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European Forest Reserves \Rwv •\i European Forest Reserves Proceedings of the European Forest Reserves Workshop, 6-8 May 1992, Wageningen, The Netherlands M.E.A. Broekmeyer, W. Vos and H. Koop (eds.) ARBORETUM-BIBLIOTHEEK AnBOFGTi<yuAN4 * ?<•"*! Pudoc Scientific Publishers Wageningen , 1993 \rwv •\ o mi LïOftft jtSMßBOUWUNIVEIi§H2îîa , WAGENINGEM CIP-data Koninklijke Bibliotheek, All rights reserved. Nothing from this publication may be Den Haag reproduced, stored in a computerized system or published in any form or any manner, including electronic, mechanical, ISBN 90-220-1082-1 reprographic or photographic, without prior written NUCI 835 permission from the publisher, Pudoc, P.O. Box 4, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands. © Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation (Pudoc), The individual contributions in this publication and any Wageningen, The Netherlands 1993 liabilities arisingfro m them remain the responsibility of the authors. Insofar as photocopies from this publication are permitted by the Copyright Act 1912, Article 16B and Royal Netherlands Decree of 20 June 1974 (Staatsblad 351) asamende d in Royal Netherlands Decree of 23 August 1985 (Staatsblad 471) and by Copyright Act 1912, Article 17, the legally defined copyright fee for any copies should be transferred to the Stichting Reprorecht (P.O. Box 882, 1180 AW Amstelveen, The Netherlands). For reproduction of parts of this publication in compilations such asanthologie s or readers (Copyright Act 1912, Article 16), permission must be obtained from the publisher. Printed in The Netherlands Contents Preface 1 Programme European Forest Reserves Workshop 3 Opening speech 5 Chapter 1. The significance of forest reserves 7 M.E.A. Broekmeyer and W. Vos - Forest reserves in Europe: a review 9 D. MlinSek - Research in virgin forests - for forestry and society (history and future needs) 29 G.F. Peterken / - Long-term studies in forest nature reserves 35 J.B. Falhiski - Aims of nature conservation and scientific functions of reserves 49 J. Buis - Cultural heritage and forest reserves • 55 Chapter 2. Forest reserves programmes 61 S. Radu - Forest reserves in Romania 63 I. VoloSCuk - The virgin forests and reserves in Slovakia 69 M.E.A. Broekmeyer and P.J. Szabo - The Dutch forest reserves programme 75 D.F.W. Pollard - Forestry Canada green plan: ecological reserves 87 J.P. Klein, B. Pont, J.M. Faton and P. Knibiely - The network of river system nature reserves in France and the preservation of alluvial forests 91 Chapter 3. Forest reserves research and other research on forest dynamics 97 F.J. Stuurman and J. Clement - The standardized monitoring programme for forest reserves in The Netherlands 99 J. Sevink, R.H. Kemmers and I.M. Emmer - Soil research in Dutch forest reserves: the implications of spatial and temporal soil variability 109 R.H. Kemmers, S.P.J, van Delft and P. Mekkink - Soil survey humus form research in Dutch forest reserves 119 M.T. Veerkamp and Th.W. Kuyper - Mycological investigations in forest reserves in The Netherlands 127 H. Koop and R.J. Bijlsma - The SILVI-STAR link to a geographical information system; a tool for spatial analysis in digitally recorded forest reserves 145 L. Paule and D. Gömöry - Significance of forest reserves for studies of the population and evolutionary genetics of forest trees 153 J. Holeksa - Gap size differentation and the area of forest reserve 159 L. Albrecht, J. Rauh and M. Schmitt - Research on dead wood in Bavarian nature forest reserves 167 A. von Liihrte and W. Seidling - Small neglected stands - an opportunity to study forest dynamics 173 A. Bobiec and J. Kujawa-Pawlaczyk - Vegetation diversity and soil pH in ranking forest habitats 185 Chapter 4. Research on "natural" forest management 193 K. Van Den Berge, D. Maddelein and B. Muys - Recent structural changes in the beech forest reserve of Groenendaal (Belgium) 195 H. Koop and H. Siebel - Conversion management towards more natural forests: evaluation and recommendations 199 M, Frater and H. Read - Maximizing woodland coservation value through management 205 I.T.M. Jorritsma, A.F.M. van Hees, H.H.Bartelink and G.M.J. Mohren - Forest development in relation to forest grazing 211 B.A. de Cuyper - An unmanaged forest - research strategy and structure and dynamics 215 Chapter 5. Historical and environmental impacts on forest dynamics 217 M. Hermy, P. van den Bremt and G. Tack - Effects of site history on woodland vegetation 219 G.M. Dirkse and G.F.P. Martakis - Recent changes in forest vegetation in North-West and Central Europe and some likely causes 233 J. Baar, W.A. Ozinga and Th.W. Kuyper - Ectomycorrhizal succession in Scots pine forests: the role of Deschampsia flexuosa 249 W.P.C. Zeeman - Water management as a factor in forest development 255 P.F.W.M. Hommel, A.H.F. Stortelder, R.W. de Waal and R.J.A.M. Wolf - Dutch alder and birch carrs 263 M.T. Sykes and E. van der Maarel - Application of forest dynamics research in landscape planning and management 267 G.M.J. Mohren, H.H. Bartelink, I.T.M. Jorritsma and K. Kramer - A process-based growth model (FORGRO) for analysing forest dynamics in relation to environmetal factors 273 J.R. van de Veen, G.M.J. Mohren and A.F.M. Olsthoorn - Simulation of integrated effects of air pollution and soil acidification on forest ecosystems 281 W. Bucking - Monitoring atmospheric input in natural forest reserves of South West Germany 287 K. Kramer and G.M.J. Mohren - Reactions of Fagus sylvatica to climate change; a modelling approach 297 Recommendation of the European Forest Reserves Workshop 301 Participants of the European Forest Reserves Workshop 303 Preface Introduction From 6 - 8 May 1992 the European Forest Reserves Workshop took place in Wageningen, The Netherlands. This workshop was organized by the Institute for Forestry and Nature Research, cooperating with the National Reference Centre for Nature, Forests and Landscape. The Institute for Forestry and Nature Research (IBN-DLO) is one of the research institutes under the aegis of the Agricultural Research Service (DLO) within the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature Management and Fisheries. The National Reference Centre for Nature, Forests and Landscape (IKC-NBLF) is part of the Department for Nature, Forest, Landscape and Wildlife (NBLF) of the same Ministry. Both organizations are involved in the forest reserves programme in The Netherlands. The National Reference Centre is responsible for the selection and monitoring of the forest reserves, whereas the Institute for Forestry and Nature Research is responsible for coordinating the research in forest reserves and for analysing the data gathered. Forest reserves Since the beginning of this century forest reserves have been established in many European countries, frequently with formal and legal status. In most cases they are strict reserves, used for the study of natural (spontaneous) processes in forest ecosystems. The earliest permanent plot in a forest reserve was established in 1847 in Bohemia. The scientific significance of reserves increases with the ageing of the forest systems and the duration of the record from permanent plots and other forms of observation. Their practical significances increase progressively for several reasons: Most European forests have been managed for so long that we know little about the incidence of natural processes, such as mortality patterns, growth and regeneration in natural forests; Some forest areas are being abandoned to nature or less intensively managed, but the direction and character of future succession in the different compartments (tree layer, herb layer, forest floor etc.) is unknown; Most European forests are subjected to environmental stresses. Because benchmarks for monitoring the long-term effects at ecosystem level of environmental change are lacking, conclusions on effective forest management can not be drawn; Control sites for measuring the effects of management, both in managed forests and other land uses, are being promoted in many countries; forest reserves constitute experimental plots for zero management and provide information on measures that may enhance the quality of nature in forests; Secondary succession on former farmland which is deliberately afforested for commercial reasons or where trees establish themselves, is a widespread phenomenon in Europe, but the results of this forest succession are rarely foreseen. In recent decades many meetings have been held to discuss virgin forests and forest reserves, such as during the XVIIUFRO world congress in Oslo, Norway in 1976, the "Urwald Symposium" of the IUFRO virgin forests group in 1982 in Vienna, Austria and in 1987 in Ort-Gmunden, Germany and the "Naturwaldreservate" symposium organized by the working party of forest reserves in Germany in 1989. One of the results of this latter was a decision to hold a workshop on forest reserves in The Netherlands. The European Forest Reserves Workshop The main aims of this European Forest Reserves Workshop were: 1. To review the history of European forest reserves and their aims and applications; 2. To discuss man-induced and environmental impacts on forest reserves; 3. To demonstrate the research methods applied in the Dutch forest reserve programme. The workshop was attended by 88 participants from 17 countries. It consisted of two days of lectures and poster presentations and one excursion day. The main themes of the lectures were: history, aims and application of European forest reserves, the Dutch forest reserve programme, recent environmental impacts on forests in Europe and cultural impacts on forests. On the excursion day two Dutch forest reserves were visited: Het Leesten and Vechtlanden. These two reserves represent the extremes of the range of forest reserves in The Netherlands. Het Leesten is a 19th century afforestation of heathland (45 ha) largely comprising stands of exotic species, especially Douglas-fir. The area was designated as a forest reserve in 1987. The potential vegetation of the site is a Fago-Quercetum petraeae typicum. The soil parent material is loam-poor morainic preglacial material.
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