Aerodynamics Formulas
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CHAPTER TWO - Static Aeroelasticity – Unswept Wing Structural Loads and Performance 21 2.1 Background
Static aeroelasticity – structural loads and performance CHAPTER TWO - Static Aeroelasticity – Unswept wing structural loads and performance 21 2.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.2 Scope and purpose ....................................................................................................................... 21 2.1.2 The structures enterprise and its relation to aeroelasticity ............................................................ 22 2.1.3 The evolution of aircraft wing structures-form follows function ................................................ 24 2.2 Analytical modeling............................................................................................................... 30 2.2.1 The typical section, the flying door and Rayleigh-Ritz idealizations ................................................ 31 2.2.2 – Functional diagrams and operators – modeling the aeroelastic feedback process ....................... 33 2.3 Matrix structural analysis – stiffness matrices and strain energy .......................................... 34 2.4 An example - Construction of a structural stiffness matrix – the shear center concept ........ 38 2.5 Subsonic aerodynamics - fundamentals ................................................................................ 40 2.5.1 Reference points – the center of pressure..................................................................................... 44 2.5.2 A different -
Aerodyn Theory Manual
January 2005 • NREL/TP-500-36881 AeroDyn Theory Manual P.J. Moriarty National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado A.C. Hansen Windward Engineering Salt Lake City, Utah National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 January 2005 • NREL/TP-500-36881 AeroDyn Theory Manual P.J. Moriarty National Renewable Energy Laboratory Golden, Colorado A.C. Hansen Windward Engineering Salt Lake City, Utah Prepared under Task No. WER4.3101 and WER5.3101 National Renewable Energy Laboratory 1617 Cole Boulevard, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393 303-275-3000 • www.nrel.gov Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by Midwest Research Institute • Battelle Contract No. DE-AC36-99-GO10337 NOTICE This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States government. Neither the United States government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States government or any agency thereof. -
Upwind Sail Aerodynamics : a RANS Numerical Investigation Validated with Wind Tunnel Pressure Measurements I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M
Upwind sail aerodynamics : A RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M. Riotte To cite this version: I.M Viola, Patrick Bot, M. Riotte. Upwind sail aerodynamics : A RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements. International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow, Elsevier, 2012, 39, pp.90-101. 10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.10.004. hal-01071323 HAL Id: hal-01071323 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01071323 Submitted on 8 Oct 2014 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. I.M. Viola, P. Bot, M. Riotte Upwind Sail Aerodynamics: a RANS numerical investigation validated with wind tunnel pressure measurements International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 39 (2013) 90–101 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatfluidflow.2012.10.004 Keywords: sail aerodynamics, CFD, RANS, yacht, laminar separation bubble, viscous drag. Abstract The aerodynamics of a sailing yacht with different sail trims are presented, derived from simulations performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics. A Reynolds-averaged Navier- Stokes approach was used to model sixteen sail trims first tested in a wind tunnel, where the pressure distributions on the sails were measured. -
6.2 Understanding Flight
6.2 - Understanding Flight Grade 6 Activity Plan Reviews and Updates 6.2 Understanding Flight Objectives: 1. To understand Bernoulli’s Principle 2. To explain drag and how different shapes influence it 3. To describe how the results of similar and repeated investigations testing drag may vary and suggest possible explanations for variations. 4. To demonstrate methods for altering drag in flying devices. Keywords/concepts: Bernoulli’s Principle, pressure, lift, drag, angle of attack, average, resistance, aerodynamics Curriculum outcomes: 107-9, 204-7, 205-5, 206-6, 301-17, 301-18, 303-32, 303-33. Take-home product: Paper airplane, hoop glider Segment Details African Proverb and Cultural “The bird flies, but always returns to Earth.” Gambia Relevance (5min.) Have any of you ever been on an airplane? Have you ever wondered how such a heavy aircraft can fly? Introduce Bernoulli’s Principle and drag. Pre-test Show this video on Bernoulli’s Principle: (10 min.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bv3m57u6ViE Note: To gain the speed so lift can be created the plane has to overcome the force of drag; they also have to overcome this force constantly in flight. Therefore, planes have been designed to reduce drag Demo 1 Use the students to demonstrate the basic properties of (10 min.) Bernoulli’s Principle. Activity 2 Students use paper airplanes to alter drag and hypothesize why (30 min.) different planes performed differently Activity 3 Students make a hoop glider to understand the effects of drag (20 min.) on different shaped objects. Post-test Word scramble. (5 min.) https://www.amazon.com/PowerUp-Smartphone-Controlled- Additional idea Paper-Airplane/dp/B00N8GWZ4M Suggested Interpretation of Proverb What comes up must come down Background Information Bernoulli’s Principle Daniel Bernoulli, an eighteenth-century Swiss scientist, discovered that as the velocity of a fluid increases, its pressure decreases. -
Joint Aviation Requirements JAR–FCL 1 ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕТНЫХ ЭКИПАЖЕЙ (САМОЛЕТЫ)
Joint Aviation Requirements JAR–FCL 1 ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕТНЫХ ЭКИПАЖЕЙ (САМОЛЕТЫ) Joint Aviation Authorities 1 JAR-FCL 1 ЛИЦЕНЗИРОВАНИЕ ЛЕТНЫХ ЭКИПАЖЕЙ (САМОЛЕТЫ) Издано 14 февраля 1997 года ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ ПРЕАМБУЛА ЧАСТЬ 1 - ТРЕБОВАНИЯ ПОДЧАСТЬ A – ОБЩИЕ ТРЕБОВАНИЯ JAR-FCL 1.001 Определения и Сокращения JAR-FCL 1.005 Применимость JAR-FCL 1.010 Основные полномочия членов летного экипажа JAR-FCL 1.015 Признание свидетельств, допусков, разрешений, одобрений или сер- тификатов JAR-FCL 1.016 Кредит, предоставляемый владельцу свидетельства, полученного в государстве не члене JAA JAR-FCL 1.017 Разрешения/квалификационные допуски для специальных целей JAR-FCL 1.020 Учет военной службы JAR-FCL 1.025 Действительность свидетельств и квалификационных допусков JAR-FCL 1.026 Свежий опыт для пилотов, не выполняющих полеты в соответствии с JAR-OPS 1 JAR-FCL 1.030 Порядок тестирования JAR-FCL 1.035 Годность по состоянию здоровья JAR-FCL 1.040 Ухудшение состояния здоровья JAR-FCL 1.045 Особые обстоятельства JAR-FCL 1.050 Кредитование летного времени и теоретических знаний JAR-FCL 1.055 Организации и зарегистрированные предприятия JAR-FCL 1.060 Ограничение прав владельцев свидетельств, достигших 60-летнего возраста и более JAR-FCL 1.065 Государство выдачи свидетельства 2 JAR-FCL 1.070 Место обычного проживания JAR-FCL 1.075 Формат и спецификации свидетельств членов летных экипажей JAR-FCL 1.080 Учет летного времени Приложение 1 к JAR-FCL 1.005 Минимальные требования для выдачи свиде- тельства/разрешения JAR-FCL на основе нацио- нального свидетельства/разрешения, выданного в государстве-члене JAA. Приложение 1 к JAR-FCL 1.015 Минимальные требования для признания дейст- вительности свидетельств пилотов, выданных государствами не членами JAA. -
Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics
Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Numerical modeling, simulation and experimental analysis of fluids and fluid flows n Jointly with Oerlikon AM GmbH and Linde, the Chair of Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics investigates novel manufacturing processes and materials for additive 3D printing. The cooperation is supported by the Bavarian State Ministry for Economic Affairs, Regional Development and Energy. In addition, two new H2020-MSCA-ITN actions are being sponsored by the European Union. The ‘UCOM’ project investigates ultrasound cavitation and shock-tissue interaction, which aims at closing the gap between medical science and compressible fluid mechanics for fluid-mechanical destruction of cancer tissue. With ‘EDEM’, novel technologies for optimizing combustion processes using alternative fuels for large-ship combustion engines are developed. In 2019, the NANOSHOCK research group published A highlight in the field of aircraft aerodynamics in 2019 various articles in the highly-ranked journals ‘Journal of was to contribute establishing a DFG research group Computational Physics’, ‘Physical Review Fluids’ and (FOR2895) on the topic ‘Research on unsteady phenom- ‘Computers and Fluids’. Updates on the NANOSHOCK ena and interactions at high speed stall’. Our subproject open-source code development and research results are will focus on ‘Neuro-fuzzy based ROM methods for load available for the scientific community: www.nanoshock.de calculations and analysis at high speed buffet’. or hwww.aer.mw.tum.de/abteilungen/nanoshock/news. Aircraft and Helicopter Aerodynamics Motivation and Objectives The long-term research agenda is dedi- cated to the continues improvement of flow simulation and analysis capa- bilities enhancing the efficiency of aircraft and helicopter configura- tions with respect to the Flightpath 2050 objectives. -
Introduction
CHAPTER 1 Introduction "For some years I have been afflicted with the belief that flight is possible to man." Wilbur Wright, May 13, 1900 1.1 ATMOSPHERIC FLIGHT MECHANICS Atmospheric flight mechanics is a broad heading that encompasses three major disciplines; namely, performance, flight dynamics, and aeroelasticity. In the past each of these subjects was treated independently of the others. However, because of the structural flexibility of modern airplanes, the interplay among the disciplines no longer can be ignored. For example, if the flight loads cause significant structural deformation of the aircraft, one can expect changes in the airplane's aerodynamic and stability characteristics that will influence its performance and dynamic behavior. Airplane performance deals with the determination of performance character- istics such as range, endurance, rate of climb, and takeoff and landing distance as well as flight path optimization. To evaluate these performance characteristics, one normally treats the airplane as a point mass acted on by gravity, lift, drag, and thrust. The accuracy of the performance calculations depends on how accurately the lift, drag, and thrust can be determined. Flight dynamics is concerned with the motion of an airplane due to internally or externally generated disturbances. We particularly are interested in the vehicle's stability and control capabilities. To describe adequately the rigid-body motion of an airplane one needs to consider the complete equations of motion with six degrees of freedom. Again, this will require accurate estimates of the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on the airplane. The final subject included under the heading of atmospheric flight mechanics is aeroelasticity. -
How Do Airplanes
AIAA AEROSPACE M ICRO-LESSON Easily digestible Aerospace Principles revealed for K-12 Students and Educators. These lessons will be sent on a bi-weekly basis and allow grade-level focused learning. - AIAA STEM K-12 Committee. How Do Airplanes Fly? Airplanes – from airliners to fighter jets and just about everything in between – are such a normal part of life in the 21st century that we take them for granted. Yet even today, over a century after the Wright Brothers’ first flights, many people don’t know the science of how airplanes fly. It’s simple, really – it’s all about managing airflow and using something called Bernoulli’s principle. GRADES K-2 Do you know what part of an airplane lets it fly? The answer is the wings. As air flows over the wings, it pulls the whole airplane upward. This may sound strange, but think of the way the sail on a sailboat catches the wind to move the boat forward. The way an airplane wing works is not so different. Airplane wings have a special shape which you can see by looking at it from the side; this shape is called an airfoil. The airfoil creates high-pressure air underneath the wing and low-pressure air above the wing; this is like blowing on the bottom of the wing and sucking upwards on the top of the wing at the same time. As long as there is air flowing over the wings, they produce lift which can hold the airplane up. You can have your students demonstrate this idea (called Bernoulli’s Principle) using nothing more than a sheet of paper and your mouth. -
Vorticity and Vortex Dynamics
Vorticity and Vortex Dynamics J.-Z. Wu H.-Y. Ma M.-D. Zhou Vorticity and Vortex Dynamics With291 Figures 123 Professor Jie-Zhi Wu State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System, Peking University Beijing 100871, China University of Tennessee Space Institute Tullahoma, TN 37388, USA Professor Hui-Yang Ma Graduate University of The Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049, China Professor Ming-De Zhou TheUniversityofArizona,Tucson,AZ85721,USA State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex System, Peking University Beijing, 100871, China Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Nanjing, 210016, China LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2005938844 ISBN-10 3-540-29027-3 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York ISBN-13 978-3-540-29027-8 Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broad- casting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. Springer is a part of Springer Science+Business Media. springer.com © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2006 Printed in Germany The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant pro- tective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. -
Introduction to Aerospace Engineering
Introduction to Aerospace Engineering Lecture slides Challenge the future 1 Introduction to Aerospace Engineering Aerodynamics 11&12 Prof. H. Bijl ir. N. Timmer 11 & 12. Airfoils and finite wings Anderson 5.9 – end of chapter 5 excl. 5.19 Topics lecture 11 & 12 • Pressure distributions and lift • Finite wings • Swept wings 3 Pressure coefficient Typical example Definition of pressure coefficient : p − p -Cp = ∞ Cp q∞ upper side lower side -1.0 Stagnation point: p=p t … p t-p∞=q ∞ => C p=1 4 Example 5.6 • The pressure on a point on the wing of an airplane is 7.58x10 4 N/m2. The airplane is flying with a velocity of 70 m/s at conditions associated with standard altitude of 2000m. Calculate the pressure coefficient at this point on the wing 4 2 3 2000 m: p ∞=7.95.10 N/m ρ∞=1.0066 kg/m − = p p ∞ = − C p Cp 1.50 q∞ 5 Obtaining lift from pressure distribution leading edge θ V∞ trailing edge s p ds dy θ dx = ds cos θ 6 Obtaining lift from pressure distribution TE TE Normal force per meter span: = θ − θ N ∫ pl cos ds ∫ pu cos ds LE LE c c θ = = − with ds cos dx N ∫ pl dx ∫ pu dx 0 0 NN Write dimensionless force coefficient : C = = n 1 ρ 2 2 Vc∞ qc ∞ 1 1 p − p x 1 p − p x x = l ∞ − u ∞ C = ()C −C d Cn d d n ∫ pl pu ∫ q c ∫ q c 0 ∞ 0 ∞ 0 c 7 T=Lsin α - Dcosα N=Lcos α + Dsinα L R N α T D V α = angle of attack 8 Obtaining lift from normal force coefficient =α − α =α − α L Ncos T sin cl c ncos c t sin L N T =cosα − sin α qc∞ qc ∞ qc ∞ For small angle of attack α≤5o : cos α ≈ 1, sin α ≈ 0 1 1 C≈() CCdx − () l∫ pl p u c 0 9 Example 5.11 Consider an airfoil with chord length c and the running distance x measured along the chord. -
Activities on Dynamic Pressure
Activities on Dynamic Pressure Sari Saxholm Madrid and Tres Cantos, Spain 15 – 18 May 2017 Dynamic Measurements • Dynamic measurements are widely performed as a part of process control, manufacturing, product testing, research and development activities • Measurements of dynamic pressure have especially a key role in several demanding applications, e.g., in automotive, marine and turbine engines • However, if the sensors are calibrated with static techniques the sensor behavior and reliability of measurement results cannot be ensured in dynamically changing conditions • To guarantee the reliability of results there is the need of traceable methods for dynamic characterization of sensors 2 11th EURAMET General Assembly - 15 - 18 May 2017 EMRP IND09 Dynamic • This EMRP Project (Traceable dynamic measurement of mechanical quantities) was an unique opportunity to develop a new field of metrology • The aim was to develop devices and methods to provide traceability for dynamic measurements of the mechanical quantities force, torque, and pressure • Measurement standards were successfully developed for dynamic pressures for limited range Development work has continued after this EMRP Project: because the awareness of dynamic measurements, and challenges related with the traceability issues, has increased. 3 11th EURAMET General Assembly - 15 - 18 May 2017 Industry Needs • To cover, e.g., the motor industry measurement range better • To investigate the effects of pressure pulse frequency and shape • To investigate the effects of measuring media -
Volume 2 – General Navigation (JAR Ref 061) Table of Contents
Volume 2 – General Navigation (JAR Ref 061) Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 The Form of the Earth Shape of the Earth ........................................................................................................................................1-1 The Poles......................................................................................................................................................1-2 East and West...............................................................................................................................................1-2 North Pole and South Pole ...........................................................................................................................1-2 Cardinal Directions........................................................................................................................................1-3 Great Circle...................................................................................................................................................1-3 Vertex of a Great Circle ................................................................................................................................1-4 Small Circle...................................................................................................................................................1-5 The Equator ..................................................................................................................................................1-5 Meridians ......................................................................................................................................................1-6