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Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality in Practice Climate-Smart Edited by Landscapes: Peter A. Minang Meine van Noordwijk Multifunctionality in Practice Olivia E. Freeman Cheikh Mbow Jan de Leeuw Delia Catacutan Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality In Practice Edited by Peter A. Minang, Meine van Noordwijk, Olivia E. Freeman, Cheikh Mbow, Jan de Leeuw and Delia Catacutan The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) holds the copyright to its publications and web-pages but encourages duplication, without alteration, of these materials for non-commercial purposes. Proper citation is required in all instances. Information owned by others that requires permission is marked as such. The information provided by the Centre is, to the best of our knowledge, accurate although we do not guarantee the information nor are we liable for damages arising from use of the information. The views expressed in the individual chapters and within the book are solely those of the authors and are not necessarily reflective of views held by ICRAF, the editors, any of the sponsoring institutions, or the authors’ institutions. Printed in Nairobi, Kenya ISBN 978-92-9059-375-1 Citation: Minang, P. A., van Noordwijk, M., Freeman, O. E., Mbow, C., de Leeuw, J., & Catacutan, D. (Eds.) (2015). Climate-Smart Landscapes: Multifunctionality In Practice. Nairobi, Kenya: World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF). Cover Image: Overlooking a landscape adjacent to Mount Elgon National Park in southeast Uganda. Photo credit: Connor J. Cavanagh Printing and layout: Kul Graphics Limited, P. O. Box 18095, Nairobi, Kenya T: +254 20 530716/530602 E: [email protected] World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins (ASB) United Nations Avenue, Gigiri P.O. Box 30677-00100, Nairobi, Kenya T: +254 20 722 4000; +1 650 833 6645 F: +254 20 722 4001 E: [email protected]; [email protected] www.worldagroforestry.org www.asb.cgiar.org World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) is one of the Centres of the CGIAR Consortium. Its vision is rural transformation in the developing world as smallholder households increase their use of trees in agricultural landscapes to improve food security, nutrition, income, health, shelter, social cohesion, energy resources and environmental sustainability. The Centre’s mission is to generate science-based knowledge about the diverse roles that trees play in agricultural landscapes, and to use its research to advance policies and practices, and their implementation to benefit the poor and the environment. The organization conducts research in 34 countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins (ASB) The ASB Partnership for the Tropical Forest Margins is working to raise productivity and income of rural households in the humid tropics without increasing deforestation or undermining essential environmental services. ASB is a consortium of over 50 international and national-level partners with an eco-regional focus on the forest-agriculture margins in the humid tropics, with learning landscapes in the western Amazon of Brazil and Peru, the Congo basin in Cameroon and the Democratic Republic of Congo, southern Philippines, northern Thailand, northern Vietnam and the island of Sumatra in Indonesia. © 2015 World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) Contents List of Figures, Tables and Boxes vi List of Abbreviations xii Foreword xviii Acknowledgements xx List of Authors xxii Summary xxxii Global Landscapes Map xxxiv Part 1: Introduction 1 1 Introduction and basic propositions 3 Peter A. Minang, Meine van Noordwijk, Olivia E. Freeman, Lalisa A. Duguma, Cheikh Mbow, Jan de Leeuw and Delia Catacutan Part 2: Understanding Landscapes 19 2 Whither landscapes? Compiling requirements of the landscape approach 21 Emmanuel Torquebiau 3 Characterising multifunctionality in climate-smart landscapes 37 Olivia E. Freeman 4 What can climate-smart agricultural landscapes learn from the gestion de terroirs approach? 51 Florence Bernard 5 Landscape restoration from a social-ecological system perspective? 63 Lalisa A. Duguma, Peter A. Minang, Mathew Mpanda, Anthony Kimaro and Dieudonne Alemagi 6 Climate Smart Territories (CST): An integrated approach to food security, ecosystem services, and climate change in rural areas 75 Bastiaan Louman, José Joaquín Campos-Arce, Leida Mercado, Pablo Imbach, Claudia Bouroncle, Bryan Finegan, Claudia Martínez, César Mendoza, Roger Villalobos, Claudia Medellín, Cristobal Villanueva, Tatiana Mendoza, Amilcar Aguilar and Danilo Padilla 7 Integrated landscape initiatives in practice: assessing experiences from 191 landscapes in Africa and Latin America 89 Abigail K. Hart, Jeffrey C. Milder, Natalia Estrada-Carmona, Fabrice A. J. DeClerck, Celia A. Harvey and Philip Dobie 8 How can an integrated landscape approach contribute to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and advance climate-smart objectives? 103 Cheikh Mbow, Constance Neely and Philip Dobie iii Part 3: From Concepts to Inducing Change 119 9 Scale considerations in landscape approaches 121 Peter A. Minang, Lalisa A. Duguma, Dieudonne Alemagi and Meine van Noordwijk 10 Leveraging landscapes: A systems approach to drivers of change 135 Lalisa A. Duguma and Peter A. Minang 11 Landcare - a landscape approach at scale 151 Delia Catacutan, Clinton Muller, Mary Johnson and Dennis Garrity 12 Landscape-level constraints and opportunities for sustainable intensification in smallholder systems in the tropics 163 Ingrid Öborn, Shem Kuyah, Mattias Jonsson, A. Sigrun Dahlin, Hosea Mwangi and Jan de Leeuw 13 Water-focused landscape management 179 Meine van Noordwijk, Beria Leimona, Ma Xing, Lisa Tanika, Sara Namirembe and Didik Suprayogo 14 Opportunities and challenges of landscape approaches for sustainable charcoal production and use 195 Miyuki Iiyama, Henry Neufeldt, Philip Dobie, Roy Hagen, Mary Njenga, Geoffrey Ndegwa, Jeremias Gasper Mowo, Philip Kisoyan and Ramni Jamnadass 15 Gender-specific spatial perspectives and scenario building approaches for understanding gender equity and sustainability in climate-smart landscapes 211 Grace B. Villamor, P. Afiavi Dah-gbeto, Andrew Bell, Ujjwal Pradhan and Meine van Noordwijk 16 The opportunity costs of emission reduction: a methodology and application to support land use planning for low emission development 227 S Suyanto, Andree Ekadinata, Rachmat Mulia, Feri Johana and Atiek Widayati 17 Negotiation support tools to enhance multifunctioning landscapes 243 Sonya Dewi, Andree Ekadinata, Dony Indiarto, Alfa Nugraha and Meine van Noordwijk 18 Institutional arrangements for climate-smart landscapes 257 Susan W. Wambugu, Susan W. Chomba and Joanes Atela Part 4: Involving the Private Sector 275 19 Private sector investment in landscape approaches: the role of production standards and certification 277 Gabrielle Kissinger, Mark Moroge and Martin Noponen 20 Landscape approaches to sustainable supply chain management: the role of agribusinesses 295 Amos Gyau, Judith Oduol, Mercy Mbugua, Divine Foundjem-Tita, Djalal Ademonla Arinloye and Christophe Kouame 21 Private sector engagement in landscape-based approaches - lessons from cases in East Africa 307 Sara Namirembe and Florence Bernard iv Part 5: Contextualized Experience 317 22 Operationalizing climate-smart agricultural landscapes: the case of a tea- producing landscape in Kericho, Kenya 319 Jeffrey C. Milder, Mark Moroge and Seth Shames 23 Institutional dynamics and landscape change – a case study of Southern Cameroon 335 Divine Foundjem-Tita, Stijn Speelman, Peter A. Minang, Peter Mbile, Samuel N. Ndobe and Zac Tchoundjeu 24 Pathways for sustainable intensification and diversification of cocoa agroforestry landscapes in Cameroon 347 Dieudonne Alemagi, Peter A. Minang, Lalisa A. Duguma, Anderson Kehbila and Faith Ngum 25 Landscape approaches in the Congo Basin: linking the Democratic Republic of Congo’s Emission Reduction Program (ERP) and the Central Africa Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE) 361 Kalame Fobissie Part 6: Synthesis and Conclusions 373 26 The future of landscape approaches: interacting theories of place and change 375 Meine van Noordwijk, Peter A. Minang, Olivia E. Freeman, Cheikh Mbow and Jan de Leeuw 27 Enhancing multifunctionality through system improvement and landscape democracy processes: a synthesis 389 Peter A. Minang, Lalisa A. Duguma, Meine van Noordwijk, Ravi Prabhu and Olivia E. Freeman v Lists of Figures, Tables and Boxes Figures 1.1 A landscape as the interaction between human actions, ecosystems and the abiotic factors that shape the physical environment 6 1.2 Visualization of an actual landscape as a member of a wider set of locally feasible landscape configurations, constrained by household decisions and national context 7 1.3 Visualization of climate change as part of the wider set of interacting global change influences and drivers of change at the landscape scale, modified by national development policy and its implementation 7 1.4 Examples of the multiple starting points for landscape approaches, that may have a common destination and all use an adaptive collaborative management learning loop approach 10 2.1 Spatial structure of an agricultural landscape 23 2.2 Landscape units’ categories 25 2.3 Various types of landscape matrices (from Perfecto et al., 2009) that connect forest fragments 26 2.4 Landscape-level ‘biodiversity-friendly’ schemes 29 2.5 Possible protected areas across a landscape 29 3.1 Linkages and interactions including potential drivers and incentives across local,
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