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Universidad De San Carlos De Guatemala Escuela De Ciencia Política UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA ESCUELA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA “REVISIÓN DE LOS LIDERAZGOS POLÍTICOS EN GUATEMALA, PERÍODO COMPRENDIDO DEL 2004 AL 2018” TESIS PRESENTADA AL CONSEJO DIRECTIVO DE LA ESCUELA DE CIENCIA POLITICA POR EDGAR ROLANDO BARRIOS BARRERA AL CONFERÍRSELE EL GRADO ACADÉMICO DE LICENCIADO EN CIENCIA POLÍTICA Y EL TÍTULO PROFESIONAL DE POLITÓLOGO GUATEMALA, MAYO 2019 UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN CARLOS DE GUATEMALA RECTOR MAGNÍFICO Ing. Murphy Olimpo Paiz Recinos SECRETARIO GENERAL Arq. Carlos Enrique Valladares Cerezo CONSEJO DIRECTIVO DE LA ESCUELA DE CIENCIA POLÍTICA DIRECTOR: Lic. Mike Hangelo Rivera Contreras VOCAL II: Licda. Carmen Olivia Álvarez Bobadilla VOCAL III: Licda. Meylin Valeria Montúfar Esquiná VOCAL IV: Br. Karla María Morales Divas VOCAL V: Br. Rodolfo Ernesto García Hidalgo SECRETARIA: Maestra Ana Nineth Burgos Méndez TRIBUNAL QUE PRACTICO EL EXAMEN GENERAL DE CONOCIMIENTOS COORDINADOR: Lic. Henry Dennys Mira Sandoval EXAMINADORA: Msc Geidy Magali De Mata Medrano EXAMINADOR: Lic. Jorge de Jesús Ponce Reinoso EXAMINADORA: Lic. Ingrid Elizabeth Adriana Rivera Barillas EXAMINADOR: Lic. Werner Enrique Castillo Regalado TRIBUNAL QUE PRACTICÓ EL EXAMEN PÚBLICO DE TESIS DIRECTOR: Lic. Mike Hangelo Rivera Contreras SECRETARIA: Maestra Ana Nineth Burgos Méndez EXAMINADOR: Lic. Henry Dennys Mira Sandoval EXAMINADOR: Lic. Roman Wilfredo Castellanos Caal COORDINADOR: Lic. Werner Enrique Castillo Regalado Nota: Únicamente el autor es responsable de las doctrinas sustentadas en la tesis (Artículo 74 del Reglamento de Evaluación y Promoción de estudiantes de la Escuela de Ciencia Política) ACTO QUE DEDICO A Dios: Por darme la vida, la inteligencia y la sabiduría, por ser mi pilar y fundamento, por ser mi amigo y líder. A Maria Auxiliadora: Por ser maestra y hermana, tomarme de su mano y llevarme por los caminos de su hijo. A mis padres: A mi papá por ser ejemplo de hombre y padre, por ser valiente y esforzado, por enseñarme el valor del trabajo y sobre todo por apoyarme en cada momento de mi vida. A mi mamá, que Dios la tenga en su gloria, quien me enseñó el valor de la alegría, del esfuerzo, de la dedicación y porque sé, que tal y como ella me lo dijo días antes de su partida, ella se encuentra bailando alegremente entre nosotros. A mi hija: Por ser mi esperanza, motivación y alegría. Tú, hija mía, eres la razón para luchar día con día, para ser no solo ese padre por el cual quieras sentir orgullo sino ser ese líder quien tú quieras imitar. A mis hermanos: Quienes con su apoyo y consejo cada día soy una mejor persona. A la madre de mi hija: Por darme el regalo más preciado de mi vida: Isabella. A mis amigos: Quienes, sin su alegría, motivación y fuerza, no lo hubiera conseguido, principalmente a Claudia y Gustavo, quien más que mis amigos se han vuelto mis hermanos. A mis catedráticos: Quienes compartieron conmigo su conocimiento y sabiduría, de manera especial a Lic. Dennys Mira y Lic. Jorge Ponce, quienes me aconsejaron, apoyaron y a quienes tengo el gusto de poderles llamar amigos. En el camino encuentras personas que iluminan tu vida, que con su apoyo alcanzas de mejor manera tus metas, a través de sus consejos y paciencia te ayudan a concluir esa meta, a esas personas: ¡Gracias! ÍNDICE Introducción ............................................................................................................................. i Capitulo I ................................................................................................................................ 1 Abordaje Metodológico y Teórico .......................................................................................... 1 1.1 Abordaje Metodológico ........................................................................................... 1 1.2 Abordaje Teórico .......................................................................................................... 6 1.2.1 Sistema de partidos ................................................................................................ 8 1.2.2 Tipología de los sistemas electorales ................................................................... 10 1.2.3 Partidos Políticos ................................................................................................. 12 1.2.4 Liderazgo y liderazgo político ............................................................................. 14 1.2.5 Teorías del liderazgo político .............................................................................. 19 1.2.6 Liderazgo político y medios de comunicación .................................................... 21 capitulo II .............................................................................................................................. 25 Antecedentes del liderazgo político en Guatemala ............................................................... 25 2.1 Contextualización del liderazgo político en Guatemala ............................................. 28 2.2 Marco legal ................................................................................................................. 35 2.3 Cultura política en Guatemala ................................................................................ 38 capitulo III: ........................................................................................................................... 45 Revisión de los liderazgos políticos en Guatemala, perIodo comprendido del año 2004 al 2018 ...................................................................................................................................... 45 3.1 Composición social y preparación académica ............................................................ 46 3.1.1 Rasgos personales y entorno político ................................................................... 48 3.2 Trayectoria política ..................................................................................................... 53 3.2.1 Incursión en política partidaria ............................................................................ 56 3.2.2 Participación política ........................................................................................... 57 3.3 Plataforma político electoral ....................................................................................... 63 3.3.1 Agenda y programa político ................................................................................ 64 3.4 Público objetivo .......................................................................................................... 73 3.5 Estrategia e Imagen de Campaña ................................................................................ 78 3.6 Influencia de los medios de comunicación en cada elección ...................................... 84 Evolución del número de veces que ha sido mencionado en los medios de comunicación cada candidato en la primera vuelta en las elecciones del 2003 ................................. 86 Relación entre el número de veces que ha sido mencionado en los medios de comunicación durante la primera vuelta y su resultado electoral, elecciones 2007 ... 87 Relación del número de veces que ha sido mencionado en los medios de comunicación durante la segunda vuelta con el puesto obtenido, elecciones 2007 ............................ 88 Cantidad de veces que ha sido mencionado y tipo de mención, en los medios de comunicación durante la segunda vuelta ..................................................................... 89 Comparación de la cantidad de veces que ha sido mencionado y tipo de mención, en los medios de comunicación durante la segunda vuelta .................................................... 89 Número de veces que ha sido mencionado el candidato, en los medios de comunicación durante la segunda vuelta, elecciones 2015. ................................................................ 90 Relación del tipo de mención entre candidatos durante la segunda vuelta electoral, año 2015 .............................................................................................................................. 91 3.7 Resultados electorales en segunda vuelta ................................................................... 91 3.8 Análisis de los hallazgos ............................................................................................. 93 3.8.1 Tipos de liderazgo de los candidatos a la presidencia que han llegado a segunda vuelta desde el 2004 al 2018 ......................................................................................... 94 Capitulo IV ........................................................................................................................... 99 Prospectiva y propuesta de fortalecimiento .......................................................................... 99 4.1 A corto plazo: Elecciones 2019 .................................................................................. 99 4.2 A largo plazo ............................................................................................................. 104 4.3 Reforma a la Ley Electoral y de Partidos Políticos como instrumento de estímulo para el surgimiento de nuevos liderazgos políticos ................................................................ 105 Listas abiertas y listas desbloqueadas ......................................................................... 106 La Fórmula Electoral .................................................................................................. 107 Las funciones del ente rector y el padrón electoral ...................................................
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