DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmental Protection Agency

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmental Protection Agency Friday, July 12, 2002 Part II Environmental Protection Agency 40 CFR Part 63 National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Generic Maximum Achievable Control Technology; Final Rules and Proposed Rule VerDate Jun<27>2002 16:07 Jul 11, 2002 Jkt 197001 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 4717 Sfmt 4717 E:\FR\FM\12JYR2.SGM pfrm17 PsN: 12JYR2 46258 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 134 / Friday, July 12, 2002 / Rules and Regulations ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION under one subpart, thus promoting standards with this action include: AGENCY regulatory consistency in NESHAP Cyanide Chemicals Manufacturing development. The EPA has identified (Docket No. A–2000–14), Carbon Black 40 CFR Part 63 these four source categories as major Production (Docket No. A–98–10), sources of hazardous air pollutants [FRL–7215–7] Ethylene Production (Docket No. A–98– (HAP), including cyanide compounds, 22), and Spandex Production (Docket RIN 2060–AH68 acrylonitrile, acetonitrile, carbonyl No. A–98–25). These dockets include sulfide, carbon disulfide, benzene, 1,3 source-category-specific supporting National Emission Standards for butadiene, toluene, and 2,4 toluene information. All dockets are located at Hazardous Air Pollutants: Generic diisocyanate (TDI). Benzene is a known the U.S. EPA, Air and Radiation Docket Maximum Achievable Control human carcinogen, and 1,3 butadiene is and Information Center, Waterside Mall, Technology considered to be a probable human Room M–1500, Ground Floor, 401 M carcinogen. The other pollutants can AGENCY: Environmental Protection Street SW, Washington, DC 20460, and cause noncancer health effects in Agency (EPA). may be inspected from 8:30 a.m. to 5:30 humans. These standards will ACTION: Final rule; amendments. implement section 112(d) of the Clean p.m., Monday through Friday, excluding Air Act (CAA) by requiring all major legal holidays. SUMMARY: This action promulgates sources to meet HAP emission standards amendments to the ‘‘generic’’ maximum FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: For reflecting the application of MACT. This achievable control technology (MACT) further information concerning action also promulgates NESHAP for the standards to add national emission applicability and rule determinations, heat exchange systems and wastewater standards for hazardous air pollutants contact the appropriate State or local operations at ethylene manufacturing (NESHAP) for four additional source agency representative. If no State or facilities. categories: Cyanide Chemicals local representative is available, contact Manufacturing, Carbon Black EFFECTIVE DATE: July 12, 2002. the EPA Regional Office staff listed in Production, Ethylene Production, and ADDRESSES: Docket No. A–97–17 40 CFR 63.13. For information Spandex Production. The generic MACT contains supporting information used in concerning the analyses performed in standards provide a structural developing the generic MACT developing the NESHAP, contact the framework that allows source categories standards. Dockets established for each following at the Emission Standards with similar emission types and MACT of the source categories to be Division, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle control requirements to be covered assimilated under the generic MACT Park, North Carolina 27711: Information type Contact (mailcode) Group Phone/facsimile/ e-mail address General ............................ Mark Morris (C50404) ... Organic Chemicals (919) 541–5416/(919) 541–3470/[email protected] Group. Cyanide Chemicals Manu- Keith Barnett (C50405) Organic Chemicals (919) 541–5605/(919) 541–3470/[email protected] facturing. Group. Carbon Black Production John Schaefer (C50404) Organic Chemicals (919) 541–0296/(919) 541–3470/[email protected] Group. Ethylene Production ......... Warren Johnson Organic Chemicals (919) 541–5267/(919) 541–3470/[email protected] (C50404). Group. Spandex Production ........ Elaine Manning Waste and Chemical (919) 541–5499/(919) 541–3470/[email protected] (C43903). Processes Group. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Docket. for review in the docket or copies may electronic copy of today’s final NESHAP The docket is an organized and be mailed on request from the Air will also be available on the WWW complete file of all the information Docket by calling (202) 260–7548. A through the Technology Transfer considered by the EPA in the reasonable fee may be charged for Network (TTN). Following the development of this rulemaking. The copying docket materials. Administrator’s signature, a copy of the docket is a dynamic file because Public Comments. The NESHAP for NESHAP will be posted on the TTN’s material is added throughout the the four source categories mentioned policy and guidance page for newly rulemaking process. The docketing above were proposed on December 6, proposed or final rules at http:// system is intended to allow members of 2000 (65 FR 76408). The comment www.epa.gov/ttn/oarpg/t3pfpr.html. the public and industries involved to letters received on the proposal are The TTN provides information and readily identify and locate documents available in Docket No. A–97–17 or the technology exchange in various areas of so that they can effectively participate dockets established for the four source air pollution control. If more in the rulemaking process. Along with ADRESSESS categories (see ), along with a information regarding the TTN is the proposed and promulgated summary of the comment letters and needed, call the TTN HELP line at (919) standards and their preambles, the EPA’s responses to the comments. In 541–5384. contents of the docket will serve as the response to the public comments, EPA record in the case of judicial review. adjusted the final NESHAP where Regulated Entities. Categories and (See section 307(d)(7)(A) of the CAA.) appropriate. entities potentially regulated by this The regulatory text and other materials Worldwide Web (WWW). In addition action include: related to this rulemaking are available to being available in the docket, an VerDate Jun<27>2002 16:07 Jul 11, 2002 Jkt 197001 PO 00000 Frm 00002 Fmt 4701 Sfmt 4700 E:\FR\FM\12JYR2.SGM pfrm17 PsN: 12JYR2 Federal Register / Vol. 67, No. 134 / Friday, July 12, 2002 / Rules and Regulations 46259 Category NAICS code SIC code Examples of regulated entities Industrial ................................... 325188, 325199 ..................... 2819, 2869 ............................. Producers and coproducers of hydrogen cya- nide and sodium cyanide. 325182 .................................... 2895 ........................................ Producers of carbon black by thermal- oxidative decomposition in a closed sys- tem, thermal decomposition in a cyclic process, or thermal decomposition in a continuous process. 325110 .................................... 2869 ........................................ Producers of ethylene from refined petroleum or liquid hydrocarbons. 325222 .................................... 2824 ........................................ Producers of spandex. This table is not intended to be B. Summary of Major Comments and Manufacturing, July 16, 1992 (57 FR exhaustive, but rather provides a guide Changes Since Proposal 31576) and February 12, 1998 (63 FR for readers regarding entities likely to be C. New Source Review/Prevention of 6291); Carbon Black Production, June 4, Significant Deterioration Applicability regulated by this action. Not all facilities V. Ethylene Production 1996 (61 FR 28197); Ethylene classified under the NAICS or SIC codes A. Summary of Environmental, Energy, Production, June 4, 1996 (61 FR 28197); are affected. Other types of entities not Cost, and Economic Impacts and Spandex Production, July 16, 1992 listed could be affected. To determine B. Summary of Major Comments and (57 FR 31576). Major sources of HAP are whether your facility is regulated by this Changes Since Proposal those that have the potential to emit action, you should examine the VI. Spandex Production greater than 10 tons per year (tpy) of any applicability criteria in § 63.1104 of the A. Summary of Environmental, Energy, one HAP or 25 tpy of any combination final NESHAP. If you have any Cost and Economic Impacts of HAP. B. Summary of Major Comments and questions regarding the applicability of Changes Since Proposal C. What Criteria Are Used in the this action to a particular entity, consult VII. Administrative Requirements Development of NESHAP? the person listed in the preceding FOR A. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT section. Planning and Review Section 112 of the CAA requires that Judicial Review: The NESHAP were B. Executive Order 13132, Federalism we establish NESHAP for the control of proposed on December 6, 2000 (65 FR C. Executive Order 13175, Consultation and Coordination with Indian Tribal HAP from both new and existing major 76408). This action announces EPA’s sources. The CAA requires the NESHAP final decisions on the NESHAP. Under Governments D. Executive Order 13045, Protection of to reflect the maximum degree of section 307(b)(1) of the CAA, judicial Children from Environmental Health reduction in emissions of HAP that is review of the final NESHAP is available Risks and Safety Risks achievable. This level of control is by filing a petition for review in the U.S. E. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 commonly referred to as the MACT. Court of Appeals for the District of F. Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) as Columbia Circuit by September 10, Amended by the Small Business The MACT floor is the minimum 2002. Only those objections to the Regulatory
Load more

Recommended publications
  • From Acrolein Cyanohydrin
    Agric. Biol. Chem., 52 (2), 589-591, 1988 589 Note carried out at iuu~zuirc under an increased pressure/' Here, we present a novel single-step synthesis of 5-(/?- methylthioethyl)hydantoin (2), in which we employed Single-step Synthesis of 5-(j6- single-step reactions of acrolein cyanohydrin (AC, 4), Methylthioethyl)hydantoin methyl mercaptan and ammoniumcarbonate in polar solvents (the AC method), and of acrolein (AL, 1), from Acrolein Cyanohydrin hydrogen cyanide, methyl mercaptan and ammonium and Acrolein carbonate (the ALmethod), accompanied with the for- mation of a-ureido-y-methylthiobutyramide (UMA, 5). Chisei Shibuya and Shunji Ouchi* By an alkaline hydrolysis of these products, dl- methionine (MT, 3) was obtained in an 85%yield on the Food Products & Pharmaceuticals Plant, bases of acrolein cyanohydrin and of acrolein. Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Whenthe single-step hydantoination was carried out 6-2700 Asahimachi, Nobeoka, from ACor AL, a mixture of 2 and 5 was obtained. Miyazaki 882, Japan Approximately 12mol% of 5 was formed in each case of *Analytical Research Center, using AL and AC. Asahi Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., These new reactions are summarized in the following 1-3-1 Yako, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki-shi, equations: Kanagawa 210, Japan According to this procedure, acrolein and acrolein Received July 27, 1987 cyanohydrin, which are unstable to alkali, were not polymerized by the presence of excess ammoniumcar- bonate,-and the desired reaction proceeded in high yields. Single-step hydantoination of ACusing methanol as the A number of methods for DL-methionine synthesis solvent was carried out, and the effect of quantities of through the hydantoin intermediate have been reported methyl mercaptan, hydrogen cyanide and ammonium since Pierson1* obtained methionine in a 50%yield starting carbonate on the yield of MTwas investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanide Poisoning and How to Treat It Using CYANOKIT (Hydroxocobalamin for Injection) 5G
    Cyanide Poisoning and How to Treat It Using CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5g 1. CYANOKIT (single 5-g vial) [package insert]. Columbia, MD: Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc.; 2011. Please see Important Safety Information on slides 3-4 and full Prescribing Information for CYANOKIT starting on slide 33. CYANOKIT is a registered trademark of SERB Sarl, licensed by Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer company. Copyright © 2015 Meridian Medical Technologies, Inc., a Pfizer company. All rights reserved. CYK783109-01 November/2015. Indication and Important Safety Information……………………………………………………………………………….………..…..3 . Identifying Cyanide Poisoning……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…………….….5 . How CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) Works……………………………………………………………….12 . The Specifics of CYANOKIT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………17 . Administering CYANOKIT………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….21 . Storage and Disposal of CYANOKIT…................................................................................................................................26 . Grant Information for CYANOKIT……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....30 . Full Prescribing Information………………………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………33 Please see Important Safety Information on slides 3-4 and full Prescribing Information for CYANOKIT starting on slide 33. CYANOKIT (hydroxocobalamin for injection) 5 g for intravenous infusion is indicated for the treatment of known or suspected cyanide poisoning.
    [Show full text]
  • 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–11 Edition) § 63.1103
    § 63.1103 40 CFR Ch. I (7–1–11 Edition) (b) [Reserved]. TABLE 1 TO § 63.1102—SOURCE CATEGORY PROPOSAL AND EFFECTIVE DATES Source category Proposal date Effective date (a) Acetal Resins Production ................................ October 14, 1998 .................................................. June 29, 1999. (b) Acrylic and Modacrylic Fibers Production ....... October 14, 1998 .................................................. June 29, 1999. (c) Hydrogen Fluoride Production ......................... October 14, 1998 .................................................. June 29, 1999. (d) Polycarbonate Production ................................ October 14, 1998 .................................................. June 29, 1999. (e) Ethylene Production ......................................... December 6, 2000 ................................................ July 12, 2002. (f) Carbon Black Production .................................. December 6, 2000 ................................................ July 12, 2002. (g) Cyanide Chemicals Manufacturing .................. December 6, 2000 ................................................ July 12, 2002. (h) Spandex Production ........................................ December 6, 2000 ................................................ July 12, 2002. [67 FR 46280, July 12, 2002] § 63.1103 Source category-specific ap- aldehyde resins. Acetal resins are gen- plicability, definitions, and require- erally produced by polymerizing form- ments. aldehyde (HCHO) with the methylene (a) Acetal resins production
    [Show full text]
  • Hazardous Chemicals in Secondhand Marijuana Smoke
    Hazardous Chemicals in Secondhand Marijuana Smoke “The following 33 marijuana smoke constituents included in Table 1 are listed under 33 Chemicals Proposition 65 as causing cancer: acetaldehyde, acetamide, acrylonitrile, 4- aminobiphenyl, arsenic, benz[a]anthracene, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene, That Can benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[j]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzofuran, 1,3- butadiene, cadmium, carbazole, catechol, chromium (hexavalent compounds), Cancer chrysene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, dibenz[a,i]pyrene, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene, “Many of the chemical diethylnitrosamine, dimethylnitrosamine, formaldehyde, indeno[1,2,3,-c,d]pyrene, constituents that have been isoprene, lead, mercury, 5-methylchrysene, naphthalene, nickel, pyridine, and identified in marijuana smoke quinoline.” are carcinogens.” 2009 OEHHA document, Evidence on the Carcinogenicity of Marijuana Smoke Hydrogen Cyanide interferes with the normal use of oxygen by nearly every organ of Hydrogen the body. Exposure to hydrogen cyanide (AC) can be rapidly fatal. It has whole-body (systemic) effects, particularly affecting those organ systems most sensitive to low Cyanide oxygen levels: the central nervous system (brain), the cardiovascular system (heart Is the same chemical used for and blood vessels), and the pulmonary system (lungs). Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is a chemical weapons. chemical warfare agent (military designation, AC). Ammonia gas is a severe respiratory tract irritant. Can cause severe irritation of the Ammonia nose and throat. Can cause life-threatening accumulation of fluid in the lungs Household cleaner used on (pulmonary edema). Symptoms may include coughing, shortness of breath, difficult floors and toilets. There is 3 breathing and tightness in the chest. Symptoms may develop hours after exposure times more in secondhand and are made worse by physical effort.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Technological Development, Market and Environmental Regulations on the Past and Future Performance of Chemical Processes
    Research Collection Doctoral Thesis Impact of technological development, market and environmental regulations on the past and future performance of chemical processes Author(s): Mendivil, Ramon Publication Date: 2003 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-a-004598977 Rights / License: In Copyright - Non-Commercial Use Permitted This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Impact of technological development, market and environmental regulations on the past and future performance of chemical processes A dissertation submitted to the SWISS FEDERAL INSTITUTE OF TEHCNOLOGY ZURICH For the degree of Doctor of Technical Sciences Presented by RAMON MENDIVIL Chem. Eng. IQS Ind. Eng. Univ. Ramon Llull MBA, Univ. Ramon Llull Born November 11th, 1972 Prof. Dr. K. Hungerbiihler, Examiner Prof. Dr. G. J. McRae, co-examiner Dr. U. Fischer, co-examiner Zurich 2003 Diss. ETH No. 15159 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere gratitude to Prof. Konrad Hungerbiihler for giving me the opportunity to conduct doctoral studies under his supervision. It has been a great pleasure to work and develop as a person under his supervision. I must also thank Prof. Gregory J. McRae because without his support I would have not started an international carrier. I would also like to thank him for letting me participate in nearly one year of great experiences at MIT and introducing me to Prof. Hungerbiihler. I thank Dr. Ulrich Fischer for the time he spent helping me, not only with the writing of my thesis but solving many bureaucratical issues as well.
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2014/099607 Al 26 June 2014 (26.06.2014) W P O P C T
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2014/099607 Al 26 June 2014 (26.06.2014) W P O P C T (51) International Patent Classification: AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, C01C 3/02 (2006.01) C07C 253/10 (2006.01) BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DK, DM, C07C 209/48 (2006.01) DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JP, KE, KG, KN, KP, KR, (21) International Application Number: KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LT, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, PCT/US2013/074656 MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, (22) International Filing Date: OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, 12 December 2013 (12. 12.2013) SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, (25) Filing Language: English ZW. (26) Publication Language: English (84) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every (30) Priority Data: kind of regional protection available): ARIPO (BW, GH, 61/738,734 18 December 2012 (18. 12.2012) US GM, KE, LR, LS, MW, MZ, NA, RW, SD, SL, SZ, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW), Eurasian (AM, AZ, BY, KG, KZ, RU, TJ, (71) Applicant (for all designated States except US): INVISTA TM), European (AL, AT, BE, BG, CH, CY, CZ, DE, DK, TECHNOLOGIES S.A.
    [Show full text]
  • The Detoxification of Gold-Mill Tailings with Hydrogen Peroxide by A
    J. S. At,. Inst. Min. Metal/., vol. 87, no. 9. Sap. 1987. pp. 279-283. The detoxification of gold-mill tailings with hydrogen peroxide by A. GRIFFITHS., H. KNORRE**, S. GOS:I:,and R. HIGGINS§ SYNOPSIS Hydrogen peroxide is gaining acceptance as a reagent for the treatment of.mining effluents c?ntaininQ cyanide. In this paper some of the chemical and environmental aspects of treatment with hydrogen peroxide are discussed, and one way of improving the economics of the process is described. This is known as selective detoxification, which involves the oxidation of the less stable (cyanide) complexes while not affecting the more stable complexes, which contribute very little to the concentration of free cyanide or to the toxicity of the treated water. SAMEVATTING Waterstofperoksied word al hoe meer aanvaar as 'n reagens vir die behandeling van mynuitvl?eisels w~t si~ni~d bevat. Sommige van die chemiese en omgewingsaspekte van behandeling met waterstofperoks,led word In hlerdle referaat bespreek en een manier om die ekonomie van die proses te verbeter word beskryf. Dlt s~aan bekend. as selektiewe ontgifting en behels die oksidasie van die minder stabiele (sianied) komplekse sonder om die meer stablele komplekse wat baie min tot die konsentrasie van vry sianied, of tot die giftigheid van die behandelde water bydra, te be"invloed. Introduction The detoxification plant supplied by Degussa for use Oxidation of CN- at the gold mine of Ok Tedi Mining Ltd in Papua New CN~ + HP2 CNO- + H2O Guinea represents the first large-scale application of - Hydrolysis of CNO- hydrogen peroxide for the detoxification of tailings from CNO- + 2 H+ a cyanidation plant.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) As a Precursor for Formylcyanide (CHOCN), Ketenimine (CH2CNH), and Cyanogen (NCCN) in Astrophysical Conditions
    A&A 549, A93 (2013) Astronomy DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201219779 & c ESO 2013 Astrophysics Hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) as a precursor for formylcyanide (CHOCN), ketenimine (CH2CNH), and cyanogen (NCCN) in astrophysical conditions G. Danger1, F. Duvernay1, P. Theulé1, F. Borget1, J.-C. Guillemin2, and T. Chiavassa1 1 Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, PIIM UMR 7345, 13397 Marseille, France e-mail: [email protected] 2 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, École Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, UMR 6226, Avenue du Général Leclerc, CS 50837, 35708 Rennes Cedex 7, France Received 8 June 2012 / Accepted 19 November 2012 ABSTRACT Context. The reactivity in astrophysical environments can be investigated in the laboratory through experimental simulations, which provide understanding of the formation of specific molecules detected in the solid phase or in the gas phase of these environments. In this context, the most complex molecules are generally suggested to form at the surface of interstellar grains and to be released into the gas phase through thermal or non-thermal desorption, where they can be detected through rotational spectroscopy. Here, we focus our experiments on the photochemistry of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN), whose formation has been shown to compete with aminomethanol (NH2CH2OH), a glycine precursor, through the Strecker synthesis. Aims. We present the first experimental investigation of the ultraviolet (UV) photochemistry of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) as a pure solid or diluted in water ice. Methods. We used Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy to characterize photoproducts of hydroxyacetonitrile (HOCH2CN) and to determine the different photodegradation pathways of this compound. To improve the photoproduct identifications, irradiations of hydroxyacetonitrile 14N and 15N isotopologues were performed, coupled with theoretical calculations.
    [Show full text]
  • Cyanide Remediation: Current and Past Technologies C.A
    CYANIDE REMEDIATION: CURRENT AND PAST TECHNOLOGIES C.A. Young§ and T.S. Jordan, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Montana Tech, Butte, MT 59701 ABSTRACT Cyanide (CN-) is a toxic species that is found predominantly in industrial effluents generated by metallurgical operations. Cyanide's strong affinity for metals makes it favorable as an agent for metal finishing and treatment and as a lixivant for metal leaching, particularly gold. These technologies are environmentally sound but require safeguards to prevent accidental spills from contaminating soils as well as surface and ground waters. Various methods of cyanide remediation by separation and oxidation are therefore reviewed. Reaction mechanisms are given throughout. The methods are compared in regard to their effectiveness in treating various cyanide species: free cyanide, thiocyanate, weak-acid dissociables and strong-acid dissociables. KEY WORDS cyanide, metal-cyanide complex, thiocyanate, oxidation, separation INTRODUCTION ent on the transport of these heavy metals through their tissues, cyanide is very toxic. Waste waters from industrial operations The mean lethal dose to the human adult is transport many chemicals that have ad- between 50 and 200 mg [2]. U.S. EPA verse effects on the environment. Various standards for drinking and aquatic-biota chemicals leach heavy metals which would waters regarding total cyanide are 200 and otherwise remain immobile. The chemicals 50 ppb, respectively, where total cyanide and heavy metals may be toxic and thus refers to free and metal-complexed cya- cause aquatic and land biota to sicken or nides [3]. According to RCRA, all cyanide species are considered to be acute haz- die. Most waste-water processing tech- ardous materials and have therefore been nologies that are currently available or are designated as P-Class hazardous wastes being developed emphasize the removal of when being disposed of.
    [Show full text]
  • Substituent and Solvent Effects on HCN Elimination from L-Aryl-L,2,2-Tricyanoethanes [1]
    Substituent and Solvent Effects on HCN Elimination from l-Aryl-l,2,2-tricyanoethanes [1] Fouad M. Fouad Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, D-8033 Martinsried bei München, West Germany and Patrick G. Farrell Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3A 2K6 Z. Naturforsch. 34b, 86-94 (1979); received August 2, 1978 1,2,2-Tricyanoethanes, Elimination of HCN The elimination of HCN from 9-dicyanomethyl-fluorene (2), 1,1-diphenyl-1,2,2- tricyanoethane (3), and 2-phenyl-I,l,2-tricyano-propane (4) in anhydrous methanol has been studied and shown to occur via an (E l)anion mechanism. Elimination of HCN from 2 in acidic, buffered and MeO~/MeOH solutions have also been studied. Addition of water or benzene to the reaction medium shifts the mechanism to (E 1 CB)R. Elimination of HCN from N,N-dimethyl-4-(I,I,2-tricyanoethyl) aniline (5) in anhydrous methanol occurs via an (E 1 CB)r mechanism and the kinetics indicate that addition of HCN to the product alkene occurs. Activation parameters, isotope effects and solvent effects have been examined in an effort to obtain information about the nature of the transition states of these reactions. Introduction tion via the ElcB mechanism [2-5]. Within the The base catalyzed elimination of HCN from overall ElcB mechanistic scheme a number of various polycyanoethane derivatives has been the possible rate-determining steps may be envisaged, subject of several mechanistic investigations because giving rise to different kinetic schemes, and exam- of the potential stabilization of an intermediate ples of elimination via each of these pathways have carbanion in such systems, thus favouring elimina- been reported [6].
    [Show full text]
  • Investigation of Cyano·Methylation Reaction by Cyano·Hydrine and Its Determination in Tobacco-Smoke. ( Strecker·Reactions )
    PERIODICA POLYTECHNICA SER. CHEM. ENG. VOL. 36, NO. 3, PP. 209-2113 {I992} INVESTIGATION OF CYANO·METHYLATION REACTION BY CYANO·HYDRINE AND ITS DETERMINATION IN TOBACCO-SMOKE. ( STRECKER·REACTIONS ) 3 Vikt6ria HORVATH,l Lajos TREZLl, Tibor SZARVAS2, Janos PIPEK , Csaba VIDA 1 and Krisztina BAUER4 1 Department of Organic Chemical Technology, 3Department of Physics Technical University of Budapest, 2 Institute of Isotopes of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences 4 Plant Protection Institute,Hungarian Academy of Sciences. Received: September 9, 1992 Abstract The results of our research work [1-7) of several years aimed at the binding of the unhealthy components of tobacco smoke directed our attention to the analysis and identification of the unknown peak observed during the high sensitivity radiochromatographic analysis of tobacco smoke condensates.It was a fruitless effort to remove the formaldehyde, the ac­ etaldehyde and hydrogen cyanide present in tobacco smoke, or even to try to eliminate them separately, during the analysis the new, unknown peak appeared again and again on the radiochromatogram. During our research work we stated, that we were facing the Strecker reaction [8-9), known since 1850, that is,with the formation of cyanohydrine of the aldehydes and hydrogen cyanide present in tobacco smoke, corresponding to the new peak. Cyanohydrines to react quickly and energetically with basic aminoacids, during which reaction cyanomethyl derivatives are being formed. This reaction is proceeding also under physiological circumstances with the basic amino groups of proteins, contributing to the development of respiratory and cardiovascular insufficiencies. By means of model reactions and using solutions of tobacco smoke gases the process of the reaction was proved in a primary way, also its circumstances having been cleared.
    [Show full text]
  • Chemistry and Hazards of Hazardous Materials and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter Contents
    Chemistry and Hazards of Hazardous Materials and Weapons of Mass Destruction Chapter Contents Case History ................................145 Polymerization ...........................................................173 atoms ...........................................146 Decomposition ..........................................................174 Periodic table of elements ..................146 Synergistic Reactions ................................................174 Four significant Families ....................147 The Fundamentals of a Reaction ...............................175 Group I – The Alkali Metals .......................................153 Common Families of Hazardous Materials .....................................176 Group II – The Alkaline Earths ...................................154 Inorganic Compounds ...............................................176 Group VII – The Halogens .........................................155 Organic Compounds ..................................................176 Group VIII – The Noble Gases ...................................156 Oxidizers ....................................................................180 Matter ..........................................156 Reactive Materials .....................................................181 Elements ....................................................................158 Corrosives .................................................................185 Compounds ...............................................................160 special Hazards of Chemicals
    [Show full text]