Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet

Organization: PSBD/ASL

Document version: 4.7

Document Date: 18AUG2014

Control Level: Customer Only

FileNET Id:111880001

ICP Approved: No

Copyright Notice Confidential. Copyright © SITA Information Networking Computing USA INC 2014. All rights reserved The information contained in this document is the property of SITA. No part of this document may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, or by any means; mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written consent of SITA. Under the law, copying includes translating into another language or format. Legal action will be taken against any infringement. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice and does not carry any contractual obligation for SITA. SITA reserves the right to make changes to any products or services described in this document at any time without notice. SITA shall not be held responsible for the direct or indirect consequences of the use of the information contained in this document. Revision History

Revision Date Description Author

3.5 2011-06-28 Draft Release Product Management, Kevin Peterson

4.1 2011-07-08 Reformatting, style revisions, added front material, etc. Information Management, Bob Dodrill

4.2 2011-10-17 Minor refinements Product Management, Kevin Peterson

4.5 2012-08-28 1st update Product Management, Kevin Peterson

4.7 2014-08-14 2nd update Product Management, Kevin Peterson

Approvals

Version Approved By Signed Date

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Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet

The purpose of this fact sheet is to provide an understanding of the various passenger counting and tracking technologies currently available, as well as those technologies that are emerging. The information presented is a neutral view of the pros and cons of the technologies at this point in time, and believed to be accurate, but not warranted. SITA will update this document from time to time, as the technologies continue to evolve Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

BCBP  Proven, stable solution  Limited scan points … one of Can provide:  Ability to capture up to 100% the less granular methods of tracking  Validation of near 100% of  BCBP events are captured of passengers passengers through a when they are printed and/or  Anonymous, flight based  Requires involvement from checkpoint, typically going scanned, e.g., at security, tracking available passengers airside from landside boarding, etc.  Anonymous passenger flow  Off airport check-in classification, such as by passengers are only “seen”  Approximate passenger ticket class when first scanned at the counts (manually boarded  Potential to uniquely identify airport, which could be at passengers cannot be the passenger to determine boarding tracked) approximate location of  Only scans IATA Type M  Coarse dwell time analysis, missing passengers at BCBPs; there are still some e.g., time from airport check- boarding, e.g. have they carriers with 1D and in to security to boarding cleared security nonstandard 2D bar codes  Time last passenger checked in at the airport

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Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

Dual Bluetooth and Wi-Fi  Maximum height from ceiling  Well suited to queue  Bluetooth proven within the sensors of 3-4 meters (where ceiling management due to the high industry, as airport mounting is not possible, sample rate. Also well suited deployments date back to  Bluetooth sensors now sensors are typically affixed to for tracking passenger 2006 typically complemented with available infrastructure, e.g., movements and dwell time Wi-Fi  Tracking data is by default pillars) or mounted on end of analysis throughout the  Tracks on the basis of anonymous pipes extending down from airport (including Bluetooth and/or Wi-Fi device  Potential to track and the ceiling. Ceiling height can measurement from the public addresses, which are typically communicate with be up to 30 meters using highway infrastructure exits, translated to a unique, passengers uniquely, e.g., directional antennas. through to parking structures, anonymous identifier proximity marketing (though check-in, immigration,  Sensors are adjustable IP based communication is a security, retail to the final typically within a range of 1 to better choice for interacting destination gate) 10 meters (3 to 30m with with passengers, e.g., via  Data source for historic, near directional antennas) mobile apps) real-time and forecast  Over the last couple of years,  Requires virtually no analysis of airport operational the Bluetooth penetration rate maintenance, e.g., no performance measurement has dropped from as high as calibration and reporting 15% of passengers, to as low  Sample size is expected to  Automatic monitoring and as 2% continue to increase as more reporting of regulatory,  Wi-Fi penetration rates range passengers adopt contractual or internal goal from 40-80% smartphones SLA compliance  Uses the same ISM 2.4 GHz  Ability to predict queue wait  When coupled with some frequency as Wi-Fi (802.11a, times, when complemented method of people counting, b, n), without material by a method of counting queue wait times can be interference (given low power passengers as they enter the predicted as passengers output) queue, e.g. BCBP scanning approach the queue, e.g. in or thermal counters Security

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Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

Beacon (iBeacon)  Low cost, manufacturers are  Requires that an application  Pinpointing a customer’s currently offering beacons for be installed on Smartphones, location. The really useful  Uses standard Bluetooth Low as low as 10USD when or existing airline/airport app attribute of beacon technology Energy (Bluetooth 4.0 ordered in bulk is updated to make them though, is that when a standard) devices. The  Can send a signal from one to iBeacon aware Smartphone detects a devices emit a data packet at 50 meters. beacon, it can determine the set intervals.  Bluetooth Low Energy distance to the beacon down  iBeacon is an Apple profile devices used in beacons to a few meters. specifying the data packet require only a miniscule  Beacons can also be used as format. iBeacon was added to amount of energy to work, an effective way to offer iOS 7, and can also be used batteries last for months and directions and guidance to on Android Smartphones. years (depending upon power passengers en route to their  Battery or USB powered (transmission distance)) and gates  When a Smartphone moves advertising interval)  Provides a low-cost way to within range it can trigger an send notifications and guide action on a mobile application passengers around airports.  Once a beacon is detected, the Smartphone application queries a beacon registry to determine the attributes of the beacon, such as location and current status, e.g. “Gate B12, boarding Flight 123, scheduled for an on-time departure at 3:15PM”

Wi-Fi using RSSI (signal strength) for geolocation  Ability to uniquely track and  The frequency and accuracy  Well suited for zone based of passengers communicate with of detection points is limited tracking and analysis of passengers (opt-in only) when the phone is not in passenger movements, and  Tracks on the basis of Wi-Fi  Multi-purpose application active use (e.g. in sleep dwell time throughout the device’s “mac” address, which support, e.g. Wi-Fi access by mode). The rate drops off to airport (including from the is translated to a unique, portable devices, and once every two minutes public highway infrastructure anonymous identifier, using geolocalisation of people and (depending upon the phone) exits, through to parking existing Wi-Fi infrastructure assets  Not suitable for granular lane structures, check-in,  Sensor (access point) range  Sample size is expected to based queue time immigration, security, retail to up to 100 meters. Accuracy of continue to increase as more measurements (e.g. the final destination gate) detection depends upon passengers adopt measuring queue wait times  Preferred technology for density of access points, type Smartphones and airports at individual check-in, security marketing communication via of access points, type of move to provide free Wi-Fi or immigration lanes) concierge type applications passenger’s mobile device,  Requires roughly 2.5 times on smart phones. and usage of the mobile more access points than is device required for Wi-Fi access, to  Access point placement must support granular triangulation be designed for proper  Requires radio survey to triangulation determine radiation in order to  Best practices recommends trim the triangulation. This that access points should be survey has to be repeated if placed within 25 meters apart, building facilities changes. within line of sight of 3 other access points for accurate tracking  Sample size currently ranges from 40 to 80%

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Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

Video Analytics (option 1:  Able to both track (within  Can only track passengers  Localized queue visual light spectrum) camera viewing area) and within a contained area, e.g., monitoring/management Video Analytics is a broad count passengers with a security, and not throughout  Most references for Video category with many variations single technology the airport, as the entire Analytics are in the area of (see other options below):  Ability to tag and track ~100% airport cannot be covered by retail and surveillance, and of passengers (within multi- cameras, e.g., WC intrusion detection camera viewing area, within a  No potential to identify or  Tagging and tracking heads contained area, e.g., security) communicate with the within a contained area  With some solution providers passenger uniquely  Also used for people counting there is the potential to use  Requires regular maintenance (with movement in dual existing CCTV camera in form of cleaning and directions) outputs, although new calibration check to guarantee  May be used to augment cameras or camera based accuracy Bluetooth and Wi-Fi tracking sensors are typically required  Light sources or sunlight with video streaming of reflections can impair the tracked individuals technology without being able to centrally detect such occurrences  Requires expensive computing and storage servers compared with alternative technologies  Typically requires more cameras than sensors of competing solutions; very dependent on ceiling height

Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

Video Analytics (option 2:  Can uniquely ID and track  Trialing facial tracking, one Biometrics) the passenger without having airport reports a 3% sample total coverage of airport with rate across the airport  Tracking via facial recognition cameras

Video Analytics (option 3:  Can uniquely ID the  The passenger could change thermal/visual fingerprint) passenger, and then in his “thermal/visual fingerprint” theory, track the passenger by putting a jacket on or off  Evolving (future) without having total coverage  Passenger tracking on the of airport with cameras basis of a "thermal/visual fingerprint" using size/shape/thermal and/or color metrics

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Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

GSM  Potential for high penetration  Probe time is inconsistent, as  Ideal for tracking within rate 40% of phones probed within shopping malls where typical  Sensors can be located as far 2 minutes, and can range movements are casual and as 100 meters apart between 12-20 minutes (using shoppers tend to linger  Can triangulate down to 2-5 GSM, one can't force meters transmission ... conversely,  Sample rate in the range of Bluetooth and Wi-Fi devices 25-45%, which varies by can be proactively probed) geography  As tracked “address” is  Sensors use the “tinsley” temporary, return visits signal which is a temporary cannot be tracked address, which varies by  Not suitable for short process location measurements such as security queue time reporting, due to low probe rate  Requires recalibration if facility changes significantly such as a result of store redesign

Thermal Imaging  Proven  Indoor use only  Frequently implemented as  No maintenance required an extension of WiFi and  Mature, robust people  Sensors are small in size Bluetooth for wait time counting technology compared to alternatives systems (>60% of Bluetooth  Counts passenger  Long lifetime and/or Wi-Fi systems also movements in two directions include people counting)  Able to count multiple passengers at the same time  Counting accuracy ranges from 95-98%

Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

Laser Counting  Proven  Typically more expensive  Like thermal imaging, typically  Preferred technology for than alternative sensors implemented as an extension  Mature, robust people outdoor counting applications  Limited life time as devices to queue wait time systems counting technology due to resistance to have continuously rotating  Ability to count over wide interference from sun parts areas reflections and other light  Requires regular maintenance sources such as filter changes and  Measures wide areas lenses cleaning  Uses more power than alternatives  Large physical size  Physically heavy, thus requires secure mounting  Expensive to install and calibrate compared to alternatives

RFID  Has not emerged as a viable  Could be used in relation to alternative for passenger temporary measurements  Used for asset tracking (over tracking, as it requires a initiatives where passive RFID Wi-Fi) relatively costly token (RFID has been applied to each  RFID chips now being placed chip) boarding pass within passports  Has very short communication range (in relation to passport usage)  Domestic passengers typically do not carry passports

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Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

NFC (Near Field  This technology is similar to  Has not emerged as a viable  Used for personal Communication) the BCBP and Passport RFID alternative for passenger identification, like driver as the passengers’ NFC tracking, as communication license, payment, access  Emerging device (typically a phone) has range is limited control etc.  SITA Lab involved in a pilot to be presented very close to  Technology penetration will involving NFC to store the reader be low for the next 1-3 years boarding card on a device (phone) and use it at security gates, boarding gates and airline lounges for automatic entry

Wi-Fi TOA (Time of  Requires less access points  Relatively new, and untested Arrival); Time stamped than Wi-Fi access points  Requires proprietary access based versus current using RSSI points RSSI methodology  Consistent accuracy versus  Need to run a parallel network RSSI based tracking (to be to Wi-Fi access points  Access points are time confirmed, via a trial) synchronized  Less impact by barriers, e.g.,  3-5 meter triangulation walls than RSSI  In trial phase

Passenger Counting and Tracking Technology Comparison Fact Sheet, Continued

Technology (and attributes) Pros Cons Typical Application

UWB (Ultra Wide Band)  Low power, doesn’t interfere  Few market solutions available  Emerging  Wi-Fi chip set in access  Wi-Fi specification (802.15) points needs to support  Allows for high precision short needed protocol term sensing, e.g., down to cm

iGPS (indoor GPS)  Lower number of sensors  Needs a chip set upgrade to than RSSI (less infrastructure) Wi-Fi access points  Emerging  Less than one meter precision  Uses Wi-Fi spectrum  Piggy back upon GPS protocol (enables outdoor indoor seamless tracking)  Need fewer sensors than TOA  Trial phase

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