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Home , Francesco Redi

Introduction to

Badil Dass Lecturer Karachi King’s College of Nursing Objective

At the end of session the students will be able to: • Describe the development of microbiology • Define microbiology • Explain different types of microbiology • Discuss Controversy • Classify the microbiology • Identify the scope of microbiology. Why study microbiology?

• Microorganisms are part of the human environment and are therefore important to human health and activities.

• The study of microorganisms provides insight into processes in all forms of life Development of Microbiology

• (322-384) and others believed that living organisms could develop from non living materials. • Between the fourteen and seventeen centuries,the field of chemistry, botany, zoology, and evolved from superstitious art, into well-disciplined subjects based on scientific principles. • 1590: Hans and Zacharias Janssen (Dutch lens grinders) mounted two lenses in a tube to produce the first compound microscope. • 1660: (1635-1703) published , containing drawings and detailed observations of biological materials made with the best compound microscope and illumination system of the time. Development of Microbiology • A few worker in the medical profession postulated the existence of invisible agents of diseases. • Girolamo Fracastoro published a book in 1546 which suggested three ways of for the transmission of infection by direct contact, by fomites, and by the air. • Anton Van Leeuwenhoek using his own designed microscope,observed and accurately described the invisible creature of the microbial world. This was the beginning of a new science. • 1931: Ernst Ruska constructed the first electron microscope. Spontaneous Generation Controversy

• 1688: Francesco Redi (1626-1678) was an Italian physician who refuted the idea of spontaneous generation by showing that rotting meat carefully kept from will not spontaneously produce . • 1836: Theodor Schwann (1810-1882) helped develop the theory of living organisms, namely that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells and that the cell is the basic functional unit of living organisms. • 1861: 's (1822-1895) famous with swan-necked flasks finally proved that microorganisms do not arise by spontaneous generation. Proof that Microbes Cause Disease

• 1546: Girolamo Fracastoro wrote "On Contagion" the first known discussion of the phenomenon of contagious infection. • 1835 Agostino Bassi de Lodi showed that a disease affecting silkworms was caused by a fungus, the first microorganism to be recognized as a contagious agent of animal disease. • 1847: Ignaz Semmelweiss (1818-1865), a Hungarian physician who decided that doctors in Vienna hospitals were spreading childbed fever while delivering babies. He started forcing doctors under his supervision to wash their hands before touching patients. Proof that Microbes Cause Disease

• 1857: Louis Pasteur proposed the "germ theory" of disease. • 1867: Joseph Lister (1827-1912) introduced antiseptics in surgery. By spraying carbolic acid on surgical instruments, wounds and dressings, he reduced surgical mortality due to bacterial infection considerably. • 1876: (1843-1910). German bacteriologist was the first to cultivate anthrax bacteria outside the body using blood serum at body temperature. Building on pasteur's "germ theory“. Introduction to Microbiology

• The things on our planet may generally be classified into two categories. ‹ Animate (have life) ‹ Inanimate (don’t have life) • Microbiology may be defined as the study of very small living organisms. ‹ Micro= small Bio= living Logos= study • They are often called microbes, single called organisms, and germs. • These microorganisms include bacteria, algae, protozoa, fungi, and viruses. Classification of Microbiology

• Microbiology is subdivided into the following groups ‹ Bacteriology (the study of bacteria) ‹ Mycology (the study of fungi) ‹ Protozoology (the study of protozoa) ‹ Virology (the study of viruses) ‹ Phycology (the study of algae) ‹ (the study of parasites) Scope of Microbiology

• Microbiology constitute an important part of our world establishing a very close relationship with people in different geological area. • Their significance to human life has made it an important biological science that has wide field of application.

General Microbiology • The study and classification of microorganisms and how they function is known as general microbiology. It encompasses all areas of microbiology Scope of Microbiology

Medical microbiology • The field medical microbiology involves the study of ‹ Pathogens ‹ The body defenses against diseases. ‹ Epidemiology ‹ Transmission of pathogens ‹ Disease prevention measures ‹ Aseptic techniques ‹ Treatment of infectious diseases Scope of Microbiology Veterinary microbiology • Veterinary microbiology deals with the infectious diseases among animals. Its also includes ‹ The production of food from livestock ‹ Transmission of diseases from animals to humans Scope of Microbiology

Agricultural microbiology • Agricultural microbiology deals with both the beneficial and harmful roles of microbes in soil formation and fertility. It is also concerned with ‹ Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur cycles ‹ Diseases of plants ‹ Production, processing, and storage of crops and foods. ‹ Prevention of food spoilage, and food toxicity. Scope of Microbiology

Sanitary microbiology • Sanitary microbiology includes the processing and disposal of garbage and sewage wastes as well as the purification and processing of water supplies to ensure that no pathogens are carried to the consumer by drinking water.

Industrial microbiology • Many business and industries depend on the proper growth and maintenance of certain microbes to produce beer, wine, alcohol, and organic materials such as antibiotics. THANKS