by 2012 assuming constant mortality and fertility rates. The Turkana central district population is 229,585 people comprising of 117392 male and 112197 female based on 1999 housing census projections. This is projected to rise to 243,809 and 253,777 by 2010 and 2012 respectively. The rural population comprises of above 79.3 percent of the total population. The population density of Turkana Central District varies from as low as 8 persons per Km² in Kerio Division to as high as 63 persons per Km² in Central Division. This is based on the 2008 population projections. The low density in Kerio Division is attributed to the Aridity of the area occasioned by frequent drought occurrence.

Turkana South District was projected to have a total population of 98,232 in 2008. It is projected to grow to 104,317 by 2010 and 108,587 in 2012. These projections are based on a population growth rate of 3.3%. The district has a population density of 5 persons per square kilometre. This is expected to increase to 6 persons per square kilometre by the end of the plan period. Katilu Division has the highest population density of 14 persons per square kilometre and Lomelo Division has 2 persons per square kilometre.

Majority of the population in Laisamis district are found in Laisamis, loiyangalani and Korr depending on economic activities practiced by the resident. The dependant population (those below 15 years and above 64 years of age) for Laisamis District constitutes 40.6% of the population. The total population of Marsabit North District in 2008 was 55,229. It is expected to grow at a rate of 2.8 per cent. This means the population will be 63,392 persons by year 2012. At the start of the plan period, 2008, the proportion of the youthful population will be 56 per cent. Data on Table 3.5 was obtained from districts profiles and gives population data and population densities based on 1999 national census, estimates for 2008 and future projections into 2010 and 2012 for sampled districts and divisions.

69 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 3.5 : Population data and populations densities for Districts adjacent to Lake Turkana and sampled Divisions.

Location 1999 Densit 2,008 Densit 2010 Densit 2012 Density Census y Estimat y Projectio y Projectio 2 (Km2) e (Km2) n (Km2) n (Km )

Laisamis 47567 7.86 60628 8.96 63699 9.56 70365 11.4 District

Marsabit 42,901 1 55,229 2 58,678 2 63,392 2 North District

Turkana 163 ‐ 229,585 ‐ 243,809 ‐ 253,777 ‐ Central 923 District

Turkana 216,79 ‐ 303,638 ‐ 322,450 ‐ 335,635 ‐ North 7 District

Turkana 70,140 5 98,232 5 104,317 6 108,587 6 SouthDistrc it

Central 35,919 45 50,307 63 53,424 67 55,608 70 Turkana Division

Kerio 15,409 4 21,581 8 22,918 6 23,855 6 Division

Kalokol 28,735 13 40,245 19 42,739 20 44,486 21 Division

Loiyangala 16,965 1.46 21,623 1.86 22,,719 1.96 25,096 2.1 ni Division

North Horr 13,621 1 17,535 2 18,630 2 20,127 2 Division

Source. District development plans, Turkana North, Turkana Central , Turkana South, Laisamis and Marsabit North

A report from Location government indicates that in the last year, about 200 Rendille, 300 Samburus and 500 Turkana have migrated into Loiyangalani. The reasons for in‐migrating include, security, fishing and drought and access to water sources. At Illeret, the number of in‐migration and out‐ 70 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. migration was not known. The immigrants are livestock keepers who have moved into Ethiopia in search for pasture. Similarly, out‐ migration from NorthHorr is livestock keepers in search for pasture at Loiyangalani and Ethiopia. On western shores of the Lake, Kalokol is the most populated location with more settlement and household’s. A number of people are reported to have migrated from Kalokol to Lokitang in search for fish. On the contrary in migrations from Lowerengak into Kalokol in search of fish, water and pasture are also reported. At Lorengelup the reasons for out migration is drought and famine. Those who have migrated are mainly livestock keepers in search for pasture and water.

Majority of households sampled indicated a family size of four to six people per household as indicated in fig 3.2 Fig 3.2

Family Size 67.5 70.0 62.6 60.8 60.0 54.5 49.8 50.0 42.7 40.0 36.4 Percentage 24.5 24.1 24.5 30.0 21.2 21.4 18.2 19.6 16.8 16.7 20.0 13.3 4.1 5.3 10.0 2.8 1.7 3.0 5.8 2.9 0.0 1-3 4-6 7-9 1-3 4-6 7-9 1-3 4-6 7-9 1-3 4-6 7-9 1-3 4-6 7-9 1-3 4-6 7-9 =>10 =>10 =>10 =>10 =>10 =>10 Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol Number of household members

Table 3.6 indicates that 53.5% to 60.3% of membersof interviwed housholds were less than 20 years implying a high dependancy ratio. 42.8% to 47.5 % of household members interviewed were female.

71 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 3.6: Age and sex composition of household’s members

Age groups of household members

Illeret Loiyangarani North Horr Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

No response 18 2.4 7 .5 9 .7 76 6.4 30 2.6 14 1.2

Less than 20 452 60.3 751 58.6 650 53.5 663 56.0 678 56.7 705 60.6

20‐29 115 15.3 230 17.9 173 14.3 150 12.7 180 15.1 185 15.9

30‐39 98 13.1 129 10.1 143 11.8 154 13.0 144 12.1 122 10.5

40‐49 42 5.6 92 7.2 80 6.6 100 8.5 107 9.0 75 6.4

50‐59 16 2.1 48 3.7 65 5.4 28 2.4 41 3.3 39 3.4

60‐69 7 .9 25 2.0 50 4.1 11 .9 13 1.1 15 1.3

Above 70 2 .3 44 3.6 1 .1 2 .2 8 .7

Total 750 100.0 1282 100.0 1214 100.0 1183 100.0 1195 100.0 1163 100.0

Sex of household members

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

No Response 10 .8 21 1.7 4 .3 43 3.6 5 .4

Male 663 51.7 653 53.8 627 53.0 597 50.0 613 52.7

Female 609 47.5 540 44.5 552 46.7 555 46.4 545 46.9

Total 1282 100.0 1214 100.0 1183 100.0 1195 100.0 1163 100.0

Page | 72 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3.6.2 Socio-Cultural, Societal Framework and Political Characteristics of Sampled Communities by Lake Turkana

The Indigenous People The main indigenous communities around Lake Turkana include, Turkana, Gabbra, Rendille, Daasanach, El molo and Samburu. These indigenous communities have been responsible for the preservation and maintenance of traditional knowledge and practices that are highly relevant for the sustainable use of biodiversity of Lake Turkana. International treaties have recognized the close and traditional dependence of many indigenous and local communities on biological resources, notably in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Article 8(j) of the Convention commits to respect, preserve and maintain knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities embodying traditional lifestyles relevant for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, promote their wider application with the approval and involvement of the holders of such knowledge, innovations and practices, and encourage the equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of such knowledge, innovations and practices. The Turkana

In event that the lake is affected adversely, communities living adjacent to the western shores of Lake Turkana who are likely to be affected are Turkana. Other minor tribes include Luo, Kisii, and Luhya who have migrated from western regions of Kenya. Turkana are predominantly the main ethnic group on the western part of Lake Turkana. The findings of this study shows that 100 % of households sampled from Kalokol, Lorengelup and Kangirisae locations on the western side of the Lake were Turkana .The Turkana are Nilotic people inhabiting the Turkana District in northwest Kenya, a dry and hot region bordering Lake Turkana, South of them live the Pokot. They are also found on the eastern part of the Lake around Loiyangalani Location in Laisamis District. Turkana mainly practice nomadic pastoralism. The Turkana are notable for raising camels and weaving baskets. The Turkana rely on several rivers, such as the Turkwel River and Kerio River. When these rivers flood, new sediment and water extend onto river plain that is cultivated after heavy rainstorms, which occur infrequently. When the rivers dry up, open‐pit wells are dug in the riverbeds which are used for watering livestock and human consumption. Livestock is an important aspect of Turkana culture. Goats, camels, donkeys, and sheep are the primary herd stock utilized by the Turkana people. In this society, livestock functions not only as a milk and meat producer, but as a form of currency used for bride‐price negotiations and dowries. Among the Turkana tribe, most of the women in a normal set up are taken as house wives while men provides for the family. The duties which come with being a house wife includes: cooking, fetching water and firewood. This heavy burden leaves little time for them to be engaged in other income generating activities. Traditionally, men and women both wear wraps made of rectangular woven material, but each sex adorns themselves with different objects. Women will customarily wear necklaces, and will wear their hair in a faux‐mohawk style which is often braided and beaded.

Page | 73 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Figure 3.3:‐ The Consultants admiring the necklaces made of beads at Lorengelup

Often men wear their wraps similar to tunics, and carry wrist knives made of steel and goat hide. Men also carry stools (known as ekicholongs) and will use these for simple chairs rather than sitting on the hot midday sand. These stools also double as headrests, keeping one's head elevated from the sand, and protecting any ceremonial head decorations from being damaged. It is also not uncommon for men to carry several staves; one is used for walking and balances when carrying loads, the other, usually slimmer and longer, is used to prod livestock during herding activities.

The Rendille The Rendille are an ethnic group inhabiting the Kaisut Desert of Kenya. They are often referred to as "the holders of the stick of God".

They are nomadic pastoralists who roam with their camels across about 16,000 square kilometres of Northern Kenya. Women, children, and older men live in semi‐permanent villages that are moved only a few times a year and rarely more than a few kilometres.

The Rendille believe that they belong in the desert not by mistake but because it’s their "promised land". In their popular morning prayers they pray "your people Ngai (God) cannot climb mountains, cross seas but remain in this Promised Land in which you have looked after our fore fathers, us and our children's children...."

Rendille staple foods include meat, and a mixture of milk and blood, commonly known as "Banjo". Men traditionally dress by tying a loin cloth around their loins while women dress in sheep and goat 74 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. skins tied around their waists going down while the trunk remains naked. Circumcised boys and young men who have not yet undergone Ennui, the rite into adulthood at age 30 whereby men become Elders and are granted ownership of land, wear purple cloth and a white feather in their headgear. This switches to a Tartan pattern among acceptance as an Elder. Warriors are very aware of their headgear and will become upset if it is touched by another tribal member, especially a woman. Many Rendille have appropriated western clothing and are commonly seen wearing kikoys and t‐shirts.

Rendille practice “gadaa” a traditional social stratification system, of age sets fourteen years apart. An age set is a group of men circumcised together and remain in the warriorhood for 14 years before they are allowed to marry and give way to another age set.

Since 1962, there have been six age set namely; ILMAURI, ILKIMANIGI, ILKICHILI, ILKIRORO, ILMAULI and the current age set, who are scheduled to be circumcised in August 2007, ILMETILI. Rendille culture is built on strict separation of the sexes during important cultural and spiritual practices. Women are not allowed to talk or fraternize with men, and traditionally are shunned from major religious events outside of courtship rituals. Rendille are believed to be alienated and experts believe the pure Rendille are almost extinct with their language confined to a few in Kargi and Korr. Rendille language especially is under threat from Samburu, one of the Maa languages.

El molo According to the location Chiefs, the main ethnic groups at Elmolo Bay are the Elmolo tribe. Other minor tribes include the Samburu and Turkana.

El molo is a small village just 10 km north of Loiyangalani. The tiny population livelihood is dependant on fishing. Their dwellings resemble igloos, built from what little stick/reed.

Gabbra At North Horr, the major ethnic groups are the Gabbra. Other minor tribes include Turkana, Boran, Wata, Somalis. The Gabbra live in the Chalbi desert of northern Kenya, between Lake Turkana and Moyale and Marsabit, extending into the Bura Dera plain east of the Moyale‐Marsabit road, and the Mega escarpment in southern Ethiopia. They share portions of this area with the Boran, Rendille, Samburu, Daasanech, and Turkana. They still roam with their herds across the border. The Gabbra speak the Boran language, an Oromo language in the Eastern Cushitic family, having gradually lost their Rendille‐related language, which was in the Somali branch of the Eastern Cushitic family.

The Gabra are primarily pastoralist. The Gabbra culture is entwined with their care of camels. Focus group discussion shows that women face high level of inequality. At North Horr, Gabbra, women build houses and fetch water in addition to normal household chores of food preparations and taking care of household members. In North Horr livestock is mainly owned by men. Women may make decision about consumption of small stocks during hunger period but cannot authorize the slaughter of large stock like camel and cattle. Normally, sons are more valued than daughters. Culturally women build houses, take care of children, water camels, fetch water, and cook while men look for food. Traditionally men own houses though built by women. But at the moment many households are headed by women, who are the sole providers for the households. In peri‐urban towns, women currently own their own houses, and livestock which they could not own traditionally. Although

75 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. there is no land ownership since the people are nomadic, a homestead is owned by the man. There are different ceremonies at birth and naming of boys and girls, although the boy child is important, the girl child is also important in giving a father a status in the community. Marriage is a matter of the father. The girl or boy has no choice of choosing husband or wife in the traditional Gabra customs. A young man can get married to someone he has never ever met before. The pastoralists have their own parliament and president and they make decisions that affect them in their own parliament, called (Yah). If a man is not officially married or has had an extramarital affair, he is not allowed in the parliament whose members are only elders known as “Jalam.” The main food is milk and meat. When it comes to burial, traditionally its only men who burry after rapping the corpse in a white garment, they don’t use coffins. The burial site is often near the village, though in towns there are now special burial sites. A mature girl can never talk to men or have any relationships, and should a girl be pregnant before marriage, she is considered an outcast. Traditionally the Gabbra worship God on mountains, they hold change ceremonies every seven years. They move from town and go to worship in special places three times a year slaughtering a goat in every house during religious ceremonies.

The Daasanech /Merile The major tribe living at Illeret is the Daasanech. Minor tribes include the Turkana and Somali.

The Daasanech are also called Merile especially by their neighbours, the Turkana of Kenya. The Daasanech are traditionally a pastoral people by tradition, but in recent years, they have become primarily agro pastoralist. The Daasanech community does not keep camels. Similarly the Daasanech women have many roles including fetching water and firewood, building fences when livestock, milking goats, taking care of children, fetching water grinding sorghum, cooking food for the family, building of houses. Due to the heavy responsibilities that they get, they tie toddlers with giggle bells in order to locate their movement through sound. According to women, the Daasanech men literally idle the whole daylong. During the child naming ceremony, a goat is slaughtered and men eat the finer thoracic region. Men name the children four days after birth.

Four times day, women prepare special coffee made of coffee husks from Ethiopia for men. Women prepare the first round of coffee at five o’clock in the morning for elderly mainly for morning prayers. Other rounds of coffee are prepared and consumed at ten o’clock, one o’clock, and four o’clock. Without this coffee the women would be subjected to punishment from their husbands. They also prepare special goat chest fats for elderly which is served on a mat. They prepare tooth brushes from cuttings of special trees for men and light fires to chase away fries from the cattle shed. The Daasanech women also extract fibres from sisal to make robes. Women also make “Chapatti” from sorghum flour and porridge from sorghum, which they buy from Ethiopia through butter trade. The sorghum is used sparingly especially during this time of food shortages. Other types of food consumed include boiled maize and sorghum. Tender Roots from special reeds which grow by the lake shores are also consumed. These roots are also dried up and pounded for food and a as coping mechanism and is available by the lake side when the lake resides during the dry season. There are also Nile cabbages that float on the river, whose seeds are dried and ground into food.

Men roles include fishing and herding livestock. In addition, men dig wells, slaughter animal for the family, water cattle. Men also survey potential areas for relocating the families when it rains and relocates families, gathers wild fruits they come across and defend their families against their 76 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. enemies. .A woman is not allowed to slaughter any animal even if during hunger, permission to slaughter an animal can only come from men. The boy child is more valued that girl child since a girl would go away when she is married, thus sons are more for posterity of the family than girls are. Girls would take more care of the elderly women, though when a woman lacks a son, she has no value in the family. Marriage starts by abduction of a girl at the streams or bushes, then her family follows with clubs to go and fight the boy’s family as a gesture that they can defend their daughter. If the young man appears during this ritual he might be thoroughly beaten.

Women are not counted as part of the family if widowed and not inherited by an immediate relative of the deceased. If the widow has children, she is allowed to stay in the home on condition that she does not get into a relationship with any other man. Men continue marrying and siring children until they get a boy child. The women are organized into women group that is trying to assist them with several developmental issues. In a polygamous marriage, culturally respect is given to the woman who got married first, but socially the benefits seem to be with the youngest wife of the polygamous man who is said to be the source of much conflict in the home, since the man stays with her.

Despite the boy child being important, but a man with a daughter might not be respected, since there is a ceremony that last six months that goes with the birth of the first daughter, this ceremony is normally done in Ethiopia. The women said that they are the ones who shall now inform their fellow Daasanech in Ethiopia about what is going on at River Omo, since they are not aware of the same.

At Illeret, the Manyatta are often destroyed by rains during the rainy season, thus women are seeking alternative building materials and structures.

Samburu The Samburu are related to the Masai although they live just above the equator where the foothills of Mount Kenya merge into the northern desert and slightly south of Lake Turkana in the Rift Valley Province of Kenya. They are semi‐nomadic pastoralists whose lives revolve around their cows, sheep, goats, and camels. Milk is their main stay and sometimes it is mixed with blood. Meat is only eaten on special occasions. Generally they make soups from roots and barks and eat vegetables if living in an area where they can be grown. Most dress in very traditional clothing of bright red material used like a skirt and multi‐beaded necklaces, bracelets and earrings, especially when living away from the big cities. (Source 26:‐ Summary Of Proceedings, “Pastorals in Kenya and The policy Environment: Linking Research, Development actors, And Decision‐Makers”)

Cultural factors which exclude certain members of society from owning resources Northern Marsabit faces high gender inequality as women and youth participation in development is very low. In most cases, there are very few women and youth involved in leadership and decision making at the grassroots level where traditional and cultural practices are dominant. Despite the efforts made by the Government and development agencies to bridge this gap, gender disparities still exist and this has increased poverty especially in rural areas where the majority of the people live. The most affected are women as they are discriminated against and have less economic opportunities to exploit. Subsequently, their access to education, training and support services is limited. As a result, they do not contribute actively to development hence causing them to rely heavily on their male counterparts who dominate most of the economic activities.

77 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Just like the other pastoral areas, women in Laisamis and Marsabit North have less control over capital and other resources. Men dominate the resources and women are left with no share although they contribute significantly in its acquisition. They have very little participation in decision making. Customary law, cultural attitudes and rigidity to gender roles overburden women. Women combine domestic chores including cooking, fetching water and firewood, child care and attending to their husbands, with caring for livestock and other properties. However, they are denied opportunities for gainful employment which can improve their families living standards. Boy child is preferred to the girl child where the latter in most cases is considered as a store of wealth. This has led to preference on education of the boy child and in some cases, if a girl child is taken to school, she is expected to drop out and get married at a tender age without being given an opportunity to decide her own destiny. This is evidenced by low enrolment rate in schools for girls and has lead to limited opportunities for the girl child to acquire the necessary skills and training to take on any meaningful role in development. Thus a high percentage of the female population is illiterate.

Living standards and Estimates of incomes and Expenditures

General standards of living The Turkana area on the western side of theLake is remote. Lliving standards are low with majority of people living below the poverty line. This can be clearly depicted from the indicators of wealth, limited access to social services and poor infrastructure. With exception of the peri‐urban area and urban centres like Lodwar, majority of the rural people are poor. The vulnerable members of society include orphans, windows and poor families. The vulnerability has been caused by drought, low levels of education and lack of knowledge on how to improve food production. Cattle rustling from neighbouring districts and at the Uganda boarder to the west worsens the poverty situation. The poor are also found in the major towns and market centres of the district. They include migrants from other parts of the district in search of relief food and assistance from relatives engaged in productive economic activities in towns and market centres.

Marsabit North District is one of the poorest districts in the upper Eastern Province. North Horr Constituency has 62% of the rural population living below the poverty line, and 92% comprise the urban poor. The district is also dependant on relief food, as most of its areas are arid. The situation indicates that the majority of the people are food poor owing to the fact that they depend entirely on livestock. The causes of poverty in Marsabit North District and Laisamis and sampled communities could therefore be attributed to drought, lack of livestock markets, poor infrastructure, and lack of employment opportunities, ethnic/border conflict, gender disparity, illiteracy, physical handicap, poverty, and unexploited and un‐utilized local resource such as salt and building materials. At North Horr some of the vulnerable are a community called “wata’ who mainly traditionally relied on hunting.

This study assessed ownership of basic household items. The table 3.7 shows that with the exception of a radio, table, and stool/chair and to some extent a modern bed, most households in all communities interviewed lack basic households’ items. However, due to availability of telephone network, a significant number of households own cellular phones at North Horr and Loiyangalani and to some extent, Lorengelup.

78 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 3.7: Ownership of household Items at Lorengelup, Kang’risae, Loiyangalani,

Illeret and North Horr

Lorengelup Kang’risae Kalokol Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr

Type of Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % households assets

Table 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 telephone

Radio 16 7.9 8 3.9 22 10.5 19 13.3 68 30.9 33 13.9

TV 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 3.2 0 0

Car 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.4 0 0 0 0

Tractor 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Oxcart 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Wheelbarrow 4 2 18 8.7 21 10 10 7 6 2.7 0 0

Cell phone 18 8.9 15 7.3 0 0 0 0 118 53.6 27 11.4

Sewing 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Maize meal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ox‐Plough 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Private Toilet 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.1 0 0 0 0

Music system 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 1.4 1 0.5 0 0

Table 18 89 37 18 13 6.2 18 12.6 111 50.5 22 9.3

Chair 8 3.9 2 1 2 1 21 14.7 87 39.5 3 1.3

Modern bed 14 6.9 36 17.5 14 6.7 6 4.2 35 15.9 67 28.3

Bed suit 0 0 0 0 16 7.7 1 0.7 1 0.5 0 0

Lounge 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0 0

Charcoal stove 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3.6 0 0

Refrigerator 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Page | 79 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Sources of income This study further assessed types of employment. Table 3.8 indicates that majority of member of households interviwed are not employed or at home performing domestick tasks. Informal employment is seen to occupy from 7.5% to 23.7% of members of interviwed households . Incomes received are irregular and insecure

Table 3.8: Type of Employment and Frequency of incomes

Type o`f Illeret Loiyangarani North Horr Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol employment

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

No Response 91 12.1 173 13.5 72 5.9 185 15.6 137 11.5 216 18.6

Peasantry 54 7.2 133 10.4 161 13.3 105 8.9 72 6.0 100 8.6

Student 76 10.1 262 20.4 223 18.4 255 21.6 205 17.2 304 26.1

Formal 1 .1 56 4.4 19 1.6 22 1.9 7 .6 30 2.6 employment

Informal 58 7.7 169 13.2 164 13.5 181 15.3 283 23.7 241 20.7 employment

Unemployed 113 15.1 141 11.0 51 4.2 90 7.6 78 6.5 71 6.1

Home/domestic 356 47.5 347 27.1 520 42.8 343 29.0 412 34.5 199 17.1 tasks

Pension 1 .1 1 .1 2 .2 1 .1 1 .1

Disabled 2 .2 2 .2 1 .1

Total 750 100.0 1282 100.0 1214 100.0 1183 100.0 1195 100.0 1163 100.0

Frequency of income

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

No Response 189 25.2 709 55.3 506 41.7 627 53.0 588 49.2 630 54.2

Regular and 8 1.1 37 2.9 37 3.0 16 1.4 8 .7 40 3.4 stable

Intermitted but 88 11.7 78 6.1 264 21.7 181 15.3 38 3.2 53 4.6 stable

Irregular and 465 62.0 458 35.7 407 33.5 359 30.3 561 46.9 440 37.8 insecured

80 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Total 750 100.0 1282 100.0 1214 100.0 1183 100.0 1195 100.0 1163 100.0

This study further assessed different sources of incomes for households interviewed. The main source of income for communities at Lorengelup is livestock. Incomes increases during the rainy season in April to May and November from sale of animals. Alternative sources of incomes include basket weaving, selling charcoal and fire wood and poles for building houses. At Kalokol the major economic activities are sale of fish, sale of livestock, charcoal, firewood and shop merchandise.

According to the Table 3.9 and 3.10,, households interviewed do not get much income from remittances with exception of those residing at Kalokol. Similarly, salaries did not feature as a significant source of income with exception of communities at Kalokol, Loiyangalani and Illeret. Fishing was a source of income for all communities interviewed with exception of North Horr. Basket weaving featured as significant source of incomes for the Turkana communities at Kalokol and Lorengelup and to a lesser extent at Kang’arise; Basket weaving did not feature as a source of income for almost all of the households interviewed at Illeret, North Horr and Loiyangalani. All households reported some income from sales of crop. This is mainly from resale of crops imported from other regions. However at Kang’arise subsistence farming activitie take place along the Kerio River hence income earned for sale of any extra food crops is not significant. Iincomes from sale of livestock and livestock products plays a significant role for all communities interviewed.

Table 3.9 :‐ Different Sources of Income Remitances Salaries Fishing Basket Sale of crops Sales of animal Weaving Products Lorengelup Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

None 201 99 194 95.6 174 85.7 150 73.9 192 94.6 99. 48.8 Less than 1,000 0 0 0 0 2 1 44 21.7 0 0 15 7.4 1000-3000 2 1 6 3 0 0 3 1.5 2 1 30 14,4 3,001-5,000 0 0 2 1 26 12.8 2 1 0 0 15 7.4 5,001-7,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 3 18 8.9 7,001-10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 More than 10,000 0 0 1 0.5 1 0.5 4 2 3 1.5 25 12.3 Total 203 100 203 100 203 100 203 100 203 100 203 100 Kangrisae Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 206 100 206 100 126 61.2 194 94.2 144 69.9 89 43.2 Less than 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1.5 0 0 1000-3000 0 0 0 0 3 1.5 4 1.9 18 8.7 36 17.5 3,001-5,000 0 0 0 0 73 35.4 0 0 0 0 30 14.6 5,001-7,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 35 17 0 7,001-10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More than 10,000 0 0 0 0 4 1.9 8 3.9 6 2.9 51 24.8 Total 206 100 206 100 206 100 206 100 206 100 209 100

Kalokol Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 182 87.1 175 83.7 161 77 134 64 188 90 110 52.6 Less than 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 0.5 21 10 0 0 1000-3000 27 12.9 34 16.3 38 18.2 63 30.1 0 0 87 41.6 3,001-5,000 0 0 0 0 10 4.8 11 5.3 0 0 11 5.3 5,001-7,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

81 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 7,001-10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 More than 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 209 100 209 100 209 100 209 100 209 100 209 100 Loiyangalani Fre % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 217 98.6 121 55 154 70 219 99.5 163 74.1 147 66.8 Less than 1,000 1 0.5 1 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 1000-3000 0 0 0 0 24 11.4 0 0 38 17.3 7 3.2 3,001-5,000 0 0 16 7.3 1 0.5 0 0 1 0.5 30 13.6 5,001-7,000 0 0 3 1.4 0 0 0 0 2 0.9 0 0 7,001-10,000 0 0 20 9.1 0 0 1 0.5 1 0.5 0 0 More than 10,000 2 0.9 59 26.8 40 18.2 0 0 15 6.8 35 15.9 Total 220 100 220 100 220 100 220 100 220 100 220 100 North Horr Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq None 294 98.7 216 91.1 229 96.6 237 100 221 93.2 81 34.2 Less than 1,000 1 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 4.6 1000-3000 1 0.4 9 3.8 7 3 0 0 6 2.5 37 15.6 3,001-5,000 1 0.4 3 1.3 1 0.4 0 0 2 0.8 47 19.8 5,001-7,000 0 0 1 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 3.4 7,001-10,000 0 0 1 0.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 13 5.5 More than 10,000 0 0 7 3 0 0 0 0 8 3.4 40 16.9 Total 237 100 237 100 237 100 237 100 237 10 237 100

Table 3.10 various sources of incomes for Illeret

Remittance Salaries Fishing Basket Livestock Crops Animal weaving Sales products None 139 97.2 124 86.7 72 50.3 141 98.6 120 83.9 124 86.7 99 69.2 ‘<10,000 4 2.8 18 12.6 40 28.0 2 1.4 15 10.5 17 11.9 40 28.0 11,000‐ 0 0 1 0.7 29 20.3 0 0 8 5.6 3 1.4 4 2.8 20,000 21‐ 0 0 00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 50,000 51‐000‐ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 70,000 71,000‐ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 90,000 0 Total 143 100 143 100 14 100 143 100 143 100 143 100 143 100 3

82 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. A closer look at household incomes shows that they are low. According to the table 3.11 below, annual incomes of households interviewed are generally low with majority earning K. shs 50,000 or less in a year

Table 2.11:‐ Average income per annum Ward locations Income range Frequency Percent Lorengelup Don't keep record 21 10.4 Less than 10,000 89 43.8 11,000 – 20,000 22 10.8 31,000 – 50,000 29 14.3 51,000 – 70,000 9 4.4 71,000 – 90,000 20 9.9 More than 90,000 13 6.4 Total 203 99.5 203 100

Kang’arise Don't keep record 57 27.7 Less than 10,000 46 22.3 11,000 – 20,000 42 20.4 31,000 – 50,000 24 11.7 51,000 – 70,000 9 4.4 71,000 – 90,000 7 3.4 More than 90,000 17 8.3 21,000 – 30,000 2 1 9 2 1 Total 206 100

Kalokol Don't keep record 15 7.2 Less than 10,000 62 29.8 11,000 – 20,000 55 26.4 31,000 – 50,000 32 15.4 51,000 – 70,000 17 8.2 71,000 – 90,000 10 4.8 More than 90,000 16 7.7 21,000 – 30,000 1 0.5 Total 208 100 Illeret Don't keep record 16 11.2 Less than 10,000 32 22.4 11,000 – 20,000 16 11.2 31,000 – 50,000 56 39.2 71,000 – 90,000 14 9.8 More than 90,000 9 6.3 Total 143 100

83 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

Loiyangalani Don't keep record 10 4.5 Less than 10,000 14 6.4 11,000 – 20,000 45 20.5 31,000 – 50,000 44 20 51,000 – 70,000 37 16.8 71,000 – 90,000 20 9.1 More than 90,000 44 20 21,000 – 30,000 6 2.7 Total 220 100 North Horr Don't keep record 66 27.8 Less than 10,000 36 15.2 11,000 – 20,000 17 7.2 31,000 – 50,000 60 25.3 51,000 – 70,000 16 6.8 71,000 – 90,000 11 4.6 More than 90,000 30 12.7 Total 236 99.6

Household expenditures The table below shows monthly expenditures on various items. Food takes up most of household expenditure. At Loiyangalani Over 75% of households at Illeret, Loiyanagalani, North Horr and Lorengulup do not spend any money on housing. This is not a surprise as most houses are built with local materials. All households interviewed spend K. shs 3,001 to 5,000. Kalokol being a trading centre, a significant number houses may be rented. Majority of community members spend between K. shs 1,000 to 3,000 per month on medical treatment. It was noted that at Illeret 82.5% do not spend much on health. Health facilities at Illeret facility are inadquate.

Table: 3.12: Types of expenditures

Food Education Clothes Housing Medical Treamant Illeret Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 3 2.1 118 82.2 8 5.6 130 90.9 118 82.5 Less than 1,000 10 7.0 6 4.2 13 9.1 2 1.4 6 4.2 1,000-3,000 28 19.6 1 .7 28 19.6 7 4.9 3,001-5,000 35 24.5 43 30.1 2 1.4 1 .7 5,001-7,000 3 2.1 18 12.6 22 15.4 0 0 18 12.6 7,001-10,000 30 21.0 1 .7 0 0 0 0 More than 10,000 34 23.8 1 .3 28 19.6 2 1.4 0 Total 143 100.0 143 100.0 143 100.0 143 100.0 143 100.0 Loiyanagalani Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 11 5.0 92 41.8 47 21.4 167 75.9 15 7.8 Less than 1,000 48 21.8 55 25.0 82 37.3 31 14.1 133 60.5 1,000-3,000 97 44.1 49 22.3 78 35.5 10 4.5 60 27.3 84 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3,001-5,000 26 11.8 9 4.1 7 3.2 12 5.5 0 0 5,001-7,000 1 .5 12 5.5 1 .5 0 0 1 .5 7,001-10,000 11 5.0 1 .5 2 .9 0 0 1 .5 More than 10,000 26 11.8 2 .9 3 1.4 0 0 10 4.5 Total 220 100.0 220 100.0 220 100.0 220 100.0 220 100.0 North Horr Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 12 5.1 172 72.5 38 16 197 83.1 32 13.9 Less than 1,000 20 8.4 45 19.0 47 19.8 20 8.4 132 55.7 1,000-3,000 80 33.8 1 .4 83 35.0 15 6.3 54 22.8 3,001-5,000 60 25.3 10 4.2 27 11.4 1 .4 11 4.6 5,001-7,000 10 4.2 4 1.7 14 5.9 0 0 0 0 7,001-10,000 29 12.2 5 2.1 12 5.1 1 .4 7 3.0 More than 10,000 26 11.0 0 0 16 6.8 3 1.3 0 0 Total 237 100.0 237 100.0 237 100.0 237 100.0 237 100.0 Lorengelup Fre % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 2 1.0 170 83.7 78 38.4 151 74.4 15 7.4 Less than 1,000 38 18.7 21 10.3 22 10.8 15 7.4 110 54.2 1,000-3,000 64 31.5 2 1.0 34 16.7 0 0 43 21.2 3,001-5,000 49 24.1 0 0 20 9.9 0 0 8 3.9 5,001-7,000 6 3.0 7 3.4 10 4.9 25 12.3 0 0 7,001-10,000 32 15.8 0 0 4 2.0 0 0 1 .5 More than 10,000 12 5.9 3 1.5 35 17.2 12 5.9 26 12.8 Total 203 100.0 203 100.0 203 100.0 203 100.0 203 100.0 Kangirisae Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 120 58.3 172 83.5 74 35.9 106 51.5 8 3.9 Less than 1,000 6 2.9 15 7.3 19 9.2 15 7.3 64 31.1 1,000-3,000 8 3.9 0 0 46 22.3 0 0 35 17.0 3,001-5,000 47 22.8 0 0 0 0 9 4.4 0 0 5,001-7,000 3 1.5 19 9.2 0 0 76 36.9 0 0 7,001-10,000 22 10.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More than 10,000 0 0 0 0 67 32.5 0 0 99 48.1 Total 206 100.0 206 100.0 206 100.0 206 100.0 206 100.0 Kalokol Fre % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 1 .5 147 70.3 164 78.5 0 0 21 10.0 Less than 1,000 109 52.2 62 29.7 24 11.5 0 0 167 79.9 1,000-3,000 72 34.4 0 0 21 10.0 0 0 10 4.8 3,001-5,000 27 12.9 0 0 0 0 185 88.5 11 5.3 5,001-7,000 0 0 0 0 24 11.5 0 0 7,001-10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 More than 10,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 209 100.0 209 100.0 209 100.0 209 100.0 209 100.0

85 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3.6.3 SOCIAL SERVICES AND PUBLIC INFRASTRUCTURE

Social services Generally, socio servicies are scarce for communities interviewed on the western side of the Lake. With Exception of Lodwar town social services are scarce in Kalokol, Lorengelup and Kang’arise. Similary, Kalokol has relatively more socio services compared to Lorengelup and Kangirisael as depicted on table 3.13. The eastern side of Lake Turkana is very remote, desert environment with scarce socio services concentrated on few settlement located close water sources. Illeret is least endowed with socio services. Loiyangalani and North Horr have relatively more socio services concentrated around the peri‐urban centres. Banking services are not available and the communities depend of Marsabit.

Table 3.13 Availability of social services

Lorengelup Kalokol North Illeret Elmolo Loiyangalani Horr bay

Banks 0 0 0 0 0 0

Post Office 0 1 0 0 0 1

Milling machine 0 4 2 1 0 0

Cooperative societies ‐ 0 1 0 1

Pharmacies 2 3 0 0 0 2

Hotels 0 3 ? ? ? ?

Tourist camp 0 ? ? ? ? ?

Bookshop 0 0 0 0 0

Pharmacies 2 5 0 0 0 2

Mosque 0 1 4 1 0 1

Church 6 20 6 3 1 7

Open market 1 1 0 0 0

Primary schools 4 9 4 2 1 3

Secondary schools 0 1 1 0 0 1

Dispensary/health 1 1 1 1 0 1 centre

Page | 86

Physical Infrastructure One of the greatest challenges to development is the ability to provide and maintain an efficient physical infrastructure. This is a key challenge which all districts in the study area t are trying to address in their districts development plans. As such, the current state of all infrastructures in all the district and communities visited acts as a major constraint to improved production and employment and has contributed greatly to rising levels of poverty. The entire study area has poor and inadequate infrastructural facilities e.g. road network, housing, water and energy supply. This has adversely affected the economic gains from other sectors.

Roads The poor state of the roads coupled with harsh terrain makes significantly raises cost of tranpsort. Most of the rural areas are not served by reliable means of transport and the locals are forced to trek long distances. Camels and donkeys are used for transporting goods.The roads network is generally poorly developed.

The national road that connects Lodwar with Kitale was once tarmacked. Part of it proximal to Lodwar has completely been worn out and not re tamarced over the years. The village’s roads are in poor condition, and deep sand makes them impassable. During the rainy season the roads are impassable and one has to wait until the floods subside. This makes accessibility to the district and transportation of goods very expensive. Only major shopping centres have well linked roads with the district headquarter. Over the years, harsh terrain and high costs of maintenance have resulted to the bad state of roads.

Kalokol is accessible by tarmac. Relative to other locations along the lake, Kalokol has more means of transport. Data obtained form Location Chief indicates that about 20 vehicles, 20 Motorbikes and over 200 bicycles are found at Kalokol. The means of transport for the general public at Kalokol are Nissan minibuses. On the contrary, accessibility to Lorengelup and Kang’arise is more challenging as one had to drive through deep layers of sand which is further hampered by lack of defined road network. Community members trek long distances. Only land rovers and Land crusers can access the area. At Lorengelup, there is one vehicle, 13 bicycles, and one motor bike. The vehicles are unreliable. Generally the road condition is very bad at both Laisamis and Marsabit North Districts. There are no tarmac roads in the study area. The road between Isiolo and Laisamis is being upgraded to a tarmac road. The stretch between Laisamis and Marsabit is dusty, very rough with loose murram.

The road from Marsabit, North Horr to Illeret through the Chalbi desert is very rough and one has drive on a stony road that alternates to bare sandy desert soil for most of the route. For instance, between Marsabit and North Horr via Maikona, one has to identify the road by following recent vehicle tracks. The ragged terrain between Loiyangalani and South Horr is served by dry weather surface road that is very stony and in poor condition. Communities at Elmoro Bay lack means of transport and normally walk long distance to access socio services at Loiyangalani.. The transporters interviewed claimed that the main means of public transport used are Lorries, whose availability is not reliable. These Lorries often ferry livestock and passengers hang on top of the rails. They confirmed that the road is passable during the dry season but rough with loose surface leading to regular and high vehicle maintenance costs. These roads are prone to seasonal floods making the impassable when it rains. 87 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. According to data from location Chiefs, major challenges facing community members are at Loiyangalani is unreliable means of transport comprising of 5 vehicles, few bicycles a two motor cycles. People often walk for long distances. Public means of transport are Lorries. Insecurity from frequent attacks by armed bandits is common.

Similarly at Illeret people have to walk long distances. One vehicle, two bicycles and one motorcycle were reported at Illeret. Community members normally beg for rides from mission vehicles, government vehicles, General Service Unit vehicles or Red Cross Relief vehicles. Other means of transport is by boats along and across the lake.

Similarly at North Horr the most common means of transport is by walking for a long distances. A few people own vehicles. Lories are commonly used but not readily available. At North Horr, bicycles are not used because the road is sandy. Motor cycles mainly belong to government extension officers

The cost of Transportation is high as evidenced in the Table 3.14 below.

Table : 3.14 Cost of Transport Source Destination Costs in K.shs

Load (100 kg bag)

Nairobi Marsabit 400 – 440

Marsabit North Horr 400

Nairobi North Horr 700

Nyahururu Loyaingalani 300

Marsabit Illeret 1600

Laisamis Marsabit 200??

Isiolo Laisamis 450

Kitale Kalokol 400

Bus fare per person

Nairobi Marsabit 1,000-1500

Marsabit North Horr 500

Nairobi North Horr 2,000

Loiyangalani Maralal 800

Marsabit Illeret 1000

Laisamis Marsabit 100??

Isiolo Laisamis 300

Kalokol Lodwar 200

88 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Means of Communication Loiyangalani has an air strip, cell‐phone network, Loiyangalani has post office and one can access safari cell phone network. On the contrally, with exception of radio net work there is no, telephone, television network at Illeret. At North Horr safari network cell phones network is available.

There is very limited telephone network reachable at Lodwar, seldom in the villages. Most divisional headquarters rely on radio call messages. With exception of Lodwar and to some extent, outskirts of Lorengelup as one pparoches Lodwar, there was no telephone and Television network at Kalokol and Kangirisae. However, radio is acceisble in most places. A post office is found at Lodwar and an extension of it at Kalokol. This has made several offices to be located within the Lodwar town far from their areas of jurisdiction.

Sources of Energy The main sources of energy for rural areas is fuel wood. There is lack of electricity supply in the whole Turkana central district with the exception of Lodwar where diesel driven generators supply a few commercial buildings and business. Most of the businesses operate private generators. There is also low utilization of other sources of energy like solar and wind due to low incomes of the people. At Kalokol, a few people have solar energy. At Lorengelup, the main source of energy is fuel wood. Sources of energy for lighting for interviewed households are kerosene, Solar, batteries, candle, firewood, candles, and grass as indicated by Table 3.15. 72.7% of households in Kalokol use firewood to light up thier houses at night while 19.6% use torch batteries as a source of light for houses. Few people use kerosene, solar, or dry grass to light their houses. At Kang’arise 89.3 % use firewood to light their houses at night while others use candle, batteries, kerosene. At Lorengelup 51.2% use firewood while 25.1 % use batteries and 15.8 5 use grass to light their houses. At North Horr, 84.8 % use batteries to light house at night. Others use kerosene and firewood. At Illeret 63.6% use firewood to light their houses while 26.6% use batteries. At Loiyangalani 39.1 % use Kerosene to light thier houses while 38.6% use batteries and 15.9% use firewood.

At Lorengelup, 64% do not incur cost of lighting their houses. Another 21.2% spend less that K.sh 100 per month while 10.8% spend 100‐200. As one moves further down the lake to Kang’arise, 90% do not incur cost of lighting their houses while 4.4% spend less than a K.sh 100 and another 3.9% spend K.sh 100‐200 per month. Similarly at Kalokol 80.9 % do not incur cost of lighting their houses, 7.2% less than K.sh 100 while 10.5% spends K.shs.100 to 200.

13% of communities at Illeret do not incur cost of lighting their houses while 36.4 % use less than a K.shs 100 and 29.4.% use K.shs 100 to 200 to light their house. The rest use more than K.shs 300 per month to light their houses. 39.7% household walk daily to collect firewood while 25.4 % once week. 24.4% of households claimed that they fetch firewood every two days or twice a week. At Loiyangalani 18.6% claimed that they do not incur cost of lighting their houses, implying that they use firewood to light their houses at night. 17.7% spend less than K.shs 100 while 55.5% spend K.shs 100 to 200 per month to light their houses. At North Horr 35.5% spends less than K.shs 100 per month on firewood. While 59.9% spend 100 kshs to 300 K.shs per month to light their houses.

89 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table3.15:‐ Sources of Lighting Energy and cooking energy

Illeret Loiyangala North Lorengelup Kang’arise Kalokol ni Horr

Ward Freq % Freq % Fre % Freq % Freq % Freq % locations q

Lighting Don’t use 2 1.4 11 5.0 2 0.8 3 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 lighting energy

Kerosene 9 6.3 86 39.1 14 5.9 13 6.4 3 1.5 2 1.0

Solar 2 1.4 3 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1.4

Batteries 38 26.6 85 38.6 201 84.8 51 25.1 8 3.9 41 19.6

Candle 1 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 4.9 0 0

Firewood 91 63.6 35 15.9 20 8.4 104 51.2 184 89.3 152 72.7

Grass 0 0 0 0 0 0 32 15.8 0 0 11 5.3

Total 206 100 220 100 237 100 203 100 206 100 209 100

Cooking No 3 2.1 0 0 7 3.0 4 2.0 0 0 0 0 response

Firewood 136 95.1 214 97.3 221 93.2 193 95.1 206 100 204 97.6

Charcoal 4 2.8 6 2.7 9 3.8 6 3.0 0 0 5 2.4

Total 143 100 220 100 237 100 203 100 206 100 206 199

Loiyangalani is not connected with electricity but electricity is generated through diesel powered generator in schools, tourist facilities. One notable thing about Loiyangalani are strong winds experienced at night which calm down by midday. These winds have a strong potential to generate wind power. Lake Turkana wind power project has been initiated to convert these winds into energy. The project will be the biggest project involving exploitation of wind resources for generation of electricity power in Kenya and the whole of Africa.. Phase one involves installation of 40 Turbines and full connection to the Kenyan grid takes place in 2009/2010. Phase two will involves installation of additional 30 turbines and will be in operation in 2010/2011. Phase three will involve installation of additional turbines 30 turbines. In the entire project is considering installing a total of 300 turbines of 1 MW each thus generating a total of 300 MW. The aim is of the project is construct a power plant (east and southern tip of Lake Turkana in order to generate electricity from wind

90 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. powered turbines and feed into the national grid. The project involves mainly developing a wind park which consists of a hundred turbines each with capacity of 3 MW. The total power that the project expects will generate amounts to 300 MW. This power output will add 30% to the existing capacity that is currently available in Kenya. (Lake Turkana wind power Project, may 2008.

The main source of energy for cooking at Kalokol is firewood for 97.6 % of households Interviewed. 2.4 % stated that they use charcoal for cooking. Similarly, 95.5. % of households at Lorengelup use fire wood for cooking while 100% at Kang’arise cook with firewood. Over 90% use firewood to cook in North Horr, Illeret and Loiyangalani.

89.7% of households interviewed at Lorengelup do not incur any cost of cooking energy while 4.4% spend less than K.sh 100 and 5.4% spend K.sh 100 to 200. At Kang’arise none of household interviewed incurred costs of cooking energy because they fetch the firewood themselves. Similarly, at Kalokol 97.6% of households did not incur cost cooking energy. Although majority of households interviewed claimed that they do not incur any cost fetching firewood, shortage of fuel wood is an additional burden to women and cost them time.

Table 3.16 indicates that 21% of households at Illeret do not incur cooking expense, while 66.4.% use less than K.shs 100 while the rest use more than K.shs 100 per month. At Loiyangalani 25% of community members do not incur cost of cooking energy while 13.2% incur less than K.shs 100 per month. 60.4% spend 100 to 300 per month on cooking energy.. At North 73.4 % do not incur cost of cooking energy while 17.7 incur less than K.shs 100 Per month. Although majority claimed that they do not incur any cost of cooking energy, shortage of fuel wood is an additional burden to women and cost them in terms of time.

Problems encountered with current sources of energy at include shortage of firewood because of high rates of deforestation in an already arid land. These forces women to walk for long distance in search of firewood .Others include inability to afford. Others snake bites when people go to look for firewood.

91 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 3.16:‐ Costs incurred for cooking energies Locations Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Illeret None 30 21.0 21.0 Less than 100 95 66.4 87.4 100-200 7 4.9 92.3 201-300 2 1.4 93.7 301-400 1 .7 94.4 401-500 8 5.6 100.0 Total 143 100.0 Loiyangalani None 55 25.0 25.0 Less than 100 29 13.2 38.2 100-200 94 42.7 80.9 201-300 39 17.7 98.6 301-400 2 .9 99.5 401-500 1 .5 100.0 Total 220 100.0 North Horr None 174 73.4 73.4 Less than 100 42 17.7 91.1 100-200 20 8.4 99.6 301-400 1 .4 100.0 Total 237 100.0 Lorengelup None 182 89.7 89.7 Less than 100 9 4.4 94.1 100-200 11 5.4 99.5 301-400 1 .5 100.0 Total 203 100.0 Kang’arise None 206 100.0 100.0 Kalokol None 204 97.6 97.6 100-200 2 1.0 98.6 201-300 3 1.4 100.0 Total 209 100.0

Problems encountered with current sources of energy include shortage of firewood because of high rates of deforestation in an already arid land. This forces women to walk for long distances in search of firewood. Others include inability to afford. Others snake bites when searching for firewood.Coping mechanism to deal with sources of energy includes planting more tree, other prefer to live closer to national parks to ensure availability of fire wood.

Housing:- Majority of houses of communities around the lake reflects traditions of the communities. Most settlements are clustered together around water sources and close to meagre socio services that are available. The numbers of houses found in atypical homestead are shown in Table 3.17.

Table 3.17:‐ Number of houses per homestead

Kalokol Lorengelup Kang’arise Loiyangalani North Illeret Horr

92 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. One house Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % No response 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.7 One house 59 28.2 19 9.4 13 6.3 111 50.5 214 90 122 85.3 Two houses 114 54.5 114 56.2 100 48.5 78 35.5 19 8.0 15 10.5 Three 31 14.8 61 30 92 44.7 25 11.4 3 1.3 1 0.7 houses Four house 4 0.5 6 3 0 0 5 2.3 1 4 3 2.1 Five and 1 0.5 3 1.5 1 0.5 1 0.5 0 0 1 0.7 above Total 209 203 206 220 237 100 143 100

At Kalokol, Kang’arise and Lorengelup, it is common to find a household with more that one house. At Kalokol, Lorengelup, Kang’arise 35.4%, 45.3%, 69.4% of household’s heads respectively live within the homestead.

At Lorengelup, about 50.7 % used the main house for sleeping while 48.8% for multipurpose. 86.2% claimed that the main house had one room while 11.8% claimed that the house had two to three rooms. At Kang’arise, 80.1 % used the main house for multipurpose uses while 19.9 % for sleeping. The main house had one room for 93.7 % of households interviewed while 6.3% had two to three rooms. At Kalokol 42.1 % used main house for multipurpose while 56.5% used it for sleeping. The main house had one room for 81.3% while 14.4 % main houses had two to three rooms. For Kang’arise, and Lorengelup, and Kalokol over 98% of household lived within the homestead while most did not have alternative homes. Over 97% of households were not rented for any business. Among the Gabbras of North Horr and Daassanach of Illeret., majority own one house. At Loiyangalani t a mixture of tribes found include Turkana, Samburu and Renddile and Elmoro. Majority own one house. However, 46.9% own two to three houses. With regards to use of the main house, 88.1% of households interviewed at Illeret stated that the main purpose of the main house is sleeping while 11.2% claimed multipurpose uses such i.e. Kitchen and sleeping. The main house had one room for 85.3% of households and 2 rooms for 10.5% of households. At North Horr, 72.2% interviewed households used the main house for sleeping while 22.8 % had multipurpose uses. 67.5% houses had one room while 32.5% had two to three rooms. For Loiyangalani, 66.8% of households used main house for multipurpose while 22.8% used it for sleeping. 65% claimed that the house had one room. For Illeret, Loiyangalani and North Horr, the heads of households lived within the household for 91.3% to 97.7% of households interviewed. Similarly 85.3 % at Illeret had no alternatives home while at North Horr and Loiyangalani about 97% household heads had no alternative homes. The remaining claimed that they had alternative home within the village or an alternative village or districts.

Fig 3.4 a and Fig 3.4 b shows the duration households in their current homestead. At Illeret, Loiyangalani, North Horr 49%, 40.5% and 56.1% respectively have lived in their current homestead for less than 10 years

93 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Fig 3.4a Duration of stay in current homestead

Duration of household at current homestead at Illeret, Loiyangalani, North Horr

56 60 49 50 40 39 40 35 % of 29 30 households 15 20 12 5 8 6 10 3 0 <1010-21->30 <1010-21->30 <1010-21->30

Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr years of stay

Majority of households have lived in current homestead for 21 year or less. This can also be explained by nature of pastoralist lifestyle or people moving into the village to fish.

Table 3.4 b Duaration of stay on current homested

Duaration of stay of households at cuurent heomstead for Lorengelup, Kangirisae and Kalokol

69 70 60 45 50 35 35 40 31 28 % Households 27 30 20 10 8 10 10 0 0 0 10- 21- 10- 21- 10- 21- <10 >30 <10 >30 <10 >30 Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol duaration of stay

Figure 3. 5:‐ Typical houses in Turkana settlements at Kerio Location

94 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

A typical Turkana house at Kang’arise, Kalokol and Lorengelup is made of mud floor. The table3.18 explains about materials used to make walls of houses. At Kalokol, 75% houses had walls made of reeds/sticks while 14.8% had sticks /poles and mud and 2.4 % had concrete plastered walls. At Kang’arise 91.7% houses were made of stick/reeds walls and 6.8 % were made of stick/poles and mud. Lorengelup 81.8 % of reeds/sticks and 10.8% of sticks/poles and mud walls while 2.5% were made of palm leaves.

Table 3.18:‐ Wall materials for main houses for communities on western side of the Lake Lorengelup Kang’arise Kalokol Ward Freq % Freq % Freq % locations Mud blocks 22 10.8 14 6.8 31 14.8 Mud blocks with plaster 6 3.0 3 1.5 11 5.3 Burnt bricks 0 0 0 0 158 75.6 Reeds/sticks 166 81.8 189 91.7 0 0 Plastic 0 0 0 0 0 0 Corrugated iron sheets 0 0 0 0 0 0 Wood 4 2.0 0 0 3 1.4 Animal skin \cloth materials and 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 poles Concrete blocks 0 0 0 0 5 2.4 Palm leaves 5 2.5 0 0 0 0 Total 203 206 209

The table below explain about the roofing materials. At Kang’arise 99% use thatch to roof their houses while at Lorengelup 82.3% use thatch and plastic (9.4%). Kalokol which has a peri‐urban setting had 76.1% of households using thatch and 7.2% corrugated iron sheets.

95 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table3.194:‐ Roofing materials of the main house for communities on the western side of the Lake Lorengelup Kang’arise Kalokol Ward Type of roofing material Freq % Freq % Freq 1% locations No roof 3 1.5 1 0.5 3 1.4 Thatch 167 82.3 204 99 159 76. 1 Corrugated iron sheets 3 1.5 1 0.5 15 7.2 Corrugated iron sheets, thatch and 11 5.4 0 0 25 12. plastic 0 Plastic 19 9.4 0 0 6 2.9 Animal skin 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 Sisal 9 0 0 0 0 0 Sticks, clothes and Boxes 0 0 0 0 0 Palm leaves 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 203 206 209

Fig 3.5: A typical Gabbra House at North Horr

96 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

A typical Gabbra house at North Horr is doom shaped and made of mud floor with walls made of sticks/poles and covered by pieces of cloth. 52.3% of household’s walls are made of stick/pole with animal skin/cloth material. However, 19.4 of houses had wood material while 2.4 had iron sheets and 5.9 stick/poles/mud wall. 4.6 % had walls of stick/poles and plastic materials.

At Illeret, a typical Dassanach house is doom shape and made of mud floor. 11.9 % had walls made of curved iron sheets while 11.9 % used plastic material. 16.8 % had animal skin walls while 42% had reed/stick/poles.. Loiyangalani with its mixed Samburus, Turkana and Rendille and El molo tribes, 32.3 % had houses made of reed/sticks/poles while 29.1 % had sticks/poles and palm leaves. 15.15% had walls of poles/sticks plus mud. Negligible proportions of houses were made of animal skin/cloth, plastered mud wall or corrugated iron sheets. At El molo villages of Leyani, 100% of walls of houses are made of palm leaves. At Leyani village of Elmoro bay, 91.7% of walls are palm while 5.6% Iron sheets.

Table3.20:‐ Walls materials of main owned houses for communities on Eastern side of the Lake

Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr Ward freq % Freq % locations Freq % No response 1 0.7 Illeret Mud blocks 20 14 34 15.5 14 5.9 Mud blocks with plaster 2 1.4 8 3.6 3 1.3 Burnt bricks 1 .7 0 0 0 0 Reeds/sticks 60 42.0 71 32.3 33 13.9 Plastic 17 11.9 2 11 4.6 Corrugated iron sheets 17 11.9 1 0.5 6 2.5 Wood 1 .7 14 6.4 46 19.4 Animal skin \cloth materials 18 8.2 124 52.3 24 16.8 and poles Concrete blocks 0 0 8 3.6 0 0 Palm leaves 0 0 64 29.1 0 0

Total 206 220 237

97 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 3.21‐ Roofing Materials for the main House at Illeret, Loiyangalani and North Horr

Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr Type of roofing Freq % Freq % Ward locations material Freq % No response 1 0.7 0 0 0 0 Illeret No roof 6 4.9 1 0.5 7 3.0 Thatch 58 40.6 29 13.2 95 40.1 Corrugated 22 10 9 3.8 27 18.9 iron sheets Corrugated 1 0.5 3 1.3 iron sheets, 5 3.5 thatch and plastic Plastic 22 15.4 1 5 10 4.2 Animal skin 1 o.7 43 19.5 69 29.1 Sisal 0 0 1 0.5 44 18.6 Sticks, clothes 23 10.5 0 0 22 15.4 and Boxes Palm leaves 0 0 99 45 0 0 Total

At Illeret, thatch roof (58%) is most common followed by corrugated sheet(18.9%) and corrugated plastic(15.4%) and animal skins. The corrugated iron sheets are used on the traditional doom house. Som iron sheets are further curved to cover the walls. .At North Horr, roofing materials are mainly animal skin and sisal. At Loiyangalani all kinds of material are used namely thatch, animal skin, sticks clothes and boxes. At Loiyangalani 10% had Iron sheets roofing.

3.7 HEALTH

3.7.1 Public Health The nomadic pastoralist way of life has led to little demand for sanitation facilities like latrines hence latrine coverage is estimated to be low. There is low hygiene and sanitation awareness, low priority and poor perception on hygiene issues. Households interviewed dispose their liquid waste by tossing it out of the house.

The Table 3.22 shows places where family members defecate. 79.9% of households interviewed at Kalokol defecate in the bush, while 20.1% own pit latrines. In Lorengelup, 70% defecate in the bushes and 30% own pit latrines. 96.1% at Kang’arise defecate in the bushes while 3.6% in shared pit latrines. At Illeret, 71,3 % defecate in bushes while 28.7% in own pit latrines. At Loiyangalani, 36.8% defecate in bushes while 55% in own pit latrines and 8.2% defecate in by the river bed. At North Horr, 60.3% defecate in bushes while 37.1% deface in own pit latrine

98 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 3.22:‐ Places where family members defecate Lorengelup Kang’ariseKalokol Illeret LoiyangalaniNorth Horr

Freq % Freq % Freq% Freq% Freq % Freq

No response 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 1.7

In own toilets 61 30 0 0 42 20.141 28.7121 55 88 37.1

SharedPit Latrine0 0 8 3.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.8

Bushes 142 70 198 96.1 167 79.9102 71.381 36.8 143 60.3

In River bed 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 18 8.2 0 0

Total 203 100 206 100 209 100 143 100 220 100 237 100

At Loiyangalani location there is a one is private catholic mission and a public health centre. Complicated cases are referred to hospitals in Marsabit, Nairobi and Maralal. At Loiyangalani there are 20 traditional birth attendants. The main community health initiatives include household sanitation. There are four community health workers at El molo Bay and two traditional birth attendants

At Illeret, Illeret, there are 10 traditional birth attendants. The local dispensary has one health officer. Medicines are inadequate. Main public health activities include vaccination for children and mothers of child bearing age. At North Horr there is a dispensary with nine medical staff. There are many trading birth attendants.

At Kalokol 87.6 % stated that they boil drinking water. This is a credit to public health education. Despite this, frequent outbreak of cholera is reported. At Lorengelup 70.4 % boil water while 77.7% boil water at Kang’irisae. The main reasons for boiling water included killing harmful bacteria to reduce communicable diseases. The table: 3.23 shows reported reasons for boiling water. A reasonable number household’s interviwed at Kang’arise, Kalokol and Lorengelup understand the reason for boiling water. This can be associated with recent outbreaks of cholera and scaling up of public health education. At Illeret, 26.6% boil water. At Loiyangalani, 53.6% also boil water. Only 21.5% at North Horr boil water. Most community members at Illeret do not boil drinking water.

99 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

Table3.23:‐ Reasons for boilin water and places of treatment

Lorengelup Kang’arise Kalokol Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr Freq % Freq % Fre % Fre % Freq % Fre % q q q No 0 0 0 0 0 0 12 8.4 29 13.2 0 0 response Killing of 92 45. 160 77. 86 41. 28 26. 83 37.7 6 2.5 Reasons bacteria 3 7 1 5 for To reduce 20 9.9 0 0 11 5.3 3 2.1 22 10 26 11 boiling salt in water water To control 31 15. 0 0 101 48. 0 0 26 11.8 17 7.2 communica 3 3 ble diseases Don’t boil 60 29. 46 22. 11 5.3 90 62. 60 27.3 188 79. water 6 3 9 3 Total 203 100 206 100 209 100 143 100 220 100 237 100

No 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 2.1 0 0 2 0.8 Source response of Health 44 21. 0 0 49 23. 34 23. 29 13.2 147 62 treatme centre 7 4 8 nt for Dispensarie 152 74. 149 72. 46 22 103 72 189 85.9 66 27. treated s 9 3 8 when Hospitals 1 0.5 15 7.3 104 49. 2 1.4 0 0 14 5.9 they fall 8 sick Use 6 3 11 5.3 10 4.8 1 0.7 29 13.2 8 3.4 traditional medicines Total 203 100 209 100 143 100 189 85.9 237 100

Table 3.24 indicates diseases which members of interviewed households have suffered in the last six months. The diseases mentioned by many households include malaria, cough, diarrhoea, typhoid, eye infections and worm infestation. Cholera outbreaks have recently been reported at Kalokol as reported by a significant number of people in Kalokol, Kang’arise. The least reported diseases are HIV/AIDS. This cab is associated with stigma or lack of knowledge. A significant number of community members have heard about HIV/AIDS but many did not know about the signs of the disease. Nutrition related diseases include anaemia, kwashiorkor and marasmus and can be associated with current drought which has resulted in food shortages.

100 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

Table 3.24:‐ Diseases which members of household had suffered over the last six months Lorengelup Kang’arise Kalokol Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

Diarrhoea 84 41.4 50 24.3 98 46.9 62 43.4 57 25.9 6 2.5

Tuberculosis 24 11.8 10 4.9 0 0 12 8.4 20 9.1 5 2.1

Cough 73 36 46 22.3 151 72.2 90 62.9 142 64.5 63 26.6

Marasmus 8 3.9 0 0 71 34 13 9.1 3 1.4 7 3

Cholera 48 23.6 95 46.1 77 36.8 23 16.1 2 0.9 5 2.1

Skin Lashes 30 14.8 27 13.1 0 0 36 25.2 29 13.2 13 5.5

Typhoid 24 11.8 87 42.2 50 23.9 57 39.9 0 O 13 5.5

HIV/AIDS 2 1 0 0 0 0 4 2.8 1 0.5 0 0

Eye Infection 128 63.1 146 70.9 151 72.1 81 56.6 65 29.5 35 14.8

Kwashiorkor 13 6.4 5 2.4 50 23.9 24 16.8 1 0.5 4 1.7

Malaria 175 86.2 167 81.1 102 48.8 94 65.7 102 46.4 89 37.6

Worm 22 10.8 0 0 50 23.9 40 28 1 0.5 8 3.4

Respiratory 6 3 0 0 1 0.5 21 14.7 0 0 1 0.4

Pneumonia 26.6 5 2.4 61 29.2 43 30.1 18 8.2 1 4

Anaemia 52 25.6 103 50 50 23.9 42 22.4 8 3.6 10 4.2

Urinary Tract 9 4.4 7 3.4 0 0 19 13.3 0 0 1 0.4 Infection

Table3.25:‐ Distances to health centres Ward locations Frequency Percent Cumulative Percent Illeret No response 17 11.9 11.9 Less than O.5 hour 37 25.9 37.8 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 3 2.1 39.9 2 ‐ 3 hours 5 3.5 43.4 1‐2 km 2 1.4 44.8 Above 5 km 47 32.9 77.6 N/A 32 22.4 100.0 Total 143 100.0 Loiyangalani No response 5 2.3 2.3 Less than O.5 hour 93 42.3 44.5 101 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 29 13.2 57.7 2 ‐ 3 hours 6 2.7 60.5 Above 3 hours 1 .5 60.9 Less than 1 km 1 .5 61.4 1‐2 km 18 8.2 69.5 2‐3 km 1 .5 70.0 3‐5 km 22 10.0 80.0 Above 5 km 7 3.2 83.2 N/A 37 16.8 100.0 Total 220 100.0 North Horr No response 22 9.3 9.3 Less than O.5 hour 6 2.5 11.8 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 25 10.5 22.4 Above 3 hours 14 5.9 28.3 Less than 1 km 12 5.1 33.3 1‐2 km 53 22.4 55.7 3‐5 km 20 8.4 64.1 Above 5 km 55 23.2 87.3 N/A 30 12.7 100.0 Total 237 100.0 Lorengelup No response 6 3.0 3.0 Less than O.5 hour 43 21.2 24.1 2 ‐ 3 hours 16 7.9 32.0 Above 3 hours 27 13.3 45.3 Less than 1 km 28 13.8 59.1 1‐2 km 23 11.3 70.4 2‐3 km 10 4.9 75.4 3‐5 km 13 6.4 81.8 Above 5 km 35 17.2 99.0 N/A 2 1.0 100.0 Total 203 100.0 Kangirisae No response 8 3.9 3.9 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 3 1.5 5.3 1‐2 km 14 6.8 12.1 2‐3 km 22 10.7 22.8 3‐5 km 11 5.3 28.2 Above 5 km 142 68.9 97.1 N/A 6 2.9 100.0 Total 206 100.0 Kalokol No response 18 8.7 8.7 Less than O.5 hour 9 4.3 13.0 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 3 1.4 14.4 Less than 1 km 25 12.0 26.4 1‐2 km 11 5.3 31.7 2‐3 km 77 37.0 68.8 3‐5 km 26 12.5 81.3 Above 5 km 27 13.0 94.2 N/A 12 5.8 100.0 Total 208 100.0 102 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

Medical Services Every district is served with a district hospital. The health care services are skewed to the urban areas with only poorly equipped and manned dispensaries operating in the rural areas. The major services provided by the medical services and public health sub sectors in the district are preventive and curative health services.

3.7 Water Larger Turkana district receives an average rainfall of 120‐500mm per annum.which is erratic and poorly distributed. The district water needs are mostly met from ground sources such as boreholes, shallow wells and water pans. Laisamis and Marsabit North Districts face similar problems. The district being Arid Semi Land areas has been faced with challenges of water scarcity and continued environmental degradation due to over reliance of the community on wood fuel as a source of energy. The major sources of water found in the district are sub surface water resources such as springs, dams and shallow wells for domestic and livestock development as shown in Table … below. Table3.26:‐ Sources of Water for Marsabit North and Laisamis District Chalbi Laisamis district Household with access to piped water 200 459

Households with access to potable water 100 150

Number of permanent rivers None None No of shallow wells 100 3000 No of Protected springs 1 11 No of unprotected springs 1 11 No of dams 4 Nil No of pans 7 Nil No of Boreholes 7 20 Households with roof catchment systems 45 10

Average distance to nearest water point (km) 30 20 No. of Water User Associations (WUAs) Poor Poor No. of Water User Associations (WUAs) Water quality Source 27:‐ Laisamis and Marsabit North district development Plan

Information from location chiefs indicates that, the main source of water at Lorengelup is traditional wells. Also there are some seasonal rivers. The water is saline. According to the village government the average distance to water sources is 8 kilometres At Kalokol, the main sources of water are traditional wells and tap water. According to Kalokol location Chief, the average distance to water source is 5 km. According to Figure 3.6a extracted from households’ survey data, 56% of households at Kalokol obtain water from traditional wells, and 32.5% obtain water from communal pump onsite while 1% obtains water from communal pump offsite. 10.5% fetch water from the Lake. At Lorengelup 77.8 % obtains water from traditional wells while 4.5% from community pump off site. The main source of water for 83.5%inhabitant of Kang’arise is traditional wells 16.5% fetch water from community pumps on/offsite from their households. 103 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. The main source of water for communities living at Elmoro bay is Lake Turkana. The water is salty. Since El Molo Bay community is located at the shores of the lake, the average distance for majority to water source is 60 m. Major sources of water for communities at Illeret are traditional well and Lake Turkana. The water has a salty taste. The main source of water for domestic consumption and livestock at Loiyangalani is tap water system from Loiyangalani springs. Other sources include traditional wells, boreholes, waterholes dug in riverbeds and lake water. A permanent source of surface water is at the top of Mount Kulal. The water at Loiyangalani is reported to be salty but is within reach for majority of people. At North Horr the main source of water are boreholes and traditional wells. The distance of many communities from water sourcse is not as far as expected considering they are arid and semi arid area. This is because; most of settlements were initially attracted by water sources. Figure 3.6 a: Sources of water for communities located on western side of the Lake

Sources of water At Lorengelup, Kangirisae and Kalokol

83.5 90.0 77.8 80.0 70.0 56.0 60.0 50.0 32.5 40.0 16.0 30.0 9.9 20.0 10.5 5.4 1.0 4.4 0.5 1.0 0.5 1.0

% Households 10.0 0.0 Buy water Rain water Rain Lake water Spring waterSpring Traditional well Traditional Traditional well Traditional Traditional well Traditional Unprotected ware Offsite community pump Offsite community pump Offsite community pump On site community pump On site community pump On site community pump Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol Types of source

Figure 3.6 b: Types of water sources for Illeret, North Horr and Loiyangalani

104 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Types of w ater sources, Illeret, North Horr & Loiyangalani

79.7 71.7 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 26.4 23.6 19.6 18.6 30.0 16.8 14.1 17.3 % households

20.0 0.7 3.4 3.8 0.5 3.0 0.8 10.0 0.0 water water Spring Spring well well well Offsite Offsite On site On site pump off pump Traditional Traditional Traditional Rain water Rain water community community water Lake Lake water Lake community community water Lake Communal Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr Types of water sources

There is a general complains that the water has a salty taste and often boiled to remove the salt. Others complained that the water contained suspension of dirt particles but was not clear Fig 3.7a: shows daily water consumptions.

At Kang’arise, 66% consume less that a bucket while 31.6% consume less than a bucketper day at Kalokol. At Lorengelup 50.7 % interviewed households consume less that a bucket a day and 45.8% consume 1 to 2 buckets a day. At Kalokol about 23.9 % consume more than a bucket a day while 67.0% consume one to buckets a day. 9.1% consume more than 2 buckets

Fig 3.7 a Levels of water consumption

Water consumption at Lorengelup, Kangirisae, Kalokol

100.0 90.0 80.0

s

d 70.0 l 66.0

o

h 60.0 e 50.7 s 50.0

u

o 40.0

h 35.9 32.5 30.0 31.1 % 23.9 20.0 18.0 13.3 3.4 13.6 10.0 2.4 9.1 0.0 2 2 2 1 1 1 >2 >2 >2 < 1 < 1 < 1 Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol Number of 20 l buckets

105 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

At Illeret 66.4 households interview consume two buckets. At North Horr, only 19.4% consume two buckets and above and 76.4% consume a bucket or less a day. .At Loiyangalani, 40.5%consume two buckets. While North Horr is in the middle of the desert, Loiyangalani and Illeret are at the Eastern shore of Lake Turkana.

Fig 3.7 b: Water consumption levels

Consumption at water at Illeret, Loiyangalani and North Horr

100.0 90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 53.1 50.0 43.5 40.0 39.5 33.3 30.0 25.9 20.0 23.6

% households 19.4 20.0 13.3 16.8 10.0 7.7 0.0 2 2 1 1 1 >2 >2 >2 < 1 < 1 < 1 Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr Number of 20 L buckets

Problems associates with water include scarcity, saltiness and suspension of dirt particle. Table 3.27a and 3.27 b shows coping mechanism for coping with water problems. Some households away from the shores stated that that they persevered with the mentioned water problem. Other coping mechanisms include minimizing the uses of water, boiling water to reduce salt, storing water in big pots and construction of rain water harvesting tank. Others use donkeys to fetch water from long distances, relocate to areas close to water sources, buy waters or dig more wells.

Table 3.27 a:‐ Coping mechanisms from water problems Ward locations Frequency Percent Lorengelup Nothing 27 13.3 Use donkey to fetch water 12 5.9 Digging more wells 13 6.4 Construction of water tanks 19 9.4 Planting of more trees 5 2.5 Construction of more wells 2 1.0 Minimize water uses activities 24 11.8 Store water in pot facility 47 23.2

106 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Buy water for domestic use 11 5.4 Boiling to reduce salt in water 43 21.2 Total 203 100.0 Kang’arise Nothing 23 11.2 Minimize water uses activities 72 35.0 Store water in pot facility 79 38.3 Boiling to reduce salt in water 32 15.5 Total 206 100.0 Kalokol Nothing 22 10.5 Construction of water tanks 57 27.3 Minimize water uses activities 64 30.6 Store water in pot facility 15 7.2 Boiling to reduce salt in water 51 24.4 Total 209 100.0

Table 3.27:‐Coping mechanisms from water problem

Ward locations Frequency Percent Loiyangalani Nothing 57 25.9 Use donkey to fetch water 19 8.6 Digging more wells 42 19.1 Construction of water tanks 12 5.5 Planting of more trees 2 .9 Minimize water uses activities 27 12.3 Move to another area where water is 2 .9 available Store water in pot facility 18 8.2 Buy water for domestic use 2 .9 Boiling to reduce salt in water 39 17.7 Total 220 100.0 North Horr Nothing 142 59.9 Use donkey to fetch water 13 5.5 Digging more wells 21 8.9 Construction of water tanks 9 3.8 Planting of more trees 14 5.9 Construction of more wells 11 4.6 Minimize water uses activities 1 .4 Move to another area where water is 2 .8 available Store water in pot facility 6 2.5 Buy water for domestic use 18 7.6 Total 237 100.0

107 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table3.28:‐ Distances to water sources

Ward Cumulative locations Frequency Percent Percent Illeret Less than O.5 42 29.4 29.4 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 23 16.1 45.5 2 – 3 hours 11 7.7 53.1 Above 3 4 2.8 55.9 hours 1‐2 km 31 21.7 77.6 2‐3 km 9 6.3 83.9 3‐5 km 1 .7 84.6 Above 5 km 7 4.9 89.5 N/A 15 10.5 100.0 Total 143 100.0 Loiyangalani No response 31 14.1 14.1 Less than O.5 126 57.3 71.4 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 15 6.8 78.2 Above 3 2 .9 79.1 hours Less than 1 9 4.1 83.2 km 1‐2 km 6 2.7 85.9 2‐3 km 3 1.4 87.3 3‐5 km 2 .9 88.2 Above 5 km 12 5.5 93.6 N/A 14 6.4 100.0 Total 220 100.0 North Horr No response 15 6.3 6.4 Less than O.5 22 9.3 15.7 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 5 2.1 17.8 2 – 3 hours 2 .8 18.6 Above 3 12 5.1 23.7 hours Less than 1 51 21.5 45.3 km 1‐2 km 79 33.3 78.8 2‐3 km 12 5.1 83.9 3‐5 km 2 .8 84.7 Above 5 km 10 4.2 89.0 N/A 26 11.0 100.0 Total 236 99.6 System 1 .4 237 100.0 Lorengelup No response 4 2.0 2.0 Less than O.5 10 4.9 6.9 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 31 15.3 22.2 108 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 2 – 3 hours 29 14.3 36.5 Above 3 12 5.9 42.4 hours Less than 1 20 9.9 52.2 km 1‐2 km 46 22.7 74.9 2‐3 km 10 4.9 79.8 3‐5 km 5 2.5 82.3 Above 5 km 23 11.3 93.6 N/A 13 6.4 100.0 Total 203 100.0 Kangirisae No response 21 10.2 10.2 Less than O.5 7 3.4 13.6 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 5 2.4 16.0 2 ‐ 3 hours 16 7.8 23.8 Less than 1 7 3.4 27.2 km 1‐2 km 36 17.5 44.7 2‐3 km 56 27.2 71.8 3‐5 km 26 12.6 84.5 Above 5 km 14 6.8 91.3 N/A 18 8.7 100.0 Total 206 100.0 Kalokol No response 16 7.7 7.7 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 3 1.4 9.1 2 ‐ 3 hours 4 1.9 11.1 Less than 1 10 4.8 15.9 km 1‐2 km 43 20.7 36.5 2‐3 km 65 31.3 67.8 3‐5 km 41 19.7 87.5 Above 5 km 24 11.5 99.0 N/A 2 1.0 100.0 Total 208 100.0

3.8 Education The main challenges facing the education sub‐sector include low staffing, inadequate infrastructure, poverty and nomadic way of life which results to disruption of education activities. Some of interventions to reduce the turnover include awarding of bursaries to needy children, school feeding programs, and building of classrooms. Beside bursaries, the devolved funds have been used to set up new schools such as Moi High school in Kalokol and a secondary school in Kerio division. Access to tertiary education is hard and costly. Kalokol has 9 primary schools and one secondary school. Teachers and teaching material are inadequate. Lorengelup has four primary schools but lacks a secondary school. Illeret has two primary schools but lacks a secondary school. Loiyangalani has one Secondry School and three primary schools. North Horr has four primary schools and one secondary school.

109 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. As Table3.29 indicates that majority of members from interviewed households lack a basic education. The percentage of members of interviewed households with a primary education was lowest at Illeret (13.9%) and highest at Kalokol (41.4%) Insignificant percentage of household members had aquired secondary, college or university education. Similarly, with exception of Kalokol, majority of household’s members cannot read or write. For instance 84.3%, 76.3% of members of interviewed households at Illeret and Kangirisae cannot read or write. Kalokol portrays a different picture whereby 53.1% of household members can read and write.

Table 3.29: Literacy and levels of eduaction Maximum level of Education

Illeret Loiyangarani North Horr Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

Nil 642 85.6 795 62.0 924 76.1 766 64.8 907 76.0 611 52.5

Grd 1‐ 7 104 13.9 360 28.1 240 19.8 360 30.4 248 20.8 482 41.4

Form 1‐ 4 3 .4 99 7.7 31 2.6 43 3.6 30 2.5 51 4.4

College 1 .1 28 2.2 19 1.6 13 1.1 8 .7 19 1.6

University 1 .1 1 .1 100.0

Total 750 100.0 1282 100.0 1214 100.0 1183 100.0 1194 100.0 1163 100.0

Read and write

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

No 21 2.8 22 1.7 28 2.3 30 2.5 4 .3 50 4.3 Respond

Can read 97 12.9 472 36.8 301 24.8 379 32.0 280 23.4 496 42.6 and write

Cannot read and 632 84.3 788 61.5 885 72.9 774 65.4 911 76.2 617 53.1 write

Total 750 100.0 1282 100.0 1214 100.0 1183 100.0 1195 100.0 1163 100.0

110 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 5:‐ Monthly expenditure on education Illeret Loiyangalani North Horr Lorengelup Kangirisae Kalokol Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % None 118 82.2 92 41.8 172 72.5 170 83.7 172 83.5 147 70.3 Less than 1,000 6 4.2 55 25.0 45 19.0 21 10.3 15 7.3 62 29.7 1,000‐3,000 1 0.7 49 22.3 1 .4 2 1.0 0 0 0 0 3,001‐5,000 0 0 9 4.1 10 4.2 0 0 0 0 0 5,001‐7,000 18 12.6 12 5.5 4 1.7 7 3.4 19 9.2 0 0 7,001‐10,000 0 0 1 0.5 5 2.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 More than 1 0.3 2 0.9 0 0 3 1.5 0 0 0 0 10,000 Total 143 100.0 220 100.0 237 100.0 203 100.0 206 100.0 209 100.0

Some of the challenges facing education in Marsabit North and Laisamis districts is Shortage of personnel managing education; High poverty levels, Lack of equipments e.g. Information Communication Technology equipment;

Lack of relevant teaching material for adult learners

Table3.30:‐ Educational details at Laisamis and Marsabit North Distrcist Education (Marsabit North District) Pre‐school: No. of ECD centres 48 No. of ECD teachers 54 Teacher/pupil ratio 1: 39 Total enrolment 2107 Average years of attendance 3 Primary school: Number of primary schools 21 Number of teachers 129 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:51 Total enrolment 6,499 Gross enrolment rate 49 Drop‐out rate 43 Average years of attendance 7 Completion rate 57 Distance to the nearest public primary school (km) 93 Secondary schools: Number of secondary schools 3 Number of teachers 19 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:17 Drop‐out rate 16 Average years of attendance 3 Completion rate 84 Distance to the nearest public secondary school (km) 100 Tertiary institution Number of tertiary institutions 1

Page | 111

Adult literacy 30 Literacy classes 30 Number of teachers 1,924 Enrolment 53.5 Attendance (%) 3 Literacy rate (%)

Education statistics for Laisamis District

Education (Laisamis) Pre school: No. of ECD Centres 61 Public 23 Private 1 Religious 1 No. of ECD teachers 122 Gross enrolment rate 1:54 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:45 Average years of attendance 3.5 Primary schools No. of primary schools Public 23 Private 1 No. of teachers 121 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:35 Total enrolment 6020 No. of girls 3372 No. boys 2648

Average years of attendance 6.14

Communities’ distribution by distance to nearest public primary school (%) 0‐1 KM 24.6 1.1‐4.9 KM 33.3 5 KM and more 42.1 Secondary schools No. of secondary schools Public 2 Private Nil

112 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. No. of teachers 11 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:40 Total enrolment 208 No of girls 49 No of boys 159 Drop out rate 14.5 Average years of attendance Special schools 1 Communities’ distribution by distance to nearest public primary school (%) 0‐1 KM 54.5 1.1‐4.9 KM 35.3 5 KM and more 10.1 Tertiary Institutions Public colleges Nil Youth polytechnics Nil Adult literacy No. of adult literacy classes 24 No of teachers 24 Enrolment 869 Attendance 631 Literacy rate % 3 Population aged 15+ who cannot read and write (%)

Female 4.1

Male 10.6

Total 7.6

Source District development plans for Laisamis and Marsabit North.

Education at Turkana Central

Education(Turakana Central) Pre‐school: No. of ECD centers 188 No. of ECD teachers 197 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:137 Total enrolment Female Male % Drop‐out rate 47 Average YRS of attendance Pre‐ 2 school

113 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Primary school: No. of primary schools 73 No. of teachers 414 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:40 Total enrolment 24471 Female 11231 Male 13240 % Gross enrolment Rate % Drop‐out rate 46 Average YRS of attendance 5 % Communities distribution by distance to nearest public Primary school: 0 – 1Km 10.5 1.1 – 4.9Km 12.7 5Km and more 76.9 Secondary schools: No. of secondary schools 7 No. of teachers 86 Teacher/pupil ratio 1:18 Total enrolment 1507 Female 498 Male 1009 % Gross enrolment Rate 90 % Drop‐out rate 3 Average YRS of attendance 4 Communities distribution by distance to nearest public Secondary school: 0 – 1Km 10.5 1.1 – 4.9Km 19.4 5Km and more 70.1 Tertiary Institutions Science & Technology Institutes (No.) 1 Youth Poly techniques 1 Private Non accredited college by type 2

Loiyangalani has three primary schools and one secondary school. The schools are reported not to have adequate teachers, classrooms, and other teaching materials. At North Horr there are four primary schools and one secondary school. There are inadequate teaching materials like desk.

El Moro bay one primary school but lacks a secondary school. El Molo primary school has an enrolment of 275 students of comprising of 168 boys and 107 girls. The nursery section has about 40 students. Elmoro primary school has five teachers and 8 classrooms. The workload for teachers is a lot prompting teachers to take more than one subject. Another nursery called at Loyeni has about 30 students Elmoro primary school has boarding facilities. Free education in Kenya is making a 114 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. significant contributing by ensuring availability of instruction materials. Nevertheless, the students have to buy school uniforms but the most vulnerable students are provided with school uniform. The constituency development fund has also assisted the school with classrooms. Other assistance to the school comes from Christian Children fund, GTZ and community contributions. Enrolment is high. The school dropout is not high though some student relocates with their parents in search of pastures for their livestock. Availability of instruction materials from government and school feeding programs supported by WFP keeps the children in school. The school performance is fair to good with passé rates of 80%, 79%, and 58% in 2006, 2007, 2008 respectively. Poor performance in 2008 is attributed to reduced number of teachers. The students expressed concern that their parents depend on fish from the Lake to earn money to support their education and especially future education.

Loiyangalani Secondary school is relatively new as it was started in 2006. It has a total 81 students. The first lot of candidates will be examined this year. Majority of the students are from the local communities. The school has a total of 7 teachers of which 2 hold diplomas while five are graduate teachers. Currently the school is lacking humanity teachers. Often teachers have extra workload to meet required lessons for all classes. Challenges facing the school include schools drop out due to poverty level. For example, the current form four enrolments were 45 students but high drop out rates has left only 10 students. The drop out is more for female students. 9 girls were enrolled but now only one student remained. Three relocated to other schools while five dropped out. Loiyangalani secondary school has boarding facilities with adequate books from government support program. Education is subsidized by the government Kenya. The government supports each student to a tune of Kshs 10, 250. Parents normally contribute extra amount of money to meet boarding costs. This is quite a burden to poor homes. The school lacks a laboratory. However, the Constituency Development Fund has supported to put up a dormitory, part of administration structure and one classroom. Three classrooms, 2 dormitories and the kitchen were supported by Constant Gardner, a trust based in England.

Table3.30 a:‐ Distances to primary school

Ward Cumulative locations Freq Percent Percent Illeret No response 23 16.1 16.1 Less than O.5 hour 64 44.8 60.8 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 8 5.6 66.4 1‐2 km 3 2.1 68.5 2‐3 km 1 .7 69.2 Above 5 km 40 28.0 97.2 N/A 4 2.8 100.0 Total 143 100.0 Loiyangalani No response 2 .9 .9 Less than O.5 hour 81 36.8 37.7 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 56 25.5 63.2 2 ‐ 3 hours 1 .5 63.6 Less than 1 km 27 12.3 75.9 1‐2 km 17 7.7 83.6 2‐3 km 7 3.2 86.8

115 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3‐5 km 1 .5 87.3 Above 5 km 20 9.1 96.4 N/A 8 3.6 100.0 Total 220 100.0 North Horr No response 5 2.1 2.1 Less than O.5 hour 12 5.1 7.2 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 30 12.7 19.8 2 ‐ 3 hours 3 1.3 21.1 Above 3 hours 11 4.6 25.7 Less than 1 km 21 8.9 34.6 1‐2 km 42 17.7 52.3 2‐3 km 8 3.4 55.7 3‐5 km 23 9.7 65.4 Above 5 km 66 27.8 93.2 N/A 16 6.8 100.0 Total 237 100.0 Lorengelup No response 8 3.9 4.0 Less than O.5 hour 42 20.7 24.8 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 15 7.4 32.2 2 ‐ 3 hours 38 18.7 51.0 Less than 1 km 38 18.7 69.8 1‐2 km 32 15.8 85.6 2‐3 km 8 3.9 89.6 3‐5 km 3 1.5 91.1 Above 5 km 14 6.9 98.0 N/A 4 2.0 100.0 Total 202 99.5 System 1 .5 203 100.0 Kangirisae No response 6 2.9 2.9 Less than O.5 hour 4 1.9 4.9 Less than 1 km 62 30.1 35.0 1‐2 km 38 18.4 53.4 2‐3 km 33 16.0 69.4 3‐5 km 44 21.4 90.8 Above 5 km 11 5.3 96.1 N/A 8 3.9 100.0 Total 206 100.0 Kalokol No response 13 6.3 6.3 Less than O.5 hour 8 3.8 10.1 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 5 2.4 12.5 2 ‐ 3 hours 1 .5 13.0 Less than 1 km 29 13.9 26.9 1‐2 km 75 36.1 63.0 2‐3 km 12 5.8 68.8 3‐5 km 24 11.5 80.3 Above 5 km 30 14.4 94.7 N/A 11 5.3 100.0 Total 208 100.0 116 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3.30 b: Distance to Secondary school

Ward Cumulative locations Frequency Percent Percent Illeret No response 21 14.7 14.7 Less than O.5 22 15.4 30.1 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 2 1.4 31.5 Above 3 6 4.2 35.7 hours 1‐2 km 4 2.8 38.5 2‐3 km 2 1.4 39.9 Above 5 km 44 30.8 70.6 N/A 42 29.4 100.0 Total 143 100.0 Loiyangalani No response 2 .9 .9 Less than O.5 73 33.2 34.1 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 50 22.7 56.8 2 ‐ 3 hours 13 5.9 62.7 Less than 1 1 .5 63.2 km 1‐2 km 17 7.7 70.9 2‐3 km 29 13.2 84.1 3‐5 km 7 3.2 87.3 Above 5 km 23 10.5 97.7 N/A 5 2.3 100.0 Total 220 100.0 North Horr No response 7 3.0 3.0 Less than O.5 25 10.5 13.5 hour Above 3 14 5.9 19.4 hours Less than 1 44 18.6 38.0 km 1‐2 km 5 2.1 40.1 3‐5 km 25 10.5 50.6 Above 5 km 98 41.4 92.0 N/A 19 8.0 100.0 Total 237 100.0 Lorengelup No response 4 2.0 2.0 Less than O.5 25 12.3 14.4 hour 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 47 23.2 37.6 2 ‐ 3 hours 7 3.4 41.1 Above 3 4 2.0 43.1 hours Less than 1 19 9.4 52.5 km 1‐2 km 36 17.7 70.3 2‐3 km 9 4.4 74.8 117 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3‐5 km 4 2.0 76.7 Above 5 km 43 21.2 98.0 N/A 4 2.0 100.0 Total 202 99.5 System 1 .5 203 100.0 Kangirisae No response 13 6.3 6.3 Above 3 3 1.5 7.8 hours 1‐2 km 2 1.0 8.7 3‐5 km 3 1.5 10.2 Above 5 km 170 82.5 92.7 N/A 15 7.3 100.0 Total 206 100.0 Kalokol No response 12 5.8 5.8 0.5 ‐ 1 hour 8 3.8 9.6 Less than 1 4 1.9 11.5 km 1‐2 km 14 6.7 18.3 2‐3 km 17 8.2 26.4 3‐5 km 76 36.5 63.0 Above 5 km 55 26.4 89.4 N/A 22 10.6 100.0 Total 208 100.0

3.8 TRADE, TOURISM AND INDUSTRY SECTOR In Larger Turkana, trade revolves around agricultural products, general merchandise, and hospitality and service industry. Lodwar, Kalokol, Kakuma, Lokichar, Kainuk and Lokori, Lokichogio trading centres are the major beneficiaries as most of the wholesale and retail shops are located in these centres. Turkana district offers a transit area from port of Mombasa to southern Sudan. Internally, the major sectors that enable trade to thrive are the food sector. Turkana is a net importer of food stuffs such as maize and beans. The district is a major producer of animal products which includes live animals that are transported to other parts of the country. Beside these, the district produces a huge supply of fish which forms the bulk of trade with other parts of Kenya. Its main industries are basket weaving and tourism; .Lodwar town in the main commercial centre harbouring a variety of business (District development plan Turkana central, 2008) Communities interviewed further confirmed that food commodities are mainly imported from other regions. Vegetables and cereals are mainly obtained from Kitale. Clothes are obtained from Nairobi, Kitale and Kisumu. Fishing gear is bought at Kisumu and Kitale Towns the main commodities exported to other regions is fish and livestock.

Economic enterprises found at Lodwar Town and trading centres of sampled communities are shown on the Table3.31. A further assessment on types of economic enterprises found at Laisamis, Loiyangalani, Illeret and North Horr shows that Elmolo Bay and North Horr are least endowed. Though few, Loiyangalani, Laisamis and North Horr have many more business enterprises. Lack of post office and key financial institutions are notable hence these communities depend on those found in Marsabit town.

118 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 3.31:‐Economic enterprises of trading centres adjacent to Lake Turkana Lorengelup Lodwar Kalokol North Illeret Laisamis El molo Loyaingalani Horr bay Bar 0 26 10 4 0 11 0 5 Restaurants 2 18 3 2 0 6 0 4 Guest house 0 3 3 5 1 1 0 ‐ Garage 0 6 0 2 1 0 0 ‐ Kiosks ‐ 158 ‐ 15 0 19 0 8 Retails shops 12 44 150 30 3 3 0 46 Whole sales 0 47 0 8 0 0 0 2 Butcheries ‐ 29 11 5 4 ‐ 8 Cloth shops ‐ 41 0 12 ‐ 0 ‐ 4 Tailoring mats ‐ 0 0 4 ‐ 0 ‐ ‐ Petrol stations 0 6 0 3 0 0 0 ‐ Banks 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 ‐ Post Office 0 1 1 ‐ 0 0 0 1 Milling 0 9 4 2 1 1 0 0 machine Pharmacies 2 6 3 0 0 0 0 2 Hotels 0 4 3 0 0 0 ‐ 2 Tourist camp 0 ‐ ‐ ‐ 0 7 Hair 0 12 0 0 0 0 2 saloon/barber shop Pharmacies 2 6 5 0 0 0 0 2 Open market 1 1 0 0 0

Table 3.31 conatines data collected from municipal council of Lodwar between July 2008 and 2009 further with regads to other sources of council incomes. Source of incomes Amount K.sh Business permit 4, 253,700 Land rents 2,036,700 Cess (from baskets and other natural 214, 291 resources) Markets and slaughter house 1,066,971 Vehicle parking 368,040 Total 7, 908, 702

The revenue collected is not adequate to improve social services and hence need for grants from the government. A survey of prices of common shop groceries and their sources show price differential significantly high reflecting scarcity and transportation costs as shown on Table 3.33. Most shop items are from Kitale. Meat is found locally. Bulky products like crates of sodas and beer are obtained from the nearest neighbouring trading centre of Kapenguria

119 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Similary, commercial activities take place in major districts town such as Laisamis and Marsabit. Most of food commodities are mainly imported from other regions. Vegetables and potatoes are mainly obtained from Meru District in Kenya. Maize and beans are mainly imported from Ethiopia. Basic shop groceries are imported from other regions. For instance at Loiyangalani, shop groceries mainly obtained from Nyahururu. At Illeret, shop commodities are from Marsabit while shop groceries at North Horr are mainly from Nairobi. Shop groceries at Laisamis are mainly from Isiolo. The main products exported othir regions are live animals. At Loiyangalani and Illeret, fish is exported to other regions. Normally, meat is found locally. Bulky stuff such as crates of soda will normally be obtained from the next nearest town. For instance, crates of soda and beer at Illeret and North Horr are obtained from Marsabit. Meat is found locally. Spatial price differences significant as indicated on Table 3.31 below. This reflects high transportation costs due to poor road condition

120 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table3.33 a:‐ Prices of basic shop Items at Illeret, Loiyangalani, North Horr and Laisamis Pries of shop items Sugar (I kg) Bar Soap(I bar)Cooking Oil(I litre)Beer (1 crate)Soda crate Maize flour (1 kg I kg meat A shirt Dress Trouser

Loiyangalani Source of good Nyahururu Nyahururu Nyahururu Nyahururu Nyahururu Nyahururu LoiyangalaniNyahururuNyahururuNyahururu Price ate source 90 40 60 1,920 650 45 140 100‐150 300 450 Price at Loiyangalani120 50 120 2,500 960 70 140 200 ‐ 250 750 700 % price difference 33 25 100 30 48 56 0 66‐100 150 56

Illeret Source of good Marsabit Marsabit Marsabit Marsabit Marsabit Marsabit Illeret Marsabit Marsabit Marsabit Price at source 86 50 ? 1800 700 52 200 250‐300 _ _ Price at Illeret 120 60 ? 2400 1510 80 200 300‐350 _ _ % price difference 40 20 ? 33 116 54 0 16‐20 ‐‐‐ North Horr Source of Good Nairobi Nairobi Nairobi Marsabit Marsabit Nairobi North Horr Nairobi Nairobi Nairobi Price at Source 90 40 120 1900 700 50 N/A 220 250 210 Price at North Horr 95 50 150 2500 840 60 300 300 280‐300 5.5‐11 25 25 32 20 20 ‐ 27‐36 20 33‐43 Laisamis Source of good Isiolo Isiolo Isiolo Isiolo Isiolo Isiolo Laisamis _ _ _ Price at source 80 60 200 1600 450‐500 45‐47 200 _ _ _ Price at Laisamis 100 70 350 2160 750 55 200 _ _ _ % price difference 25 17 75 35 50% to66.7% !17.02 to 22,2% 0 ‐! ‐ ‐

Page | 121

Table 3.33 b:‐ Prices of basic shop Items at Lodwar,kalokol and Lorengelup

Sugar (I kg) Bar Soap(I bar) Cooking Oil(I litre) Cooking Fat(1kg) Salt(200g) Beer (1 crate) Soda crate Maize flour 1kg A shirt Dress Trouser

Lodwar*wholsale Source of good Kitale Kitale Kitale Kitale Kitale Kapenguria Kapenguria Kitale Eldoret Eldoret Eldoret Price at source 95 45 140 110 6 1800 680 50 200 350 350 Price at Lodawar 98 50 160 120 10 2000 720 55 400‐500 1500 700 % price difference 3 11 14 9 67 11 6 10 ‐ 329 100

Lodwar Retailer Source of good Loadwar Loadwar Loadwar Loadwar Loadwar Loadwar Loadwar Loadwar Eldoret Loadwar Loadwar Price at source 96 50 90 110 8 ‐ 720 50 200 1200 200 Price at Lodawar 100 50 100 120 10 ‐ 1200 60 300 1500 300‐400 % price difference 4 0 11 9 25 ‐ 67 20 50 25 ‐

Kalokol Source of good Kitale Kitale Kitale Kitale Kitale Lodwar Lowar Kitale Kitale Kitale Kitale Price at source 95 40 90 80 6.5 2000 720 45 300 500 350 Price at Kalokol 120 50 100 90 10 2500 1200 50 400 650 500 % price difference 26 25 11 13 54 25 67 11 33 30 43

Lolengelup Source of good Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Price at source 100 50 80 100 5 2000 800 50 600 200 700 Price at Lolegelup 120 70 100 130 10 2500 1200 70 700 300 900 % price difference 20 40 25 30 100 25 50 40 17 50 29

Source of good Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Lodwar Price at source 100 50 _ _ 5 2000 800 50 _ _ _ Price at Kerio 120 70 _ _ 10 2500 1200 60 _ _ _ % price difference 20 40 #VALUE! #VALUE! 100 25 50 20 ‐ ‐ ‐

122 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Loiyangalani has a number of tourist facilities. Oasis lodge is the major hotel but expensive hotels, with luxurious bungalows costing US dollars 180 full board single room and USD 240 full board double room. Other low cost tourist camps including Palm shade camp, and guest facilities cost about K.shs 750 for one room with electricity while double room with electricity is K.shs 1,500 as shown in Table 3.34. A plate of food costs 100 K. shs in an ordinary restaurant in Loiyangalani while a cup of tea cost K. shs 10.

Table 3.346: Cost of Accommodation Place Price of Price Double Double Price of Price Price single single with room with plate of of a of room half room full electricity electricity food in cup Tea board with board with half board full board ordinary of wit electricity electricity hotel black Milk tea

Kalokol (Napete 300 600 ‐‐300 10‐20 20‐ village) 30

Loiyangalani (Kula 750 ‐ 1,500 ‐ 100 5 10 Samaki)

Loiyangalani ‐ US D 180 ‐ Us$ 240 ‐ ‐ ‐ Oasis Hotel

Marsabit Town 700‐1000 ‐ 1000‐1300 ‐ 120‐170 10 20

3.9 Tourism The sampled communities have a tourism potential benefiting from a rich cultural heritage of the Turkana people and a wealth of wildlife at South Turkana National Reserve, Simbiloi national Park. This can open up the district for both domestic and international tourism. Lake Turkana with its South and Northern islands, the rich fauna and flora is including rare bird’s species, Hippos and crocodiles are major tourist attraction.

3.10 Production systems

Fishing Fishing is an important activity along the shores of Lake Turkana. Over the years, fish yields from the lake have been declining due to the drying of the Ferguson gulf and the state of insecurity in Todonyang (the mouth of river Omo). However, in 2006/07, soon after the heavy rains, the gulf filled up and fish output has been on the increase. Ferguson Gulf is currently drying up again leading to decreased fishing activities in Lake Turkana. However, fishing in Todonyang has gone up due to the restoration of peace between the Turkana and the Daasanech of Ethiopia (Source ‐Arid land resources management project)

123 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Elmoro bay is a fishing village. The main sources of livelihood are incomes recived from fishing and increases when Lake water levels increase in July to September. Similarly, one of the main economic activities at Illeret is fishing. Fishing is a livelihood activity for communities by the lake. Originally, fishing on the western side was carried out by a small minority of Luos western part of Kenya. Over the years, affected by adverse weather conditions, the Turkana are increasingly turning more into fishing. In the past, NORAD initiated a fish processing plant and cooperative at Kalokol. The venture which was partially financed and managed by the NORAD collapsed with withdrawal of NORADs funds. Now the community cooperative group is reviving the processing plant by renting it to a private businessman. A number of private traders are transporting dried fish by trucks while fresh fish is transported in refrigerated vans all the way to Nairobi and western part of Kenya and as far DRC. A report for August 2008 from fisheries department at Lowar indicates the following:‐

Fish Productions, Marketing and Economics Monthly Comparative productions and Analysis for August, from 2006 to 2008 are shown on table 3.35

Table3.35:‐ Comparative Landings 2006 2007 2008 Year Weight (Kg) 390,000 592,000 633,775

Value (K.sh.) 8,758,000 28,859,000 17,080,900

Table3.36:‐ Fresh Fish landings (Kgs) for August 2008

Species of Fish Collected Value of Estimated Estimated Average Weight Collected weight (Kg) Value price (Kg) Weight (K.sh) Per kg (K.sh) Tilapia 316,340 9,490,200 330,340 9,910,200 30 Nile Perch 50,100 2,004,000 55,100 2,204,000 40 Labeo horrie 110,115 2,202,300 119,115 2,382,300 20 Barbus spp 18,450 369,000 22,450 449,000 20 Distichodus 87,780 1,755,600 97,780 1,955,600 20 spp. H.forkskii 1,200 24,000 1,600 32,000 20 Citharinus spp. 400 8,000 490 9,800 20 Synodontis 178 3,560 200 4,000 20 schall Alestes spp 2,100 42,000 2,300 46,000 20 Bagrus spp. 1,112 22,240 1,400 28,000 20 Clarias lazera 2,400 48,000 3,000 60,000 20 Grand Total 590,175 15,968,900 633,775 17,080,900 Fresh Tilapia Purchased from Todonyang’ and transported to Nairobi

124 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table3.37:‐ Transporters and trucks and weight carried Reg. No of fish Truck Weight (Kg) Value in K.sh. @ 30 per Kg KBC 298 S 4,000 120,000 UAJ 144 Z 2,200 66,000 KAS 633 R 4,000 120,000 UAH 143 T 9,000 270,000 KBA 175 T 9,200 276,000 KAZ 445 L 3,500 105,000 KAZ 473 W 4,000 120,000 KBA 540 S 4,000 120,000 KBA 174 T 4,000 120,000 KBC 613 G 4,000 120,000 KAZ 473 W 4,000 120,000 KAZ 006 G 9,000 270,000 KBA 175 T 4,000 120,000 KAZ 445 L 3,500 105,000 KBB 285 R 3,000 90,000 UAJ 144 Z 2,800 84,000 KBA 540 S 5,000 150,000 KBA 174 T 4,000 120,000 KBC 613 G 3,800 114,000 KAZ 473 W 3,500 105,000 KAX 893 K 3,000 90,000 KBC 293 V 2,800 84,000 UAJ 144 Z 2,800 84,000 GRAND TOTAL 99,100 2,973,000 Source 28:‐Fisheries Department Lodwar

The road used by the trucks from Kalokol to Todonyang’ in the North was in pathetic state. This was a major constraint to the fish dealers. For instance, the dealers were forced to spent more money on paying the community members to level some sections of the road at Kataboi, Lowarengak and Todonyang’.

Fish Processing and Value Addition Artisanal fish processing methods used are mainly sun drying and smoking. The conditions under which processing are is caaried out is below standars due to lack of adequate potable water and handling facilities. However, the Ministry in conjunction with other stakeholders strived to achieve the following: (i) BMU officials in Kalokol Division were sensitized about the advantages of using the solar drier. Besides, the fish processors were sensitized on the quality of fish products produced by the drier and the need to adopt it as a sustainable fish drying facility. (ii) After the sensitization, the ALRMP II through the Drought Management Officer (DMO) embarked on a project to put up at least one drier per beach. Our office furnished the DMO’s office with the details needed for construction of such driers. The inventor of the drier, who is a researcher at Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), had supplied our station with the information.

125 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. (iii) Sanitation and Hygiene at the fish processing sites in Kalokol was enhanced after a joint meeting with the District public Health officer. The processors and landlords were urged to put up enough pit latrines. (iv) Rehabilitation of the fish Plant was at an advanced stage. According to the site engineer, the plant was expected to start fish processing in November 2008. Many species of fish are reported from Lake Turkana. Of economic importance include:‐tilapia species, barbus bynie, labeo hari, Clarias lazera, alestes species, citharinus citharus, disticodus niloticus, bagrus Docmac, hydorcynus farskali, latea nilotica. There exsist twelve landing bays where fish is collected. Eight of them are located on the western side at Lowerengak, Nachukui, Todonyang, Kalokol, Kerio, Elliye springs, Namadak. On the eastern side landing bays are located at Loiyangalani, Elomolo bay, Moite and Illeret. There exist other landing bays which are not yet gazzeted. Government has been supporting fishing industry by provision of boats, training on sustainable fishing methods, cool storage, provision of general security for the fishermen and training to beach management units. Most fish is marketed at the beaches. Some transported to Kisumu, Eldoret, nakuri, naorobi, Moyale A focus group discussion with fish trader at Kalokol indicates that fresh fish is bought at K.sh 50. The same fresh fish will is sold at Nairobi for K.sh 150 each. Sun dried fish is bought for K.sh 17 and sold at Busia for K.sh 30 each. Similarly a smoked fish is bought at K.sh 20 to 40 depending on size and sold between K.sh 40 to 70 each. They noted drought is driving more people into fishing.

Livestock Keeping Livestock keeping is the major activity in both Chalbi Districts and Laisamis Districts engaging and employing about 90% of the population. Under this sector, the major activity is livestock production. This sector has faced challenges which include erratic weather, insecurity, poor infrastructures and unexploited potential, but now the Department of Livestock is working hard to revive the scetor. According to district fact sheets, the types of animals kept are cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys. The main livestock products include milk, beef, mutton, and poultry. Table 3.38 shows the average size of livestock per household as per district facts sheets

Pastoralism is the main subsistence and economic activity in Turkana district. District data for Larger Marsabit show the following statistics:‐

Table3.38:‐ Livestock population trend 2008 Period Cattle Goats Sheep Camels Donkeys 2000 175,815 1,626,075 813,027 137,712 32,122 2001 175,815 1,626,075 813,027 137,712 32,122 2002 193,600 1,951,200 975,600 140,760 32,640 2003 193,200 1,951,200 795,600 140,760 32,640 2004 197,700 2,021,000 1,054,400 172,400 35,160

126 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 2005 197,900 2,021,000 1,054,400 172,400 35,160 2006 197,900 2,021,000 1,054,400 172,400 35,160 2007 197,900 2,021,000 1,054,400 172,400 35,160 2008 197,900 2,021,000 1,054,400 172,400 35,160 Source 29:‐District Livestock Office Lodwar.

Updating of Livestock estimates has not been done since 2004. It is rigorous exercise that requires well financed and challenging considering the nomadic pastoralist practices.

The western part of the Lake is predominately occupied by the Turkana. Ethically, the Turkana are pastoralist. Majority of the population derive their livelihood from livestock‐based activities. The Turkanas practice nomadic pastoralism. During the rainy season, the animal grazes on the plains. During the dry season, the animals graze in the mountainous area at the borders of Kenya and Uganda often crossing the border to the Ugandan side. Livestock are moving further away in search of pasture especially at the Elemi Triangle in the North West and to Todonyang in the North East. In South the animals graze towards Pokot. Animals kept include cattle, camels, donkeys, goats. Sheep and goats normally follow the movement of cattle. Usually a few livestock, comprising of lactation stock and none lactating are left behind to take care of families. Veterinary officers usually follow animal for deforming and various vaccinations. This is an expensive exercise and NGO are called upon to assist. Over the years, climatic changes resulting in prolonged drought has lead to loss of livestock. At such times, Lake Turkana has become the safe net with increasing number of Turkana turning into fishing. Currently, the ongoing drought is adversely affecting the livelihood of the communities and further perpetuating the nomadic life style and dependence on the fish. At the time this survey was carried out severe drought had hit the Lake Turkana communities and the government and NGOs who support livestock keepers had been destocking animals by buying weak animals from the livestock keepers, having them slaughtered and donated as food aid for vulnerable members of the community. Extension officers are inadequate. Extension officers’ lacks means of transport. Livestock keeping is challenged by diseases. In the recent past, goats and sheep are have suffered from a diseases known as PPR, also locally known as ‘Lomoo. The diseases have cost the government lots of money to contain it using a vaccine. Other livestock diseases include CCPP, Trypanosomiasis, and infestation of worms. One of the challenges facing the livestock sector is inadequate allocation of funds to livestock in dry areas, compared to budget allocated to agriculture and yet livestock is the main source of food security in arid semi arid lands. This calls for more collaboration with NGOs to meet the short falls in finances. The main market outlet let for livestock is Nairobi, Eldoret, Kitale and Busia Table3 39:‐ Livestock sale Figures 2002‐2008 for Larger Turkana Year Cattle Sheep and goats 2002 1,110 17,889 2003 4,044 46,910 2004 1,454 20,300 2005 1,846 31,587 2006 1,472 17,207 2007 1997 35,859 2008 ‐ ‐ Source 30 :‐District livestock office Turkana town

127 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

This year (2009) goats and sheep found a markets outlet to Sudan but later Sudan put down regulations to restrict the cross border trade. Poor market infrastructure for livestock limits the sector. A local slaughter house has been built at Lokichogio. . Challenges in livestock production include inadequate extension services, diseases, drought and its associated shortages in pasture, lack of veterinary services and market outlets. Livestock is sold to Kitale, Nairobi, Lodwar, Kalokol, and Busia. Among the sampled villages, Communities at North Horr are Livestock keepers. The main livestock kept camels, goats, cattle. Livestock markets are not developed. Incomes are high during the wet season in September to November and April to May due to increased availability of milk and meat.

Though Elmolo is fishing village some household keep livestock namely sheep, goats, donkeys and few cattle. The village is located in the close proximity to the lake and hence no land ser aside grazing land. However, as one approaches the village, the few animals graze by patches of grass close to the shores.

Problems associates with livestock keeping include, cattle rustling, drought, diseases, lack of market outlets, and tribal crashes, lack of veterinary services, cattle dips, lack of pastures

Table 7:‐Number of livestock Cattle Sheep Donkeys Goats Chicken Camels

Illeret

Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq % Freq %

No response 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 O 0 143 0

None 26 18.2 33 23.1 48 33.6 50 35.0 142 99.3 0 0

<50 70 49 66 46.2 88 61.5 55 38.5 1 0.7 0 0

51‐100 40 28 0 0 6 4.2 23 16.1 0 0 0 0

101‐150 0 0 3 2.1 1 0.7 2 1.4 0 0 0 0

151‐200 3 2.1 12 8.4 0 0 4 2.8 0 0 0 0

201‐250 2 1.4 1 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

>250 2 1.4 12 8.4 0 0 9 6.3 0 0 0 0

Total 143 0 143 0 143 0 143 6.3 143 0 0 0

Loiyangalani

No response 44 8.2 27 12.3 7 3.2 4 1.8 7 3.2 0 0

None 156 70.9 87 39.5 187 85.1 49 22.3 204 92.7 214 97.3

128 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. <50 46 20.9 97 44.1 26 11.8 130 59.1 9 4.1 6 2.7

51‐100 0 0 9 4.1 0 0 35 15.9 0 0 0 0

101‐150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

151‐200 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0.9 0 0 0 0

201‐250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 220 100 220 100 220 100 220 100 220 100 220 100

North Horr

No response 0 0 1 0.4 0 0 1 0.4 0 0 1 0.4

None 192 81 97 40.9 215 90.7 102 43 236 99.6 126 46.4

<50 44 18.6 120 50.4 21 8.9 112 47.3 1 0.4 110 46.4

51‐100 1 0.4 12 15.1 1 0.4 20 8.4 0 0 0 0

101‐150 0 0 1 0.4 0 0 2 0.8 0 0 0 0

151‐200 0 0 6 2.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

201‐250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

> 250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total 237 100 237 100 237 100 237 100 237 100 237 100

129 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

Lorengelup No response 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None 52 25.6 180 88.7 180 88.7 80 39.4 237 100 145 71.4 <50 52 25.6 23 11.3 23 11.3 106 52.2 0 0 58 28.6 51‐100 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 6.9 0 0 0 0 101‐150 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 1.5 0 0 0 0 151‐200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201‐250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >2500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 203 100 203 100 237 100 237 100 237 100 237 100 Kang’arise No response 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None 134 65 196 95.1 183 88.8 115 55.8 206 100 158 76.7 <50 72 35 10 4.9 23 11.2 70 34 0 0 48 23.3 51‐100 0 0 0 0 0 0 21 10.2 0 0 0 0 101‐150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 151‐200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201‐250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201‐250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 251‐300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 > 300 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 206 100 206 100 206 100 206 100 206 100 206 100 Kalokol No response 0 0 0 0 209 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 None 209 100 149 71.3 0 0 121 57.9 209 100 208 99.5 <50 0 0 60 28.7 0 0 61 29.2 0 0 1 0.5 51‐100 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 12.9 0 0 0 0 101‐150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 151‐200 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 201‐250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >250 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Total 209 100 209 100 209 100 209 100 209 100 209 100

130 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. The Table below shows that the most common sold livestock are sheep and goats. Accumulation of livestock cultural accepted compared to a livestock economy. Normally larger animals are not easily sold. Camels are list sold.

Table 8:‐ Types of cattle sold last year Ward Valid Cumulative locations Frequency Percent Percent Percent Loiyangalani Valid None 121 55.0 55.0 55.0 Sheep 14 6.4 6.4 61.4 Goats 55 25.0 25.0 86.4 Sheep and goats 30 13.6 13.6 100.0 Total 220 100.0 100.0 North Horr Valid None 102 43.0 43.0 43.0 Cattle 5 2.1 2.1 45.1 Sheep 18 7.6 7.6 52.7 Goats 33 13.9 13.9 66.7 Camels 11 4.6 4.6 71.3 Sheep and goats 67 28.3 28.3 99.6 No response 1 .4 .4 100.0 Total 237 100.0 100.0 Lorengelup Valid None 96 47.3 47.3 47.3 Cattle 13 6.4 6.4 53.7 Goats 89 43.8 43.8 97.5 Camels 5 2.5 2.5 100.0 Total 203 100.0 100.0 Kang’arise Valid None 120 58.3 58.3 58.3 Goats 72 35.0 35.0 93.2 Camels 14 6.8 6.8 100.0 Total 206 100.0 100.0 Kalokol Valid None 180 86.1 86.1 86.1 Goats 28 13.4 13.4 99.5 Camels 1 .5 .5 100.0 Total 209 100.0 100.0

Laisamis district Average size of livestock‐cows per HH 5 Main livestock bred Cattle 60940 Poultry 3500 Goats 166054 Sheep 175954 Camel 39228 Donkeys 10605 Horses Not determined 131 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Land carrying capacity (acres) per l.u 4 Bee apiaries no. 10 Bee hives number 385 Milk production; Quantity (litres) 89,514 Value( kshs) 3,580,560 Beef production Quantity (kg) 116,290 Value (kshs) 18,606,400 Mutton production Quantity( kg) 238,603 Value (kshs) 38,176,480 Egg production Quantity (kg) 102,000 Value (kshs) 816,000 Camel production Quantity (kg) 24,000 Value (kshs) 2,400,000 Poultry meat production Quantity (kg) 1,560 Value (kshs) 390,000 Honey production Quantity (kg) 957 Value (kshs) 191,400

Main livestock bred in Marsabit North District

Cattle 30,690 Goats 349,546 Sheep 458,978 Camels 44,472 Donkeys 4,725 Poultry 1,350

Land carrying capacity None Total number of ranches 120 Beekeeping apiaries/ bee hives Milk production: Quantity (lts) 108,388 Value (Kshs) 4,335,520 Beef production: Quantity (Kgs) 76,161 Value (Kshs) 12,185,800

132 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Mutton production: Quantity (Kgs) 931,669 Value (Kshs) 149,067,040 Egg production: Quantity (Trays) 44,625 Value (Kshs) 357,000 Camel meat production: Quantity (Kgs) 26,900 Value (Kshs) 2,690,000 Source District development Plans: Marsabit North District and Laisamis

Among the sampled villages, communities on estern side of the the lake, the Gabbrs at North Horr are Livestock keepers. The main livestock kept camels, goats, cattle. Livestock markets are not developed. Incomes are high during the wet season in September to November and April to May due to increased availability if milk and meat. Though El molo bay is a fishing village some household keep livestock namely sheep, goats, donkeys and few cattle. The village is located in the close proximity to the lake and hence no land set aside grazing land. Problems associates with livestock keeping include, cattle rustling, drought, diseases, lack of market outlets, and tribal crashes, lack of veteran services, cattle dips, lack of pastures

3.11 Agriculture, Land use and ownership Crop production is practiced by agro‐pastoralists mainly on pockets of arable land within flood plains and along reverie areas. The harvest is dependent largely on the amount of rain realized in a good year, and the volume of water flowing in the two major seasonal rivers of Turkwel and Kerio. Indigenous fruits/foods are important sources of food particularly during dry spells. Of the wild fruits, doom palm is the most widely used. It is used for basket and mat making. Acacia Tortilla is utilized for firewood and charcoal production. (Source Arid land Resources Management). All households interviewed at Kalokol indicated that they do not farm. At Kalokol, Land is acquired through buying of plots or hiring from those who have land. 89.9% indicated that months of food shortages are April to June. They cope with food shortages by skipping meals, looking for casual employment and undertaking petty business to earn money for food while a few borrow food from neighbours. About 59.3% of households at Kalokol claimed that they turn to fishing during periods of foods shortage. Any land disputes are associated with grazing land. The main land conflicts occur at grazing lands, settlement of different tribes and round water wells. Also conflict in land use occurs between villages and, between sub locations, and between tribes. The reason for conflicts is shortages of water, shortage of pasture and land for settlement. Those who farm at Lorengelup use hand hoe and practice bush burning. Farmers do not use improved farming practices. At Lorengelup, 12.8 % of households farms by Kerio River and River Lokichar when it rains. At Kang’arise 12.1% of households also undertake farming. 64.6% of interviewed households a Kang’arise grow crop and cultivate by use hand hoe while 6.3% hire donkeys. None of the households interviewed at Kalokol farmed. 70.9% of households interviewed at Kang’arise complained that farming was limited by climatic change. At Lorengelup, 20% indicated that arable land was cultivated. 18.7 stated that that drought is killing faming. At Lorengelup, 85.7% of households experinced food shortages in months of April to August and at Kang’arise 84.5% experinced food shortages in the month of January and March to April. At Kalokol 100% experienced food shortages in the months April to June.Crop production is

133 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. very limited. Households interviewed at Loiyangalani and North Horr does not grow crops. At Illeret, 39%of interviewed households grow crops.

14. % of interviewed households at Illeret cultivate by use of hand hoe while 57.5% use bush burning. However, 51.7% of households at Illeret complained that they did not farm last season because of drought. 2.5% complained that the water in river Omo had reduced to a level where the water is no longer adequate to flood the lake sides. 82% of households at Loiyangalani complained of food shortages mainly in the month of April to July and again in the month of September. 46.8 % at North Horr interviewed at North Horr complained about food shortages in the month of April to august. At Illeret, 90.9% experienced food shortages in the month of January to August. None of the houses interviewed at Loiyangalani undertakes crop production. Coping mechanism mentioned includes assistance from neighbours and friends, government relief food, assistance by NGOs and foreign organizations, sale of livestock, fishing or undertake petty businesses. Others skip meals,

Land ownership at Illeret is through Inheritance. There are no title deed hence on can settle down on an idle piece of land. Conflict sometimes arises when one settles down on lane previously owned by another person. At North hour, people do not own land but allocated by village government. Land in e arid and semi arid area of Turkana are communal land. Most of the land is not conducive for settlement except here exist water sources.

There are no agricultural activities at Elmolo bay. Loiyangalani or North Horr and currently the communities are receiving food aid comprising of maize, Peas, Corn, soya and oil. On the eastern part of lake faming is mainly carried by villages at Illeret. These are maninly villages like Nang’olei who lives by shores Lake Turkana amd practice flood farming. The main crops grown include millet, green gram, cowpeas and to a small extent drought tolerant varieties of maize.. At Nang’olei the villagers’ farm land comprises small plots of land about a quarter to half acres per household. Land in mainly obtained through inheritance or simply identifying any idle land and undertaking the agricultural activities. The only minor conflict in agricultural land is when a community member settles on piece of land previously owned by someone else. The yields are as low as 4 bag acre of sorghum. Communities practice traditional farming methods. Land is cleared by use of machetes and bush burning. Planting is undertaken by using sharp sticks to open the land and put a seed while harvesting is done by use of knifes to cut the grain heads while threshing is done by hand using sticks. The communities hope that they can be assisted with an irrigation project. The major constrains to farming include drought, pests and insects such as birds, squirrels, boreholes, grasshoppers.. The communities coping mechanism to food shortges include barter trade with Daasanech communities from neighbouring Ethiopia who farm on Omo delta. One goat worth kshs 700 is exchanged for 2 bags of 50 kg of sorghum. 25 kg of green grams will be exchanged for one goat. The Ethiopian side of the Omo delta has more intensive farming with bigger farm sizes

134 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 9 Ongoing Development Programs

Organization of Organization Programs

1.0 VSF. Lodwar office. Regional office in Nairobi but i) Emergency relief (de‐stocking, VSf is involved in buying weak animals, slaughtering headquarters in Brussels. and giving meat to vulnerable families as food relief. Vaccination against various diseases such as RVF, PPR, CCPP, CBPP, PPR. They also provide drugs for foot rot, In Eastern side of he lake, works through VSF Germany e.g. at Anaplasmosis, heart water disease and worm infestation. Illeret. Another office in Garisa ii) Drought Mitigation and preparedness

• Support communities to access dry season pasture, Provide water tanks. Support communities to diversify their livelihood and protect existing livelihood assets by initiating small community banks. Support communities to form Pastoral filed schools where they learn from each other and develop new ways of preparedness. • Build communities capacity to form, manage and maintain Water user associations. • Train community animal health workers and support them to acquire veterinary drugs and treat animals locally while the communities pay for the expenses • Support village land use planning committee to undertake asset mapping, understand and learn how to utilize the resources and local ca capacities to meet their own needs. Communities are educated on how to share community resources with conflicting neighbouring communities • Partner with other organizations. In the Turkana north, partnering with Oxfam on livestock issues. In west Turkana, partnering with VSF Germany. In south East Germany, Partnering with VSF Belgium in Kibish on peace keeping iii) Livestock Development

• Animal health and care – Support care and treatment of animals and increase productivity.

• Establish pastoral field schools to learn about new preparedness techniques such

Page | 135 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. establishing folder

• Livestock marketing by accessing to price information

iv) Water for livestock and human

• Develop rock catchments, water storage tanks, boreholes, shallow wells

iv) Peace and conflict mitigation

• Work through Local organizations to help people with mechanism for peace reconciliation and to mitigate possible conflict 2.0 Catholic Dioceses of Lodwar. Presence since 1962.. Covers 25 Involved in development and relief work. Focuses on health, water, education parishes. Over 500, some on volunteer basis, other women and youth projects, blind and physically handicapped. Focusing on livelihood missionaries and other are employees. . Funds for church and income. pastoral activities from Rome . Other raised through proposal form Netherlands, Australia and America , CordAid i) Water

• 400 hundred boreholes including maintenance, water pans and water catchments and Rock catchments and rock pans ii) Education

• 32 classrooms for adult education • secondary schools sponsored by catholic church, 119 primary schools, over 100 nurseries iii) health

• provides 6% of medical care in way of dispensaries. • Kakuma Mission hospital, • Health centre at Nakumole to the South and Lorugum to the west, • 5 primary health care units for mobile outreach

iv)Women and youth.

• Livelihood and Agriculture e.g. along Turkwel small scale agriculture Page | 136 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Urban entrepreneur provided with grants and loans • Along the lake provides boats, fishing gear and training on group dynamics • Provides relief food on and off, • Basket weaving and access to markets 3 Oxfam Great Britain Concentrating on five components

(i)Cash for work program :

• Lake Turkana communities have been using traditional fishing methods. Oxfam is promoting improved fishing methods by training communities to make/repair boats. Oxfam identifies vulnerable members of the society; give them money for making boats. Also gives money for member of community to raw materials for nets , makes the net. The communities eventually own the products they make.

(ii) Livestock sector

• Participates in livestock takeoff programs to reduce pressure on grazing land. Oxfam buys animals for slaughtering and give the meat as food aid to the vulnerable in addition, assist in restocking of animals to the worst affected households. Usually 25 shoats but also planning to give camels.

(iii) Animal health:‐

• Ensure that drugs are available through local structures using community based health workers, and animal health technicians v) Public health component

• Water by drilling boreholes, shallow wells, supporting water user association, promoting hygiene through pit latrines, health education, sanitation aspects

vi) education sector

• Working through partners e.g. TEFA (Turkana Education for all). Implementing mobile education services which uses donkeys to move the teaching equipment as pastoral communities relocates Page | 137 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Also supporting school infrastructure such as dormitories, classrooms • Promoting advocacy with regards to education in nomadic communities e.g. the TEFA –mobile schools.

vii) Peace building

Supports Riam Riam, a peace building network that coordinates peace building in the entire of Turkana and works with partners across the border in Omo Corridor

vii) governance –enhancing capacity of partner to advocate for rights by demanding for accountability of constituency development funds and other expenditures by local authorities intended to address various sectors e.g. roads, bursary funds

4 Consortium of Government of Kenyan(Ministry for Social protection and Hunger safety net development of Northern Kenya and other arid Lands), Oxfam, Help age, Care international, Safe the Children UK The Hunger Safety Net program is executed by Care, Oxfam, Help age International, and equity bank and funded by department for International Save the children UK, and Equity Bank. The Ministry of Northern Kenya and development (DFID) development of arid lands is the secretariat. The program is funded by DFID which has made a long term commitment of 122‐million pounds over the next 10 years. The DFID hopes to reach out to a target of 1.5 million Kenyans by 2017. The program support social protection in Kenya and hopes to stimulate both government and development partners’ support to social protection in Kenya. The program is at its three year pilot phase. It is being piloted in four districts, namely lager Marsabit, lager Turkana, Wajir and Mandera. It has three different targeting methods namely:‐ social pensions targeting older person , aged 55 years and above, who receive unconditional cash transfers. It also targets at household with high dependency ratio. It involves selecting households with large number of dependents, i.e. the old, sick, disabled. It is community based approach whereby community members help to identify the most vulnerable and needy members in their villages. One targeting method is used in any one location

In the western part of the lake, Oxfam does the administration aspect in Larger Turkana district while on eastern side Oxfam administers the Wajir District. Administration involves s identification of e vulnerable households who are expected

Page | 138 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. to receive a stipend of K.sh 2150 every other month. Enrolment involves the use of biometric identification, photograph, whose details are capture through a smart card. These detailed are further captures into a computer databank which in consolidated into district and finally on to a national level. The women constitute 60% of all primary recipients. On the Eastern side of the lake, the Administration is done by Care International in greater Marsabit. Save the Children UK is undertaking administration in Mandera. On both the eastern and western sides of Lake Turkana, Help age International oversees the social protection rights by verifying and validating that the targeting, registration enrolment was done in transparent and accountable manner. Help age also ensures justice and fairness of the selection process to minimise or eliminate inclusion and exclusion errors. Help age ensure the household receive cash on time.

The coordinator of safety net program approves eligible beneficiaries and summit the list to equity bank. Equity Bank issues smart cards and distributes to beneficiaries. With villager spread out over vast areas of often arid land, many community members cannot access equity bank. A network of shopkeepers with adequate cash flows are selected to make payment on behalf of program using machines called Point of sale.

Monitoring and Evaluation is also done

5 Riam Riam This is a community based peace network supported by USAID, Oxfam, COMIC Relief, DAI(development alternative Inc). Promotes peace development at grassroots through ADAKA peace development Committee(APDC)

When a conflict arises the APDC will get information and report to field a monitor who verify the information and sends it to government administrators in the areas and Riam Riam peace network for a rapid response. Also works with administrators in Ethiopia and EPARDA (Ethiopia Pastoralist development Association) for follow up. In case of livestock had been stolen by rustlers, livestock is returned and families compensated.

Through RiamRiam networks enemy tribes are brought together for reconciliation

Page | 139 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. e.g. the Daasanech & Turkana peace agreement of 2008 to end conflict by returning any stolen livestock, compensation of the deceased, cross‐border sharing of resources and cross border businesses

5 Practical Action In Turkana, working in two close boarder areas in Kenya Uganda border‐ the Karamoja cluster. Called karamoja cluster because these communities along the An international NGO whose mother office is in UK. Regional boarder have similar lifestyle, speak the similar language. Works with partners in office in Nairobi for East Africa. Have 4 filed offices namely Uganda side called Karamoja Pastoralist Development groups. Planning to work on Somali cluster based in Mandera, Nakuru Nairobi cluster, Kenya Sudan corridor. Focuses on Four sectors Kisumu cluster and deal with water sanitation and livelihood for urban poor. i) Peace building sector‐ • Peace important to pave way for development .Works with partners to ensure The focus for pastoral community is to remove vulnerability. peace among livestock raiding tribes . Partners include h Riam Riam and Oxfam, VSF, ACTED. These partners work together to facilitate community dialogue.

• Formed local peace committee in the grazing areas around border regions e.g., Peace Committee at Lokiriama, Lorengikkipi, namorupusi ii) Water and sanitation sector • Involved in sinking shallow wells, boreholes, solar pumps, Rainwater harvesting through rock catchments, water pans, sand dams • maintenance of water supply systems by strengthening water user Associations

iii) Livestock • Educate communities on proper animal husbandry, crossbreed of local and Boran cattle, Gala goats • Disease control e.g. PPR, CPP, and CBPP. • Training of livestock community health workers. A drugstore at Loima run by community health workers • Promoting livestock marketing by undertaking market surveys

iv) Alternative livelihood sector v) Natural resources management, peace and conflict management

Page | 140 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Turkana has untapped resources e.g. bee keeping, handicraft, aloe Vera, gum Arabica, beads. use of cattle bones, promote folder trees • Traditional conflict about water and livestock. Looks for ways to make tribes to share common resources. • Peace conference‐ Currently conflict between various tribes e.g. the Turkana and Pokot, Turkana and Merile. Facilities dialogue and cross border collaboration and networking to deal with cattle rustling and disarmament. • Works with Riam Riam umbrella peace building organization World Vision, Lodwar ADP The ADP focuses on various sectorial community development programs

This is one of the Area Development Program located in the i)Food security North Rift Zone. • Supports local CBOs to do Irrigation of Sorghum, vegetables, green grams, maize along R. Turkwel. Supporting various irrigation schemes whereby The ADP has supported building of canal and boreholes e.g. Napucho CBO, Napeika • Give out farm implants such as water pumps, Jembes, wheel barrow Also supply other farm inputs like fertilizers and seedlings • Educates communities on proper fishing methods, buy boats and fishing gear, (ii) Livestock

• Supported communities with improved breeds of Gala goats for crossbreed • Supports CBOs with local chicken (iii) Health

• Training of community based health workers • Supports construction of dispensaries • Give out mosquito nets iv)Water and Sanitation

• Sinking of boreholes, water harvesting tanks • Health education on basic household hygiene Page | 141 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. v)Education

• Support primary education classroom, text books, strengthen school management committee, refresher courses for teachers, vi) Sponsorship & HIV

• Management of children in program • Income generation activities for people living with aids • Games for youth • Raise awareness on HIV/AIDS

vii) Essential nutrition project

• Support children under five and breastfeeding mothers with food supplement such as grains, beans, rice and sugar. (vii( Christian Values • Support pastoral meeting • Liaise with International church mission interested in planting churches and mission work • Train pastor • Youth camp • Seminars vi) Advocacy • Advocates for protection of children rights • Support children parliament to raise awareness in public Barazas with regard to negative cultural values that adversely affect children International Rescue Committee at Lodwar 3 main components namely health, livelihood, governance. Currently implementing health programs at Garisa, Turkana, and Kakuma.

• At Kakuma refugees concentrating on clinical monitoring, prevention, Treatment refugee camp. Hosts community HIV/AIDS program and community base management. • Environmental sanitation at Kakuma. Also focuses on nutrition and maternal

Page | 142 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. child care. • At Kalokol supporting catholic diocese of Lodwar with HIV/AIDS program • At Kalokol implementing HIV/AIDS and community health program. • Supporting health program of partners such as Catholic Dioceses of Lodwar, Africa Inland church and Ministry of health Management information systems • Support Ministry pf Health response to diseases outbreak such as measles, cholera, polio • Governance program mainly with regard to urban refugee. With regards to Turkana the governance program tries to expose the need of Turkana to the world.

Turkana Basin Institute Involved in fossil research. Any fossils collected in preserved their centre and is a tourist attraction which generates local income. TBI also support community development initiatives such as sponsorship of students to secondary schools. In addition it provides employment of the locals.

TBI has been promoting on household sanitation e.g. rubbish pits

Promoting beehives

Energy saving stove

Catholic Diocese of Lodwar, Justice peace commission Catholic Diocese of Marsabit has 5 development sectors namely:‐

• Inter community peace building and conflict transformation by promoting intercommunity peace dialogue which mainly targets at livestock herders, elders, women and youth. Conducts Foray Peace Camp where herders are have relocated with their animals away from mainstream villages. Normally the slaughters cow and goats and let the herder feast together .e.g. at Gas location where enemy tribes the Gabra, Daasanech Rendile, Samburu are brought together. • Health sector;‐ Building of dispensaries, curative and prevention services

Page | 143 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Water sector:‐ Rain water harvesting, improvement of existing water facilities like shallow wells, springs, boreholes, spring protection

• Humanitarian program:‐provide supplementary feeding, malnutrition programs for expectant, breast feeding mothers , children • Disaster risk reduction:‐ rain water harvesting, underground tanks at foot of mountains • Education: building schools. Three quarter of schools in Marsabit have been built by catholic Dioceses of Marsabit •

Solidarity in North Horr Supporting community sanitation by building latrines and bins for waste disposal

PISP In North Horr Sinking wells and pumps for existing wells

CIFA In North Horr Vaccination and community training of community health workers

Loiyangalani wind power project

Women groups projects Mazingira women group‐ started in 1997 with support of GTZ‐ Runs a guest house with 24 bed and camping gear with 45 members

North Horr women group‐Income generating

Galasa women group‐Income generation

HADCO group(Areida men and women group. Involved in fences and tree planting, water wells. Fix water pumps for existing well, fetches water and distributes,

Red Cross Relief and emergency work

Page | 144 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. WFP Relief

Constituency Development funds Implementing various development programs prioritized by the constituencies

Government of Kenya District Development offices implementing programs under various sectors as per district development plans

Ministry of Development of Northern Kenya and other Arid‐ The project is currently on phase II which runs from 2003 to 2010, the first phase I ran between 1996 to 2003 Arid lands Resource management Project The arid land resource management projects is funded by the World Bank and focuses on the following:‐

• Drought Management early warning through production of monthly drought bulletin • Natural resource management. • Peaces building since conflicts are mainly centred on resource sharing. • The Arid lands invest in Training the community on sustainable use of the Lake Turkana and its conservation. • It also provided fishing gears including boats, nets, and training. • The manager of arid lands is also the chairperson of the Lake Turkana fisheries development committee that is assigned the task of developing a strategic plan of sustainable use of Lake Turkana, working together with:‐ • Kenya Marine Fisheries Research Institute. • Fisheries Dept • Oxfam • Turkana County Council • CDF • Diocese of Lodwar

Page | 145 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 3.12 Possible future projects: Assist Lake Turkana communities to diversify their livelihood especially those dependent of lake by doing the following:

• Sink boreholes to generate water for livestock and human consumption • Build refrigerated storage facilities where they can fish and store their store fish, when the fish is in low supply • Rural electrification from Turkwel could help the communities to establish small scale industries including value addition for their fish. • Poor road network limit the marketing of livestock/ fish. Construction of road and improvement of livestock market infrastructure could be one way of supporting livestock keepers to access market. • Improve Livestock breed like the Torgenburg goats. • Training communities on pasture management • Animal bones could be used to make various articraft like flower vase, candle sticks • Since the communities along the lake have inadequate pasture to feed their livestock the folder production along the Lake could be an alternative option. Increase livestock production by increasing drought resistant animals such as camels and their market. • Support basket weaving around the lake communities and search for market outside the region and abroad. • Support self employment for youth by providing grants and loans and entrepreneurial skills • Support bakeries to reduce dependence on Kisumu as a source of bread to the project area • There si a claim that Turkana has untapped resources e.g. bee keeping, Aloe‐vera, gum Arabica, beads, gemstones and gold. All the these could be tapped to diversify the economy • Scale efforts to reduce conflict and insecurity in Turkana. Prepare a conflict management strategy to solve the current conflict in resource management and what might arise with building of Gibbe III dam on Omo River. • Utilise the available lake water like through drip irrigation for crops tolerant to saline soils. • Improve ecotourism for communities along the Lake by promoting their cultures/ dances and handcraft. • Intensity cash for work project for communities along the lake Turkana • Generate energy from wind power • Improve medical care by increasing medical infrastructure and personnel. • Intensity environmental management programme in all communities around lake Turkana and its catchment • Scale up good initiatives being undertaken by NGOs and government as indicated in the compendium of community development activties .

Page | 146 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. CHAPTER IV: PUBLIC CONSULTATION

4.1 Stakeholder analysis and public consultations The stakeholders are the people whose lives are connected to the lake either directly or indirectly by Lake Turkana, and thus in one way or the other , either positively or negatively and event on the Lake does affected them and their livelihoods and activities in one way or the other.

These may include the local communities, the Community Based Organization, Faith Based Organization, the traders, and professionals working at various capacities and whose lives have a link to the Lake Turkana.

At the beginning of the Public consultation process, the Consultants did an inception study where the categories and type of stakeholders that should be consulted. This process was completed with the identification of Lake Turkana communities and other key stake holders.

4.1.1 Primary Stakeholders The primary stakeholder are the communities that live around and about Lake Turkana, and whose lives have a higher dependence on the lake Turkana basin., these may include the indigenous people who are the Turkana, Rendile, Gabbra, Elmolo, Daasanech.

The people are engaged mainly in Nomadic Pastoralists, Fisher folks, Agro‐pastoralists and Traders.

Among the primary stakeholders, are the vulnerable groups such as women, and the youth who were given due consideration during the consultation process by doing both women focus group discussions and also youth focus group discussions, so that they were informed about the purpose of the consultancy and they participated fully and freely.

The Secondary Stakeholders identified were the Government, Parastatal Institutions, NGO’s and FBO’s.

4.1.2 Governmental Organizations: The identified stakeholders for consultations are selected from Ministerial Offices in Nairobi, District Offices, Divisional and Location and sub‐location level. Various government district departments were also consulted, these included, ALRMP II, District Executive Officer, District Development Officer, District Public Health Officer, District Agricultural Officer,

4.1.3 Non Governmental Organization (NGOs): These included, Worlds Vision, Oxfam – GB, VSF‐B, Catholic Church, Friends of Turkana, Riam Riam, etc

4.2 AGENDA OF THE CONSULTATIONS The public consultation meeting were designed to reach the Key Informers, Government officials at National to Location level, NGO’s CBO’s & FBO’s and Public forums were also organised so that a exhaustively representation of all member of the communities was done. The vulnerable groups were also

Page | 147 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. given special consideration in focus group discussions by involving women, women who head households, the youth and the elderly, and thus achieving the following agenda. • identify the primary and secondary stakeholders likely to be affected by the Gibe III project; • to select a broad spectrum of interests and views, paying particular attention to women, poor and more vulnerable groups (youth, vulnerable ethnic minorities, elderly • to find out the various ways that the primary stakeholders utilize lake turkana • to ensure stakeholders were able to understand the project; • to identify potential impacts of the project‐both positive and negative; • adequate information on similar projects or activities in the same area and/or sector and take note of lessons learned; • stakeholders perception/attitudes about the project that affects them directly; • discuss opportunities for mitigation and further consultation avenues; and • identify hydrological changes • misinformation about Gibe III • Other relevant issues.

4.3 Number of stakeholders consulted [1574] and Number of households interviewed [1218] In total participants took part directly either through one on one interview, public forums and focused group discussion and stakeholders’ workshops through out the public consultation process. These participants were from Illeret to Lodwar, literally sampling the entire Lake Turkana Communities.

A total of 672 persons participated in focus group discussions 119 of them being the youth 196 women participated in focus group discussions where they freely aired their concerns, fears and daily experience and how they utilize the lake plus changes noted, they also went ahead to discuss the challenges faced by women in these communities.

A total of 10 key informants from at the National Government were interviewed on one on one basis in interviews that lasted for almost two hours

A total of 36 district government officials plus a total of 10 key informers at Non Governmental organisations working in the Turkana Area were interviewed during the public consultation process.

Source 31: ‐Populations Of Districts Around Lake Turkana

Laisamis District Division 1999 Density 2008 Density 2010 Density

Laisamis 24011 4.1 30604 5.2 32154 5.5

Loiyangalani 16965 1.46 21623 1.86 22719 1.96

Korr 6591 2.3 8401 2.9 8826 3.1

Total 47567 60628 63699

Page | 148 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Turkana Central Division 1999 Density 2008 Density 2010 Density Central 35919 45 50,307 63 53424 67 Kerio 15409 4 21,581 8 22918 6 Kalokol 28735 13 40,245 19 42739 20 Turkwel 49881 9 69,862 12 74190 13 Loima 33979 10 47,590 14 50538 15 Total 163923 229,585 243809

Turkana North Division 1999 Density 2008 Density 2010 Density Lokichoggio 36,187 5 50,682 6 53,822 7 Kaaling 24,053 3 33,688 4 35,775 4 Lapur 12,780 6 17,899 8 19,008 8 Lokitaung 22,586 12 31,633 17 33,593 18 Kibish 6,057 1 8,483 2 9,009 2 Oropoi 18,020 3 25,238 5 26,802 5 Kakuma 97,114 26 139,015 37 144,441 39 Total 216,797 303,638 322,450

Turkana South Division 1999 Density 2008 Density 2010 Density Lokichar 21791 5 30519 7 32410 7 Lomelo 6087 1 8523 2 9051 2 Kainuk 11799 7 16525 10 17548 11 Lokori 17915 3 25091 4 26643 4 Katilu 12548 10 17574 14 18665 15 Total 70,140 98,232 104,317 Chalbi District Division 1999 Density 2008 Density 2010 Density North Horr 13,621 1 17,535 2 18,630 2 Maikona 15,127 1 19,474 2 20,690 2 Dukana 9,762 1 12,567 2 13,352 2 Turbi 4,391 1 5,653 1 6,006 1 Total 42,901 55,229 58,678

Page | 149 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Figure 3 MAP OF LOCATION OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION AND HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS

Page | 150 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table of Type and Category of Consulted People

Table 10 Interviews with Officials at National Government level Date District location Participant numbers 8‐Aug‐09 Nairobi Nairobi KWS 3 9‐Aug‐09 Nairobi Nairobi ministry of water 2 Ministry of State for development of Northern Kenya and arid 12‐Aug‐09 Nairobi Nairobi lans 1 12‐Oct‐09 Nairobi# Nairobi FISHERIES 1 14‐Oct‐09 Nairobi Nairobi NEMA 1 15‐Oct‐09 Nairobi Nairobi Ministry of Livestock 1 15‐Oct‐09 Nairobi Nairobi NEMA 1 15‐Oct‐09 Nairobi Nairobi FISHERIES 1 15‐Oct‐09 Nairobi Nairobi FISHERIES 1

Table 11 Interviews with Officials at District and Location Government level Date District Location Participant Attendance 16‐Aug‐09 Turkana Central Kalokol Chief of Kalokol 1 17‐Aug‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar DO 1 1 17‐Aug‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar District Forest Officer 1 18‐Aug‐09 Turkana Central Kerio Chief of Kerio, 3 19‐Aug‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar K. W. S. 1 19‐Aug‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar FISHERIES 1 19‐Aug‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar Cooperatives 1 13‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit DC 1 13‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit DO 2 14‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit ALRMP II 2 14‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit DEO 1 14‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit NEMA 1 14‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit TRADE 1 14‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit Education 1 14‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit DDO 1 14‐Sep‐09 Marsabit Central Marsabit FISHERIES 2 16‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Laisamis DO 2 16‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Laisamis DC 1 23‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Loiyangalani DO, Chief 4 30‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar Councilor 1 6‐Oct‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar DO 7

Page | 151 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

Non Governmental Organisation & Faith Based Organisations Date District Location Participant Attendance 23‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Loiyangalani Consolata Fathers 1 29‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar VSF‐B 1 30‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar Diocese of Lodwar 2 30‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar Oxfarm GB 1 30‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar IGAD 2 30‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar Practical Action 2 30‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lodwar World Vision 1

Table 12:‐ Public Forums Consultation Meetings Date District Location Participant Attendance 18‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North North Horr Community 90 19‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North North Horr –Bura Community 38 19‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Horr‐Gudha Community 20 21‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Illeret Community 76 Loiyangalani Turkana 23‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Kilimambogo community 75 30‐Sep‐09 Turkana Central Lorengelup Community 116 2‐Oct‐09 Turkana Central Kangrisae Community 89 4‐Oct‐09 Turkana Central Kalokol Community 204

Page | 152 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Table 13:‐ Focus Group Public Consultation meetings Date District Location Participant Attendance 18‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North North Horr Pastoralist 10 North Horr El‐Sacko 19‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Malla Elders 15 19‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North North Horr youth group 7 Mazingira Womens 19‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North North Horr group 5 21‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Illeret Farmers 21 21‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Telesigaye Fisher folks 38 21‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Illeret youth group 19 21‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Illeret women group 16 21‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North illeret Tenesgae Livestock 37 21‐Sep‐09 Marsabit North Illeret Elders 11 23‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Loiyangalani women group 37 23‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Kiwanjani Elders 14 24‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Elmolo primary school teachers & pupils 34 24‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Loiyangalani Traders 16 24‐Sep‐09 Laisamis loiyangalani teachers & pupils 8 24‐Sep‐09 Laisamis Elmolo bay Fisher folks 33 Turkana 29‐Sep‐09 Central Lorengelup youth group 50 Turkana women household 30‐Sep‐09 Central Lorengelup Heads 11 Turkana 1‐Oct‐09 Central Kangrisae youth group 43 Turkana 2‐Oct‐09 Central Kangrisae women group 22 Turkana 5‐Oct‐09 Central Kalokol Elders 61 Turkana 5‐Oct‐09 Central Kalokol women group 83 Turkana 5‐Oct‐09 Central Kalokol Traders 59

Page | 153 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. CHAPTER V: - FINDINGS OF PUBLIC CONSULTATION

5.1 Cultural Factors that May Affect the Consultation

5.1.1 Language barrier Majorities of the communities only speak in their local dialects and languages; very few understood Kiswahili language or English Language.

Thus in several meeting in the villages or settlements such as Illeret, North Horr, Loiyangalani, Lorengelup, Kangarisae we had to use translators. During the public consultation meetings, much time was lost because of the need of translations, thus meeting took longer than necessary. And it was necessary to get the local translator understand the facts on Gibe III before being engaged in translation.

On the enumerators, new ones had to be trained in every community and settlement because of the language barrier and rivalry attitude among different ethnic groups.

5.1.2 Hostility to the Gibe III Project The matter of discussion was about the Lake, which is very important to them; they soon got in to the public discussion fully and with passion could not entertain the thought of the Lake being interfered with. This made it almost impossible to discuss any ideas on mitigation; it took extra effort and wisdom to bring about discussions on mitigation measures. At some places, they failed completely to mention any possible mitigation measures, saying they will fight to defend themselves and not allow anyone to touch the lake.

5.1.3 Cultural Gender Barriers The cultures of the Communities in Lake Turkana are male dominated, women do most of the household work and in some cultures, and they are expected to also look for food. The women are also exposed to oppressive competition in polygamous setup. For example among the Gabbra fours years old boy opinion is considered rather than a 25 years old woman.

In some places where the consultation was done elders didn’t permit women to speak in Barazas, this made the women to watch and listen rather than speak during the meeting, there was a hierarchy of speaking at the public meetings too. Mostly the elders spoke though with calm, then after the youth would speak then one or so elderly woman too.

Young women seldom spoke except in the Youth meetings where they were present. Most of the facts and opinions and contributions of women were gotten during consultancy with the women groups, the Daasanech women needed to take care of children and make coffee for their husbands almost 5 times a day.

5.1.4 High Level of Illiteracy There have not been schools in the area for a long time and due to the nomadic lifestyle, and repeated droughts many people in these communities never had a chance to go to school.

Page | 154 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Therefore, about 90 % of the populations at some villages are not able to read or write this it made difficult for the participants to write their names on the attendance sheets, thus there was need of taking finger prints. There are so many people who had wished to communicate but held back due to language barrier. It could clearly be seen on their faces, that if it were not for the language barrier they would wish to communicate more.

5.1.5 Recurrent drought and Nomadism The area has experienced continuous repeated droughts over the years; it hardly rained in a long time. Thus people have deserted their common settlements in search for survival mechanisms for both their livestock and families. This also made the communities to be dispersed, the young men with livestock had out migrated from the villages to as far as Ethiopia or away at unknown places in search of pasture for the livestock, so the majorities were not around to air their view. Nomadic lifestyles make it not easy to really determine the populations of places, since they change with climatic changes and availability of pastures. Also due to nomadism, there were mobile schools and mobile medical services.

5.1.6 Vast, rough, unclear terrain, and poor infrastructure where available The eastern part of Lake Turkana has hardly even a single bitumen road. Most of the roads are seasonal and only passable during certain times. Though occasionally become impassable. Due to the strong winds, which carry along sand and dust, the tyre marks are easily covered, thus it’s not easy to determine exactly where the road is.

This made travelling from place to place very difficult, the villages were located far from each other and roads were unclear and definite landmarks unavailable. At several places, the vehicles sank in sand rivers locally known as “laga” many times the team had to travel on unmarked roads in search of villages. With local guides necessary almost at all locations.

5.1.7 Fear of Victimization The Gibe III was a sensitive topic in the government offices, since the government had already signed an MOU with Ethiopia on purchase of power. Thus in general the government of Kenya position on Gibe III was that it should proceed. Some of the government officials and those in government offices were very fast to state that whatever they said were their personal opinions and did not wish to be quoted as speaking at an official capacity, though the consultants were visiting them at an official capacity and not personal capacity. Some of them cleared aired their belief that Gibe III would not benefit Kenya and was harmful to Lake Turkana.

5.1.8 Insecurity, Threats and Hostility among Communities Generally, the area around the Lake Turkana is an operational area according to the Kenya Police definitions or a place of high level of insecurity mainly due to cattle rustling and livestock theft. The area is also close to the borders of rather insecure areas of neighbouring countries, this has led to lots of illegal arms proliferation in the area. Thus making, it very insecure.

This availability of illegal firearms and the culture of “moranism” where young people are expected to raid livestock from their neighbouring communities in order to be qualified for marriage or praise makes Page | 155 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. armed raids a common thing. Due to insecurity, the team had moved carefully and avoided places with incidences of ongoing fighting at the time of the consultancies; this was the case with Todonyang where there were some conflicts, there was an incident at Marsabit where a local councillor was arrested at the workshop at the pastoral centre, and since the security apparatus were investigating a recent conflict. One had to train enumerators among and from the locals; otherwise those from another community would not be accepted to do the enumeration work in a different community.

5.1.9 Lack of Allowances to the Attendants Since several NGO’s have had a culture of paying participants to attend seminars and workshops, at first many people were lethargic about the workshops, but as they got to hear about the purpose, they got actively involved since the matter of Lake Turkana touches on their livelihoods. Also the issue of allowances was due to the fact that some of the communities’ members travelled long distances to come for the workshops from places where transport might only be available twice or thrice a week.

5.2 UTILIZATION OF LAKE TURKANA

Domestic source of water People living around the lake in places such as Moite, Elmolo Bay, Kilimambogo and Tondonyag among many others depend on the lake as a source of Domestic water.

Watering Livestock and Cure for livestock diseases The lake is also a source of water for livestock, and its waters and of medicinal value to livestock with de‐ worming and nutritional value.

Domestic Source of Nutrition The roots of Masai reeds are dried and ground for food during dry seasons, there is also the Nile Cabbage whose seeds are dried and ground and used as floor during drought. Various families also depend on fishing as a source of food. Especially women in communities are the shores. Men mostly fish to sell while women do it for domestic purposes. However, it should be noted that nowadays women also are involved in fishing for commercial purposes, this is mainly happening at Loiyangalani, Moite and Kalokol where women individual or as a group do fishing.

Flood Farming (Recession farming) People at Illeret at the River delta and at the shore of Lake Turkana practice flood (recession) farming. Farming depends on the waters of Lake Turkana, when its rainy season at the catchment areas in Ethiopia, there is much water that comes into the Lake thus causing it to burst its shores, thus creating some wetland for farming.

Fishing Elmolo people have totally depended on fishing for a livelihood for the past two centuries; they have witnessed Lake Turkana recede over the past forty years due to repeated drought and climatic changes. Page | 156 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. At Moite, there is a place where the Gabbra people also do fishing; there are about 500 Gabbra fishermen who work together with the Daasanech, ie Dasgabra fishing community

Tourism Lake Turkana is a tourist attraction with the Sibiloi National park on one side and the Koobi Fora and also there are archeological fossils, there are also several cultures with rich historic information suitable for cultural tourism. There are also potentials of sport fishing. The lake also endowed with several endangered species and rare species of birds for the tourist who ve got an eye for the rare species of birds, the tourist en‐route to the lake do visit the communities, such as north Horr and buy lots of souvenirs along the way.

Transportation Boats on the Lake are used as a means of transportation avoiding the rather rough terrain and unsure road networks. It connects the people with Lodwar, and Kalokol for selling of Fish. This is a preferred mode of movement because of lack of proper infrastructure. Though the strong winds can easily capsize the boats, it’s the most efficient way of crossing from the east side of the lake to the western side, via road network this 45minutes journey might take three days and its way much more costly and time consuming.

Security / Shield /Boundaries Each of the communities of lake Turkana claim that the lake protects them against their dangerous enemies on the opposite side, while the Turkana says it protects them from the dangerous Merile, Gabbra and Rendile people, the same communities are quick to mention that the lake protects them from being attacked by the dangerous Turkana people on the western side. Thus each of the communities sees the lake as a barrier from unwanted enemy.

For the Elmolo who are not unaggressive and unwarlike take refuge on islands from the dangerous cattle rustlers, a culture of all the surrounding communities.

The lake also has within it fishing areas and zones for each community demarcated by fishing boundaries thus every community knows its boundaries within the lake.

Marine and Wildlife conservation Lake Turkana is endowed with much marine life, and a robust wildlife population depend on it both as a habitat and a source of water, the wonderful heritage of wildlife is what constitutes the Sibiloi National Park, the Lake also has one of the highest numbers of Nile Crocodiles. Some of the rare species and endangered species are found with Lake Turkana.

These wildlife also have very important cultural values to the communities, the Dasanaach children are not scared of the crocodiles, since they believe they can only harm someone if he or she is cursed by his or her elders for bad behaviour. The communities believe the lake is their property from God and must not be taken away from them.

Page | 157 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Recreation For lack of any other recreational and sports facilities for the youth and children, the lake is a major recreation area, for the members of the communities living around the lake. It’s where the young learn how to swim. It can be further used for sports fishing and other marine sports, such as sailing competitions since the winds are very strong.

Also very refreshing to be in the waters of the lake in a hot and unfriendly dry whether that surrounds the lake. Scores of families are regularly found along the lake shores ate Loiyangalani, thus making the shore a social centre too.

Place of refuge for vulnerable members of community The areas surround the lake is arid and semi arid lands where food is not easily available, especially for those who don’t own livestock. Young children from families struggling from lack of resources can easily get fish from the lake. This acts as nutritional supplement and a Source of sustenance for the orphans and destitute members of the community. During droughts the relief might take long to come, but the fish in the lake is usually available as the first line of relief for those who can not afford to buy food. Thus the lake is essential for the survival of the most vulnerable members of the communities.

Cultural Values:‐ The communities around the lake have several cultural ceremonies that are done by the lake side. This includes circumcision and other rites of passage. The Elmolo people who are allowed by the KWS every year to harvest a hippopotamus for the purpose of cultural ceremonies.

Table 14: summarises Ways of how stakeholders utilise Lake Turkana

Ward Valid Cumulative locations Freq. Percent Percent Percent Illeret No response 2 1.4 1.4 1.4 Fishing 72 50.3 50.3 51.7 Transportation 6 4.2 4.2 55.9 Source of water for domestic 44 30.8 30.8 86.7 use Source of water for livestock 14 9.8 9.8 96.5 Tourism 3 2.1 2.1 98.6 Grazing fields 2 1.4 1.4 100.0 Total 143 100.0 100.0 Loiyangalani Fishing 68 30.9 30.9 30.9 Transportation 31 14.1 14.1 45.0 Source of water for domestic 67 30.5 30.5 75.5 use Source of water for livestock 37 16.8 16.8 92.3 Tourism 16 7.3 7.3 99.5 Grazing fields 1 .5 .5 100.0 Total 220 100.0 100.0

Page | 158 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report.

North Horr No response 3 1.3 1.3 1.3 Fishing 47 19.8 19.8 21.1 Transportation 51 21.5 21.5 42.6 Source of water for domestic 76 32.1 32.1 74.7 use Source of water for livestock 9 3.8 3.8 78.5 Tourism 8 3.4 3.4 81.9 Don’t know 43 18.1 18.1 100.0 Total 237 100.0 100.0 Lorengelup No response 1 .5 .5 .5 Fishing 110 54.2 54.2 54.7 Transportation 20 9.9 9.9 64.5 Source of water for domestic 32 15.8 15.8 80.3 use Source of water for livestock 23 11.3 11.3 91.6 Tourism 11 5.4 5.4 97.0 Grazing fields 6 3.0 3.0 100.0 Total 203 100.0 100.0 Kang’arise No response 2 1.0 1.0 1.0 Fishing 111 53.9 53.9 54.9 Transportation 2 1.0 1.0 55.8 Source of water for domestic 4 1.9 1.9 57.8 use Source of water for livestock 85 41.3 41.3 99.0 Grazing fields 2 1.0 1.0 100.0 Total 206 100.0 100.0 Kalokol Fishing 141 67.5 67.5 67.5 Transportation 12 5.7 5.7 73.2 Source of water for domestic 51 24.4 24.4 97.6 use Source of water for livestock 4 1.9 1.9 99.5 Tourism 1 .5 .5 100.0 Total 209 100.0 100.0

5.3 CHANGES NOTED ON THE LAKE

Retrieving of the shores of Lake Turkana The major change that has been noted on the Lake mentioned by almost all people during the public consultation is the fact that the lake is shrinking and its shore are running away. The lake has had habits of retrieving during the non rainy seasons at the catchment areas and then returns beyond its level during

Page | 159 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. the rainy season at the catchment areas. This behaviour enables various activities at the shores including (recession) farming.

(Normally the lake expands in August and September and January, this phenomena does not seem to happen anymore) The Elmolo bay settlement is now no longer surrounded by the Lake Turkana which used engulf it in September a phenomenon that was last witnessed in 1998.

At Kalokol the lake has moved a few kilometres during the season and according to the chief of Kalokol, its not only because of Drought but other possible uses of water upstream.

From their experience as the lake is receding and the shores are getting muddy, the weak animals get stuck in the mud as they follow the receding waters. The amount of water in domestic wells has also gone down and shallow wells are recessing at the moment and some have dried up, since wells somehow they are connected to the levels of water on the lake. This situation increases the problem of unavailability of water for domestic use.

Change in quality and colour of water Due to increase farming activities along the beds of Omo River, there is much sedimentation causing the water to have brownish colour at the upper end of the Lake Turkana close to the Omo River delta. This is mostly evident when there are rains in Ethiopia. This is also a sign that there is much soil erosion at the catchment areas and along the river beds.

Pollution Because of much human activity, there is lots of pollution getting into the river and also as a result of heavy grazing along the lower Omo valley, especially along watering routes and overnight pastures, and settlement close to the rivers indicates that there is some pollution particularly from human and livestock wastes. These in turn are carried down the river into Lake Turkana causing much pollution.

Further to the pollution from upstream there is much human activity on the lake, thus occasionally the fishing boats capsize with people on board, while fishermen also discard the excess fishes into the lake.

Low fish catch The lake stayed a long time with out commercial fishing activities happening in the lake, in fact the traditional fishermen on the lake used sticks with sharp ends to strike the fishes which was mainly for domestic consumption, most of the fishing activity only occurred at the shallow shores of the lake. But with emergence of commercial fishing since 1960, now there are boats and nets being used to fishing at the deeper parts of the Lake.

These rushes for financial gain have led to much fishing in the deeper parts of the lake and overfishing at the shallow breeding areas. The recession of the lake plus destruction of the shores by watering livestock, coupled by the use of undersize nets which catch fish before their productive age has caused the amounts and the quality of fish to reduce. Its no longer possible to catch big sizes of the Nile Perch and the sizes of Tilapia has also reduced.

Page | 160 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Lack of reeds on the shores and Loose of breeding grounds for fish Along the shores of the lake and the river beds were reed traditionally known as maasai, which grew freely and were good for providing shed for the breeding grounds, and also were a source of food for both human and livestock, these reeds were also used for roofing. But as the lake retrieved as a result to recurrent drought, and thus overstocking and grazing at the lake shores , the reeds which grows at the shallow waters have been destroyed by livestock, thus leaving these areas muddy and bear and un‐ conducive for planktons. And also not suitable for fish to breed on thus destruction of the ecosystem supporting the breeding ground for fishes.

Salinity, health problems to bones (ph 10.4) the water is now dangerous to consume As the salts settle in the lake without any source of fresh water the pH of the water increases, when animals and human consume the water such salinity causes metabolism problems and displacement reaction on in calcium salts which are in the basic bone structure, this is evident by the browning of teeth, other body parts are also affected, children maybe bow legged, and it may lead to osteoporosis too. The high pH has made the waters at the shows of Elmolo bay part of Lake Turkana not fit for human consumption.

Hooves of livestock being stuck at the shores As the water becomes more and more polluted, animals tend to wade in deeper for the cleaner water, the has led to some parts of the shore becoming muddy, coupled with animal waste, the weak animals get hooves stuck in mud and may even die if not rescued on time as they struggle to get in for a drink after travelling long distances to reach the lake during the long spells of drought. The mud mixed with dung and animal waste may also harbour disease may also lead to infections of other animals coming to be water at the very shores.

Disappearance of some fish species There certain fishes that need fresh water during the breeding cycle, yet there other who can not survive when the ph in water becomes too high, such fishes would be found close to the river delta. The Elmolo who are basically fisher folks as opposed to the other communities who were traditionally pastoralist but have been force into fishing as an adoptive mechanism to unsustainable livelihood of livestock dependency; say that certain species of are no longer seen nor caught and they only explanation for such extinction or migration is the increase salinity of the waters of lake Turkana.

The people at Elmolo bay claimed to have witnessed disappearance of some species of fish, reduction of sizes, and general unavailability of fresh water species of fish

Loss of flood (recession) cultivation As a result of flooding, the lake waters would cover quite some distance of the shore and as it retrieves seasonally it would leave behind wet ground suitable for recession farming as it retreats, the communities would therefore plant food crops such as millet and sorghum. Now due to the continued drought and possibly diversion of water of River Omo into other uses, the kind of recession farming which was practiced through the fluctuations of levels of water on the lake is no longer viable in many parts of the shores. Page | 161 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Erosion and siltation Soil erosion occurs when there is much cultivation along the river beds and the lake shore, the ground loosens up and the top layer fertile soil is carried away easily either by water during the brief rainy seasons or strong winds, which create small smooth of sand on land, but deposits huge amounts of sand into the lake daily. This situation is worsened everyday and every season by the destruction of the hardly available vegetation cover by goats, charcoal burning, firewood, cutting down of trees for other purposes has lead to mass wasting and soil erosion and thus lots of soil is carried into the river and subsequently into the lake

5.4 FEARS AND CONCERNS Most of the communities interviewed expressed fears and concerns on the possible effects of Gibe III on the levels of Lake Turkana and their fears were drive by the following factors.

River Omo related fears They said this is the main source of waters of the Lake Turkana, and thus the communities are concerned that any activity on the river shall surely affect the lake in a negative way. The understanding of the damming process is also erratic, the imagination that a “wall” i.e. dam shall be erected across the river gives a permanent feeling that the river shall not flow again. At a point, the consultants had to elaborate the damming and hydropower generation process is compared to windmill, since the winds pass, in the same way, the more water continues downstream the more power is generated.

Drought related fears One of the most common natural phenomenons in the area is drought, its just as sure as the sun is to shine. Thus even one of the most active government agency i.e. the Arid Lands has one of its major activities is drought monitoring and warning since it has no known prevention yet. The Arid lands produce monthly bulletins related to drought

When there is drought, the communities clearly stated that the lake has been there only refuge, and no relief can assist the way the lake does. So therefore, any imagination of loosing the lake causes much anger, concern, and desperation. They said they continually experienced drought, and it hardly rains, thus the lake is the only last resort and refuge for the people and the animals.

Poverty related fears Most of these communities leave utterly below the poverty line; they contribute majorly to the National poverty index and the current state. The government and various relief agencies are constantly working in this area to save life and livelihoods of these communities.

There are activities of destocking during drought and restocking when the rare rains come. Due to increased raid and recurrent spells of drought, livestock keeping is no longer sustainable. In 1960’s the NORADS introduced fishing in Lake Turkana as an alternative source of livelihoods.

Fishing has become the only source of income during drought and seems to be the only sustainable income generating activity in this arid area. Thus, these are true concern that should the lake waters be

Page | 162 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. affected, this might in turn affect the availability of fish which seem to be the only sustainable source of income which has not been fully exploited.

Many future development activities around the areas are hinged around the fact that there is fish as alternative source of food and sustainable economic empowerment and wealth creation activity. Thus any activity that shall in anyway undermine this only promising source of sustainable income shall make these communities struggling to get out of poverty, sink deeper into poverty and dependency on aid and relief.

With reduction of levels of water, there won’t be much fish at the shores of the lake, thus resulting in hunger, starvation and malnutrition since women and children might not be able to get deep into the lake to fish.

Gender Related Fears Women, the youth and children are most vulnerable group during natural, and man made disasters including the effects of damming.

The youth work so had to get a lasting foundation for livelihoods and posterity of any community. And are essentially a work force and resource to any community, but also are the instruments used by antagonist of any system of government when institutions of good governance can not deliver to the communities.

When they are idle, and unemployed, there is bound to be increased livestock raid and unrest in these communities already facing a problem of illegal arms proliferation being a major source of insecurity.

Women are the core and the master orchestra of the family and community, and in the lake Turkana communities, women take up the big responsibility of building manyatta, child bearing, and upbringing, sourcing food and taking care of children and homestead as the men continue in nomadic life and cattle rustling and livestock raids which seem to be engraved in the customs of the consulted communities with an exception of the Elmolo. Women still bear the big burden of shallow water fishing for domestic source of food.

Women are the farmers; they do the cultivation at the delta river delta and at the irrigation schemes around the Kerio River. The Daasanech women also collect both the Nile cabbage whose seed the dry, and grind and store for food during drought. Its women who also dig out the roots of masai reeds which grow by the lake shores and dry and ground them ready for consumption in the dry seasons.

Women participate in fishing and related business and trade as a source of income since the Livestock is primarily a man’s business and source of prestige and in some communities such as the Gabbra and the Daasanech, the women are not allowed to slaughter even a goat while their families are at the verge of starvation.

However, fish from the lake has given them a source of empowerment, thus an imagination that even this refuge that women have might be withdrawn. The women look frail and seem to suffer from too much responsibility and no rest even now that the waters have not been interfered with. Faced with much responsibility even now, they eat last when everyone else is already well fed from the remains in cooking pots, since traditionally they don’t have plates. Page | 163 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Thus as result of interference on Omo River the already overburdened women, will be stretched to unimaginable limits that no doted unevenly spread mitigation measures can salvage them from this foreseen inhuman circumstances.

Water related fears Water is a basic requirement for every human and animals, it the most basic requirements for life and related activities. Drought is in essence the absence of water, and the arid lands are as result of inadequate water. The most permanent and the only lasting source of water for these communities is Lake Turkana.

This is the main source of concern, and something they vowed to fight for since water is life for the people and their livestock too. When the levels of water in the lake are down, even wells dry up, thus affecting people who do not fetch water directly from the Lake Turkana.

These communities have lived in this arid area for generations, water is not easily available, the only permanent source of water has been the lake, saving them from and their cattle from extinction in every spell of drought, and even the rivers around are only seasonal.

Irrigation on Omo River Related Concerns When irrigation is done , there are several factors that affect the volume of water, this include silting, increased evaporation, increased of water users which might include domestic uses, cattle and many other users that shall evolve in the irrigation process. This will definitely lead to decrease of River waters.

At the same time, no one knows exactly what percentage of the water shall end up in irrigation and whether this irrigation shall be seasonal or throughout the year.

Some elders in Loiyangalani stated that there is a time in the past that Ethiopia had used the waters of river Omo for irrigation, it indeed did affect the Lake, the fish reduced, and the Lake retrieved this was in about 1992. However, the irrigation project failed in one way or the other, and the Lake was restored. So in case River Omo shall be used for irrigation which is part of the plan, the water of the Lake shall reduce again. In addition, there is a danger of loosing livelihoods since more people now depend on the Lake.

(Source: 32 Gibe III EIA – Additional Study on Downstream Impacts 300 ENV R AG 003 B, Chapter 6, subtopic 6.2.2.4 Possible Interventions in Irrigated Agriculture Page 181 to 184)

Turkana Guides Association also mentioned irrigation on Gigel River where Gibe II is, they attributed this irrigation to the loss of about 40% of waters that were to flow downstream.

Concerns on Pollution, The damming of a river causes water to gather at an artificial place, whose rock structure and chemical contents have not yet been predetermined, this might greatly affect the chemical compositing of the waters at the dam thus affecting the downstream composition of the water.

Page | 164 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. The area that the dam shall occupy might also contain several types of unknown contaminants, especially due to the previous human settlement and activities. Thus this poses an enormous danger of contamination of water going downstream.

Since as part of the mitigation measures, there are also plans to irrigate some areas downstream, the farming activities might lead to chemicals used as fertilizers, herbicides, and pesticides to end up in waters downstream.

As the waters pass through a turbine there are also chances of contamination of one form of the other. There were feelings that as the water retrieved it became unfit for domestic use and might even be harmful to the aquatic life considering that Lake Turkana does not have an outlet.

Conflicts related fears The water is both a resource and a separating protection from hostile communities, who main source of conflict is livestock raids. As the waters grow thin, there shall be more pressure on the lake, thus several stakeholders were concerned that this pressure might lead to conflicts among fisher folks and livestock keepers. Who move closure and closure into the Lake? They also loose the Masai reed that is a source of food, pasture and breeding ground for fish. Thus with this reductions, conflicts are sure.

Some of these conflicts also do affect women and children and aged people as the homesteads and raided and homes burnt, this disrupted development activities of women, e.g. the DasGabo fishing project at Moite was affected by one of the raids, the women had to flee and abandoned the project.

There is also concern that there could be human wildlife conflict, since the lake is a habitat to dangerous Nile Crocodiles, which currently because of plenteous of fish are not such a threat to humans. Hippopotamus are also vicious attacking and injuring humans

Lack of Regulatory Mechanism There are treaties and agreements that govern shared water bodies, and there are also regulatory authorities such as the Nile Basin Authority which monitors the activities around and about the sources of River Nile for the purposes of safe guarding the livelihoods of the people along the River Nile.

These regulatory mechanisms, ensures longevity, preservation and sustenance of livelihoods down stream while also monitoring activities at the catchment areas and all the river sources.

For the lack of such agreements as concerns Lake Turkana and its sources, and lack of any trans‐boundary waters agreement between Kenya and Ethiopia. there is no way that Kenya can intervene on the use of the waters of Omo River, the concern that Ethiopia could even go ahead and use the waters for irrigation which they said was part of the Gibe IV, Gibe V project would be very bad for the Lake. And the period that it would take to fill the dam is not definite and it also lacks any monitoring mechanism in place.

Late Consultation Due to the fact that the dam was already 32% done before they were consulted, made the stakeholders feel as though the consultation process now going on was just a mockery exercise since the dam had

Page | 165 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. started and reached 32 % and its just that the Ethiopian government ran out of funds that has now necessitated the AfDB to do the public consultation. Therefore, it was not the initial purpose or genuine concern of the Authorities to do a public consultation, it does seem to be just a means to a predetermined end, and that is to get funds for the project.

There was also a feeling of mistrust to the ability of the concerns and the results of the public consultation process among the traditionally marginalised communities which live around the lake to really have enough weight to determine the destiny of the project.

MOU of the Kenya Government to Buy Electricity from Ethiopia Even before a study was done on the possible effects of the Gibe III project on the Lake, just as all the other activities done around and about the project was found to be questionable, the Kenyan Government was already willing to purchase electricity from the Gibe III project.

The agreement between the Kenya Government to purchase electricity from Ethiopia, though the project would possibly hurt the Lake made the people concerned that the government of Kenya hardly cares about them nor is concerned with their plight.

Such kind of agreements made these communities feel left out in the National Fabric, thus wondering if they really Kenya, leaving them feeling lost and without allegiance.

Similar Projects without benefits There are similar hydropower projects that have been done in the area. These include the Turkwel Hydropower plant on river Turkwel. This project was done on River Turkwel which is also a source of water to the Lake Turkana. The hydropower station turned out to be a white elephant, which has never ever reached the proposed targets. The communities mentioned that despite Electricity being generated from Turkwel, it has never benefited the people of Turkana, but is transmitted to towns far away from the Turkana Communities.

Thus if the government could not provide them with electricity from Turkwel, how could they provide them with that from Ethiopia which is so far away? The communities around the Lake said they only graze their cows under the electricity poles transmitting the electricity generated from Turkwel to the big cities.

The consulted communities showed genuine concerns that they would be more at the loosing end than obtain any benefits from the Gibe III project.

Human to Human and Human to Wildlife Conflicts related fears The water is both a resource and a separating protection from hostile communities, whose main source of conflict is livestock raids. As the waters grow thin, there shall be more pressure on the lake, thus several stakeholders were concerned that this pressure might lead to conflicts among fisher folks and livestock keepers. There people move closure and closure into the lake. They would also loose the Masai reed that is a source of food, pasture and breeding ground for fish. Thus with this reductions, conflicts are sure. Some of these conflicts also do affect women and children and aged people as the homesteads and raided

Page | 166 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. and homes burnt, this disrupted development activities of women, e.g. the DasGabo fishing project at Moite was affected by one of the raids, the women had to flee and abandoned the project.

There is also concern that there could be human wildlife conflict, since the lake is a habitat to dangerous Nile Crocodiles, which currently because of plenteous of fish are not such a threat to humans. Hippopotamus are also vicious attacking and injuring humans

5.5 MISINFORMATION ON GIBE III

The lake shall dry up Most of the interviewed people who had heard about the Gibe III project had a misconception that Lake Turkana shall dry up because of the project.

The consultants went on to explain that the water shall continue to flow downstream after the electricity in produced, and the levels of water at the river shall be regulated to ensure there is enough water.

The river shall be blocked completely Most of the communities are not well informed concerning hydropower generation process, so they believed that the dam shall block the water and retain it to generate electricity.

The consultants explained that the river shall not be blocked completely and it will continue to flow even in its normal way once the dam filled.

The main reason why the lake has retrieved is Gibe III project Though drought and environmental degradation are some of the major reasons why the lake was retrieving, most communities had thought Gibe III was the reason. Some of these communities go for years without seeing any rainfall thus but since the lake swells and shrinks depending on the rain patterns in the Catchment areas of River Omo.

The consultant engaged the public in a productive conversation to ensure they understand that retrieving of the lake is more a result of local environmental degradation and overstocking and overgrazing are some of the factors leading to drought.

Gibe III has caused drought Some even thought that the construction of Gibe III had caused drought.

The communities were made to understand that drought is a natural phenomenon that has occurred severally even before the Gibe III project was thought off.

AfDB are the ones construction the dam At some places they thought its AfDB that was funding the construction of the dam.

Page | 167 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. The consultants made it clear that AfDB had been approached to fund the project and had not yet to decide to fund it, and had to carry out the public consultation process, and this is why the consultants were carrying out the exercise.

The people can go to pull down the dam They suggested they were willing to go and pull down the barrier that had been erected on the river; some even suggested the dam should be put southward of Loiyangalani area of the lake.

The consultants convinced the communities where possible that the Lake would not dry up and that there was no need of getting into an armed conflict over the dam, even the government of Kenya must have seen some benefits of the project one of them being production of electricity.

Only AfDB is the only source of funds for the Gibe III project Some of the communities had thought that only AfDB was the source of funds for the project and suggested that it should not finance the project.

The consultants informed the communities that the Ethiopian Government has many alternatives of funding the project.

Kenya should fight with Ethiopia Some of the communities suggested that Kenya should fight with Ethiopia since

If Gibe III is done all fish shall disappear Ethiopia was becoming an aggressor.

The consultants gave examples that Kenya had already used Turkwel River to construct a hydroelectric power project. So there was no reasonable cause for the project to destroy the good relationship they have with Ethiopia over the same kind of project upstream Omo River.

The dam is already holding back water. Some of the members of the communities thought that the dam was already holding water

The consultants stated clearly that the dam was not holding any water yet since only 32% had been constructed and was not yet in operation.

Iron sheets on the roofs was causing drought. Some elders at Loiyangalani said that the iron sheet roofs were causing the clouds to disperse.

The consultants stated that the iron roofing could not in any way affect the rainfall pattern

5.6 RISK ANALYSIS

Reduction in number of fish Due to the decrease in the amount of water on the lake, the communities around the Lake felt that there was a chance that the amount of fish on the Lake would reduce.

Page | 168 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Also as the Lake recedes and the vegetation along the shores is lost, the breeding grounds are lost, thus a reduced breeding of fish.

The fishes also migrate to the deeper parts of the lake thus the communities which fish without boats might not have any catch. This includes the vulnerable group of women and children particularly orphans who depend on the fish caught at the lake shore for subsistence.

Copying mechanism to the reduced number of fishes would include, introduction of artificial breeding grounds, replanting fishes from other sources that can live in saline waters, enforcing the use of proper nets to avoid harvesting of undersize fishes. Training of fishermen on better fishing techniques and provision of refrigerations to preserve the harvested fish for a better market

Resources requirement Funding Human resource and capacity building of fisher folks refrigerated fishing vessels and transportation vessels, more proper fishing gears and availability of market.

Source of support could be the government, the non governmental organization and the electricity generating companies selling electricity from Gibe III, and the Banks or donors funding the project.

Indicators would be increased activities both trade and industrial activities related to fishing around the lake, increased use of modern fishing gears, Increased catch of fish compared the catch to‐date.

Means of verification would be through the records at the fisheries department, increased revenue for the government from fishing, increased in the amount and quality of fish caught, availability of the correct sizes of fish in the lake, reduced complaints on low fish catch from fishermen.

Unpleasant and uncomfortable weather / hydrosphere Water bodies have a way of regulating the immediate environments, affecting the temperatures as in sea breezes at coastlines, convectional rainfalls, and evapo‐transpiration regulating the microclimate around the water body.

Lake Turkana has Chalbi Desert on one side and a vast arid land on the western side. Should the waters be reduced, the salinity of the water shall increase, this in turn shall increase the temperature of the water by reducing the rate of evaporation, which in turn will lead to saturation and crystallization of salts at the bottom of the lake thus causing even the temperature on the lake to rise. And if not controlled might lead to complete change of hydrosphere in the Lake Turkana.

When the water levels go low, being in a desert area, the weather around the lake shall be unbearable to both human and livestock.

Copying mechanism would be to plant more trees and do more research on indigenous ways of environmental conservation and finding plants that can survive in arid and semiarid environments.

Resources required for the above coping mechanism would be funds to train the manpower and finance research stations to do major work on forestation and implement the research finding.

Page | 169 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Source of support for the above mentioned coping mechanism would be the government and organisations such as UNEP, since these require much funds, sponsorship and political goodwill are required.

Indicators for such activities would be increased number of trees, visible efforts of environmental conservation

Means of verification would be tree count and availability of sheds and less destruction of the environment and records from forestry department.

Abject poverty A majority of people in Turkana are already in poverty and the Lake as a source of livelihood is a merely survival refuge, when the Lake is affected, the people shall have nothing to turn to except relief.

Copying mechanism would be to create alternative sources of livelihoods and food production. These would include introducing commercial drought resistant crops such as Jetropha for bio‐diesel, opening up the area through infrastructural improvements to enable other economic activities like harvesting of rocks and gravel and sand for construction in cities, these would be labour intensive activities that would introduce an array of economic activities. Construction of green houses etc

Resources required for such activities would be major funding and a deliberate purposeful determination to bring a change and create wealth.

Source of support for such activities would be the government working together with Banks and major goodwill and change of tact from attitude on IMF as concerns Africa and providing funds and a manpower of well skilled planners and committed workmanship.

Indicators would be visible array of activities including construction of railroads and roads and planting of drought resistant commercial crops

Means of verification would be records and interviews and increased revenue for the government and local authorities

Inadequate Water Inadequate water for livestock and wildlife this shall lead to death and reduction of the number of livestock, there shall be pressure on the little water resources, with a chance of depletion.

Copying mechanism would be water harvesting and preservation measures, digging and construction of permanent wells and harness wind power in pumping water from the wells to reservoirs, creating ranches and production of hay and pasture for livestock during the rainy seasons and storing it for dry seasons and reducing the number of livestock owned by communities by introducing taxes for excess numbers of livestock. Introduction to large scale poultry farming as opposed to livestock as this do not require lots of water. The establishment of green houses, an introduction of desalination and water purification equipments to rehabilitate community wells and make the waters suitable for human consumption and commercial packaging and selling Page | 170 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Resources required for the above to be implanted is land which is available in plenty, funds and technical support plus skilled manpower to effect the change and turn a desert into productive land.

Source of support would be definitely from the government and other international donors working together with CBO, FBO and NGO on the ground level.

Indicators there would be emergence of ranches, increased of number wells and available of water

Means of verification would be through increased commercial livestock production records at ministry of agriculture, and records and interviews with the public.

Loss of Income Since the Lake is a major source of income, and fresh water fish fetch higher prices in the market, while low market prices for salt water fish, since its fresh water fishes that fetch maximum prices in the market, the saline water fishes don’t have a favourable price in the market. And due to bad health livestock shall not also fetch good prices.

Copying mechanism would be desalination, purification of water and storage of clean water, commercial rehabilitation of wells producing saline water. And introduction of other commercially viable activities like packing and selling of fresh water.

Resources required would be education and manpower development and training on entrepreneurship skills community water filtration and desalination equipment.

Source of support would be definitely the government working together with CBO’s NGO’s and FBO’s

Indicators increase in alternative income generating activities, Ownership of property, improved houses, and Food taker per day.

Means of verification are records from the district trade officers and increased revenue for the government from business sources

Unemployment The Lake provides diverse hub for livelihoods and employment. Activities such as fishing, livestock keeping , trading plus many other forms of employment depends on the Lake either directly or indirectly, considering fisher folks, transporters, local authorities, flood (recession ) farming just to mention a few are all source of employments

Copying mechanism would require fast tracking of alternative source of employment for the local communities, like employing local people on all the mitigation and copying mechanism, using human labour where possible instead of machinery where possible.

Resources required would be to combine all the mitigation activities to be labour intensive.

Source of support would funds from the governments and the sponsors of each particular project

Page | 171 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Indicators would be more people actively engaged in productive employment

Means of verification records and interviews

Increase in crime activities Due to loss of employment, there shall be higher waves of crime ranging from increases cattle rustling, hijacking of vehicles in search for money and other material supplies that would have otherwise be gotten through income from employment.

Copying mechanism would be to increase the presence of security apparatus, and jail and rehabilitate the criminals to be productive members of the society through teaching of different skills. Community policing and neighbourhood watch would also be helpful.

Resources required more rehabilitation centres, police stations and posts around and about the area.

Source of support would be funds from the government

Indicators reduced crime rate

Means of verification occurrence records from police stations

Rural urban migration Due to pressure on the limited resources and helplessly hopeless situation as a result of loss of the only source of livelihood, people shall migrate to the nearby urban areas, causing much pressure on the limited resources at the urban centres.

Copying mechanism would be to expand the available resources in urban centres and preference to labour intensive ways of doing projects as opposed to heavy machinery. Evenly distribution of resources in the non urban centres

Resources required is planning urban centres and resources in urban places to cater for higher population through rapid expansion

Source of support would be funds from government though CDF, CDTF and donors

Indicators would expansion in resources and capacity in urban centres and developing more facilities in rural areas

Means of verification would be through records from relevant sources, such as schools, hospital, market places, and district statistics office.

Early Marriage and Prostitution As the people loose sources livelihoods, young girls shall be lured into early marriages, and women into prostitution considering that women are the main caretakers of families, neo‐slavery, human smuggling and other social ills in search for basic needs and income.

Page | 172 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Copying mechanism would be a deliberate effort to educate the girl child by provision of scholarships, building boarding schools for girls, law enforcement and advocacy against early marriage and child abuse. Training in entrepreneurship, and skills such as dress making, cooking, weaving, building etc

Resources required manpower to educate the community, building of more schools, law enforcement mechanism

Source of support government, CBO’s, FBO’s and NGO’s

Indicators less early marriages and more girls in schools and institutions of higher learning

Means of verification would be through records on gender balance in school enrolment and job market.

Child Labour:‐ Due to loss of livelihood, children shall be exposed to labour in order to earn subsistence.

Copying mechanism would be to introduce school feeding programs, building children centres and provision of relief to vulnerable families and law enforcement sand advocacy on the importance of education.

Resources required is funds, more schools equipped with kitchens and dining halls and boarding facilities

Source of support would be the government and supplemented by NGO,s FBO’s and donors

Indicators would be more pupils going to school instead of working

Means of verification is through school enrolment records and conducting interviews

Loss of government revenue Since fishing and other activities around the lake are subjected to taxation in one way or the other, such as fishing licenses, fuel levy in the transport sector, and foreign exchange in tourism, all these channels of revenues that are around the Lake might be lost.

Copying mechanism would be for the government to come up with alternative taxable sources of revenue.

Resources required would be training of the locals to impart new skills of earning livelihoods and awarding of loans.

Source of support would be from the very government working together with NGO’s

Indicators would be increased productivity in alternative sources of income.

Means of verification would be records of amounts of revenue collected by the government.

Epidemic Outbreak of water borne and vector borne diseases among human and livestock Page | 173 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Due to pressure on water, there might be pollution, creating a fertile ground for water borne diseases, include other infectious diseases such as Cholera.

Copying mechanism would training and posting more public health personal to the area, construction of more health centres, and provision of clean water.

Resources required funds to construct wells and to effect water projects

Source of support would be the government and the NGO’s

Indicators would be reduction in disease prevalence

Means of verification would be checking medical records

Human wildlife conflict Since humans, livestock and wildlife depend on the biosphere around the lake and its ecosystem for survival, as the water reduces, the food chain shall be affected, thus causing pressure and finally survival of the fittest. This shall lead to increased conflict between humans and wildlife.

Copying mechanism would be to transfer the wild life to other national parks to ease pressure on resources, and fencing the National park so that the movements of the wildlife are limited.

Resources required would be funds to construct for fencing parks and transportation

Source of support would be from K W S

Indicators would be reduced human wildlife conflict

Means of verification through records and interviews

Communities conflict Since most of the communities around the Lake already have a history of conflicts, especially due to the generational culture of livestock raids and moranism. This culture leads to much tension on any interaction, thus making it difficult for the communities to share shrinking resources peacefully. Thus they would not share common wells, dams etc with conflicts.

The efforts and the results so far achieved by peace initiatives might all be reversed

Copying mechanism would be to reduce the livestock raid related activities by registering and tagging livestock through biometric and transmission devices to ensure that movements of livestock can be tracked via satellite. Operation to collect all illegal arms from the communities, and arrest, charge and imprison the raiders in correctional facilities.

Resources required more police station, electronic tagging equipment and livestock movement control station.

Source of support the government and its security apparatus Page | 174 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Indicators would be reduced conflicts

Means of verification would be through occurrence books at police stations

Extinction of indigenous communities and disappearance of settlements Indigenous people such as the Elmolo living at the Elmolo bay at Loiyangalani totally depend on the Lake for fishing, they are hardly 1000 in number, and despite being a peaceful people are surrounded by war like communities. Thus in case of conflicts for resources they might be overran to extinction or disperse to urban centres , thus loosing identity and culture that they have preserved for centuries.

Copying mechanism would be to create cultural museum and cultural tourism programs to ensure culture is maintained with economic productivity

Resources required funds and training of cultural tourism.

Source of support would be ministry of tourism and cultural heritage

Indicators would be more cultural shows, groups and increase in cultural tourism

Means of verification would be through the records on number of cultural tourist visiting the village.

Closure of departments like fisheries and tourism etc Departments that are set up to do research and promote activities that depend on the Lake, such as fisheries research department and wildlife departments might have to be shut down, thus causing a big blow to the development of the area.

Copying mechanism would be to open up the area for other opportunities by putting infrastructure and educational facilities to develop human resource rather than just depending on natural resource

Resources required funds and work force

Source of support would be the government

Indicators would be an improved infrastructure

Means of verification through checking statistics and conducting surveys

Wastage of resources Many institutions including World Bank have invested heavily on improving the livelihoods of the communities around the lake. Many stakeholders including the government institutions have already invested heavily on developmental matter in this area. All these investments will be a waste when and if they cannot be sustained due to changes on the Lake.

Copying mechanism would to look at development activities that do not necessarily depend on the lake , these would be investment that open up other commercial and human activities, such as infrastructure,

Page | 175 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. schools, and institutions of higher learning and the resources required would be provided for by the government and the able donors.

Indicators would be an increase in human and economic activities that are independent from the waters of Lake Turkana such as wind power station.

Means of verification would be through survey, observation and interviews

Extinction of endangered species on Lake Turkana There are several species of wildlife that live on the ecosystem of the lake as their last haven, these species of fishes and birds might become extinct when the lake conditions change beyond their survival.

Copying mechanism would be to create game sanctuaries and marine parks to safe guard endangered species from extinction

Resources required would be well developed facilities that can replicate the very conditions of the lake in specified pools of water or similar environments thus safe guarding the endangered species.

Source of support would be from the government and conservationists

Indicators would be the emergence of game sanctuary and marine parks for endangered species of Lake Turkana.

Means of verification is counting and checking availability of endangered species

Loss of culture and traditional norms and values The people around the Lake are unique, and have retained their cultural practices over the years. From the Daasanech upstream, Gabbra, Rendile, Samburu, Elmolo and the Turkana still boast of rich traditional cultures. This stands endangered as people migrate and pressures on resources stretch social norms to breaking point.

Increase in Illiteracy Majority of the people in the communities around the lake can neither read nor write, there are deliberate efforts by various stakeholders to reverse this condition to the posterity of the region, this include free and compulsory primary education coupled with school feeding program that has seen enrolment of about 200 pupils in a school at Illeret in a period of one week.

All these are able to be effected in a conductive social environment devoid of conflicts and loss of livelihoods. All this progress on education stands to be reversed.

Copying mechanism would be to have boarding schools served with meals and all learning materials freely for the communities, thus more young people would not only attend school for thirst of education but also as a place of refuge from hunger and starvation. While at the schools learning would proceed. For those who live nomadic lifestyles, mobile schools would do just fine. The government and the NGO’s

Page | 176 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. should also enable adult education in such areas, and allow young girls to continue with school even after having babies.

Resources required this would require construction of the state of the art schools in the middle of these desert lands, availability of adult learning programs and suitable mobile schools, enough food and funds to support these schools

Source of support would be first of all the government supported by well wishers such as UNICEF and donors

Indicators would be increased literacy and thirst for learning and availability of schools

Means of verification would be by observation, interview and checking of statistical records

HIV / AIDS The prevalence of HIV increases with increase in poverty levels. This is attributed to prostitution, child labour and drug abuse due to idleness as a result of unemployment. Altogether these create a conducive environment for the spread of HIV. Loss of cattle would also make the young men in the Turkana communities not to be able to afford to settle down in marriage as the culture demands; all this would lead to spread of HIV/AIDS

Copying mechanism would be create more public awareness on HIV, putting up of counselling centres, teaching the populations on safe sex and human reproduction at an early age and availing condoms in this society

Resources required: testing centres, human personnel and drugs.

Source of support would be the NGO’s, FBO’s and CBO’s and the Government through its various multifaceted channels.

Indicators would be more awareness, and lower rate of HIV infections by change of behaviour

Means of verification would be through the records on number of tests done and number of people attending the VCT’s

Page | 177 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. 5.7 CONTINUATION OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION BY ALL STAKEHOLDERS The consultant through public consultations has identified the following to be undertaken to ensure continued consultations:

• Establish Website for Gibe 111 public information, the targeted population will be Central Government, Multinational Organisation, International Community The output is to give the avail the latest information and development on Gibe III

• Local Radio established in three languages of Turkana Borona and the Samburu, the targeted population the local communities surrounding the Lake Turkana who are the primary stake holders and who cannot speak or read the Swahili and English languages. The consultants understand that the three languages are spoken by all the communities along the lake. If a programme is design in the vernaculars then we will be able to disseminate the information to all. It will also be easy to get feedback from targeted communities.

• Prepare and distribute Brochures and flyers leaflets, the targeted group are NGO,s CBO’s, FBO’s and other government departments, Chiefs and Local leadership, Schools and teachers. The project needs a support from the NGO, CBOs and faith organisations. Support can be provided as long as these organisations are involved and understand well the good objective of the project as well as the public consultation and also they believe that is going to benefit their members and/or the community at large. To get this understanding the organisations has to be informed on the continuous bases. The prepared leaflets, posters could help to achieve this intention.

On the other hand school children could be used to disseminate information provided to them through teachers at schools. Since many families have children attending schools, the teachers could be asked to tell children about Gibe 111 and the information will inadvertently to be passed over to their parents.

• NGO,s CBO’s, FBO’s: Faithful members are targeted groups and expected output is to further public consultations on activities around and about River Omo and lake Turkana. These are the catalyst of development in the society, they have members, followers and these organisations have developed strong cohesion and influence in the communities where they operate. Communities believe whatever they say and teach. Communities have trust in the NGO, CBO and FBOs for various reasons. These organisations have convincing powers that are used to mobilise communities. Therefore, these organizations should be fully utilised to deliver information on the Gibe 111 in many ways including in their gathering , distribution of leaflets to members who are able to read and write.

• Chief and other local leadership: The targets are communities and other primary stakeholders. The output will be Updates from the local environmental committees on Gibe III. The chiefs and other local leaders could organise public baraza and tell people about the project and also collect community ideas and pass it over to the relevant institutions for further action.

Page | 178 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Cultural songs: During the public consultations it was observed that the communities particularly in Turkana had some ways of delivering their messages through songs and dancing. Women were singing songs on Gibe project, that were asking the men not to sit and do nothing while the important lake for their livelihood is being affected by the Dam on Omo river. The consultant strongly feels that the same method could be given to disseminate information on the project, though it requires some arrangement and coordination. The table below indicate the proposed public consultation to be undertaken to ensure continued participation by all Stakeholders

Table 15 :‐Continuation of Public Participation by All Stakeholders Parameters for Targets continuation of Outputs Frequency Responsibility stakeholders consultation process Establish Website for Central Updates to give latest Monthly The Multistate Gibe 111 public Government, information and proposed information Multinational development on Gibe management team Organisation, III and the concerns of International Stakeholders Community Local Radio Local stakeholders Information At least District level of the established in the communities dissemination to thrice a proposed project surrounding the lake communities on Lake week management team who are the main Turkana stake holders Brochures, flyers NGO,s CBO’s, FBO’s Printed Information on Quarterly National Level of leaflets and other the latest the proposed government developments on Gibe project departments, Chiefs III project and updates management and Local from various committee leadership, Schools Stakeholders Chiefs and Local Communities and Updates from the local Quarterly District level of the leadership other primary environmental proposed project stakeholders committees on Gibe III management committee Schools Pupils and Students Information on the on Monthly Teachers – parents going activities in Lake management Turkana and Omo river committees, basin National and District management committee Churches (FBO’s ) Church Further public Quarterly NGO’S lobby NGO’s & CBO’s congregation and consultations on advocacy and targeted groups activities around and peace building about River Omo and networks, National lake Turkana and District management committee

Page | 179 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Cultural songs Communities Passing on messages Quarterly Women groups and and information to the Youth groups communities through Cultural dancing songs and music groups, peer groups

Page | 180 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. CHAPTER VI: - MONITORING AND EVALUATION A close examination and continued assessment is necessary to ensure any deviation from planned activities is observed, immediate corrective action should be taken.

Monitoring should be done by a management team empowered to take action should there be any deviation from the original agreed plans as per the international governing laws and conventions.

It’s important to monitor every potential impact to ensure that both the environmental and socio‐ economic framework and the livelihoods of people living in the areas that could be affected are not damaged and that the mitigation measures are effective.

Various parameters that should be monitored include water, fisheries, wildlife, continued public consultation process, River Omo, Lake Turkana. These should be done by a team of experts originating from both countries.

6.1 Water Quality Monitoring of water quality will be essential so that none of the polluting factors such as chemicals resulting from construction of the Gibe III dam, fertilizer from farms upstream, are channeled downstream. Any contamination up stream will finally find its way into Lake Turkana, which has no outlet, thus such contamination if toxic might have severe negative effects on the lake.

Location, water to be monitored is River Omo, Lake Turkana and Gibe III dam reservoir.

Measurement shall include: ‐ Water Quality analysis, Taste, Color, Oxygen content, pH, microbial content, chemical contaminants content.

This shall be the responsibility of hydrology departments in the Ministry of water in collaboration with the same in Ethiopian side

A monthly report on the quality of water would be reasonable, so at to enable quick action to be taken should there be need for concern. Since water is essential for life, and changes in it should be picked as quickly as possible.

6.2 Omo River and Gibe III This should be monitored to ensure that the riverbeds are well taken care of to avoid the use of water into other alternative functions except for power generation. This shall also ensure that the percentage amount of water lost underground due to the extensive 200 square kilometers ground and evapo‐ transpiration from the surface of the dam is established.

Location of this monitoring shall be on River Omo Basin, Gibe III dam and catchment areas both upstream and down stream.

Measurement:‐ volumes, depth, depth of the river, pollution, waste management, activities upstream, irrigational activities, water flow rate.

Page | 181 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. It will be the responsibility of Management team of experts from both countries. Working closely the Agricultural departments, who is the custodian of farmers who are the most likely users of water for irrigation.

This should be reported quarterly though it’s important for Authorities to be on the look out especially during dry spells

6.3 Environmental conservation at the Lake Shores, Lake Basin and River beds Tree planting and rehabilitation of shores and the creation of proper protected livestock should be implemented. Also, watering sites along the lake or the river should be designated to limit pollution and destruction of the river beds as well as the fish breeding sites at the lake shores.

Location the entire the Lake Turkana / Omo River Basin

Measurement; vegetation at catchment areas, forestation, controlled cultivation, recession farming. Availabilities of trees and vegetations at the river banks.

Responsibility of monitoring would be on the Forestry departments working together with environmental departments from both Kenya and Ethiopia.

The reporting should be thrice a year, though activities of environmental conservation could be on a more regular basis.

6.4 Wildlife Carrying out regular monitoring of the wildlife in and around the Lake Turkana and other parks along the Omo River is advisable. This because change in volumes might affect some of the animals, e.g. some of the areas where they would water safely might be lowered thus exposing them to danger of being attacked by other hostile animals while watering, e.g. the case of gazelles in Sibiloi versus Nile crocodiles at the shores of Lake Turkana. Some of the birds found around Lake Turkana are endangered thus need to be preserved from extinction.

There could also be increased human wildlife conflicts while resources narrow.

Location of this monitoring shall be at the Protected Wildlife areas along River Omo and at the Banks of Lake Turkana, and game reserves.

Measurement would be by sightation of wildlife, frequency, species, variety, circumstances, hunting and poaching, wildlife human interface, wildlife livestock interface, migration of animals, change in migratory routes, change in behavior.

Responsible government department shall be the KWS and their counterparts in Ethiopia including anti‐ poaching units.

Page | 182 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. A report should be generated twice a year since it would takes a few months to monitor changes on the Wildlife.

6.5 Aquatic Ecology To document how the aquatic community responds to the operation of the Gibe III scheme and thereafter regulate release of water from Omo River. As a result of the construction of dam upstream some weeds may be carried downstream into the Lake Turkana Aquatic Ecology that may deplete oxygen levels and promote weed growth‐damaging fisheries.

Location of the monitoring shall be in Lake Turkana and the Omo River.

Measurement is by sampling of micro flora, micro fauna, checking out for aquatic weeds such as hyacinth weed.

Responsibility would be mainly by the Kenya Marine Research Institute, NEMA, Fisheries department and their counterpart in Ethiopia.

This report could be given in a yearly basis.

6.6 Fish Stocks A regular biological sampling of the fish stock, species diversity, abundance and distribution in Lake Turkana and Omo River would be necessary to detect and monitor any changes in the fish stock. The fishing activity will be monitored to protect the breeding grounds from being exposed to heavy fishing pressure and become more vulnerable to fishing. During introduction of fishes at the reservoir at Gibe III there might be some incompatible species of fish or aquatic life to those in Lake Turkana that might travel down stream to Lake Turkana, and prey on some of the fishes in the Lake.

Location: The Reservoir at Gibe III, Lake Turkana and River Omo downstream

Measurement: fish types, sizes, species, location, and schools, numbers, fish catch,

Responsibility: Fisheries department in collaboration with their counterparts on Lake Turkana.

The report on fish stocks and changes could be published every three months.

6.7 Marine Life Changes might occur in marine life either due to change of the water quality and quantity, change in the amount of oxygen, introduction of pollutant upstream or contamination by water borne diseases causing organism might affect Marine life. The purpose of this program would be to monitor changes in the marine life and the community of birds, amphibians and reptiles. Some undesirable marine life might also be introduce at the Gibe III level and carried down stream into Lake Turkana. Disease affecting marine life and any possible contamination on the dam area could reach the lake to stay.

Location along River Omo and Lake Turkana

Page | 183 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Measurement: ‐ number of birds seen, head count, species, location, breeding places and migration patterns of marine life, human marine life interface.

Responsibility: Marine Research Institute and Kenya Wildlife Services

A report on the state of Marine life on the Omo River Turkana Basin would be best twice a year

6.8 Public Health The monitoring of public health will focus primarily on the survey and prevalence of vectors that might be introduced at the Gibe III dam then conveniently carried down stream. An example of such a vector is that causing schistosomiasis and other diseases which might up to date not be found around Lake Turkana.

Location: Health Centre in Marsabit, Loiyangalani, Illeret, Kalokol, Lodwar and such places along Omo River and Gibe III reservoir.

Measurement: ‐ Disease Type, Prevalence, Mood of Spread, Nutrition, Health, Preventive and Curative Medicine, Availability of Medical Services.

Responsibility: Ministry of Health, Kenya Medical Research Institute and their counterparts in Ethiopia.

Human health are very important, thus a closer monitoring should be done with production of Monthly report, this can help curb and possible spread of unwanted diseases.

6.9 Security at the Lake Turkana Basin Any factors that may result to emergence or occurrence of conflicts due to impacts of the Gibe III on Omo river and consequently on Lake Turkana must be monitored , for insecurities and factor likely to cause conflicts and raids, cross border intelligence activities must also be in place in order to avert and curb any possible conflicts before occurrence.

Location: ‐ Lake Turkana and Omo River Basin

Measurement: ‐ occurrences of raids, local raids, cross border raids, conflicts over water, and conflicts over fishing grounds, and grazing areas.

Responsibility:‐ district and provincial administration, cross border peace initiatives groups and collaboration of their counterparts from Ethiopia.

Frequency: ‐ security is very important for any reasonable monitoring of other parameter to be effective, thus a report on peace situation must be as frequent as possible with a monthly state of security report along the River Omo/Lake Turkana on a Monthly basis.

Continued Public Consultation process Effectiveness and timing of public information /participation and consultation activities should engage a continues process of involving all the stakeholders from the Financiers, Kenya and Ethiopian Governments, District and Village level in continued consultation process with due feed back

Page | 184 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. Location of such continued process would be global, regionally, nationally, district and locally to the community level.

Measurement: ‐ Website , Local Radio broadcasts aired, Brochures printed, flyers leaflets issued, number of meetings by Chiefs and Local leadership, meetings in Schools, Frequency of discussions in Churches (FBO’s ), NGO’s & CBO’s, Cultural songs composed and sang.

Responsibility to ensure the monitoring of the continuing public consultation shall be with a steering committee shall be responsible to make sure each team of experts drawn from the two countries do effective monitoring and up to date information on all monitored parameters, with a representation of devolving committees till the sub‐location level.

The frequency of reporting shall be on a quarterly basis.

6.10 Mitigation Measures Monitor changes in economic and social status of the population including livelihood improvement, Implementation and effectiveness of social development plans; complaints or grievances regarding mitigation measures and effectiveness of corrective/preventive activities performed for them.

Location: ‐ Lake Turkana Communities

Measurement; availability of water, infrastructural improvements, restocking, loans for businesses, education, alternative livelihoods, livestock, nutrition etc

Responsibility of the proposed management team consisting of Experts from Kenya, NEMA and Ethiopia’s Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) to monitor the entire Omo River catchment and lake Turkana Basin.

A review of the achievements of this committee, changes on the Omo River / Lake Turkana should be communicated to the stakeholders whenever necessary, though an Official quarterly report would be advisable.

Page | 185 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. VII. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

7.1 CONCLUSION • This report can not be entirely conclusive without first looking at the hydrological reports which shall be factual in determining the expected behaviour of River Omo, Lake Turkana and the expected effects on the levels of water in Lake Turkana.

• The communities along Lake Turkana have negative attitude towards Gibe III dam project. This is due to inadequate factual information, misinformation and misconception about the project. The misinformation and misconception about Gibe III project has brought much uncertainty and fear among communities

• Majority of the stakeholders from the communities where consultations took place were not aware of Gibe III project. However, the few who knew about Gibe III reported to have knowledge of the Gibe III project from activists including Friends of Lake Turkana, from the media, from members of the parliament, etc.

• The communities reported to have high dependence on Lake Turkana for fish, domestic water, income from fish selling , flood farming, transportation, tourism, marine and wildlife conservation , as a source of nutrition (Maasai roots), security as it acts as a shield between rivalry communities and also for recreation.

• Lake Turkana water level is shrinking as a result of many factors which includes drought and climatic changes and others not yet established.

• The validity of the above fears are strongly hinged upon uncertainty and speculated reduction of water of Lake Turkana as a result of the construction , subsequent filling, management and operational regime of Gibe III dam and the Omo River, most of these fears stay validated as long as there is no detailed analysis and studies to prove otherwise.

• In as much as several mitigation measures have been suggested during public consultation processes, the population around the Lake will make mitigation measures on the impacts of Gibe III costly and demanding. This is because there are almost half a million people on the western and about two hundred thousand on the eastern side. This vast population in a rather hostile desert and arid environment where relief is a common thing and sustainability is yet to be achieved, will benefit most by first returning the living standards to acceptable levels, then proceeding with mitigating the impacts of Gibe III project.

• The people can only be empowered to fully utilize the available natural resources for poverty reduction in a sustainable way. Several stakeholders around Lake Turkana are making deliberate efforts to reduce poverty and engage the communities in wealth creation activities.

• The consultant noticed Lake Turkana is visibly shrinking by notable distances , the marks of the previous positions of the lake are visible as you travel along the shores, at some places it has retreated for a couple of Kilometres, for example at Eliye Springs, and Elmolo bay in Loiyangalani.

Page | 186 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Good practises show that treaties on Trans‐boundaries have been affected in several countries with most water bodies now being protected in an effort to conserve the environment for posterity of the nations. There must be a treaty in place to protect the Lake Turkana and River Omo from future degradation.

7.2 RECOMMENDATIONS • In case the dam is used for other uses, other than generation of hydro‐ electric power, such as irrigation, then a full ESIA must be carried out on the entire catchment of Lake Turkana including Lake Turkana communities on the Kenyan side.

• Hydrological report should be a predetermining factor to the authenticity of the fears of the community, since water is the main factor and issue behind this public consultation and socio‐ economic study.

• Multinational Symbiotic Management Authority comprising Ethiopia, Sudan and Kenya be formed to look at all the matters involving River Omo and Lake Turkana. The monitoring should be from the catchments areas of Omo River to Lake Turkana. This management authority must have a representation at the grass root level to pass on communication both from the community and to the community.

• There should be a law and agreement drafted between Kenya and Ethiopia, with International enforcement on the management of shared water bodies The two governments should follow the example of River Nile and management of Lake Victoria water. Water must be used for electricity only and should not be interfered with for other purpose such as irrigation

• During the filling up of the dam the water must be left wholly for hydropower and a constant flow to Lake Turkana must be ensured to flow southward into lake Turkana while great care to ensure that between the dam and the lake, the population does not divert the water for other uses rather than maintaining adequate inflow into Lake Turkana.

• Kenya and Ethiopia should not just enter into a framework of cooperation but abide to an internationally brokered treaty between Kenya and Ethiopia under the auspicious of the UN and IUCN.

• Gaining Public Acceptance, The principle that dams and other water and energy infrastructure development should enjoy public acceptance is increasingly widely accepted, both on practical grounds (experience shows that public acceptance is essential if the outcome of development projects is to be equitable and sustainable) and as a central concomitant of a rights based approach to development. Since concerns, interests, fears , and expected benefits should be included in the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)

• The consulted stakeholders strongly feel that Kenya has other resources that could generate power instead of importing hydropower from Ethiopia, which is likely to cause environmental impacts o Lake Turkana and its communities. The potential alternative energy sources available include wind power, solar, atomic energy. The Northern part of Kenya is rich in wind power. There is already a wind power project at Lake Turkana where the ADB is a co‐financier. Hydropower is the least costly and cleanest option for the four countries at the moment ‐ Ethiopia, Kenya, Djibouti and Sudan

Page | 187 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • For indigenous peoples living around Lake Turkana, free, prior, informed consent to developments that affect their lands is now firmly entrenched in international law and recognised as such by the UN.40 Although both industry guidelines and the World Commission on Dams recommend a consensual approach to dam building based on negotiation, with accompanying procedures to ensure that the most vulnerable stakeholders are actively engaged in decision‐making. Therefore consultation and information process should be emphasized to ensure that the local communities of Lake Turkana fully understand the Gibe III project, its benefits and role in economic development for the entire region, and to embrace the possible mitigation measures to ensure both their developmental needs are taken care of and the success of the project.

• Involvement in environmental management authorities such as NEMA, and their counterpart in Ethiopia and other stakeholders in all the decisions affecting Lake Turkana and its environs

• Formation of trans‐boundary waters treaty between Kenya and Ethiopia, and subsequent adherence of the internationally laid down diplomatic channels for consultations on projects whose effects and impacts transcend national boundaries. The diplomatic route is also being advocated by the Ethiopians

• More peace initiatives in the region to enable economic activities around and about Lake Turkana. Since the misinformation and misconception about Gibe III project has brought much uncertainty among a people struggling to find peace, thus bringing mistrust at grass root level to both the Kenyan Government and the Ethiopia Authorities among the Lake Turkana communities

• There must also be deliberate efforts to disarm the indigenous people and further curb the proliferation of illegal arms in the area. The governments must also make deliberate efforts to stop livestock raids which leave women and children devastated and communities and settlements destroyed. This could be achieved by tagging livestock with transmitters that could enable satellite tracking of movement of livestock thus making it easy to track livestock after raids and curb the activity.

• Introduction of taxation on herds of livestock so to reduce overstocking that in turn has led to environmental degradation and conflicts over grazing land.

• Efforts and strategies should be put in place by the concerned authorities to curb arms proliferation which has heighten livestock raids and subsequently increased insecurity thus in one way or the other deterring any development activities.

• If presence of Gibe III does not leave both Kenyan and Ethiopian communities worse off, then the two governments must ensure that the communities around Lake Turkana benefit from the electricity

• Monitoring and study of Lake Turkana hydrology since there is no study that has been done to particularly determine the reasons why the lake is shrinking, so most of the information from advocacy groups is based on assumptions that the main reason is reduced waters in River Omo.

• Both countries subscribe to the Desertification Convention. Kenya is now a signatory to the Ramsar Convention. One of the proposed national actions is to collaborate with Ethiopia to accede to the Ramsar Convention and to undertake joint trans‐boundary wetland conservation programmes for the Lake Turkana/Omo River transboundary wetlands. Such treaties must be

Page | 188 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. evoked and worked upon in making a framework for cooperation on this Gibe III matter. The two governments should workout modalities based on the existing treaties.

• There should be continued public consultation process being steered by a joint committee involving both countries and financing institutions and stakeholders, with a direct communication hierarchy to the grass roots via National Committees consisting of representation of NGO’s, CBO’s and FBO’s plus MP’s of the affected communities, down to the district, Location and Sub‐Location levels with open and efficient free communication channels across the hierarchies.

• The above proposed committee shall be responsible in evaluating the monitoring process to make sure each team of experts drawn from the two countries do effective monitoring and up to date information on all monitored parameters, which shall regulate water usage beyond the needs of the dam. Actually Ethiopia has already put in place a Panel of Environmental and Social Advisers for monitoring purposes. This could be emulated in Kenya.

• Several studies have suggested and proposed plans to use the waters of River Omo for artificial flooding to compensate for the loss of natural recession farming along Omo River. It is important that the Ethiopian Authorities clarify the magnitude of conceived artificial flooding farming and its likely impacts on levels of water of Lake Turkana and the communities. . Such documents were those included in the Ethiopian Electric Power Corporation website on Gibe III which clearly indicated that irrigation would be one of the major mitigation measures downstream in lieu of recession agriculture. This has come out as one of the greatest sources of concern among the consulted stakeholders around Lake Turkana and officials.

Page | 189 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. VIII REFERENCES

• Uri Almagor, "Institutionalizing A Fringe Periphery: Dassanetch‐Amhara Relations", Pp. 96‐115 In The Southern Marches Of Imperial Ethiopia (Ed. Donald L. Donham And Wendy James), Oxford: James Currey, 2002. • Claudia J. Carr, Pastoralism In Crisis: The Dassanech Of Southwest Ethiopia. University Of Chicago. 1977. • Wiki Pedia • Arid Lands Work Plan • Summary Of Proceedings, “Pastorals In Kenya And The Policy Environment: Linking Research, Development Actors, And Decision‐Makers” • The Status Of Wildlife In Kenya’s Protected And Non‐Protected Areas A Paper Commissioned By Kenya’s Wildlife Policy Review Team Presented At The First Stakeholders Symposium Of The Wildlife Policy And Legislation Review 27th To 28th September 2006 • Implementation Of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 Of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council” Report Of The Special Rapporteur On The Situation Of Human Rights And Fundamental Freedoms Of Indigenous People, Rodolfo Stavenhagen , Addendum, Mission To Kenya* • Kenya Vision 2030. The Publication Briefly States The Main Goals Of The Economic, Social And Political Pillars That Underpin Vision 2030. • UNEP/CBD/Cop/5/23 Page 139 /...V/16. Article 8(J) And Related Provisions • The Status Of Wildlife In Kenya’s Protected And Non‐Protected Areas, A Paper Commissioned By Kenya’s Wildlife Policy Review Team Presented At The First Stakeholders Symposium Of The Wildlife Policy And Legislation Review, 27th To 28th September 2006 , David Western*, Samantha Russell*, Kamweti Mutu*, *African Conservation Centre Nairobi • Implementation Of Operational Directive 4.20 On Indigenous Peoples: An Independent Desk Review Background Paper I A Review Of Selected Issues Related To Ip. • Summary Of Proceedings “Pastoralism In Kenya And The Policy Environment: Linking Research, Development Actors, And Decision‐Makers “Meeting Held 8 August, 2003, At The Headquarters Of Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (Kari), Nairobi • Linking Poverty Reduction And Environmental Management: Policy Challenges And Opportunities(2002) • Poverty And Climate Change: Reducing The Vulnerability Of The Poor Through Adaptation (2003) • Environmental Fiscal Reform For Poverty Reduction (2005) • Republic Of Kenya (2002a). Marsabit District Development Plan For The Period 2002‐2008. • Agro‐Ecological Zones Classification Based On Availability Of Moisture: Zone Iii‐Moisture 50‐65%, Semi‐Humid, Zone Iv‐Moisture 40‐50%, Zone V‐Moisture 25‐40% (Semi‐Arid) And Zone Ivmoisture‐ `15‐25% (Arid). • Republic Of Kenya (1997). Marsabit District Development Plan 1997‐2001. Government Printer, Nairobi. • Population Projections For Marsabit District Sourced From Republic Of Kenya (2002b). Kenya 1999 • Population and Housing Census. Analytical Report on Population Projections. Volume 7. • CBS (2003). Geographical Dimensions Of Well‐Being In Kenya. Where Are The Poor? From Districts to Locations. Volume 1. • Kenya 1999 Population and Housing Census. • CBS (2003). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey.

Page | 190 Socio-Economic Analysis and Public Consultationof Lake Turkana Communities – Draft Report. • Room Document No. 12consultation Between Civil Society Organisations And Members Of The OECD Working Party On Export Credits And Credit Guarantees And The Participants To The Arrangement On Officially Supported Export Credits The OECD Arrangement And New Subsidies For Dams: The Case For Strenghtened Standards Eca Watch 3 October 2005 (Starting At 10.00)Room 1, OECD Headquarters, La Muette, Paris • Map Of Turkana Prepared By Ocha June 2001

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