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These Vanessa Machault UNIVERSITÉ DE LA MÉDITERRANÉE FACULTE DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE UTILISATION DE DONNEES D’OBSERVATION DE LA TERRE PAR SATELLITE POUR L’EVALUATION DES DENSITES VECTORIELLES ET DE LA TRANSMISSION DU PALUDISME T H È S E Présentée et publiquement soutenue devant LA FACULTÉ DE MÉDECINE DE MARSEILLE Le 23 décembre 2010 Par Vanessa MACHAULT Née le 06/09/1975 à Saint Martin d’Hères Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR de L’UNIVERSITÉ de la MÉDITERRANÉE Pathologie Humaine - Spécialité Maladies infectieuses LABORATOIRES D’ACCUEIL Département d’Infectiologie de Terrain Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées – Antenne de Marseille UMR 6236 CNRS - IRD - Université de la Méditerranée Laboratoire d’Aérologie - Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées UMR 5560 CNRS - Université Paul Sabatier Membres du Jury M. le Professeur Jean DELMONT Président du Jury M. le Docteur Didier FONTENILLE Rapporteur M. le Professeur Jean-Paul RUDANT Rapporteur M. le Docteur Antonio GUELL Examinateur M. le Docteur Frédéric PAGES Examinateur M. le Professeur Jean-Pierre LACAUX Co-directeur de thèse M. le Professeur Christophe ROGIER Directeur de thèse AVANT PROPOS Le format de présentation de cette thèse correspond à une recommandation de la spécialité Maladies Infectieuses et Microbiologie, à l’intérieur du Master des Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé qui dépend de l’Ecole Doctorale des Sciences de la Vie de Marseille. Le candidat est amené à respecter des règles qui lui sont imposées et qui comportent un format de thèse utilisé dans le Nord de l’Europe et qui permet un meilleur rangement que les thèses traditionnelles. Par ailleurs, la partie introduction et bibliographie est remplacée par une revue envoyée dans un journal afin de permettre une évaluation extérieure de la qualité de la revue et de permettre à l’étudiant de commencer le plus tôt possible une bibliographie exhaustive sur le domaine de cette thèse. Par ailleurs, la thèse est présentée sur article publié, accepté ou soumis associé d’un bref commentaire donnant le sens général du travail. Cette forme de présentation a paru plus en adéquation avec les exigences de la compétition internationale et permet de se concentrer sur des travaux qui bénéficieront d’une diffusion internationale. Prof. Didier Raoult REMERCIEMENTS A monsieur le Professeur Jean Delmont Vous m’honorez en acceptant de présider ce jury. Je vous en remercie sincèrement. A monsieur le Docteur Didier Fontenille Vous avez accepté d’être l’un des rapporteurs de ce travail. Je vous exprime toute ma reconnaissance et suis très honorée par votre présence. A monsieur le Professeur Jean-Paul Rudant Je vous suis vivement reconnaissante d’être l’un des rapporteurs de cette thèse. Je suis très honorée par votre présence dans ce jury. A monsieur le Docteur Antonio Guell Je suis vous très reconnaissante d’être présent dans ce jury. Je vous remercie d’avoir permis que cette thèse ait lieu au sein du CNES. A monsieur le Docteur Frédéric Pagès Je te remercie de m’avoir accueillie dans ton unité depuis presque 3 ans et de m’avoir fait partager tes connaissances et apporté ton aide et ton soutien dans tous les aspects entomologiques de cette thèse. A monsieur le Professeur Jean-Pierre Lacaux, mon co-directeur de thèse Je vous remercie sincèrement d’avoir été mon co-directeur de thèse. Merci pour votre disponibilité, vos conseils, vos questions qui forcent à réfléchir toujours un peu plus. Je suis très heureuse de rejoindre votre équipe à Toulouse pour continuer ce travail et en commencer d’autres. A monsieur le Professeur Christophe Rogier, mon directeur de thèse Je te remercie pour tout ce que tu m’as apporté pendant cette thèse. Grâce à toi, je sais que j’ai toujours pu faire un peu plus que ce dont je pensais être capable. Je suis vraiment triste que nos chemins se séparent et j’espère sincèrement que cela n’est que temporaire et que je pourrai de nouveau profiter de tes idées et de ton énergie. A Murielle Lafaye, en charge de la télé-épidémiologie au sein du service Applications Valorisation du CNES, qui a permis que cette thèse ait lieu et grâce à qui beaucoup de projets deviennent réalité. A monsieur Yannick d’Escatha, président du Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES). A messieurs les directeurs de l’Institut de Médecine Tropicale du Service de Santé des Armées, devenu Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées. A Cécile Vignolles, du CNES, qui m’a tout appris de la télédétection. Je suis sûre que n’est pas fini. A Annelise Tran, ma marraine de thèse et Jean Gaudard qui a fait parti du comité de thèse. A Jean-François Trape et Cheick Sokhna qui ont accueilli ce travail à l’Unité de Paludologie Afrotropicale de l’Institut de Recherche pour le développement à Dakar. A Libasse Gadiaga, qui a tout organisé de la capture des moustiques à Dakar pendant 3 ans avec une efficacité incroyable en toutes circonstances. Nous sommes amis grâce aux moustiques. A Malick son bras droit. A Pape Ndiaye, qui m’a tout appris de la prospection larvaire en 2007. Tonton, l’affection née à cette période est toujours présente. A Ablaye Gaye, qui a été mon partenaire de terrain quotidien pendant 3 mois en 2008 puis qui a pris les rennes des prospections larvaires sans faillir pendant presque 2 ans. Un attachement sincère s’est crée sous le soleil piquant, les pieds dans les bottes en caoutchouc. A Babacar notre partenaire de terrain. A tous les courageux captureurs, superviseurs, videurs de tubes de Dakar. Avec une pensée émue pour Xaled qui n’est plus là pour râler. A Fanny Jarjaval, de l’Unité d’Entomologie Médicale, en particulier pour le gros coup de main à Dakar en 2009. A Yves Toure, de Meteo-France, pour son implication dans le projet. A François Borchi, de Meteo-France, pour son aide précieuse en statistiques. A Jacques-André N’Dione, du Centre de Suivi Ecologique (Dakar) pour la mise à disposition des données météorologiques. A Penélope Vounatsou du Swiss TPH, Bâle, qui m’a si bien accueillie dans son unité pour m’enseigner le B.A. BA des statistiques bayésiennes, ainsi qu’à toute son équipe. A Pape Thior, coordonateur du PNLP (Plan National de Lutte contre le Paludisme)-Sénégal, pour la mise à disposition de données épidémiologiques. A l’équipe ACTU-PALU, Jean-Yves LeHesran, Frank Remoué, Richard Lalou, Alphousseyni Ndonky, Papa Dramé, pour le travail en commun et la mise à disposition de données. Au SIRS (Jean-Paul Gachelin, Christophe Sannier) et SERTIT (Hervé Yésou, Claire Hubert, Carlos Uribe). Que notre collaboration dans le cadre de EOS-Malaria soit fructueuse. Aux anciens de feu MEDIAS-France, à Delphine Fontannaz, Danièle Barrère et Patrice Bicheron. A Gérard Brugal, qui m’a donné mon premier travail, m’a beaucoup appris et pour qui j’ai beaucoup de reconnaissance. Aux anciens collègues de Vitamib avec qui j’ai vraiment passé de très bonne années, Xzav, Nico, Elisabeth, Nicole, Olivier. Aux partenaires du projet de santé publique euro-méditerranéen EMPHIS qui m’on donné envie de passer du côté administratif au côté scientifique. A toutes les personnes de l’Unité de Recherche en Biologie et Epidémiologie Parasitaires, à Sébastien Briolant, Hervé Bogreau. A toutes les personnes du Département d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, à Jean-Paul Boutin qui en a été le chef et Rémy Michel qui fût mon premier maître de stage. A Christian Hupin, Gaétan Texier, et Aïssata bien sûr. Aux filles de l’Entomo, Christelle, Lydie, Eve, Linda. Vous auriez du arriver plus tôt. A Olivier qui m’a souvent aidé à y voir plus clair, et bien plus. Et à mes parents et mon frère aussi, sinon ils vont être jaloux. Je remercie la Direction Générale de l’Armement (DGA - Contrat d’Objectif n°07CO402) et le CNES pour le financement de la thèse pendant 3 ans. PUBLICATIONS ET COMMUNICATIONS Publications dans le cadre de la thèse Machault V , Orlandi-Pradines E, Michel R, Pages F, Texier G, Pradines B, Fusai T, Boutin JP, Rogier C. Remote sensing and malaria risk for military personnel in Africa. J Travel Med 2008, 15:216-220. Pages F, Texier G, Pradines B, Gadiaga L, Machault V , Jarjaval F, Penhoat K, Berger F, Trape JF, Rogier C, Sokhna C. Malaria transmission in Dakar: a two-year survey . Malar J 2008, 7:178. Machault V , Gadiaga L, Vignolles C, Jarjaval F, Bouzid S, Sokhna C, Lacaux JP, Trape JF, Rogier C, Pages F. Highly focused anopheline breeding sites and malaria transmission in Dakar. Malar J 2009, 8:138. Machault V , Pages F, Rogier C. Apport de la télédétection à la lutte contre le paludisme. Med Trop (Mars) 2009, 69:151-159. Dambach P, Sie A, Lacaux JP, Vignolles C, Machault V , Sauerborn R: Using high spatial resolution remote sensing for risk mapping of malaria occurrence in the Nouna district, Burkina Faso . Glob Health Action 2009, 2. Machault V , Vignolles C, Pages F, Gadiaga L, Gaye A, Sokhna C, Trape JF, Lacaux JP, Rogier C: Spatial heterogeneity and temporal evolution of malaria transmission risk in Dakar, Senegal, according to remotely sensed environmental data . Malar J 2010, 9:252. Machault V , Borchi F, Vounatsou P, Pages F, Vignolles C, Lacaux JP, Rogier C: The use of remotely sensed environmental data in the study of malaria . Geospat Health . Soumis. Pages F, Machault V , Gadiaga L, Gaye A, Jarjaval F, Lacaux JP, Godefroy L, Trape JF, Sokhna C, Rogier C: Entomological data in Dakar from 2007 to 2010 . En préparation. Machault V , Vignolles C, Pages F, Gadiaga L, Gaye A, Sokhna C, Trape JF, Lacaux JP, Rogier C : Mapping of spatial and temporal distribution of Anopheles larvae and adults in Dakar.
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