Bedford Purlieus: Basic Site Detai13, G.F

I I BEDFOADPURLIEUS3

I its historyr €cology and nanagenent T I I I onks l{ood Synposiun No. 7 t , Ddited by G,F. Peterken and R.c. Ierch I I I t

InEtitute of Terrestrial Dcology I (Natural Envirorunent Research council I Monks wood Experimental station Abbots Ripton I Huntingdon, Canbs

I Aprtl 1975 I I t I I 7 t I I t t I t I I I I I I t I I I lssN oo77.0426 I I t I I I

I COT{TENTS Page I 1 Historical app.oach to f,oodland ecolosy and DAnagearent. 3 G.F. Peterken Bedford Purlieus: Basic site detai13, G.F. Peterken 5

HISTORY I Archaeology. J. Hadman 9 History. PhylIidaRixon 1 Earth{or'ks. G.F. Peterken 39 SITE t Georogy and soits. P. Stevens 43 BOTANY I Ground Flora. G.F. Peterken Trees and Shrubs. G.F. Peterken 85 t Vascular F1ora, Phyllida Rixon and G.F. Peterken 101 Bryophytes. A.D. HoriII 109 I Funsi, Sheila Uells !43 Lichens. O. Gilbert L25 I znotnc\ Vertebrates. R.C. felch 131 Invertebrates. R.C. l{elch 136 t Including: - Annelida. Carole E. Lawrence 139 I MoIlusca. l,l.J. Bishop 140 crustacea, P.T. Harding 142 I Lepidoptera. J. Heath a52 Coleoptera. R.C. Uelch 759 I MANAGEMENT 187 A Managenent Plan. M,J. Penistan 189 I Managenent considerationsr ecolosiBt's vierToint. 207 I LIST OF PARTICIPANTS 208 I I I I I I t l I I I I I t I I I I I I t t I I I tl I Maps and Diaqrans Pago I I Topography 6 2 Foreatry Connission conpartnents 7 , vegetation nap B

I 4 Archaeological sites 10

5 Redram map of 1589 17 I 6 r655 18 7 1757 19 B lBTB 20 t 9 IB'B 21 10 rBTr 22 I II Eartht{orks 41 12 Geology 1l Soil nap l 14 Soit pH at O-lO cn 6Z 15 Soil pH at 1o-2O cn 63 t Location of vegetation sarnple plots Bo t7 Soil characteristics of sample plots 8o 18 Distribut ion of l,lercurialis perennis B1 PteridiN aquilinur 81 I 20 Deschanpsia cespitosa 82 21 Rubus fruticosus 8z 22 Gareobdolon luteurr 83 t Urtica dioica B] 24 Superimposed distribution of Hercurialis and B4

Distribution of coppice liDe 87 I 2b wych e1n a7 }Iazel 88 28 astl BB I z9 field maple B9 3O oak 89 snall-leaved eln 9O t sycanore 9O 53 horse chestnut chestnut 97 t5 Distribution of birch poles 92 ! t6 Distribution of va1ley eln roodland

37 Fauna Eanpling sites 137 I 3a Fonnica rufa nests 150 39 Stock l,lap 1974 793 I 40 Treatnent Proposals 1.974 196 I I I I

I Il

I Tables Page l 1. First references to the presence and planting of tree species' lo I 2. Gane sent from Thornhaugh 37 ceological succession vithin Bedford Purlieus. 4j I Sufllary of soil types Analytical data from soils 5O I Soj.ts associated tith 24 vegetation saDples 70 I Field layer communities in 24 sadrples. 71 8. Sinilarity coefficients bet*een 24 field layer eanples. I 9. Surmary of lroristic affinities between field laver sanples. 7' 10. Sites recorded $ith species similar to sanplee ih Group A. 76 t 11. B. ?7 ),2, 78 t 79 I Sunonaryof stand structure and conposition. Trees and shrubs recorded in 24 samples. 99 t SuMary of vascular flora. 1()2 139

I 18. ltol Iusca pitfall trap caiches. 14r I r9. Opiliones, Myriapoda and Isopoda fron 10 ites. 20. Summary of Lepidoptera. 152 I 2t. Records of Coleoptera on funsi. 160 I I I I I 7 I I I I T t I I t t I I I I I I I T I I I I I I FOREI'ORD I The 16th meeting of the Historical Ecology Discussion Group lilas held at MonkE lJood on Nove6ber 7th and 8th, 19?4. It t{as devoted l entirely to one {ood' Bedford Purlieus in the Soke of Peterborough, a large, biotogically-rich rood, r{ith an exceptionatly vell docunented historical backgromdr Eany aspects of which had been surveyed in I detail. Part of the lleetingrs purpose was to present the facts about a rich, interesting and \tell-knovn aite, but the opportunity was also taken to consider the value or otherrise of the historical or developnental approach to woodland ecology and Danaganent through the example I of Bedford hflieus.

Contributions to previous neetings of the Historical Ecology t Discussion Group have not been published, but an exception seemed justified in this instance for a variety of reasons. First, there was Duch unpublished naterial available l/hich vould best be published together', rather than dispersed through specialist journafs. Second, I though Rackhah (I97I) and Peterken (1974) have outlined the historical approach, we thought that a rvorked exampler night uaefully be made avail.able. And, thirdl.y, at the tine of the neetins, details of manase- I ment sere under active consideration by the Foi.estry Conmission vho tJelcoDed the opportunity to consider in so nuch detail all the factors I In the contributions yhich follow, we \rill be told that Bedford Purlieus lay in a centre of Ronan activity vhich reached rithin its existing borders. Ita existence is established at intervals through t the last nilleniudt and for the last fev hundred years ve have a detailed knovledge of its extent and oanagenent. Overlying a range of rock types and superficial depoaits' it has a rich variety of soils, sotne of r,,hich t are rarely found .in 6n uncultivated forn. Though the stand structure is soheyhat unifom as a result of 2oth Century reforestationr the vegetation is shown to be rich and seni-natural, reflecting the inherent diversity t of the site and historical factors. The flora and fauna, is generally rich and includes sone rare species, but a fel, groups are poorly represented. FinaIly, having described the history, ecolosy and biology of the site! the ittplications of this infoilation for future rnanagerneht aie I reviewed, and nanag€tnent policies and techniques are proposed. This vollune l{ill inevitably be compared vith trio other .ecent publica- I tions concerning individual xoods in the Fast uidlands - the National Nature Reserve of Uonks Wood, Huntingdon (steele & {elch, 1q73) and the Canbridgeshire and Isle of E1y Naturalistsr Trust reserve of Hayley Wood (Rackham, f975) - and it nay therefore be helpful to comttlenton the t similarities and differ€nces. l1 three rr'oodshave had a long history of coppice nanagement and have ]ong been .ecognised as inportant sites for wildlife, but whilst Monks and Hayley lJoods are stj.l1 predoninantly I coppice soods (albeit nostly untorked) managed exclusively for nature conservation, Bedfo.d Purlieus has been largely converted to higb forest and is nanaged prinaiily for tinber pioduction. A1l three publications I attetnpt to range pidely over the bot6ny, zoology, history and manasement of the voods! but the erphasis on fauna in Monks lJoodI and botany and history in Hayley ljood inevitably reflect the interest of the authors and editors, and the naterial available. The {onks Uood and Hayley Yood I books represent the culni.nation of nany years of study, vhefeas the present voll|tne consists almost entirely of recent rorkt nuch of r{hich vas under- t taken for presentation at the meeting froh rhlch this volune is derived. 1 7 I I Finallyr the eophasis on nanageoent at Dedford Purrieus is a Positive whereas the contribtltion to the evolution of a nanag€nent plan there' and ....get.ttt plans at Monks anat Havlev lJoods had long been detennined I

Peterkent G.F. 1974. Derelopnental factors in the nanasenent of I British woodland, Q. Jl. For., 68! r4r-49'

Rackhan' o. 1971. Historical studies and woodland conEervation' $!1!. ) EL 9991i q99.' 1lJ 56r-80.

ecoloqv' Canbridqeshire Racknanj o. 1975. Hayley wood. Its historv and I and Isle of Ely Naturatists' lrustr canbrldse. I

Steele, R.C. & t{elch' R.c. 197}. Editors. }tonks rood' A nature record. Nature Conserwancyr i{onks Yood Sxperidental Station' Ripton, Huntinsdon, Cambs. t I I x I I I I

I t I I t I I '1

I HrsmRr@ t G.F. Peterken The rhistoricar approachr is a sonewhat grandiose tern for a process of understanding vhich considers events in the Past and the passage of I tine to be significant ecological factors. lts nethodology consi.sts essentially of discovering ho* a aite catne to be as it is fron direct ewidence, rather than fron inference fron the observed natu!'e of the I plant and aninal communities on th€ site nol{. The sources for the historical ecoldsy of woodlahds hav€ been sumtnarised by Rackhan (I97r) and include palynologyt archaeologyt historical docunentation' naps, wood- I Iand structure, vernacular architecture and topographicar relationships. historical approach €nablee us to see beyond the existing condition of the"he reoodland to other' conditions yhich have, or nay hawe existed : one I ceases to regard the existing condition as unique or even special. It nay indicate directly the rates and direction of any changes in the syste$. Furthernore, it clarifies the possibility that certain existins features I Day have survived on site fron the tine rheh the site carried natural

the specific kinds of inforoation rhich nay e$erge froD the study ot I the history and developneht of individual voodlands are:- l 1. Status of site as I,oodland; prinary or secondary. Z. Past silvicultural treatnent and condition of stand; systen, ase I struct1rre. ,. Origin and past treatnent of subsidiary habitats, notably rides and other non-voodland.

I 4. othei past uses of site; pasturage, quanies.

5, ay clarify status of individual speciesi introduced or native; t contracting or expanding. Histo.ical sources nay provide evidence of past eventst conditions and usages {hich would have been quite inpossible to detect on the site t More often, perhaps, it reinforces infornation today. sul'plenents and and inferences froh field survey, etg, in deterflining which tree species I have been intr'oduced. Furtherrnore, it can help break the circular argunent r whereby field observations are held to suggest a certain sequence of developnent, rhich in turn enables certain present day features to be explained I in historical terms. Some lihitations and problene of the historical approach should be

I 1. The evidence tends to be fragnentary! or at beat inconplete. We are, in effect, peeiins into a ilark tunnel yhich is illuninated at intervals, sonetihes by a faint glow, but occasionally by a bright shaft of sunlight. I It is only towards the fiouth of the tunnel - the pres€nt day - that the light is consistently continuoua and fairly atrong. t 2. Certain characteristics and eventE lnay be knovn yith certainty because they teave positlve evidence, Such |night be the el(tensive ridge I and furrow belov a sood which proves that it is secondaryi or ihe I I /t

docunentary .ecord that a sPecies l,as planted at a particular date' and I had not hitherto been present. Unforttnately' Eanv of the features of most interest to ecologigts camot be positiwely established. Ite cannot ptove sith certainty that a particular wood has never been I cleared. Likewise' the native status of a species carnot be asslrnecl simply because one has failed to find direct evidence of introduction. For such features one can only anass evidence which places the prinary status of a wood or the native status of a species beyond reasonable doubt. t

The 'hisiorical approach' i3 probablv bettet jualgeat when apPlied to a group of ldoods rather than a single site' for useful conparisotrs can l be matle ancl gaps in the historical rocord of single sites can ofteh be filled by a knowledge of general trends in the group of *hich it rs part' The latter difficultv harallv arises in the case of Bedford Purlieus' and reasonablv vell I its relationship vith other woods in the neighbourhood i5 ju'assic knorn. It is one of a sroup of purtieu woods on the li'nestone afong the northern nargin of the fomer Rockingham Forest all of which are! or were! biologicallv rich' mixed-coppice l.oodlands in which line I coppice *as present: these eooats inctude Faston Hornstockst Colly$eston Creat wooa anal liakerley Uooals. They conirast t{ith the coppice eoods of Rockinghsm Foresi' vhere the copPice cornp_osition and the flora are both I less diverse, and rine coppice is not recorded.

19?1, Historicar studies anat roodland conservation' gylp' I eco1, soc,. lI, 561-80. t I I t I

I I t I I I I

! BASIC SITE DEIAILS I c.F. pet€rken Bedford Purlieus overlies Juraesic strata, including oolitic linestone, boulder clay and oth€r recent deposj.ts! It is sited on a gently I undulating plateau b€tueer! the rivers Yel]and and Nen€, Tvo snall strearns, rising to the rest of the present l{ood, drain through th€ site and thence into the Nene.

I The woods, which 1ie at the southerh extr€rnity of Thornhaugh parish (Grid Refe.ence, 52/c4)995r, at the edse of the Soke of Peterboroush, knovn as Thornhaugh woods. Saint Johnrs Uood, now ful]y I incorporated sith the nain por.tion of Bedford Purlieusj was a detached portion of Wansfo.d parish until the late 19th Century.

The existing Bedford Purlieus has a conplex historicar background. I Most of tbe present woodland t{as part of a tract of purtieu woods ransed alonq the northern rim of Rockinghan Forest. In the 17th Century these {oods extended to 2066 acres, of yhich lO29 acres fetl rithin the Duke t of Bedford's purlieus, but they have since been much reduced by ctearance. The surviving pa.ts are Collf.eston Great yood, Easton Hornstocks, Vigo Uood, Rogue Sale, l{ittering Coppice and Bedford Put lieus rhich tosether I extend to c.872 acr-es. Bedford Purlieus, r{hich inctudes c.44O acres of the surviving 17tb Century woodland, is by far the targest rennant.

Bedford Purlieus today covers 524 acres. Apart from the woodland I of ITth Century or earlier origin, there are c.84 acres which have orisinated on formerly unyooded Iand since the lTth Century. Th€ Bedlans and the Nursery in the north forrn the major portion of this secondary sooauand, I but there is also a narrox strip along the southern nargin, and snall patches els€rdhere. The yood is oyned and nanaged by the Forestry Corhission, I apart from the Nursery and part of Johns Wood, r{hich are privately ovned. Like oost, perhaps all, Iarge woods, the separate compartnenis ror nsafesn) of Bedford Purlieus had individual of which are still in use: the potential for nohenclatural confusion is considerable. Although I it is incofect historically! the term (Bedford Purlieus'i will cover lne whole site, whilst the Bedlahs, the Nursery and the forner Sale nanes yill be used for parts thereof, as on Fig. 1. The yoodland is ctearry divided t by rides, $hich fonn the boundaries of Forestry Connission cohparlnenrs, as shor.n on Fig. 2.

Bedford Prrlieus is larsety woodland of various kinds, but r{ithin its t borders are nany sttrall patches of grassland and scrub (Fis. 3). Tlrese orisinated as woodland rides, surviving patches of heathlandr and wartine hutnents since abandoned, Part of Johns Wood contains an activelv worked I quarry, and a large part of Cocker yood \das quarried and restored in the 196os, I I I I I I I I I I I I t !_8 3s; t :Ee 3; ! I iE!E i;cg I ': E 9.; 3:gE I I I I I I I I t I I I T 2. CoDpartnent nubers and boundaries, Thes e are based nainlY t Nwbers follov F,C, comPartltrent nu{bers. ==- I' r I /,29^, soa r l i.,_ *-r*-r I i, 3tA

r 308 I /" t', // ,'------t----_--i--t ,. 32a \ \ t '328"1 l'-_. \ sg i I 't 35 t / , ,34 -._- 36Ai,giit,l /.! _-'.;- --t_____r; i -^--_', i ',',, ' ..i,._. stc ,' i --- geo ----".--- I 388 r .- ,,' J/ai37A " 4oB ---':.--,.; -----i ',' ',,4oA' '. --'-i-,"o--.-1- - 3ec39C 4OA \ /:,' 3753tg 'i -':-- l- --t,,---i--'". l - 38c -----lr------t"t ', .. 3aa ;-;{- -\:-:i-{-.-l- csr *-a t ", ',-/-'' i-- i I

:44o, I \44A' . -- - r:: alD ' 478 'aea,,iss;o "*^ _',_- .- ,;aee,;o"",'.^^,--J',":aa,,'uo) -- J ":: T '-.";- -] '- ::7[ (.,';;;_fo"s,'ose ,;--- aoc s '- 46o \ aoe , t I I T t I I I

tllo t. vesetaiioh Mapr 1971. ManY rides hav. since been wid..cd, e{tending arca of ride gfas31a.d. I VEGETATIONMAP I E Coppi6e+ P35-43 Sroadl€al plant.tio.s E Maturebroad le3t hagh for.3t I E B€6chunderplanting P51-52 Mixodplantations I E Coniferplanietrons, malure EZ Coniterpianisnons, recenr I mI I ffi I I I I t I I I I I I I I t I \

I IRCHIEI]LOGTOT' AflE BEDFORDPURLISJS {REA UP TO 4OO,dD t J.A. Hadman

t lJoodland is regard€d as an enemy by nany atchaeologists. I1 Dasks the evidence he seeks and often destroyB it by ptantins and continued root actioh, Bedford Purlieus' howevert must be viesed in a different Iight! having such a long docunented history' there is good reason to I accept it as an archaeological feature itself' quite distinct fro,n the artifacts and renains which lie beneath its surface and are revealed I fron tine to titne as quarrying or ditching eat away at its edges. The object of this paper is to consider the likely inpact of nan' before the period for t^'hich docuFentation is available, on the area I occupied by Bedford PurIieus, usins archaeological sources. At that distance in tine it is alnost meaninsless to consider only the evidence found on the site, for the influence of particular activities would have extended far beyond the physical lidils of their evidence. In tbis case, I the archaeology of the land surrounding Bedford Purlieus up to a dtstance of 2 diles is considered together with the archaeotogy of the site itself. I sites d&tioned in the text are located on Fid. 4. Pre-Ronan Period

?here have been nany occasional finds of ftat€rial fron the prehistoric I period in fields and vi]lages t{ithin a few niles of Bedford Purlieus. Scrapers and other flint and stone inplenerts have been reported frotr Yarwell, Yansford, Sutton, Thonhaugh and other parishes. Perhaps the I nost significant evidence of of land in the region comes front sacrewell Farm in Thornhaugh *here Mr, D. Powe11 has assernbled what is probably the ]argest collection of surface finds of Neorithic and Bronze I Age naterial fron any one site in Eastern England. The land is mainly on flaggy basal beds of Lower Lincolnshire Linestone and Loyer Estuarine sands and slopes gently down to the river Nene. Fion the evidence of nany fragnents of flint and stone axes, scrapers, arrowheads and other ibplellents, t it seens that |nan was clearins and utilising the area quite intensively and over a long period of time vithin the three thousand years prior to the I Roman conquest and the subsequent organisation of society.

The Roman period has alvays provided a weatth of archaeologicat eviatence t 'Middle' in Great Britain, particularly in the fertile river vaIleys. The Nene Yal1ey is no exception and for a variety of reasons the area oerween T Peterborough and Bedforcl Purlieus is possibly one of the richest. The nunber of military installations dating fron the early years of the conquest suggests that this was an important strategic ar€a, At least I two forts are evident; one at Lonsthorpe with its own potteries (1), and the other near Waternewton, vhich probabty gave rise to the estabtisllnent of Lhe r.arket town of Durobrivae_ t growth The and prosperity of Durobriwae through the Ronan perioal, I particularly in the 2nd-4th Centuries lllas alue naj.nly to the alevelopment of (1) Durobrivae | | - 19?t - J.p. Uird I t 10 I I I lera t I I rF ; il I I t o: i T .;o O6 I a=4 oJ o I 6Ll I o a o qr E-, 6 :6 {)- r0 4 oo:o i I t4ee&tt t lI .9fio3 -.

qi o L d L o o qr 54' I I t i?55:gii6 dttaaJY.o ,3or,roro,r" t t +)) o I I I t t I

I lr

the natural of the area. Fron these came the potteries and t the netal workins industrieE, principally iron. fhe natural increase in population denanded nore food and the areais rich agricultural potentiat was realised. The whole of the river valley cane under the influehce of I the Romantovn and as well as the spread of indu8try avay fron the immedi- ate environs of Durobrivae th€ growth of fanns into large estates can be traced fron the evidence of larg€ country housea or villas rithin severar I niles of the population centre. It sesns that one such establishrnent existed in the Bedford Purlieus, This discovery sas hade by E,T. Artis' stevard to the Fitzwillian estate in the first half of the 19th century. Artis excavated and recorded his work vith drawings and maps (2), and I apparently many of his finds cahe fron Bedford Purlieus (C' Fig. 4). Apart from buildings, he recorded nuch evidence of iron$orking, and fr'om his drasings it is clear that he interpreted his furnaces as being used for smelting iron ore. Jurassic series of ore bearing rock! extend from the Corby area through to Bedford Purlieus and fron the large amounts of slag foud in surrounding fields prinary iron production *as cer'tainly carried out, Other such sites have been noted at Kings CIiffe, I Blathereycke, Bul'rick and through to yeldon, all dating froh antiquity, Indeed at sacrewell Farn just tvo miles to the Itest of Bedford Purrieus no less than eisht Ronan irohyorking fumaces rdere located in ).973 (5). t One of these was a shaft furnace vhile others nere probably for roasting

I In 1965 si$ilar furnaces vere excavated in Bedfor.d Purrieus by Peterborough Museu,nsociety (4). ahese together vith a slag dunp sere reyealed by quFying operations. It is also vorth noting that the Peterborough Standard in 1912 reported rtons of iron ore and slag lying l aboutr in four fields inunediately to the Yest of Bedford Purlieus ehere Artis recorded some of his 'iron uorksr sites.

I Snithing was canied out on iEny of the Romansites excavated in the Nene valley and snithsr xorkshops hai'e been identified at Lynch Fann (5) and at Ashton! N.. Oundle (6). It is quite conceivable that iron bloorDs produced in fumaces such as thoae found in Bedford Purlieus yere traded t along the valley.

I Rooan road runs fron Durobrivae throush ljansford to Kinss Clifle I (8, Fis. 4) beins the southein boundary of Bedforal Purlieus and separatins it fror what used to be Sulehay forest, lhere nas, therefore, direct access to tbe town, and although this was several niles distant there is I plenty of evidence that this was a well used route if the Ronan custon of placins qraves and shrines to the dead by roadsides is any indication.

Anongst the vealth of archaeological evidence destroyed by quaFying I on the O1d Sulehay side of the road, severat burials have be€n noticed includins two i. recent years in stone cysts (7). A srave group of 4th l century vessels r{as iound close to the road near Kings Cliffe (8) and an

(2, The Durobrivae of Antoninus - E.T. Artis I (3) Duiobrivae|2-L9?4 - a. Challands (4) Bulletin of the Historical }tetalturgy croup 2 : 2 1968 - G.F. Dakin (5) Northa'nptonshire Archaeology I I 1971 - A. Challands, c.B. Dannetl, J.P. l{ild. I (6) Durotriwae I t - I9?5 (f,orthco'nins) s.c. Upex, J.A. Hadnan (7) Bulretin of the Northamptonshire Federation of Archaeolosical Societies No. 7 1972 A. Challands T (8) Northarnptonshire Archaeology 8. I97j J,A. Hadntan I I I

rhunt outstanding colour-coated cupr of the tate 2nd or early rrd Century was found in 1841 in a cremation buriat at Becuord purtieus (9). This I beake. is one of the largest of its kind and is described as being 'the nost elaborate suiviving instance of a ,vernatio' rendered 'en barbotine". The discoveiy of this crenation burial in the st. John's $ood area of I Bedford Purlieu.s yas nade by t{orlonen cuttins a drain, At the sane tine two snal] statues were unearthed, Ihese were probably the flanking figures to a larger funeral tnonunent. Both statueB, 29I high, sculptureat from Barnack rag, were headless and leg]ess. lpart fron the 'hllllt cupr other vessels t ,grave both in tocal fabric and imported SaDian ware Bade up the sroup .

In Collyveston creat Yood, less than two nile€ north of the road and I the sane distance north west of Bedford Purrieus, buildinqs with obwious relisious connections were discovered by excavation in 195, (10), As wetr as circular buildings, both a hexagonal and an octagonal structure were I foud. Sinilar buildinss existeal at Brisstock sore 5* niles distant and these have been interpreted as shrines. In recent years Dore circular buitdings have been found in the Nomangate Field area, lining roadsides in the industrial suburb of Durobrivae. I

The natural resourcee of land for asriculture and ore for iron Forkins have already been touched upon. The industry for which the area was best t knom in the Ronan period is of course pottery naking. Here in the niddle reaches of the Nene vere good sources of clay and fuel. The expertase sas here and fron the ea.ly 2nd Century pottery frdn the Castor area vas one of I the nain ingredients of the prosperity which developed. Castor rtare found its way to all parts of the proyince aided by trading routes includins the roads passing through Durobrivae and radiating froh it, and waterways including the river Nene leading to the lrash and the canal systeh' i.e. car t Dyke linking the Catnbridge region with the Hunber. The transitional phase irhen colour-coated vessels developed fron tocal wares in the earlier part of the 2nd Century is reflected by the discowery in a quarry face at Sulehayr I immediately across the rRomanr road fron Bedford Putlieus of a pottery kiln (11), Rornan buildings are recorded in the innediate area by the Ordnance Survey and the kiln my be connected with these. The kiln was dug into 'bittenr I shaley linestone and befor€ being by the mechanical digger nust have been aldost intact. ft vas of the updraught t}?e with clay aDd grass dome plates and fire bars which suggested that it Fas a twical rNene Valley' kiln. Uost of the broken pottery in the surrouding debris sas dated to the I first qurter of the 2nd Century, but the inclusion of very early colour- coated pottery with alinost experlmental deco.ation nakes this an important kiln and the earliest discovered exanple in the true Nene vatley tradition. I The site of Bedford Put:lieus

Ronan abound Bedford Purrieus' but t archaeolosical renains in and around what of the area itself? Only a few glimpses of vhat uas going on can be seen. Burials, iron working,. pottery makihg and vil1as indicate that the area ras yell used even though some three Diles from Durobrivae. Farhing t of course nust have been important, but the needs of a large urban and rural population nust also have included wast quantities of fuet and buildins material in the form of cut tlnber. taroe and snall. The nuinber of coin- t

(9) Archaeorogi.a Xlo(Il 1847 - Rev. C.H. Hartshorne I (10) The Archaeolosical Journal cxxll 1966 - G.[. Knocker (11) Durobiivae : J 1975 (forthconins) s.c, upex, J.A. Hadnan I I I I 't3

I driers excawated betveen Peterborough and fansford in the last fer Irears suggests that large areas vere beino cultivated for cereal groring, These probably not just ctearings in the woods althoush such aieas t could hawe accoEmodated cattle and sheep. The ds[ands on tbe colmtryside for fuel not only for dodestic use, but for iron working and an expanding pottery indust.y Bust have been iDnense fron the ear.ly znd Century onvards. Results fron experinental pottery kilns of Roman tlTe fired at Boston and I Barton on Hunber (12) shoB that anything betreen 4 cyt and 40 clJt could have been needed for each firing of each of the kilns spreading fror castor through Sutton, Stibbingtoh and fansford to Bedford PurIieus. There are no I records of Foodland nanagehent in Britain during the Roman period, but it is knowi that in the llediterranean area there vas large scale destruction of fo.ests rfoi. fuel, shipbuilding and paEtoral nonadisdt,

I Is it possible that voodland coutd have eurvived on the present site of Bedford Purlieus during the period of i.ntense Ronan activi.ty in the region? It seems logical that some woodland nust have been available to I provide fuel for the industrial activity, and likely that this yas some form of coppice, which would have produced th€ t)Te of fuel nost convenient for donestic and industrial puiposest Certainly large tracts would have I been clear of woodland, but nainly in river valleys, yhere sone of the land was used for agriculture. Any surviving yoodland is tikely to have been on hisher sround, but the archaeological record cannot prove or disprove the I h)?othesis that woodLand was present on what later becane Bedford Purlieus. I I I t I I I l I (12) C.B.A. Research Report 10. Bryant I I I I A t HISMRY AND FOR}IER TOODINND }IANAGEI'IENT Phyllida Rixon I The woodland now called Bedford Purlieus cohprises nore than half the area knovn for sone centuries as Thornhaugh Woods' or the Hish Uood of Thornhav. The nost northerly section' known aB the Bedlans' is secohda.y I roodland, fornerly part of thornhav Particular Heath' and not planted up until the beginning of the nineteenth century. Early historical references' thereforer apply to the southern nine-tenths of the vood' and I an Eking the t change of $ame clear frN tbe start because the soods n€r to Tbonba\rgh Manor are nos hlloi.rr as Thornhaugh Voods. As other reseai'chet's YiIl trmo*' it is usually necessary to work bach{ards in finding out rhat has happe-ned to an ! area, but when starting to recount it froB the other end it is necessary to nake assunptions which are proved halfway through the evidence'

Most of this accowt is based on records of the Bedford Estate depoEited t at the county Record Office in Bedford. These records ar'e recently acquired and, due to re-organisation of the Office' have not yet been conpletelv classified, Iabelled anal catalogued. They have been kept in the Bloonsbury I Estate office of the RusselL fa|nilv until th€v were (and perhaps stil1 are beind handed over to the Bedford Record office. confusion exists in the records ajld in the catalosues betveen two estates the Soke, the Manor of Thornhaw and th€ Mahor of Thorney' both of which I in lr€re held by the Earls of Bedford. Although there is a wealth of infonna- tionj I sti}l feel that sDa11 qaps may yet be filled. I haYe abstracted frotr these docurnents al1 relerences *'hich help to prove the continuitv of the I wood as a wood. I'Loods and Underyoods of the ltanor of Thornhar'r are referred to in the eleventh and ttrelfth centuries' and do not refer to the snall parcels of voodland close to the nanor itself because thev are separately I ident ifi ed.

The tnonastery of Medehanstede _ later Burgh - later Peterborough was founded in 555 by Peada, Kins of the Mercians (1)' Various Anslo-saron I charters confinn to it the lanal known as the soke (or Llbertv) of Peterborough' Bedford Purlieus lies on the sestern boundary of the Soke. The nonastery was sacked and burned by the Danesr probably in 87O, and rebuilt bv st. I Athelwold in the tenth catury' wh€n the Saxoh Chronicle says that h€ found there nothins but i'o]at $alls and wild voods" (2). In 972 Adulphus Abbot is quoted as saying that the iiNasee or Soke was all a woody and solitary place to th€ t Clearing anal cultivation were then taking place in the areas nearer abbey, e.g. Barnack' Helpston! Gunthorpe btrt had not penetrat€d furthe. vest.

The Domesday survey to86 (r) I

'rAnschitit tenet de Abbate Withringhan . . . silva 2 leuqa tonsa et una Iata . , .n (Anschitil holds fron the Abbot in vitte.ins a wood 2 leasues I Ions and one leasue wide). Confirsation that the fief of tbornhaush is included tlnder' l,rittering is found in the Peterborough "Liber Nise.rr of the tirne of Henry Ir when Anschitilrs estate i3 set out in fuller detail. de Sancto Uedardo, later contracted to Senarc, was an early I Anschitil ancestor of the Duke of Bedford. A generation or €o later, a Sancto t (1) Victoria county Historyi Northants, The Abbey of Peterborough (2) Brldges, History of Northadptonah ire I 179L (r) Bridoes, op. cit. t I I T- lls

I Iiedar'alo |trarii.etl lnabir of Folkesworth in Huntinsdonshire (4). ler aorrv included John of Folkesvorthts Uoodr contiquoc to ahornhae Yoods and forfling' thereafter' the south-western Portion of these woodst although I a separate tax yas paid on it at least up to the eighteenth centurv' Another interesting change of nane has been the t{av in which local noeen_ ctature has canoniBeil John of FolkeB$orth' tlecause the recent nade of thi! t compartnent is st, John's wood. Tn l46t the Phole of the Thornhar,l propeitv sas in the hands of an heiress vho Ear!'ied a Sapcote of rrton (5)' A seneration later one I heiress again vas tnarrieat first to Sir John Boughton of Bedfordshire' and Earr Iater' as a rery iich widow' to John RusseLl' later created first ol Bedforal. ueflbe.s of the Russell fanily have generallv been resident on the Bedfordshire estate and it has therefore been necessarv for the I in the Soke to Chenies or Udburn' stewards to send accounts of the property

The whole of the Soke was originallv part of Rockinghan Forest' i'e' Disafforestation I subject to forest law! although not necessarilv woodtand' forest' in this context means that the land was freed fron the ]a*s of the not that the noodlatd tas cut aloyn. King John gave a Royal Charter (6)t Thornhaw deafforestins the part of the soke east of the ord A'l leavins t still ttithit the forest within the forest bounils bui although it was still ' rrTo peranbulation of 1285-5, bv 1299 (7) it is specificaltv excluded' the said iornestot and so to the wooal of John of Folkesvorth' exclttdins E|aP in rhe I woocl. dnd lhen to Gibb's Cross . ' ." A seventeenth centsrv Public Record orfice (8) traces the Edwardian Peranbulation of cliffe part Bailiwick and clearly iclehtifies John of Folkessorih's lJood with of follows I Thornhaugh. This change in the bounalary line of Xhe royal forest the ol't boundary ol exte't of tne present boundary of the Soke' and vas ^the reference is verv thor;haw r,oods and the proPertv of the Seharc fatnilv' Th€ the tihe' I useflrt in establishing that the area vas actullv Foodland at - other medi€val docuhents (a11 froh the Russell Estate Papers at voodt at least I e.aro.a R.o.) prove the continue'l existence of the Yood as a a for ever_v ceh r ury.

'reood Nicbolas de There is a quitclain of 1292 referring to tbe of Sir because I Sancto Medardo to the west . . . . This nust mean Thornhav Wood l{esi Yood ilself is separatetv nentioFed in the sane docdtent'

the An indenture of rr4o' dividing the propertv lretween tvo neor'ers of to the S.rar" f-il-y.ffo.at.t the snal] woods and neadows near "eparatety gives part of the 'rhigh r,ooalfl to each' ' in the high lr manor, but "' ""tt qu"rt"rs vhich are called the Esteddrvn and the westeddrvn excePt wo"a ir'e I' to the other ' ' lo acres or the festealalryn bv 18 ft perch . ' 'ri and sav vhich in the hish wood all the south beginning fron Thornhawe all that Xoshalle is Ir is called Moshalle . . . anit 30 acres of tbe Yesteddrvni" presumably the earlier version of oissas Corner' A nunber of the conpartment in cohfirtn- names a.teO.te the nane of Bedford Purlieus and have beeh useful A ll ing the correspondance of the forner anct Present area of the *oodland' in Plan of r589r (FiS. 5) confims actual points on the sround nentioned 'iancient these earli€r documents bv narking thetn as boundarioarr'

(4) v.c.H.i op. cit. and Russel] Estate Papers, Bedfo!d R'O. (5) v.c.H., op. cit, (6) sihon Gunton, History of the church of Peterboroush lr (7) by Dr. P.A.J. Pettit P.R.o. Detail supplied (8) ap of Cliffe gaili*ickr 17th centurvt PRO r'lPE 459 t6 I

A definition of a nessuase in 1177 says that it fabuts on to the I Green Way to the High llood of Thornha{ on o.e sidetr' Even more inportant fron an ecolosical point of view, in 1457 T. Senarke and Marqaret his {ife rro soldr' . . . a l)lat of t{ood growing in Thornhaw Wood next the acres I call€d . . . (hore in the Banuscript ) . . . to Sibburston slade to have and to hold the said plat of sood to the said T. Folkelyr dd John Gibson to fell selr and cart at aII tioes reasonable froo the feast of st' Martin in vinter next following after the date of this present writins mtil the I enal of the terfi of two years next after following. For the rhich plat of uood the said t. Folkelyn and Jotrn Gibson have paid . . . in hand to the saict ?, Senarke and Marsaret his wife' The said T. Folkelvn and John to I leave s€ts of Hooke reasonable as it os€th to be and to stand and leave with the tithe to heybd the said plat of vood vith plasche edge rdund I In I5B9 a Plan (nig. :) in support of a petition bv the tenarts of the Th-inhaw estate against a certaih stidolf who had enclosed the *aete at Terristead' part of Wittering and tbornhaw Interconon' and erecxed a t cottage and cony burrovs. The plan is an s.cellent I'arge na! of the area' eight€en inches to the mile' the proportions of which all check with the present alay t inch Ordnance Survev map. The ancient boundaries.described rrwhere I (e's' by natural features rhich sti11 exist in verv earlv docuhents' the water runs wder the landr,) are identified on this plan ahd leave no rthe doubt that ttthe HiSh l{ood of Thornharet and *ood of Sir Nichol,s to refer to the area then known as Thorrrhawe Wood and now as I the restri both Be.lforct Purlieus, The Bedlans' or northern sector of Bedford Prrlieus was then part of Thornhawe Particular Heath. The road f,roln Uansford to Corl]'weston ran along one of the present ridings where grassland sFecies I such as Anacamptis pyranidalis are now recorded' The oanorial rolls of 159? Provitle Articles Dxhibited asainst Nicholas I Tho.ogooal' part of wbich is quoted below. References to the names of different conpartnents of the vraod and d€tBils of ru.tive species then qrofing there have remained the satne. t let his sheep go and fe€d in "1. Nicholas Thorogood doth comnonly the roods and to the great hindrance to the grorth of then and also that they do great spoil in ibe spring tine bv eat ing of the spring of the sa0re I

2. He is char'ged that he put horses in the voung springs being of doth t but one or two year's growth as well of other menrs as of his om and Dake then as if they were strays but not . . . or stra)'harked bv the officers appointed by the court and nanor of Thornhaugh and that 7 horses anat nares dial go in the spring by the sPace of 6 l{eeks or thereabouts and I sonetimes that he and his brother Thonas Thorogooal vill have in the spring 12 or I, ntares and colts . . ' t ,. The said Nicholas Thorogood hath had 12 sett gatherers who did gather sets in the afor'esaid $oods of Thornhaw t{hich setts wer€ sent into the fields at Aylton in the county of Hunts ' . ' the said gatherers of affirm that I setts being taken at divers tines in the said woods and thev did they were licensed to gather by tbe said Nicholas thorogood . . .

4. That the said Nicholas Tborogood hath felled and razed 40 loads of I thorns or thereabouts out of sir Uiltiant Russel his grounds and woodB or Thornhaw for the fencing in . . ' and that certain o1d naples' hazels and sallovs v.hich did grow anong the said thorns were likewise felled by the I said Nicholas Thorosood , . . t ! I 17 t ;g x"'z2 T ;z l t : t I i ti I il I I t I I I 99 E t ; ;,t/

3 l "..;.;."\i";'o/\t)/ ., FsE! s 6 --1\a I ; .i;l\ si;a l.! : :t\ \ €lr; :0 J-: t 3 .* .3{:t'l l iti:r t T t t '"":|:t < .' . t t rl I .q] ! I

z I I _e=-; :::" € I i:;r€ /./ I i !Ei;! EFEEe I *!:3i ,'::' t -,t , t rs *S "JI,s I .'i

! aa{ I s ii j ."' I I a"'+. I I t t I 't9 I I t f t t l I I x9 t t I t I

t) t : t I

l- t I .l> I l n I t I

f I

o o I a I e I t 9 I n

E I g t

u'u I T t t I ; 'I . t u l=! t t I t I I 21 I I - l l o s."4 o',q!e I Road,,ith

I ; I ; t I t .. 'ei:-- "4"---- \.' 'I 2F .. t ,' " \ 3i --'- '' Io.l' ';- \ rie9---- "'iiru; I . srd,o'' ,0 6r,^ ,,,ii.- "oa t 3 ourFfr"o I t I

I 't" I (zl l: l j> I a t t 22 t

10. Lr.ationof conih (ttaitgles)and boadleaf rees (dots) asindiutcd by O'dinanceSurvev svnbols I

BEDFORDPURLIEUS 1871 ;:;$"""*:""; I :...'::d"..i.i I "r^^* t '.. ..'l ." '. -..'-"€i"a,A. â .(:'ij:'i..;,/i;',lr,;"':. j.:$tii t t ji;';Jq;i;;1 .ii :.,;;,:;" ;il:i':';:i:.;.',,'r1r;, ;.::..j ^-'"..*:.:::ij ^r;i:;.11' I i:.:: ' :j;'1 i-1,.:.:r:: -.' i: ...-:='-:.,.;r.:.._.r:."i.,:-. i'.:.,.:1:-,,i,.1..1.r:,..l,.-.i..,:j,- :,::..,,.: ]". . ::;.....t J .-i-... i. .. i... I . ![: ...... ^;il';:i'..^.a iir{ . ..rr.l. .,i====>\'...-'-======.'$.----=' ... .-it..i! . ,i. "\'..:--",...'.:'\-.... I A" :...,',:j. :.j.^": .).-+;,: _o..dr'. 'l. ....:-.--. _ -';=t;. . I I '- '-: '...'....*:.1 i ".. 'a.a'r....1.:'.....'..='1, "" ..--.'' l"':a':,:â';." o.. "'?' .''-:''.. ..-...1 r.;.....-:i1...._..-.-.:-...1ii;j..:-"...... " .î .d .ff _1.i....i--. /- :3...: t r ":.^" ggJst:' " I '--:"' :. :;: ".;l;;ai' ; r.;:^':'.; \.'.:,"5.,-'. i ;--4x**.:,,"1 I I t I I t t 5. then the said Nicholas Thorogood hath plashed one hedge and hath cut down the great vood that did grov therei-n and two great crab trees' one servis tree 2 ashes and diwers olal sallows brindled heifer I . . . 2 fillies one bay and the other gray vhich did go in a young sprrng ca]led Cockrode as strays all the winter.

. . ' certain wood cut alolr'n by R' Baxtet' and bv hin carried away out t of Fisher's sale anal a sale ca11ed 4O Acre and Cockrode . ' ' l . . . for cutting of oak spires in a wood called Movzas Cockrode. i.e. Cockenood. 40 Acres and uovzas are still the nanes of various conpartrents of the tood. One could lEwe assuEed tbat crabst ashes. sallows, etc woulal have been pi'esent' but I find the reference to I Country people todav night v€IL know the sewis tree ltrore interesting. the old tnapres! hazels and so onr but the present distribution of the servis tree is so restricted that nanv people would not see it until thev l visit Bedford Purlieus, and only a snall percentase of the Population woutcl knov \that it 1"|as. I judge f,ron this that serwice trees vere Probably far connoner at that itne. t have been . certain tenants Finesnes l{erewere levied in 1614 because ". ' cuttino dor|n certain trees cal1ed in English ash poles . . been cutting spinas calted in English great ihorns at Sale coppice hedge I . . . breaking do*n hedges at Ash coppicet SaIe coppice and

Thornhauoh l-'tanorgives the-econonic basis for the I A 1614 survey of I .r'or"-iieration est"tri"rre" tt'"- r"ta pritrciple on which the coPpices "no vere to be cut and the number of larger trees to grov on for tisber per t riThe also in his olrn hands aI1 the cops woods viz' one Lorct holdeth lane contening divers sreat wood divided into two parts with a littel and one sunclry sales severally fellecl at their sundry ag€s as appeareth of I other cops wood ca11ed West Wood contening in a1li after the neasure 18 ft t;the polei (after uhich neasuie the 6ane are usuarlv sord) ?60 acres et al, per annis. If the sane nunber be divided into 18 equal sales the 6ame to be fellecl at 18 years' growth each sal€ 1di1] contain l pole *ith 42 acres tt poles which after the rate of 2Od the pole one another wiII yearly anount unto t162.15.6d. Besides the sale of tr€es whereof by connon presuption (according to the rate of ]eavins 'andes I by the statute) there shoulal be in every acre to cut vearly 12rt' I shall coment further on this in the Danag€tnent section.

I The Estate nap of 1655 (ris' 5) sho,/s the nhole of Thornhaw' voods i. refation to arr surrounding properties. It gives the line of the forest perahbulation excluding the Darl of Bedfordrs property {ith other interesting notes. I translate the inscription within ThornhaYe Voods t 'rHere ski11 I have not found it now are thick wooits and coppices bv tnv possible to enter anat diviale thenI. Only a sketchv atteflpt or so has been l made at the nain rides and entrancesr although John's Yood is ctearlv

The revival of forest law and reversion to earlY nedieval peraobulations (9). I of 1617 r,as a blata t attenpt to raise noney foi the Treasury at that tine t (9) Pettit' Royal norests of Northamptonshire' Northants Rec. t I I

This nap nay *ell have been prepared to prowe the Earl of Bedford's case. t He did in fact pay a co'rposition fee of t2oo for disafforestation and pardon ' but the price cdpares veiy favourat'ly Yith that extorted from other local landlords. In return he received a charter vhich Eade the a I wood a free warren or purlieu Food. the folrowing is translation.

'tcharter of Auq, 8th 16f9 lrom Kinq Charles I to Francis Earl ol the satne a Free warreh t Bealford to Disafforest thornhauqh and nake

Henry Darl of Holland Chlef Justice and Justice in Dyre for t2oo of laPful noney of England vell and trury paidt , . . arl that seize of the oanner I of thorrhaugh houses and cottages at Thornhaugh and lJalnesford . . . and also all those woods called B€r sale, Sa1low Coppicet Overthwart Levst Ash Coppice' Crohvelt Sink' Fisher Sale' Pibblesate, Great Fortv Acre' I Little Forty Acre' Cockerood, Great Moyses Salet LittIe Movses SaIe' Ward's Sale, Northennan's Sa1e, Forty Oak Saler and l/est liood abutting north on lands catleat or kboln bv the several nanes of Thornhaugh Heath on lahds called or known bv I and Wittering Heath' on the south and west the nanes of Hornstock Uood' west Hay' cliffe Park' John's lvood and Seulhay. On the east on lanals called or t{nom by the names of Yalnesford Heath anil Thornhaugh Heath ' . . 1454 acres' altogether d6sforrested vhich t fornerly were reputed to be within our Forest of Rockinghan . ' . Discharged from all vert and venison . . . (nere follovs a list of forost Ia{ tei6s sith their definitions} . . . The Darl of Bedford can keep doss I not expeditated' hounds, sreyhounds and beagles' Netls guns Bows 'nd arrows and all other engines to take chase and drive a!'av vild bcasts and birds of any kind an{l at al] times of year hereafter for ewer to fel] and cut do&Tr al1 and all nanner of woods underyoods coppices and trees as ue]] oaks as I other trees great and snall vhether green or drv of what nature or kind whatsoewer being or to be within or uponrr. I It vas fron this date that the woods becMe officiallv the Earl of Bedfordrs Purlieus and nay be referred to by that name although the wood accounts are labetled Thornhaush WoodE until the end of the eighiFenth I c€ntury. Fron 1640 to the end of the rineteenth centurv there is an alnost This cornpleie set of vood accounts! the lonsest sap beins from 1720-1726' is sufficist to establish the historical continuitf ol the vood and the identification of Thornhase Voods l'ith the Bedford Pur'lieus of today' t other changes energe in the voodland Managanent section but the rest of the paper is concerned l'ith evidence I have found of former woodland nanagenent practic€s which I thought might have had an ecological effect I

WOODLANDMANAG'MTNT I

The first record of nanassent is fron 1212. In the wood of Sir Nicholas i'. . . saving to hinself contnon of pasture in said wood uith his I hogs in tiDe of pannage anat with other cattle in tine of herbagerr' Thist of courser confirns a knom practicet drawing a distinction between pannage and herbage and their suitability for different arinals. It is well known I that the Royal Forests were used for grazing purposes although the vert and herbage was supposed to be reserved strictlv for the venison which Reane deer and oth€r gatne ' according to the forest raw' There is an edict of 1587 trThat no nan sha11 put his hogges' horses or other cattel into the t Lord's several coppices . . .nr but the Practice oay vell have changed long before this. The Articles Exhibit€d asainst Nicholas Thorogood 1597 quoted abover nake it obvious ttrat by then it t|qs a great offence to allow I grazing aninals in Thornhawe Woods. Occasional trespaEses of tbis kind in the eighteenth century when an anonyrous letter sriler sent T I I E

to tell the Duke thdt . ' . nz} or ,O beose had nade verv bad work in the great I wooals anal that ,OO sheep lay in the voods for 7 or B weeks anddida deal of dannidget'. The first reference to filuzzling horses !'hen working rn the wooals is in 1719' and in 1848 eighteen wicker nuzzles were bousht for I the use of horses going into the voods' which indicates a complete chanse of policy fron the grazing of earlier days.

The conditions of sale of the plat of wood in 1457 shot{ that bv this t date at least the recently felled conpartnent was fenced to protect the young springr Unclentooal gro*th !{ould have been lush' nore so than todav' when deer have access. Shaaling of the grotr'lal flora would presuDablv have I been Bore intense than it is notf' anal one hust recognise the selective effects of this on all species.

Although one night assune that oak $as alvavs the dominant stahdard t is specificallv stated to have been tree, it is only in 1457 that it trreasonable favoured, although hon many oaks to the acre is neant bv as it the oveth to bei' is unfortunately not naale clear. Bv 1614 the survev of t estate lays the nunber do$n as trelve and this nav well a1!'ays have been the approximate ntnber. This survey indicates a far more systenati' lDanas;ent of the woods for tinber than was takins place in the Roval Foreits at the sane date' Generall)' the latter were cut sporadicallv I better or the timber ]eft to groi' over-naturer while the tinber was often produce a fron private woodlands' where the nlain ain of this date $as to Bedford crop i10). certainlv fron 1640 onvards nan's inflllence on t Purlieus was very considerable.

A nunber of regular practices took place everv vear' The coFpices strictlv I were felleal in rotation although the eighteen vear cvcle lras not centurY aathe.eal to until the nineteenth century. There is an eighteenth rrrg seventeen list mnning fron cuttn to vears srowthr" It gives "Nev lO names but tr{o years for sone coppices e.g. Great Fortv Acres 9 and I gaps seqr.rence of cutti'g probably nean that years old. Occasional in the one sale took two years to cut, but there is considerable iffegularity' ho'e tnan especially in the earty years. The variations do not anount to t the occasional sale beins cut at 14 vears or left to about 22' bv Modern forestry operations' involving chumins up of the rides opera- heavy tractorsr cutting of mdergrowth' soil disturbance' drainas€ I theY would tions, etc., nay seen a threat to the rarer species' However' s\rcb condi- not te there at all lmless they tere vetl able to exist utrder place in part of ii"";; fro'n 154o-r87o;uch operations vere takins I "..""..every year. The nalenrood l{as cut' the tiDber ras felled and ttre wood taken out on heavy l{asons vhich necessitated continuous daking up of the eooat roaats. Saw pits were atug anat these *ere no sllall trenchest but hol€s were flade I big enough to stanal up in below ground' Ruts in the wood roads the vood up with faggots anat later with stoner sonetjtteB fron pits within vere iiserr, but at least once fron the nearbv Stibbinston Pits' Ridinqs levelleal! ditches vere'rscolreredrl sales were trenched about' and hedges I tuin l.ere nade up' layered, planted $ith quick (i.e' hawthorn) ' which in this nlght t'e protected by a aleaathealge. Solle plants respond 1rell to treatnent. For exanple' Isolepis setacea appeared in the mud on the oraln out sottre I riale after the Forestrv coMission had churned it up bv taking rlnstant treesn in I968j but since the ride has dried uP ahd becone srass- grorn it is no longer to be seen: reneeed oPerations will no doubt cause of the rarities of the uoodt I it t" en""s" asain. .uE,I!g-!!!.Xg' one springs up *nen tfre undligiowth is cleared but can hardly be found after t (ro) Pettit, op. cit' I I n I a few years grouth. I Cabins were nade in the current sale vhere the occupant would perhape have a tittle fire because they wore used at night for watching the woods - not only rhen felling was taking pl.ace but always on the eve of l'layday' I The natives of NorthaBptonshire seein al*ays to have been ready to snatch a little extra underrood either on the pretext of Mayday c€lebr'ations vhich are properly sol€mnised bl going round to all the houses singing I fiA Branch of ltay' lIy dear I sayt'r or for coronation poles. Thev were in fact pios€cuted for takins coronation poles fron Yhittlebury Forest which yere evidently substantial trees (rr). PayDents were nade for vatchins against vood stealers until the end of the nineteenth century' Entries I occur such as I'stealing lcatching nuttersrr: evideitly nothing l'as then free aid public access to the l,oods must hawe been negligible. This vould account for }torton knowins nothing about th@ in 1712 (12). t

There is only one entry whicb indicates that charcoat \{as ever oade in these woods. This is in 17rO t{hen rhsking charcoal B day's work ' . . I making the harth fit for burninsrr is recorded. This nay have happened nore often, but concealed under paynents for so many days work. I nention the possibility of fires at cabins, and the one instance of charcoal burning because fire night well affect some speciesi and it ltould seen that it waF t very little used. A copy of the Conditionq of the oak Tiober sale for 1755 survives:- t I'The tinber to be sold standing by the load of 50 feet in lots, €ach 1ot to contain 3 Trees and to tre reasured vhen they are felled. I All trees to be accormted Tinber and to be measured as such so far ag they hold 6 inches square in the body. I And al1 anns to be accounted Tinber that square 6 inches' ff any tinber proves Rotten or Decayrd' if valued as sound an I allowance to be nade for the same in the woods when measured.

The buyer to have no part of the bark or TopE except such Arms as sha]I be accounted Titnber and Measured as aforesaid. I The Buyor to be at no expence of fel.Iing of the tinber or of cuttins I

The Tinber to be carried out of the t{rood before the t2th day of August next or othersise the sane to lre sold again. I The Buyer to pay Ten Shitlinss a lot etc,rr. I Tinber is defined by size' and trees vith timber potential liere tsaplinssr', as in refe.ences elsewhcre to crying the underwood (i.e. adver- tisins for sale) in Decenber and the Sayplings in l|ay, I The Directions left with U". Pope Relative to the y. January 5th 1762 t (11) Northants Rec. soc. Northanptonshire Notes and Queries' lst serieB. (fZ) .ronn Morton, Natural History of Northanptonshire. I t I I

The6e also give c:Loar instructiohs on the actlral operations to be carried t out, and are as follows:-

trThe faggots that are in the vood to be innediately sold and carted I out into the fields adjoinins to tbe l{oodyardrs house - the offal wood and roots the sane.

I ?he south fence of St. Johnrs Uood to be nade fron the one end of the other in the like manner with the part already done.

The underwood is to be cut do*n in furlongs and poles as usual' and I ground possible the roots are afterwards to be cut dol'n as close to the as rithout cutting then within the ground and stacked up and sold. t the underwood to be sold to the best advantage' either by the pole after the poles are taken out, or in faggots and hedg*ood. I The bark is to be stripped and set up by his Grace' and advertissnent published in the Northahpton Stanford and canbridse papers each one time in the f weeks preceding, Dentioning the day o{ sale and quantity as near I as can be guessed, The tops to be cut out to the best advantage into crooks poats rails I etc and the brushrood faggoted up and sold. The Timber to be nunbered Nuherically and neasured before it is carted and the contents idarked upon the butt. The tihber is to be carried out of I the wood before it be sotd. The larger tinber is to be carted dola' to the r{ater side upon the srolmd rately held by r'|r. Kins and put into such lots as they shall size best to be sold together. t the snaller tinber to be carted out into the riding next to Lord Uestnorelandsr, t No faggots or vood to be suffered to ]ie in the Foods after Michaelmas. The vater nust be let off the Riding and the Ruts put in that was nade I by carting the wood of last years Sa1e. The Great B€ech Tree at the North East Corner of the ]ast vears fa]l to be taken dovn and Ashes and Sallovs to be planted in the ground where the I udetrood has been destroyed by that tree.rr

This is presuriably ttre standard procedure. Particularlv interesting t is the instruction to cut as close to the ground as possible tdithout cutting within the ground. The Great Beech Tree trust have Deen a consider- abte size for ashes and sallows to have been planted in the space ]eft. I The tinber, incidentally, letched gL.o.6d and the 94 faggots from the tope €l.O.od. The actual buildings in ansford for vhich oak fel]ed in this year was used are nentioned. The great beech tree would have been in Little I Moyses sale, a part of the wood where coppiced beech is found today. In 17j3 even nore extensive operations started. ahe Royat Fo..sts were first established for irpoit - because willian I (the first t tionist) rlloved the dteer as if it re.e his brol-hertr. surveys of the seventeenth century regard the noods strictly as an econo:nic proposition for the production of tinber. In 1735 biS upheavats started to take place t because of the sporting interest. Sport and gahekeeping are discussed below' but this new devel.opment involved so nuch in the way of earthsorks and I I n I qeneral alteration of the wood that it affected the nanagenent. His Gracel I The Duke of that tine' had decided to take nore interest in hunting in the Thornhaush wooals. A tr€nch was nade' 3 ft deep and 4 ft wide a top casting the earth a1l on o$e side to nrake a banke in order to sett a bedge theieon at per acre to keep his Gracers deer out of Rockinghan Forest. This r'as t 9s folloved by cutting of stakes and making of drawers for the hedse! and cutting faggots and Dending the hedge against Cliff Parl'.s to keep the deer uithin his Gracers *oods' Hounds *ere bought and a large dog kennel erected I (thtorv- in the vood. The SibEon Quich hedge l.as plashed' layed and ditchedt ins the brush in it and nakins a dead hedge on the other side8. There is an said ridings was made bv the account for fassots in the ridinss' "which t keeperrs orater for the better riding and hunting in the woods for his Grace"' ncuttinq Oth;r ridinqs vere cut and inlayed. I'sewerlinsn and real pads for suellingl now becones an expense: this neans fastening a line of feathers on (1')' twine 1-2 feet above the sround in order to keep the deer within bounds l

The rrtap of \757 (Fis. 7) shows the new straisht rides radiatino frofl the centr;;-the vood. None of these fo]Iot{ the 1lnes of the o1d compartnent I boundaries, but a f€w of the old rides still exist' e'g' the division between the ftain wood and Johnrs wood' and the division betveen Cockerwood and th€ rest. These are certalnly solid roads which have been hade up manv tines extenslve grubbing, I r{ith stone. This naking of nel{ roaals obviouslv involved stubbing' levellingr ditching, making drains and hedging operations' Palrent and was also nade for carrying awav the stone in the ridings, carrying stone earth io the ridinss' and by 1719 further operations {ere etnbarked upon in I icutting shooting racks in the wooilsi'. the paths one treads todat are mostlv btt not the age-olal tracks. This great *ork of realignnent started in |7i3t Isurvevins planrinq it was not until :1753 that vincent ti'ing ra'as paid for and I out the several sales in Bedford Purlieusrr' and work was still beins carried to in 1759, r?63 and 1764 on the nel' ridinss. It was considered necessarv ho* '|ruch dig up roots as well in Cross Leys and Great Ioyses. One wonders by the end of this 30 vear stretch' I was altered and ho\L nuch left undisturbed

I'Planhihs part of ihe woo.lsi sas still- nentioned in 17Bo but does hot paths seen to have resulted in the sane kind of upheavals. Shooting were t maale for the keeper, uith shooting standsr nore grubbing and clearihg went on 'ifor but on a ninor scale' anal twentvfive stones ascertaining the boundariesrr these but it ,ere r.got, cut, letteied and laid'r. I have not yet seen anv of I nisht be a useful exercise to looK for then in the winter'

One aspect of the ride reorganisationr which has considerable ecolooical sigrificance, anal which was only recorded aE a record of paltent' {as the I so;tng of rides. In 1778 t}tree sacks of grass seeds vere bousht to so{ in the i'Hay ridings and aqain in 17B5 seeos to sou in the wood ridings'r rere bought frod Richard Collins of Thorhhaugh. These seeds probablv cane fron within a ! hile of the *ood. These activities may explain the presence ot specres sucn as Gentianella aparerlat Polvqala vulqaris etc on some of the rides'

the angle of how the I I have so far dealt mainly with tbnagehent froh tinber vas produced anct narketeal, and the effects this would have had on the vegetation and topsoil of the wooats. Ihe realignneni of the rides' although motivated by sport rather than tinber fianagenent' resulted in an even I arear€r e*(ension of the same kind of actirirv.

CROP SPECIES I the wood accounts vary in the anount of information they supply on crop I (13) Northanptonshire Uorde and Phrases Miss Baker, t t a

I years are the onlv terns used; in species. In so|tre tinber and underuood otheisr oak' ash and underyood. Occasionallyr really noticeable trees such as the very larse beech '!ay be nentioned' but it is not until l|'hole I compartnents were felleat in the nineteenth century that undentood species are consiatently recorded.

Table 1 shows th€ first nention of all species, and all the entries t plantings of ptanting of any kind, There is the L72o-26 sap' but nust seens - obviously involve expense both in buying trees and in labour and lt I reasonable asswption that these are' in factr all the plantings. I " I have alreaaty comentetl that oak was obviouslv the nain crop fron 1457 onwards. It alr,/ays fetched about 8O9( of the total value of the sales, and I has been planted continuously over the years. One Yonders hor old the rDecayeal oalcsrr felled in 1699 tlay have been. Varrants {eie taken out against acorn stealers in l7t2t a far cry froD letting the pigs in to eat then. Payrent for plantins acorns in the woods was r@de in 1752, and in t for lrPlanting young oaks out of the ridings in vacant places ir the 1760 wooalrr. Acorns h r?7O, I?78 and. r7B2]. vouns oak planted in I796i acorns sathered for the wooals in 1784 and 1Bo5' acorns set in l8o6i voung I oak were collecteal frotn off Maict€ngrave and planting in Litt]e Forty Acr€a in 18IOi acorns planted in the Bedlahs (rorrne-lv heathland) in 1819i and 3o t on throughout the first half of the nineteenth centurv. l'linority croos

of the tiBtler cro!, tlut Eb vas nearl) always a significant conponent I The it se;; to have sroB better in sone compartnents than in others' first mention is by idplication in the name of Ash Coppicer but l{e cannot see whether truch Dore ash grew here thad in the rest of the l{ood because it I ldas in the part that ltras cleared. Old ash are Eentioned in 1597 and 1598 anal it occurs regularry thereaftei whenever the tieber crop is specified' Six ash setts vere bousht in 17ol although decaved ash were felled in I7o9' I and one wonders how it was ever becessary to buv voung ash' Ash waa also brousht over fro'n Thorney to Thornhaush to plant in the woods in 1766' lsh $as bought fron Neuark in rBOTr and sotne were brought in from Maidensgrave vith the young oak. It was evidently considered well worth growing! and I (ore oak. has been favoured than atytlr.ing else except

Eln is first mentioned in 1753 as decayed elm in Cockeruood. It eas I re]lefin Johnrs uood in 1762 and rrivches't which nav or mav not have been the same species of eln l.ere taken froh Pebblesate in 1766 and 1784. It is again nentioned as a crop in I8o8' in Louer Fortv Acres in 1844' and in I forked Oak in 1860. Ern is a constant cohponent of the crops described in 1862-1868 vhen half the woodland was grubbed out' and in all the detailed nentions of late nineteenth century fellings. Planting of eln is not rotber nentioned specifically but it could have been included in the sets' l of l?52 or the plantins of trees in 176r, vt,en the species were unfortuhatelv not recorded. Both e1m' I?75, and vyctres' 17661 were alreadY preseht (Table I I) before this nysterious ptantins of trees. asain !!g9 r"r." are first nentioned in 1759, asain in 1762 but not ruttil-l6f, when lime trees are recorded in Moisevs and rardrs sale' Records I of the hiheteenth century grubbing ho ever' and later detailed sales of tinber, show that line occuffed iri Ash CoPpicet crotMells sinkt North Gate sa1e, Upper Moiseys' Lower Moiseys .!nd Vard's sale. Like e1B' it sas I recorded as cut before the first recorded planting. Beech. Five beech trees uere felled in Cro|[well sink Sale in 1758' I 6!lli" the very rarse beech tree nentioned in U62. Both records I """n I O I

Tabl e l. Species Table for vhole l{oodland I

Cut - First Mention Planted - all mentione I oak ( inpried) r457 1597 I hazel r sa]lol1', r598 I r606 r66J rToI t r735 Iine 1747 t r712 2 pecks crab kernels r?52 aallors, acoins, water sallows I other Eetts, sloes, withes 1758 1760 t 1763 planting trees 1766 ash anal beech fron Thorney I 17?a acorns t grass seeds r781 I poplar I7B4 17a5 sloes' hayseed I \747 1796 young oak I O1d manrs Beard 1799 IBOl larch in Bedlams r806 5OO Spanish chestnut t rSro young oak, ash thistles r8r8 I r8r9 IB32 I r839 r840 forest and oth€r trees I r843 seed froD fir batls r844 alder 185r I ra5? yolmg forest trees Scotch, apruce r864 I Spanish chestnut L875 t I I 31

antedate the first recorded planting in 1766, Dhen beech vas brougbt to I Bedford Purlieus from Tho.ney. This sort of evidence does notr of courae, p.ove conclusively that no planting occurred earlier' but the long run without seiious plantingE except of, oak and ash from 1640 to 176, sives t a strong presutnption that it dld not iake place eailier. ve.e fron tine to 9CU.I tp. Sallows' Yater sallows' and withes cut I tiner twenty old willows being taken out tn 1809' Sallowsr water sallovs and withes were all nentioned separately in the sane year in the plantings of 1752. t Jgplel, possib]y aspen first appears as a crop in 1784 but fgEplg.-".. was later n€ntioned in a nwber ol conpartnents' i.e. Cockereood' Forked I Oak, Cross Leys, Bar SaIe, Upper oiseys and l{ard's Sale. Quickset or Hawthorn has been planted continuously as hedging material rather than a crop, atthough it was certainly considered to be produce of the woods when Nicholas Thorogood had the tselve sett gatherers taking loads t quick to Elton in 1597. It 1.,as used in the plashed hedges around the of coppice' in the nel{ ridinss and on the boundaries. It vas sti1l being stolen in I?72. Ihe nost enornous planting of al1 were nade in 1839' when I 20,OOO whitethorn quicksets and 29'OOO ttto year o1d quicksets were bousht and planted, presunably to protect the young forest trees which were I plant€d at the sahe titne. Crab Apple. There was a fuss lthen crab trees were cut in 1597. T\!o pu.t.-or t e.".r" were bousht to sow ln the voods i^ 176" and there are occasional netttions of the cuttins of crabs up to the earlv nineteenth centurJ' I It ldas obviously a hore valued tree in earlier times.

I nre service Tree of 1597 is an isolated exanPre etil the earlv nine- I t"."ti-iEiiiil-iiii-1.socntroneo

l,oads of thorns were stolen in 1597 and 1606, presmablv valued as hedging material. The sloes of 1752 *ere collected to plant on Bar Sale I Bank rhich was being strensthened to keep his Gracers deer within his roods' but the sloes of 17B5 were sinply to plant in the woods. t Hazel was nentioned early as stolen both in 1597 and 1606 - the precautions taken to catch nutters make me vonder if the crab appLesr sloest I and nuts !.ere all valued for their fruits by the vtorkers on the eetate. Furze - Five loads of furze were stolen in 1606. Furze was cut for' naking faggots foi hendins the wood roads and for clearing purposes. One cannot tell whether it was nuch more plentiful in the part ol the Purlieus I that was cut doirnr or shether the war against the plant has been particularly successful but it is conponent of the flora of the Nursery p6rt of the present wood and nov one would have a iob to rake one good faggot for t hending a road. I Ptantina of Aliens I have dealt first with the species which one can consider to be indigenousi ewen though stocks $ay have be€n brought in frott other sites. A11 nere cut before they coulal have grown €ither fron the rrother Settsti of I 1?52 or t})e 1763 plantins of trees. There are no saPs in th€ accounta between thst tine and th€ 184Os when fir and sycamore are being cut. It seeis a reasonable assunption that they were planted at that date. Larch t yas planted in the Bedlams in IBO1 and fron that date on\tards it seehs to have been used for la.ch poles and as a tree nrsery. In 1806 five hundred t 32 I

Spanish chestnut vere bought and planted in the *oods. Forest and other purchase I trees were bousht in 1840 and curiously enoush about the larsest (yous of forest treesrr in 1857 ltas just five tears before the decision to grub up half the Purli€E. Larch iE continuously planted fror 1832 on*ards' Atder is nentioned only once in 185r. Spruce and fir weie planted through- I out the wood as can be seen on the 1871 tnap (Fig' 10) but verv nuch nixed nith the deciduous crops. The fellings of the late nineteenth century vere recorded ewery five years and in rB95 for example Cronwetl Sink Sale had I yieldeil ualenrood' oak' line' birch' ashr and maple; Upper Fortv Acres - undenood! oak' line' birch' larchr ash' poplar' one Spanish chestnut and naple; Lower Moiseys - oak' s)'canore, larch' spruce and ashi Upper Moisevs _ birch is not oentiohed I ash' birch' naplet line and oak. curiously enough' in the rain vood until this date.

These introductions of alien species brought with then new nanagement I practices. There are now pa)tnents for I'cleaning the r'ubbish fron the voung trees', rthinning the plantingsr', weeding, noyins thistles' prwlins and sprittling out of larch poles. Sone of this was doubtless due to cultiva- I tion takins place on the Bedlans which had not been t{oodland before but in recent years ve have s€en Bany exanples of the necessity for this kind df l'ork when conifer's are introduced into deciduous soodland and I l'as verv interesteal to note that these pa)tments started at this particular period' I In 1805. too' is the first record of the unalen{ood being iniured bv rabbitsl although it is not the first nention of rabbits. t Sone strange transactions were nade not long after this. Pavnent \.las rnade to the Trustees of the Peterborough and Leicester Road in 1845 and later for the hire of road scrapinqs. This was horse nanur'e for use as indeed for possibre t fertiliser aroual the yormg trees' a rich source introductions: one or two of the Dost curious plant records probablv catne lJhen the in in this way - L€oidim sEithii a"d lB]94e!9114!313' Forestry Cordtission graaea the rides a fei.' years aso the valerianella I irunediately reappeared.

ECONOMICS t

I have tried to abstiact satisfactorv infonDation about the Earlv ac'ounts I of the eooalland but many difficulties were encountered. are !|ixeal in with the whole Danor of Thomhaugh and cross-transactrons are always occurring vith other parts of the estate. A bad steward in the fiist half of the eighteenth century atloved enornous affears to accunulate so I that it is inpossible to tell what ldas the net income ln one particular vear' rn any case it was not until 1862 that the economic position actuallv affected the fate of the wood. I The 1614 survey has been referred to above' qivins the incoEe fron the ,roods as f-362 p.a. Later in the seventeenth centurv this had ris@ to t4fo I can gather this continued until about ihe niddle of the I and as far as variations betl{een glo45 and t22o8 occur in the 177Os' eighteenth century. I A Report on the Uansford Estate of 18O, sals:-

i'The woods containing in the whole about 1045 acres it is imagined ldi]] estate I proaluce conn. annis S1OOOp.a. and as th€y are on that part of the where the lanal is of an inferior quality if it wilt produce annually to his Grace 5l per acre oi| the general average as wood it is far Dore than it -ould do under any other mode of cuLtiwation.rl I I t I

I I have nentioned the plantins of Iarch in the Bedlans' Yhere ouch r.ork vas undertaken every yea., An l8I8 list of the coPpices lfith acreages atoes not include the Bedlans' but the 1838 nap (Fig. 9) shotts it I as sha1l trees, an.t larch poles were' in fact alreadv being cut there in 1Br2. The tre€ nursery' fertitisingr weedinsr srowins or new specresr interest in purchases of "forest treesi all indicate a higher degree of the intensive cultivation of the woods. rn L8r7 a profit of 9L453 wag I nade although the expenses of aII the new trees' planting etc cane to €BO7'

suddenly, fron 1862-1868 half the Purlieus is srubbed up. Two articles I fion the Peterborough Advertiser give accounts for this:- The fjrgtt on January 9th 1904' is under the headtin€ The Yansford Sstate eold bv the Duke of Bedford to Earl Fitzwill!4! nThe estate! including Thornhaughi ;'p;C;;-4'5oo 6oo-..""s beins eoodland and the renainder asricul- "".".' I ture . . . The eetate has been conducted on the rost scientific Principles' the voods being laid out in such a vay that in a few vears they vill Produce a most profitable return' care being taken to plant in sections such tilnbers I as are rnost suitable to the soil' thus securing a croP of vell grorh treest principally oak ash antl larch. The drainage is good' and the ridinos vide and welt kept l'ith sone very pretty bita of scenerv. No gade is preservedt although the woods are shot over; and the Purlieus is one of the nost fahous I over coverts in the Fitzvillian country and is a safe find. There are 5Oo acres in the Purlieus' which a few decades aso' ioined the qreat cliffe Forest. Fron 1862 to 1866 about 600 acres wer€ srubbed up at the followins I cost as shown by the Duke of Bedford in riThe Historv of a Gr€at Agricultural Dstaten I Grubbing €8119.16.1r Fencing 21207.t2.1r Draining fr226. 5. B I Bridges 45229.17. 9 cl8897.18,rr

I The receipts anounted to tV496.I7'lO 60 that there was a deficiencv of €.5401.1.1. Hheat was then 6os a quarter' It vas sovn with oats and as Iong as the vegetable humours remainedr the crops were exceLlent! but when I they were used up' the crops l{ent to pieces. Now the land has to a v€ry large ext€nt been alloFed to revert to the old for'est grass. Within th€ of all last 50 years about fourfifths of the whole block has been c1€ared ord tidber and replanted between the und€r*ood stools. The young trees are I very healthy anal the ldooal pronises to be a verv waluable one in a fev vears' Tbe |ne|nbers of the Dnslish Asricultural Societv were sreatlv delighted uith I it on their last visit tso years aso.r' Peterborough Advertise. Decenber 7th 1912 I 'rtlthoush the Bedfo.d Pu.lieus is a nane very fahiliar as a househdld woral throughout north Nor'thants vet it is surprising how verv little i3 knoh'n about it. The prevailing idea is that it is a large wood t'etweeh Wansford and Kingscliffe which is an excellent forc cower and game preserve' I No doubt it is but that is saying iust the verv least that can be said

I Vhat is not knorn is that onty half a centurv ago it was forest covering about a thousand acres of land and that today it is only atout half that areai that nen are still livins in the villases of Uansford' Kingscliffe, Nassington anat a1I around who were ehploved as fo'esterst $ood- I who helped to grub up n€ar1v nen, and oakersi that others are still living half that thousand acres of forest and make it into fardlands; and tbat all I tlrese 6en can tell stories and incidents of the Purlieus that wiII cone as a t I surprise to most. Two of theset r'tr. H. Reealnan' tinber nerchantt anal Mr. W. I scotney, both hale and hearty octogenarians of Nassington' are perfect encyclopedias of Purlieu lore. I If the Duke of Bedford l{ho ordered the clearance could have forseen hotJ nuch cheaper wheat would have becone, it ia probable the o1d Purlieus wouLd newer have beed interfered vith, for they yielded a good harvest of tinber and undesood every year for yhich there vas a ready @rKet, and t a large number of woodnen neie constantly employed. There were probably never fewer than ten woodnen and others enployed in keeping the ridinss clear and the grips open. I

Cent.e Tree - great landnark of the forest and still standing - in a clearance of about an acre in extent in the centre of this op€n apace - I stood centre tree all ridings ]ed up to it as a1l roada Iead to Rome. Openj.ng out of the clear space surrounding the tree vere aboui ten or t*elve ridings brdching off into the forest in all directions and as they penetrated into the depths of the wood, branching again and again into I intersFct ing glades and highways. To quote the old men: rrye got SIO an acre for grubbing - getting up I the roots and undergrowth. In an acre there would not be very rnany of theee great trees - oaks, ashesr elns and line, but the bulk would be the roots of the underrirood. We should diq all round . . . I Sone of the sreat trees nere so Iarge th;t it {as impossible for nen to climb up them with the rope which it t'as necessary to fix in the upper branches in order to pull the tiee in the direction it t{as required to t fall when the axe and the sav were applied to the roots. A rope was the!'e- upon thro*n over and through the branches of the trees for the felling always took place about April when the sap began to rise and bef,ore there I would be nuch or any foliage and then a noose would be f,ormed at one end. One of the woodnen vould fasten this round hiE waist and clasping the rope over his head with his hands would be dralln up into the boushs by the other end of the rope . . . I

when grubbing up around these roota we would often cone upon strange things rhich had dade their hones under the trees. In the first place e I shoutd diq up whole colonies of nests tthich had nade their nests there. Snakes toot in abundance sould be found curled up in cavities lined with leaves. occasionally we should unearth hedgehogs in this wavr but not I often; we generally found then on the outside of the wood in hedgerows. A felr doibice too ve should find' but not nany. And vhile they vere engaged in the Purlieus they vould be surrormded with swams of foxes and squirrels and in the early nornins and evening the air ldou]d be filled vith the hootins I of ol']s. There very nuch gane. Pheasants sere fairly abundantt but not so nany hares and rabbits . . . An old lady used to wander alt night in the Purlieus . . . foxes and badgers rumino round her. Mr. Reednan says I it *ould be hardly possibre fifty years ago to {alk down any of the ridings vithout seeing foxes cross it especially if the hounda rere any- vhere near. He says he has been in the purlieus li|hen he has heard foxes yappins arotmd in alt directions. One day' hearins an unusual noise of this I sort he went gently ill the dir'ection and there in the opening he aa* four or five foxes playins like so many youns cats. Foxes practically sl{armed in the Purlieus. I

There is no rrgoing oakingf now as there used to be. This gave enploy- ment to large nunbers. It would start tn April when the trees were felled. rblazeitr. I The Forester sould go through a particular part of the eood with a {ith this he vould select which treesr nostly oaksr vere to be fe}Ied. The Blazer was a sharp edged tool vhich drawn down the bark of the tree removed t t I at5 t the outer surface leaving a snooth patcht An attendant $ith a paint brush narked this and then $hen the tree fellers came they knel{ t{hich of the forest giants to chop down. ls soon as the trees were felled a nunber of, I nen would comence to strip oll tbe bark. mis eas done with tools specially nade for the purpose. lrr. Reednan still has sooe of them in his possession although as there is little or no barking or oaking as it was t catled . , . done now . . . fhe tr€es beins felled in April *hen the rj.sing aap vas flo$ing betreen the trunk and the bark, oade tlris process of stripptng off the bark conpar.atiwely ersy.

I nHorsesn were nade of sone of the loppings of the trees and the strips yere piled asainst these to dry. Yith good rinds this would sonetines be achieved in a fee days but often it vould take longer. The bark was nripe' I when it was so d.y that it would easily break. It l{as then carried into the tinber nerchant rs yards and stacked, being thatched down like a corn rick. The chief use for tanning - 119 tons sold at 6 suineas a ton to Yorkshire. The tree felle.s used to get Is in the pound foi' vhat the trees I hade. A good sized oak tree which nould heasure out at IOO ft oak vould generally nake out t15 and the tr:ee fetlers 15s for fellins it . . . Oak is very nuch the sane price just now 6s it was in the palny days of th€ t Purlieus but the trees were then purchased by an estinate of their varue by the purchaser. I Ash trees nol{ sell for a sreat deal more than they did then and are distinctly scarcer everyvhere. Line trees do not sell so 'el1 as formerly because they were Iargely used ih the haking of pianos,rl

I I have quoted the above articres in full because they contain a variety of int€resting inforDation. One or two points are not stiictly accurate. The srubbed up Pulieus vere first planted rith beans, ths vith seed corn' I nustard and cole seed. The fashionable ferttliser of the day, guano ' was used. It is no real consolation to us todav that desDite all this it was not a Buccess,

I Bark was recorded as a separate crop before this, but the above article explains the drying arrangenents well, On occasion the weather was so bad that the bark crop was spoiled doubtlesB depositing a considerable anount of I tannic acid on the particular patch of ground beneathi - - I A nev crop for sale appears in t87O srass fron the rides; proof of t a considerable ahount of mowins to nake this worth *hi1e.

the splendid state of the woods as described in I9o4 evidently did not laet, because the Fitrwirlian estate sold the voods in l91f to a tinber I nerchant and one can only assurne that practically ever]-thing saleable w's felled. Ilr'. Peterken and tbe Forestry Commission take up the sto.y from I93O.

I SPORT AND GAMEfiEEPING

The effects of this have already entered the pieture in the big changes I in the rides and coppice borDdaries itr the eighteenth century, but there is a consideiable ahount of additional inf,ornation of use to those interested in particul6r species. The earliest of theae are lette.s about the deer. I The Esrl of Yestnoretand to the Earl of B€dford l9th July 1690 !!. , . to satisfy rourself of, *hat you were inlonned by that notorious person was false and that prejudice he pretends done by ny servants and I hounds to your woods who11y retorts upon hinself: I got yesterday four of |Iy neighbours justice$ of the peace to sather with the Archdeaconrs servant t Ilr. Banks and the tenant Mr. yhite to vew and see whether the woods had I I Jb

suffered by ny huntingi which was under your leave if you haYe not forgot I it. They al1 judse that the breaking against could not anount to duch prejudice but the breakins .toBn the hedges in several places and |lakins creeps for the aleer to coDe into the young coppices vas iudged bv alt noe I ser\rice to your lordship howeve. if you like it I heve nothing to sav against it.,.'l I The Deposition by the four Justices of the Peace was as foltossr-

rr. . . the alaEge dcne by the Eatlrs servants and honnds could not anotmt to a fee sroats ., . beins only sore few gaPs . . . ash in severar I of the young sales is nuch cropped {hich we conceive to be by the deer that have by beating alol{n the hedge and naking of, creeps a fair opportmitv anal invitation of doing the woods hurt and when once in by way of seuelling I !,te perceive they are kept in . . .!r

'rI I fev years later Lord westnoreland wrote asain 171r: troubled your lordship when I {as in town about a proposall for libertv to hunt in I the purlieus called Bedford Purlieus adioinins to the walk of Sutehav' this fawour has been formerly granted me . . . he (your Fath€r) told ne that as he would take no venison for conPosition' so he desired I Yould not so into I the teoods to find a deer because ol driving them out after they had gotten their leed in the woods. For that he est€ded this countrv venison beXond all the aleer in his parkt but at the same tine told ne that if I hwrted a I deer out of the forest into the Purlieus I should not stop my hounds but hunt hin tiII I forced hin hone or killed hin there . . . of rhich leave he pronised to give notice to his servants . , . for llberty to enter mv hounds at the beginning of the year or to give me Ieave to keep the deer hunted out I of the woods I shall be engased to furnish' at such tihes as her Grace shall order the sane quantity she tlas ever had out of the Purlieusr!. I Her Gracers underkeeper was consulted and replied n . . . if her Grace permits ny Ld Y, to follol{ his gane thru ny Lord's soods his Grace cannot expect nuch v€nison for his Lordship doth not desire this so rDuch for sPort of his Gracers woods I sake as out of a desire to affright aI1 the deer' out the deer there being not used to be distur'bed by hunting and shooting vhich his lordship's keepers and eany others arong vith ihe$ will take occasion to do on purpose in all parts of the forest and vhen there they i{ill take t care to sewell then in and to hinder them fron returning if possible this they will do as often as they hunt in that part of the forest near us those deer being pu.sued wilr naturally co!'e to his Gracers woods where they are I used to feed att quabe 90 that his Grace will suffer an unspeakable datag€ in keeping of them and vhen in season my lord W. wi}l hawe the benelit of them and that is his Lordshiprs desire as plainly for about 10 days ago I seeing his lordship following the game into his Gracers woods I desired his I lordship to leave off to which he replied it eas perleu and so pertended a right already and indeed it is ny opinion leave 1{ill !'ake it so however I replied that his Lordship was nistaken and that it cost his Gracers ances- I tors aTOOO to nake the voods a free hay and at the same tine I conplained that it lfas very un.easonable of his lordship should desire to folloe his gane into his craceis wood if chance to relle over into his Lordship's pound I tor which he gave ne no answer . . .rr.

There are a ni]lnber of entries for carrying venison to woburnr the quantity being nentioned in t76I i.e. eight does and one buck and in 1750 I eight bucks and tuo does. The letters sholr tbat the keeper was jealoualy guarding his nasterrs t rights in the area although the Duke was at that titl|e a ninor. irA bo). trap for the keeper to oatch vennin'r heralds the renewed interest in sport I I t

I L7rl. and in that year there was also a patment for rrkillinq partridgesr" A record of all sane sent from Thornhaugh to Uoburn and London in 1742 can be conpared with figures given at the end of the nineteenth century (Tabre 2) but unfortunately there is nothing in betveen to shol' hov popula- I tions rose and fel l. t Table 2. Game sent fro0 ThornlEuqh !.!::! 1860 !9!2 1880 r89o rB95 t 82 55 5o t: 84 Partridgea 268 1 I I r41 1 I Quair 7 I Snipe I3 Hares 55 47 ,; I Rabbits tsg r48 L28 174 There ar'e sone rather draDatic differences. The absence of hares fron the 1742 figures t9as perhaps because they were not considered vorth shooting at I that tine. The deer poputation is hard to guess and I have no inforhation at present on the results of a1l the efforts expended on changing the rides for. better hirnting for his Grace, The keeperrs cottage' th€ large dog t kermel and the pond for scouring the dogs vere all inside the tood. In l7r4 real deei vere carried fron Ravesby Abbey to Thornhaught another rnsusPected I introduction which seens to have vaniahed without trace. A copy of the ney stuekeeper's tems of service of 1761 is of interest:-

I'I do asree 26th october l?61 to Eerve his Grace the Duke of Bedford as I keeper at Thomhaugh ancl Hansford and to take care of the Game and kill such as his Grace shall direct and no nore likewise to kill and account for all the rabbits upon his Grace's Estates there also to kill and accout for all I venison in his Gracers woods beins allowed six shillins a week wases the keepers fees for the deer killed a coat raistcoat and breeches . . . such offal wood as I can get up out of the woode t . . a reasonable allosance for I povder and shotir. Payments were nade at various times for killing the verhin - never specified - but the whole interest in sport seel|rs to have faded away by the t end of the eishteenth century. A histary of the RusseII family probably accounts for this as well as for the disastrous decision to grub up half the Purlieus by the very agricultural Duke. The I'swarrtrs of foxesrr described in I the l86os uould not accord vith any for|l| of sPort! even hutinsr and theY nay have had as huch effect on the esrlier table of species shot as anything

I I do not understand the notive for enployins a bole catcher in I9l9g. a nood;- nere they thougtd; to danage the roots of the treesr or'vere tbey siEply tlangerous weruin? Itere l|any '|en enployed about the Thornhaugh Estate I and paid out of the lfood accounts like the Echoolnaster at Lansford? A nole catcber receiwed I5s a year for a good part of the eighteenth and nineteenth I I I I

CONCLUSIONS I

The historical ewidence sussests that a Dajor part of the existins voodland has beer in existence continuously through the last TOOO years. I The influence of |nan has been considerable, and the long sustained doninance of oak and ash has been a deliberate policy of nanagenent. The vildllfe nov present has survived through this hanagement, and through the substantial changes which have happened at intervals. t

ACXNOTLEDGE}IE}.ITS t

I would like to thank many people who llave assisted ny r€Eearchesr Bedford Record officet Dr. G.F. Peterken, Mr. A,N. Groone, Mr. J. Gilbe.t' t members of the Historical E ology Discussion Group. I I I I I I t t I I I t I I I I 39

I EARTIMORI(S t G, F. Peterken Mapping of banks' ditches' cultivation renains and other artefacts within {oods may provide valuable infornation on site history. Events t nay which have left no trace in the docurent6ry and cartographic record cone to lisht' and the area affected by known events |Iay be defined nore accuratelyt As Rackhah (1971) has pointed out, bank and ditch '!aps give I preci8ion to events on the groud ,hich conple$ents the docunentary evidence, r"hich tends to be precise on tiDe, but not on Place. I The artefacts of Bealford Purlieus (Fis. lI) include the relicts of activities not connected vith voodland DanaseDent ' *hich have intruded within the voodland boudaries. These include the quarri€s and pitsr as welI as the retnains of t{artine nilitary occupation' Earthworks connected I with woodland nanagement are also present as boundary banks and drainage grips, but sone have been destroyed by the 'lnon-uoodland activitiesr'. I Quarrieg

British Steel Corpoiation quarried ninerals fron the Cocker tfood area t tetween 1964 and 1966' stoppins when the or€ became relatively unecononic to r{ork. The surface was restored in 1967-8, and has since continu€d to I settle end erode 1ocal1y. The southern part of St. Johns Yood is currently being quarriedr but little land now reEains available for Dore ext€nsive quarryins. t sl|all qurries are located in C29' C42 ana C48 from rhich the Lincolnehir€ LiEestone has been taken for buirding purposes! They appear to be contehporaryr but ihe exact period nben they were worked is not knol{lt. t the quafry in Cocker Wood cuts the old wood bank (see below) and hust there- for€ date froN the period after the enclosure of Johns {ood Riding (about 18OO). Certainly it is not shom on the 1858 nrap' when part of the Ridins t rehained unencloseal! but is present on the 1871 nap. ' Nunerous| irregular pits are prosent in the northen part of the o1d wood which follow the sands and sllt of the Upper Estuarine series. I Scatt€red pits of a similar fom occur in the southern parts' their origin and purpose is not knol{n, although various explanations have been advanced' including marl pits and a source of road netal or refractory Eaterial. I they continued through the Nursery i.nto the area cleared in the l9th Century, vhere they renain conspicuous as soil narks on air photographs.

I Services Installatioris

The R.A.F. built groups of huts in the southern part of the l{ood during I t{orld War II. The foundations and sone shelters reolain' together l{ith some concrete water tanks (vhich nay have been forned from pre-existing ponds). t Conaiderable ground disturbance occurred in the imediate vicinitv. Banks and Ditches

A rnassive, spread wood bank and external ditch nay once have surrounded I the entir€ wood, bul huch has been lost by woodtand clearance, levelling, and the recent activities of the a!'Ded services and British steel. I I I I 40 I I t I I t I I t EARTHWORKS t Earthurorks,1974. Banks,ditches and pits within the existing u/oodland.All boundary banksand ride-marginditches are shown, but only parts of the courseot drainagegrips wilhin compafthents I have been surveyed,The presumedline of the modievalboundary b6nksis indicatedby :. : .: wherethey havebe€n destroyed.exc€pt along the portion seperatingthe Bedlamslrom Bedford Purlieusproper: this was more or le5scoincident with the I oresentride. I I t t I I I I I I I I I BEDFORDPURIIEUS I t t oor"-\ I >. lI I

o;oo, - i \:l\. \ : / ^rr I . ; ""o I I ..: "t --h---\ | | or o^oo r 5 \^ o..r "",' I _ l"o^.^ .i;. \ " _ _ _r_.9_-06_a-j- -c;'-'iF.; eE: _o_o+-_- - - -,_\- - - - - I i; 'r- t I I {I- i:l \"-\ I \:1 \--3 -i-,-: I / I

I 3:ii"-.'-' I I I I 42 I

The onty substantial fraghents remaining nark the o]d southern edge of I Cocker Wood, anat the easter'n half of the boundary lilith St. Johns Wood' In additiont a substantial l€ngth of the o]d southem edge of Johhs Uood survives as a sinilarly substantial barik and ditch' running just inside the present wood. The Russell Estate papers for 1839 contain a reference I to the removal of the northern bank of the vood' which had becone usetess: the slightly sinuous ride' which nov narks the southern edge of the BedlanE' orisinally ran close to the bank just insid€ the Bedlans. I

A shallow' fragnentary bank vithin the present Jotms l{ood apPears to be the nargin of a lane rhich once ran idDediately outside Thornha* Yood srearing It suggests that Jobns t between Dovehouse Nook and Gren Gate. l{ooat ras once conpletely seperater but since the points where the Johns Wood bank !|eets the Thornhaugh Uood bank are both destroyed' this possibi_ lity cannot be tested on the ground. I

The fornter bolmalaries of coppice sales before the lSth Centurv re-organisation are not detectable on the ground, That they rtere once t harked by banks I however, is suggeste.d by a 1€ngth running inmediaielv south of the strean fron a surviving fraghent of boundary bank at Cooks Hole. This appears to nark the boundary between Great Uoiseys sale and creat 40 Acres sale' one of the doninant internal boundaries of t:he 1757 I dap (Fis. 7). Its existence suggests that some, at leastt of the SaIe boundaries were sufflciently stable to be worth bounding by a bank and ditch' which could originatly have been srirnounted by a hedge. on ihe other hand' t clear ewidence of evolution and cbange is present€d by the pattern of Sale boundaries before re-orsanisation (Fis. 7)' which can be considered as an inclosure systen. wards Sal€, for exanple, has clearly encroached into sate I North Gate Sale. the irrational boundary betreen Sallow Coppice and Ash coppice SaIe sugsests the relic line of an inclosure systd ehich has been re-arianged. I These olde. banks are manifestly unrelated to the er.isting divisions and boudaries of the wood, which date fron the l8th Century re-orsanisation. Riverside banks and ditches occur in part, but these appear to be part of a I drainage systen rather than boundary markers. They occur on the clay plateaux, providing a channel for any water drainins alons the sdall net- work of grips, which would othervise be alnost totally ineffectiwe. I Finally, two banks occur near the pre8ent wood which are nore clo8ely related to the old r{ood banks. The vasted renains of a bank runs south fron the Toll Bar betveen the Bedlams and the old lane; this apparently I post-dates the I5B9 nap. Running west fron the point ehere the North Gate Ridins joins the present A47 main road is a nuch disturbed bank and hedge vhich appears originally to have had a ditch to the south, and to have I borne a nixed hedge coDposed of tree and shrub species characteristic of the wood (includins Tilia cordata). This is an o1d boundary betteen Thorn- hae and wittering Intercomon to the north and Thornhar Particular Heath to the south. If, as Pollard (1971) suggests, it is an old vocdland boudary, I tben Thonhav Palticular Heath nay be a fomer part ot Tholnhaw Uood cleared at a relatiwely late date, before 1589. some support for this sugoestion is provided by a loose, undated (but probably pre 1589) paper I on vhich sas vritten'rAssarts in Thornhaw voodf (P, Rixon pers, coon.),

Porlard, E, 1973. HealgesvII. Yoodland relic hedses in Huntinsdon and I Peterborough.

g)g!. Rackham, O. 1971. Historical studies and *ooitlan.r conservation. I tlr. €oll5o!. , I I I GMLOGY AND SO]LS I P. Stevens

Bedford Purlieus is situated on the edge of a dlssected plateau I which slopes gently eastlfards tovardE the Riwer Nene at Vansford- Two tributaries of the Nene rln west-to-east through the site and the associated walleys togethe. with a dry val.ley in the north doninate the I geonorphology. Plateau of limited size occur between these Yalleys but the dajority of Bedford Purlieus is conposed of extensive gently slopins (1o-Bo) vatley siales. The lo$est and hishest points are at I about 160 ft. (49 n) and 23o ft. (7o n) o.D. Geology

T Fis, 12 is based upon the l oeological nap for Stamford (Sheet 157). A few alterations have been made fron field observations to the drift t geology, and mapping units terned Calcareous Tufa and CIay Colluviun have The solid geology is composed of the Jurassic Inferior Oolite and Great oolite Series' dipping at le€s than half a degree to the east or I east-southeast, causing the sequence of beds to crop out along the valley sides as bands ru.ming roughly parallel vith the contours. In I general, the lowest beds are exposed in the east, the highest in the

The seolosical succession represented rithin Bedford Purlieus is I shown in Table J- Table 3. Geological succesaion rithin Bedford Purlieus

I Estidated thickness

I Clay CoIluviuh t-2 calcareous Tufa I-2 Glacial Sand and Gravel <1.5 I unalKy bou.toer L.tay \-2 negl igibl€ ( Blisworth Ctay Great oolite I ( Blisl{orth Linestone ( Upper Estuarine Series 6-12 I Jurassic Inferior ( Upper Lincolnshire Limestone o-6 oolite series ( Lover Lincolnshire Limestone

t Horton, I€ke, Bisson and Coppack (1974) describe the node of fontration of these beds- The Lincolnshire Li.nestone sas deposited under turbulent conditions in shallo* yarm yater. fhe Upp€r Lincohshire I Litnestone fi11s channels cut into the underlying strata of the Lover Lincolnshire Lidestone, thus accounting for the discontinuous nature of the fonner and possibly its absence in the south of Bedford Purlieus. I The Lo{er Lincolnshire Limestone is a shelly, shell debris ootite limestone, forning hard, thick, grey beds when fresh, but yeathering to I t I IA I I

l@ I I I I I I t I t 9rB t9 I I c.l o I o E j I ^9 *3P9 o) ;; I o .s6 ;; 6 .90 ui-: 'J6! T g Ed e g Y 3 p 5i dyrt aF:c! tal I tl)'6i f-ur- €ilEhe +!6-! 699d6i I UU(JO QII)o]] ] ] I

\ I 45 I pale buff and cream flaggy linestohe. The Upper Lincornshire Linestone contains a nuch higher proportion of Bhell debrist but both linestones t yield rich fossil faunas. The period of carbonate dePosition represented bv the Lincornshi!'e Linestones was folloved by a shallowing of the sea and the establishnent I of lagoonal narshes anat coastal swanps. Deposition of the UpPer Estuarine Series occurredr the bounalaiy t{ith the Lincolnshire Linestone belng narkeal by an abrupt change fror ]inestone to the sand of the thin basal I ironstone bed of the Uppe. Dstuarine Series. This Series shoss terv iapid vertical va.iations in lithology. The basal sand is succeeded by {hite silt stone! folloved localry by a thin lirestone band' then grev dd I green clays, the clays often tteing calcareous in utur'e- The succeeding blue-hearted shelly' shell-det.ita1 Blisworth (creat oolite) Linestone narks a return to narine calcareous sedinentation. I This limestone is fairly nassiwe and hard. but is narked by the absence of ootitic particles. I Carbonate deposition save l{ay to the accuflulation of mudr now fording the Blisworth (Great Oolite) Clay. This is predoninantly a grev- gr€en ctay which separateB' with abruPt boundariesr the Blisworth Line- stone fron the Cornbrash Linestone. th€ latter is a srev' hard shell- I debris linestone eeatherins to yerlowish biown and is onlv rePresented bv a sma1l tongue at the highest point of the wood.

I Glacial deposits of t*o types are found ilr Bedford Purlieus. The Chalky Boulder Cray is seneratly accepted to b€ a drift dePosited durins the penultidate (vorstodian or Gipping) glaciation. It is composed of I olive green or bronn clay uith abundant stonest the latter being mainly sub-angular chalk' Iinestone and ironstone. Angular flints and rounded quartz, quartzite and sandstone pebbles also occurJ the pebblesr characteristics suqsestins derivation froD the Triassic Bunter Beds. I Chalky Boulder CIay occuts tftaj.nly on the higher ground in the south_*est of th€ lrood on the clayE of the Blisworth Clay and Upper Estuarine Series and it appears to rest less corunonly on the intervening Blisworth I Linestone. Occasionally on slopesr decalcification has renoved the chalkr causing the chalky Bolrlder C16y to reserble the Jurassic clayst making characterization difflcult.

I originr but the similarity The Glacial sanal anal Gravel is of uncertain of the stones to those found in the Chalkv Boulder Clav suggests a similar source. The Sand anal Gravel is cotnposed of broun loan or clav roam vith I characteristically abundant snall fragments of ironstoner Probablv fron a local source such as the Northanpton Sand Iionstoner togethe!' with rarer flints and Bunter pebbles. It occurs as sna]l Patch€s nainrv aroud the I edge of the Chalky Boulder Clay. The Calcareous Tufa remnant vas probably dePosited post-glacially as a snall patch at the base of the Blislforth Linestone outcrop and rests I mainly on the upper argillaceous beds of the UpPer Estua!'ine series. It is described by Horton (1974) (pers. co'nm.) as consistins of 'smal1 grains of structureless calcium carbonate in an extrenely porous' alhost ! uncenented material. Traces of plant f,ragnents are present. It has probably accumulated as a deposit in a small ]ake below a sp.ing.l I I Clay Colluvium the western end of the nain valley floor uhj.ch runs W-D through the tood and i3 aleo found as isolated patches on 'ra]Iev sides. Tt is composed of unifor|nlv coloured brovn clay derived I I

I I 46

soik of, B.dford Pulli€us

classification accord- codventional British Texture and Parent ing io Avery (1971) claBBificaiioD soils otr Lorer Lincolchire' upper Lincotnshire. Blissorth and UDDer Sstuarine

1. Fine loanyi Lower Lincoln- shire, Upper Lincolhshirel Blis{orth and UPper Estuarine Lioestone8

2. (a) Typical brom Brown e6rth - hish )Fihe loamy over clayeyi )Lo{er Lincolnshire and uncul,tivated phase )upper LincornEhire (b) Typical brom Brovn calcareoue soil calcareous earth: ) cultivated pbase )

Soils on UDDe! Estuarine Series SMd ahd Silt l. Typical brom earth Brl'm earth - Iov Coa.se loaoy; Upper Estuarine SerieB basal ironsione bed sand Typical atagnogley Non-calcareous Eurface

Thi. nor hunus over fine silty i Upp€r Estuarine

(b) uull phase Fine siltyi Upper Estu- arine Series sil t Soils on Upper Estuarine Series sd Blisworth Clays; and Clav Colluviuo

Typical brom eadh I B.orn earth - hish I ctavevl crav colruvi@

stagnogleyic (typical) | Gleyed brorn earth I clayeyi Upper Estuarlne non-calcareous peloBol se.ies and Blisworth clays 7. Pelo-stagnosley soiri I Noh-carcareous surface

(a) Upper Esluarine | (a) Upper Estuarine I clavevr upper Estuarine

(b) Bl.iEworth clay | (b) Brisvorth clay I clayeyi Blievorth cla]

Calcareous rufa Grey (non-huic) Fine louyi Calcareous soile od Glaci.al Drift 9. I stagnosleyjc (typic.r) | Gleyed brom earlh I clayeyt chatky Boulder non-calcareousPerosor I lclay 1o. I Pelo-staqnogley soir I Non-carcareous surface I clayeyi chalky Boutder rater sley I Clay 11. I Typical browh ea.th I Brom earth - high I Coarse loaoy over fin€ loanyi base Btatus I clacial Sdd and cravel I 47 I

, I (4). I 11. soil 'ap. For explanation see Tabre ! t I s)o/zo t /,, I /i/,1 t I @ I I I I 9lt I t::) J ! I I t I /a I I fron the Blisworth and Upper Estuarine Series clayst together vith a fet. pebbles throushout its depth, sussestins Eixing of the clay *ith drift.

A very thin drift cover is noticeable in the top few centinetres of I most Eoils. Pebbles of Bunter origin occur videly on the surface and Ioany A horizons are connonly found in many clay soils in Bedford Pur]i€us. This nay indicate either that drift was deposited over the I entire arear or it tnay represent the remnants of a thicker drift retnoved by erosion. In compartnents 47L, 4?8, 48a and 49a this thin drift is considerably more conspicuous creatlng a irbridge'r between the deeper I drifts of Chalky Boulder Clay and Glacial Sand and Gravel in the weBtt and Glacial. Sand and Gravel in the east.

SoiIs I

No systenatic soil surwey has previously been tndertaken- D.F. Fourt (pers. coDm.) save a brief general description of the soils present I (1954). He identified a rendzina on limestone, good base status gleys and sleyed brosn earths on Boulder Clay' and desraded brosn earths on sandy deposlts suggested as being fluvioglacial in origin. During the preeent work soils vere mapped by free survey, involwing observations I with 6n auser at B5o sites (c. 4 observations per hectare) arransed as trans€cts to cower the entire wood. The relatively high intensity of observations in relation to normal sit€ soil surveys was considered I necesEary due to the rapid and marked changes in soils associated with the yarious geological outcrops. It also' it is hoped' allosed a relatively accurate napping of the wpredictable but inportant patches of drift I despite sone difficulties in identification of decalcilied Bioulder Clay.

gleven soil types I.ere distinguished, of vrrich three rere further split into phases. Table 4Iists these soils and classifies them in terms of parent naterial and drainage according to the nel' systen of Avery (1971) developed for use in the SoiI Sunrey of Ensland and Wales. The detailed criteria for classification in this systen are unavailable I at the tine of writing and so sliQht alterations in nomencrature may be necesFary eventually. FauiYalent Eoil sub-grolrp nanes fron nore conventional past British usase are also givenr Tab]e 4a shows ho$ these t diff,€r€nt soils tnay be grouped according to drainage cbaracteristica. I Drainage CIass soir Groups t

r, 2(a), 2(b), 3, 5, B, 11 6, 9 4(a), 4(b), 7(a)' 7(b), ?(c) , 1o t When plotted on a nap areas showing little variation in the soll characteristicst i.e. vith only one soil type present, can be separated as simple happing units. Area8 l{ith tvo or nore soils becone conplex I nlapping units. Fig. ll 6hovs the distribution of soils in Bedlord PurIieus. I I I 49 I The nain characteristics of the soils identified are erplained below' tosether i/ith variations and profile descriptions of rtrpicaln soils. I Analytical data for samples taken from these |ttypicali'soils are listed in Table 5. I SoiIs on Linestone The various limestones support freely drained neutral to alkaline soils, mainly of, fine loamy texture, and generally lilith very sh.illow I profiles over solid or rubbly limestone. Plant litter is rapidly and conpletely incorporated into the mineral soi1. Although two soils wlth deeper piofil€s are described, these are very linited in area. t ]. Brovn Rendzina

This soil is by far the most extensive linestone soil. The profiles I are shallov and lincstone is r.eached sithin 4() cn of the surfacc. They are dominated by fine loaay textures except where minor patches of sandy, silty or clayey drift are added. Soils on the Lincolnshire Linestone are extensively I disturbed by relatively hish populations of moles and earthro.msr thus contributing to a well-developed structure and naintaining a high pH by mixins of timestone frasnents with the soil nateiialB. Lincolnshire Limestone soils are generally reratively brishtly coloured - yel]o*'ish I brown or strong brown - irhereas Blisworth Limestone (and Upper Estuarine Series Linestone) soils tend to be dark brown or dark grey brom and shallowerr *ith limestone often reached within 20 cm of the sur'face and I with a pronounced fine crurb structure. A snatl but sisnjficant diffeience irr the organic natter content lray account for the colour va.iation. Intimte nixing of Iimestone vith soil naterials on the Blis{orth and UpPer Estuarine Seiies Linestoue results in the vhole soil natrix r'eacting I vigourousty l{ith acid, Fhereas Lincolnshire Linestone soils differ in that I distinct linestone frasnents react vith the acid' the soil natrix renaining This soil can be correlated with the Sherborne Series of the SoiI survey of England and l{ales' first described in Somerset and Glouceetershire t by A.J. Low (1939) b"t first napped in Dorset by K.L. Robinson (1948). Locally! Sherborne series soils have been napped by Thomasson (1971) on Inferior oolite in East Leicestershire and by Burton (pers. conm.) a fev niles North Easl of Bedford Purlieus for the Soil survey Barnack Record I (sheet rFooE/Io[) . t A characteristic profile forned on Lo*er Lincolnshire Limestone shows:- Depth ( cm, t Yellowish brown (IoYR 5/4) triable silty clay loan l,ith weak slrbanoular structure breaking to mediun crunb; fev subangular libestone fragnents and rounded (Bunter) pebbles; earthvorns seeni narrow t undulating boundary.

15-26 B Yerroyish brovn (loYR 5/A\ firn silty clay with I angular structure associated with conhon subangular liDestone fragnenta i earthvot'Ds sed; shaiP tongued

I 26-34+ B/c strons brown (7.5\R 5/8') clay filrins spaces in N linestone rubble. I I 50 rl I 4 3 I I Er ,; tl It R I ii t6. : at

d t ft I ;lg3 q 1 I ! H I al I lq , E" : i! l! 3 l! I t! t ! I ; R ; t! .t t II : I I ;l ii I I 2 t f t I i t I I , I ! .! ! I t] I ! i 2 a : ; 5 t e I i ! I e i I I I ! ! t 5 .E-qI t" a $ B I f I "it3 I d I I a d -eB3 ^!n; E ; I

I ! a :!E a 3 I t. t. z lgsi I t Ig' I' ; 1', I $ 5 I a , R I I 3 a "ii i :|: isl: ls I E? r $ ! fl? I l I i 5 i a t lr lr 1i a FFI; 3q a : ! I !J,3 E a ;! t I il I I I I 5t I t 2. (a) Typical brom earth - unculti\rated

ahis deeper soil (with limeston€ reached at between 40 and 12o cm depth) I occurs in soroe valley bottoms and valley side banches and probably results from accunulation of naterial. derived fron Iinestone soils upslope. Hovever, decalcification of the upper horizons results in the absence of I efferyescence with acidr despite n€utral pH values throughout. The profile is freely drained' but in the deepest profiles a hint of grey nottling in the gen€ra1ly bright brosn B horizons may indicate slight drainage inpedencet t especially as clay textures prevail in ths lover horizons of this soir. Courtney and webster (1971) summarise soil series associated with the Sherborne series in Gloucestershi.re and iltshire. The Didmarton Series I applies to the valley bottom site of one of the napped areas, but the Shippon and Haselor Series dight aLso be applied to sone of the nore I extrene profiles occurring at this stte. The freely drained profire found in the valley botton site is:-

Depth (cn)

o-7 A Yellowish brolfn (loYR 5/4, fri-able stoneless clay Ioan vith fire crumb structurei earthrorns seen; I diffuse even boundary,

7-30 vB Yellowish brom (loYR 5/6\ ft iab\e stonet€ss clay I loaD with coarse angular structure breakins to veak crunbi earthworns seent diffuse eyen boundary.

30-65 Strong brown (?.5\R 5t/8) firln clay with a few I dsular linestone fragdents; nansanese concretions present in srna]I clusteis. t Conpact litnestone rubble, I (b) Typical brom calcareous earth - cultivated A snall area of Bedford Purlieus is bare of trees and appears to have been cultivated in the recent past. It now supports rough grasaland and a few shrubs. The soil profile in this area displays features which I support the evidence of cultivation. The upper 25-40 cn is a unifornly brown, lrell structured naterial containing drift, pebbles and larse angular tinrcstone fragnents from beneath. This cultiwation horizon is I continuous over this area, but the depth of the B hor.izon and liEestone varies considerably. In places at the base of the B horizon limestone I has weathered to forb a layer up to 50 cn deep of looae oolith rsandtr. The profile is calcareous throughout due to Dixins durins cultivation. t Depth ( cn) Horizon o-4 Ah Grass root nat rith dark brown (IOYR 4/3) friable I f ine crunb-structured matrix ; sharp undulating I t I I Depth (cfl) Horizon 4-35 Ap Yellovish brown (IOYR 5/6, triabLe slightly stony load *ith loose fine subansular stnrcture and comon l angurai oolitic lirDestone fiasEents and Bunter pebblesi noticeable proportion of yellov coarse sand- sized oolithsi earthworEs seen! diffuse even boDdarv. I 35-70 B/c Bro nish yellow (IoYR 6,/6) tonsues of friable stonv loam siBilar to A! horizon tonguins down into yelto{ (2.51 ?/B) oolith sandi Bunter pebbles and angular t linestone fragment8 i.n tonguesi angular Linestone fragnents in the oolith sandi earthwot'rns ee€ni diffuse even boundary. t ?o-9O+ C Yellow (2,5I 9,/8) stoDy oolith sand $ith a fes angular linestone fragtnents. t Soils on UDDer Estuarine Series Sand and SiIt

3. Tpicar Brown Earth I The sand of the ironstone bed sand in Bedford Purlieus actually contains little ironstone. A feF nodules occur at the extreme base close to the zone The iron-stainins in I of contact with the Lincolnshi.e Linestone. degree of the sand varies' causing a patchy appearance sinilar to the nottling characteristic of gley soils. Howeverr this soil is freelv drained and the coloration yhich varies fron white through orange to black is not significant I of presedt drainage conditions. The alepih of this sand bed is not sufficient fot' the developnent of a I complete soil profile within sand or sandy loam @terial so that silt fron the overlying silt beds or clay derived fron the underlying linestone occur at the top anal bottom respectively of most profiles. This accounts for the variety of textures - mainly sandy loan but also Yith sandy silt I loans and sandy clay or sancly clay loans _ within each profile' soil structure is poorly developed. The eoil is moderatelv acid (pH 4.5 to 5.5 throushout the profile) leadins to a limited fauna and Poorlv developed I soil structure. Litter accunulation results ft'on the poor faunal population' Ihe boundary between this sandy 3oi1 and the no.e calcareous soils of I the uBderlying linestone is often narked by the change fron absence to presence of, dogrs nercury. Litter accunulation on this sandy soil contrasts with rapid incorporation into the linestone soils Yhich also assists 5oi1 identification. I Depth (cn) Horizon I O-4 OI Litter of s*eet chestnut leaves.

4-zz A Yelrowish brovn (1oYR 5/4) stonetess friable sandY silt loaln; coarse weak angular structure breaking I to coarse teak cruhbi eaith$orms seen.

22-t 4 Bl Broynish yetlor ( toYR 6,/6) firn slishtly stony sandv I silt loai few platy yellov sandstone fragh€ntsi single grain structurei earth{onn6 seeni derging undulating boundary, t I I I t Depth (cm)

I 44-5o 82 Bro*nish yellow (1oYR 6/6) firl[ slishtly stony sandy loami fee platy yellow sandstone frasnentE; sinsle t grain structurei sharp broken boundary. 50-60+ Lisht erey (2.5r 7/2, stonele.ss sandy clay toan vitb wery pale brown ( IoYR Z4) and reddish yerrow (7.5yR I 6,/8) patcrres; nassiye stnrcture. 4. Typicat Stasnosley Soil

I The Upper Estuarine silt occurs as a retatively hard nassive pale grey or white siltstone. The nassive nature appears to inpede drainage in the soils formed on this naterial, causing extehsive strong brom Dotrling. Hovever, the latter seehs too intensive for the desree of water saturation I hich Dight be er.pected even und€r the wettest conditions in this p.ofite. The soils ar€ stronsly acia (pH (4.5) throughout, and have exceptionally low levers of most plant nutrients duet it seens, to initialty Iow levels t in the parent material and not to leaching. Tuo phases hawe been identifiedl depending upon the deg.ee of accuhulation or incorporation of surface organic natLer, the riollr|ne of yhich is reTated Minty to the density ot I bracken. Until recently there was no publisheat inforhation about solls oh the Upper Estuarine si1t. Burton, 1974 (pers. corrun.) tras recently mappeil such soils for the Bardack sheet (TF OOE/roW) and a Soil SuFev Record I Fill appear in the near f,uture. (a) Mor phase

purlieus I Certain areas ol Bedford support ver.y dense, vigor.ous bracken beneath oak and sweet chestnut woodland anal upon a cleared area in C jj. An accuDulation of between 2 to 30 ck of bracken titter, hudified at its base T to a black amorphous materialr characterises this soiI. The only evidence of incorporation of this organic debris into the minerat soit below is the btack staining of the otherwise pale grey-broyn structure faces in the uppei rineral horizons. Tbe upper contiasting black organic and pale grey I nineral hofizon ol this soil give the appearance of a classic podzol profite. Horvever, no significant humus or iron accudulation in the B horizons has been observed or discovered using anatyticat nethods. The grey cotoratioh I 1s due to parent naterialr and the ochreous nottting due to drainage inpedence, gleyins being the nain process operating. I Depth (ctl') o-4 OI Matted litter of bracken fronatB.

4-B Of Mat of decomlosing bracken fronds.

u-10 Oh/Ah Very dart greyish broyn (7OyR 3/2) Ioose stonetess I sandy silt loan conposed of disttnct smatl patches of organic and hin€ral nateriali sinsle srain structurer sharp snooth boundary. t IA-22 A Pir*ish grey (IOYR 6/2) stoneless sandy sitr toam with brorar (7.5\R 5/21 strucrure faces .lue to hmus staining; v€ry finn, structures large and ill-defined - I alftost drassive; merging looth bo6darr. I 54 I I Depth (cm)

22-34 Lisht oranse (loYR ?/r) silt loan l.ith larse distinct (loYR I brownish vellow 6,/6) mottlesi ettrederv fird nassive structure t'ith hard stone-Iike grey silt stones i nerging snooth boundary. t 34-50+ cs Lisht srey/srey (IoYR 6/r) silt loam with larse distinct bro n/dark brosn (7.5YR 4,/4) and werv dark gr€y brovn (lo\R 3/2) nottlesi extrenelv firm nassive I strucrure becoming hard at depth. (b) uull Phase I Incorporation of organic natter into the soil fonning a nrull humrs type results in a finer structured soit A horizon. Soil PH renains indicate exiremely acid even in the A horizon' and rnottling characterlstics I sinilar drainage conditions to the nor phase. Depth (cn, Horizon t o OI Felr birch leaves.

Very dark bro*d (lOYB 2/2) Ioose slightlv stonv silt I loan with yellow (2'5Y B/B) incluEions from Bs horizon: few Bunter pebbles; nediun'{eak angular structure breaking to tine noderat€ crunb; berging I tongued boundary. Bg Yellow (2.5Y B/8) very fim silt loan $ith comon I larse lisht srey (2,5Y ?/o) trottlesi coarse strong angular structure i merging Enooth boundary'

35-Bo+ cs Light srey (2.5Y ?/o) verv finn silt loa'n with conmon I larse brownish yellow (loYR 6/8) nottles; coarse strong prisnatic str'ucture l{ith thin silt cutans betx,een structures due to translocation. I Colluviutrl Soils on U Estuarine Series and Blisworth Cl and CIay t 5. TvDical Brokn Earth prof,iles' This freely drained soil in clav displavs renarkablv uniforn this ?he heavy textureal parent nateriar and nature of the sites at l{hich t The soil occurs suggest that the profiles should be poorly drained' reason for the free drainager alespite the receiving site in the dain stream valleyr is considered to be the underlying fin€stone' but this i'eason car|not be I apptieal to those fieely draincd profiles encountered higher up the valley sides'

Colourr structure anal stone content are relatively constant throushout' pebbles even in the deepest profiles (>r2O ct'). The inclusion of Bunter t and other erratica indicates considerable nixins of the clav durins Bove- *hich has ment and/or alepositiotr' thus creating a uniforn parent material' been little ar;ered by soil profile developrent. the soil reactim is I sli.ghtly acid to neutral' posEiblv as a result of flushing or bv nixing of linestone eith the clay at sone stage. this soil has not been correlat€d with any established SotI Series. t I I I Depth (cm)

I o OI Fev eln leavesi noss growing on soil surface.

o-2 Ah very dark grey brosn (loxR 3/2) friable slishtly I stony hunose silty clayi few Bunter pebbles; coarse moderate angular structure breaking to dediun noderate crunb i earthr,rorns seeni na.ror undulating I boundary. 2-rB A Dark brovn (loYR 3/ firn slishtly stony clay; fev Buter pebbles! coarse moderate angular structure t breaking to nedium moderate angulari earthvorms seeni diffuse even boundary. I 18-48 81 Yellowish brol{n (loYR 5/41 fir'n slightly stony silty clay; few Bunter pebbles; coarse moderate angular structure breaking to fine moderate angulari I earthForns seeni diffuse even boundary. UB-7o+ B/c Dark yellora'ish bro*tl (toYR 4/4) fi,r6 slishtty stony clay with few Bunter pebbles! coarse moderate angular I structure breahing to fine noderate angular. 6. Siaqnoqleyic (typical) non-calcareous pelosol t This poorly imperfectly drained soil represents the least drained of a ranse of soils yith inpeded drainase fomed in Upper Estuarine ctay and Blisworth CIay o. silty clay. Imperfect drainase is indicated by extreme I nottl.ing at between 4o-Bo cm depth, mottling being absent in the top 40 cn. The cracking characteristics of the clay contribute to the strongly developed but coarse structure l{ith prismatic units prevailing in the lo*er I B horizon. The soil is tnically non-calcareous, Fith pH valu€s between 5.5 and 6.5, but calcareous bands occrr in the Upper Estuarine Series clay teading to sone profiles producing a calcareous reactionJ especiaLry at depth. A calcareous reaction is @casionalty encounrered at the surface where limc- I rich water nDs dohar fron rinestone outcrops imncdiately upslope, I Depth (cm) Horizon o-3 ol Loose litter of oak, hazel, haythorn leaves overlying l 3-r3 Very dark srey brorrr (2.5,r 3/2) friable slightly stony silty clay yitb a fey lronstone fragmentsi mediun moderate subangular structure; vhite fegal ftycelium I between structures i earth*orns seen; merging even

I 13-34 Brohay'dark bro*n (loYR 4/31 fi,r^ slishtly stony silty clay with a fei. lronstone fragrentsi coarse strons angular structurei white fungal nycetiun bctween I structuresi earthvorns seen; nerging even bounalary. l8-48 B/c Brown (roYR 5/31 vety firn sitty clay with a very coarse strong prlsnatic structurei earthworms seen: t merging even boundary. I I T I D€pth (cn)

48-50+ cs Greenish srey (5GY 5/r) extremely firn clay with I at undant Iarge distinct yellovish broen (rOYR 5,/8) nottlesi yery coarse strong prishatic structure; earthworns seen. l ?, Pe]o-staqnoqler.soil

This is a poorly drained, intensively Eottled soil- Shrinkage of the I clay shen diy causes cracking ana! a well de{eloped structure in B ttorizon' rhrte phases have been identified. The Blisworth clav poorlv drained soils have a noticeably higher clay content (roughlv 8O%)' rnooerate to extrenelv I acid reaction (pH 4-5), anal poor incorporation of litter into the nineral soil' whereas the Upper Estuarine Clav has betveen 50 and 6596clav' neutral to siiqhtry acial reaction (pH 5.5-?.O) anat nomallv iapid conplete Iitter t incorporation. (a) uooer Esttrarine clay Phase I organic naterial is r€latiwelv ateePly incorporated into the nine'a1 frorizons, resultins in a dark brom A horizon *ith snalt rusty nottles' greenish clay Befos this, there is strongly bottleal brown' bluet grev or slishtlv I to silty clay' normally with prisnatic structure' The profile is pH acid throughout, but calcareous banals in the clay account fot'high walues and eff€rvescence with acial in some B and C horizons' Surface horizons are also occasionally flushed bv rine_rich *ater froi\ Iinestone I tbe upper outcrops upslope. Slnall anouts of drift are incorporated into horizonst tending to lighten the texture. I This soil can be correlateal with the Dench4rorth Series napped nanv originally by Kay (1914) and now recorded frod Jurassic clavs in paris of ;ng1and. DenchPorth series includes soils shich are non-calcareoua which are I trt.""gi'""t or calcareous onlv in the C horizon' Profires calcareous in both the B anal C horizons' and occasionallv thoughout occu in the pr'ofi1e correslbnd to the Eweshan Series' these tno Series purposes' a random manrler anal as such cannot be separated for napplng I Depth (cm) Horizon t o-2 Ol Oak leaves.

2-L2 AslBs Dark brown (loYR 3/3) sieasv stoneless sandv silt rustv mottles; coarse I loam with commonfine distinct roalerate ansutar structure breaking to mediun ntooerare subangulari earth{orms seeni nerging undulatins boundary. I

L2-22 Dark brown (1oYR J/3) sticky stoneless siltv clav {ith comon nedium distinct vellowish brown (loYR I 5/8) nottles; coarse floderat€ angular structure; earthworns seeni n€rging undulating boundarv.

(5Y srick'! stoneless siltv clav wittr t 22-52 olive 5h, colll|on necliulr clistinct greenish grey (5re 5/l) and corunon large distinct yellor.ish brown (1oYR 5,/B) nottles; coarse noderate angular structurei nergrng I undulating boundary. I I I t Depth (cn) 5z-72+ cgs olive (5Y 4/3) pLast i.c clay with cornnon medi\rm faint dark bluish srey (58 4/It nottlesi larse pris$atic I structure with a hint of slickensidino on soDe structuae surfaces.

I (b) Blissorth ClaY Dhase

This phase is very sinilar to the Upper Estuarine clay phas€. The l nain difference is the hisher clay percentase (c. 8Ot6) Ieadins to even poorer drainase conditions *ith extensive, wery bright nottlins to l{'ithin a feld centin€tres of the surface, The soit vas not found !o oe calcareous in any profiles examined. This soil asain corresponds with I the Dench{orth Series. t Depth (cn) Horizon o-2 oh/^h Yery dark srey brorm (2.5y 3/2) partially deconposed organic debris nixed rith mineral naterial and a few I Bunter pebblesi very friablei wery fi|le *eah crunb structure; earthworns seen; sharp wavy boundary.

Bg Dark greyish brown (IOYR 4/2) firr.Il clay vith brovnish yellor' (loYR 6/61 ped, races and a fev nediu distinct reddish yellow (7.5\R ?/8, nottlesi medi(m noderate t ansular structure; earthvorns seeni sharp !,avy 9-30 clgs Lisht olive sre,r (5Y 6/2\ very firn clay with olive sre,r (5v 5/2') ped faces ard abrndant larse proninent I strons brown (7.sYR 5/al nottlesi very coarse strons I anltr]ar srructurei earlhworms sceni mersin, wavy jlo-60+ czss Lisht greylsrey very firm clay with abundant large distinct reddish eylrow (7.5YR 6/8) mottles; coarse I prisnatic structure. (c) Thih drifL over Upper Estuarine Clay phase

I ttrere is a significant contribution of coarse loany pebbly drift to the upper fOcnof, this soil formed in Upper Estuarine c1ay. Drainase is poor and nottling occurs to within about IO cn of the surface. At about l 50 cn depth unnottled blu€-grey clay occurs. This is parent naterial colouring and indicates reducins conditions for a considerable proportion of the year as rnottring would otherrise be expected. This addition of drift to the surface nay inprowe the surface drainage conpared with 7(a), but the sisnificance of this is doubtful. Analyticar data for this soil is not available.

I Depth (cn) Horizon

o OI Few oak leaves.

o-L2 Drk grey brown ( loYR 4/2\ sa\dy clay loal! with a felJ Bunter pebbles and angular flints; sticky, mediun l subangular structurei nerging wavy boundary. I I I

Deptb (cn) Horizon I

12-5O Bg Light yellowish brovn (IoYR 6/41 sanay silt loam vith abundant sreeniBh grey (5rG 6/L) nottles, a fel{ I Bunter pebbles and angular flintsi stickv' medium subangular structure; nerging wavy boundary.

Bunter T 50-7o+ Bluish srey (58 6/r) =tickv clay vith a few pebbles at top of horizon; nassiv€ structure but with abundant roote. I Soil on Calcareous Tufa

8- crev (non-hunic) rendzina

The porous calcareolrs tufa provides an ertretnely vell drained Parent Blisworth materialr clespite the receiving site below the outcroP of the brom Linestone. The profile is deep and remarkablv uniform with darK organic friable crumb-structured fine loanv A horizon' highlv Porous with tufa are matter intinatelv incorporated throughout. small lumPs of white inclualed throughout' esPeciallv in the loeer" tlalf of, the A horizon I in a-srishtry lishter cororation. The thole Profire is hishlv are abundant .^lc"re.ue"""'iti"g ltitb ptl values higher thatl B.O. l'toles and earthwontrs t vhich thev the large number of mole hi]Is and the nature of the naterial soil' A t.ing to ttre surface proviating an accurate netho'I of napping this found striiing feature is the large nunber of emptv snail shel1s to be Occasional scatter;d on the grounal surface an'I throughout th€ A horizon' r"ould decide {hether I shel1s vere observed in the tufa itself. Investigation of snails the snails have been living recentlv in the soil or are fossils envirohnent' contenporary vith the dePosition of the tufa in a freshwatei I with the tufa' At the base of the A horizonr there is an abrupt boundary belos' There is surprisinglv 1ittle mixins of the A horizon reith the tufa serles names I Soils on calcareous tufa have been dapped under different fron the in other parts of the coontry but have trot yet been described resion around Bedford Purlieus. I Depth (cn) Horizon loani o-25 A1 Dark bro n (rovR )/)\ friable humose sandv Eilt I medium weak subangular structure breaking to fine noderate cnnDbi few snalt frag|tlents of soft tufai codnon snail shells present; earthwoins seen; nergtng I snooth boundary.

t{eak 25-42 L2 Brovn (roYR 5/:) fri"ure clav ]oan! nedium subanqular structure breaking to fine doderate crumbi conmon small fragments of soft tufai cordon snail shellst earthtorns seent sharp savv boundarv' I 42-52+ c $hite (roYR B/2) firm porous calcareous tufa rith a fev snall dark brorrh A horizon inclusionsi masslve structure but readily broken into fine crunb Btructurei te* anail shells. I Soile oh Glacial Dr:ift I Drainage in the heavv textured Chalkv Bouldei CIav soils is impeded' due to especiatly on plateaux areas where the bulk of this deposit occurs' I I I 59 I poor lateral and wertical water lrovenent in the soil profile. On sloPes' lateral drainage is relatively significant and the Chalky Boulder Clay thinnerr resurting in inperfect rather than poor drainage. lilell- develoPed I structure in the upper horizons has helped leaching and decalcification. Chalk frasnents are usually found *ithin 4.o cn of the surface in tlte poorly drained profiles, but at greater depth in the inperfectly drained l equivaLents. Flint and Bunter pebbles redain scattered throughout the l 9. Staqnosleyic (typical) non-calcareous pelosol This imperfectly drained soil is restt'icted to the edses of the chalky Bou.lder CIay deposit or on slopes. Cha1k is restricted to depths greater I than 40 c'n in the profile' the upper 40 cn being non-calcareous' d€spite r'non-calcareous'l pH values betreen 6 and 7' and thus justifyins tbe qualification in the nane. The soil has freely diained A and B horizons' t tlut the C horizon is extrenely $ottled. This soil corresponds to the chief yariant of the Rasdale Series I described by Thamasson (I9?r) in Leicestershire. Depth (cm) I o OI Fev oak leaves. o-15 Very dark srey brovn (2.5'I 3/2) firm srishtly stony clayi feF small and nedium angular and rounded flints; t mediurn reak angular structure break.ing to fine weak I angular st!"ucturei earth$,orns seen; Dergtng even B YeIlowish brown (lOYR 5/4, firrn slishtly stony silty clayi few snal] and nediuin angular flint and rounded I flint and ironstone fra.gnEnts i coarse weak drgular structure breaking to mediun weak subangulari earth_ vonns seen; rerging even boundary.

I 42-50+ Cg Light olive brovn (2.5Y 5/61 sticky sritty clay with conhon mediun faint ochreous nottlesi snall rounded chalk frasnents, stnall ansular flint' ironston€ and oolitic linestone fragnents i massive structurei earthvorms seen; water running into botton of pit. t 10. !919:sj49s.!:E,i! In the poorly drained chalky Boulder Clay soilst chalk is encountered bet*'een 30 and Bo cm depth fron the surface' dd the A and B horizons are t less deep. There is nottlins throushout the profile. The profile is in the c rhere chalk l srightly acid in the A and B horizons' but neutral The Rasdale series (Thonasson r97r) corresponds clos€ly to the maiority the Ragdale i of profiles rith Cacol below 40 cn depth' and a nixed variant of vith 40 cm surface. t Series applies to the profiles CaCO3eithin of the

Depth (cn) l o Fev oak leaves.

Ag Brown/daik brovn (lOrR l+,/l) plastic slightly stony I silty cray loani f,ep very fine faint ocrreous tnottles I 60 I I DeDth (crn) and a fel. nediun iounded Bunter pebbleai tDediud noderate sutangular' stnrcture breakidg to fine Beak I crunbi earthtorns seeni nerging even boundarv.

Bg olive grey (5Y 5,/2) prastic slishtrv stony clay co@non iedium clistinct yellowish bro{n (IoYR t vith J,/8) rnottres; snall rounded Buter pebbles and shelly lineBtone fraqments, and small angular flintsi coarse lloaterate angular structure; earthr'ort[e seen; t merging even boundary. stony 35-65+ Cg Light brown.ish grey {2.5Y 6/z) pl^st ic slightlv I clay wiLh Iisht gr€y/srev (5Y 6,/l) ped races and. conmon necliur distincL reddish verlos (7.5YR 6/6) mottlest sDall subangular and rounded chalk frasments' snall ansular ffint.s! and stlall angular and sub- T angular oolitic 1ii'esrone fragnents: nassive structure; earthwofms seen. I 11. flrl@:E-Eerg bv This f,reely drainedr well structured friable soil is characterised loan matrix' The t the abunaance oi rine gra'er-sized ironstone in a clav an area parent naterial is Glacial Sand and Gravel and the soil occupres The ironstone .apping . Iov hill in th€ south east of Bedford Furlieus' trrustyl of the is considereal to cortribute to the strong brob'lr coloration t soir natrix. coloration an'l structure are r"elativerv thins over Upper uniforn".,mi-ra"".t"..o throughout the profile' although rrhere the drift at depth' Estuarine Linestone or clay, a lithological boundary occurs I published soil This soil has not been correlated with anv existing t DeDth (cm)

o oh Fev oak leaies. I

D6rk yello*ish bro$n (loYR 4/4\ 'erv stonv f,riable o-r4 platv cfay ioam *ith abun.iant subangularr rounded and dediun and large t ironstone fj.ne gravel with a f,ew rounded BEtet' pebbtes; fine noderate crumb structui'ei earthvoms seeni diffuse even boundary' I loan r4-38 B sirong tlroen (7.5YR 5/B) verv stonv friatrle clav with stones as abovej nediutn tlleak angular structure breaking to mediun weak crunb: earth*orns seeni I dlf fuse even bounalarY.

verv stonv plastic 3a-50+ R/c strons brom Q.5\R 5/B) masstve I clay vith ironstone gravel as above but no Bunter l]ebbIes.

gEggs-:igl I

A vide variety ol lovland soils is represented in B€dford Purlieus' The main influence is that of geologyt contributing parent materials I y/ith a ranse frotl hishly calcareous lihestones and tufa throush to highlv acid siLt and sand. Teitures and drainage characteristi.cs range frotl poorly drained heavy clayB to freelv drained sandy loans. Loca] relief I I 6l I and porosity of underlying strata act on the clay soils resultins in a spectrun of dralnage ctaBses from poor to free. As can be seen fron Figures 12 ed Ilj georogical aid some soil boundaries follor a similar t trend, reflecting the geological influence on the soi1s. Other soil boundaries do not correspond with geological bo\rndaries. These reflect drainage differences, textural variation {ithin the Upper Eetuarine I series outcropt effects of cultivationr depth of profile and they also separate codplex napping units f.oD simple mits. I Dulins field |napping it ras observed that certain plant species *ere associated vith specific sol1 types or groups of soil types, and that sone species were cofespondingly absent. As might be exPected ash and line a!'e senerally confined to lineston€ soils, ljhereas sveet chestnut and I bracken occur dainly on the acid silt arld sand doils of the Upper Estuarine Series. Dense bracken and a deep Iitter is associated with certain areas of the silt outcrop. Dog's mercury is lridespread and abundant t on soils of high base status, It is absent from the Blisworth Clay and acid silt &d sand soils but is found in isolated clMps on the flushed inperfectly and poorly drained Upper Estuarine Series claysr sparsely I scattered on Chalky Boulder Clay soils and abundant on the soils forned on linestone, Clay Colluviun' Calcareous Tufa and Glacial Sand and Gravel.

As might be e).pected Deschanpaia cespitosa ie restricted sainly to I soils vith inperfect or poor drainage either due to preference or exclusion from dore freely drained sites. The main exception is the f,reely drained brovn earth fo.ned on Clay Col]uviun in the valley bottom t site vhich supports a large population of this p1ant. The receiying site ensures an influx of water which passes readily through the soil. Howeyer, seasonal *atertogging is conceivabler thus explaining the occur.ence of this species in this site. The inperfectly and poorly drained Upper t Estuarine Clay and CtElky Boulder clay Eoils support Deschahpsia cespitosa at warying densities, but the poorly drained Blis$orth Clay supports only I scattered tufts of the grass. Although sone generalisations can be rade relating plant species vith soil types fron direct observationr it *as considered possible that a nap I shouing the distribution of pH varues for these soils wolrld be of greater use for these relationships. A soil core sanplins prosrarl,ne was therefore undertaken utilising a rough grid systen based upon ride intersections. At about 25O points, O-lO cm and 1O-2O cm sanples pere tdken for pH testing. I The resulting values were plotted and two maps produced (Fiss. 14 and 15)l one of each depth of sample. These napB again generally reflect parent naterialr but ninor variations between the two pH naps, the geology and I soils naps nay reflect the inffuence of vegetationr land-use history or thin surface drift- I Conservation and Managenent Requirementg The mineral resources of the sood are relatively valunble. Lincolnshire Linestone has been quarried extensively adjacent to Bedford Purlieus and the I reconstituted land of Compartment 5OA is a restored linestone quarry. Considerable areas t{lithin Bedford Purli€us {ould probably be considered suitable for limestone extraction. At the recently closed quar.y near t HDting Gate, Upp6r Estuarine Series silt rdas t€moved for use as a ref,ractory naterial. The silt bdd crops out in B€dford Purlieus ad caD be traced by the incidence of snall pitst obviously nan-nade and not of recent origin, l for extraction of the silt. This product is piobably still of economic value. I I I t I I

I I I

I I I t Tffiffiffiffi % ii I 9l F gl 'q.n 6 cl to to F' I o 5l TtloL.rlll)lo O_$to(oF. I I 0- t

!o ! OF I EI E < P $ il < i i ; Fl : H = e - I dt :'d= " i: I =[ e€t,;i P 61 6 > 6 Z < I I I t t I f@ l

I I t I I o I o E rffimffiffi % t ?l 9l F il I I e l : ql |,.') (o F. 'i 'cl .() 'l) g () O$$|l)(of. I n I I II o o -a! p o t E c I o I a cc tic!; o t a 6>az I 64 I

the whole of Bedford PurlieuB nav be conEidored as a valuable cite for I soil conBervatiod. The soils present are nov only rarelv found in an uncultivated form' especially in this area of eastern England but should be compared to thos€ of Castor HanglandE N.N.R.r five niles to the ENE' *hich is situated nainly on the same seological forBations so that sinilar aoils I right be expected there.

Bedford Purlieus diEplavs a considerable varietv of soils for such a t snall area' obtiously a factor explainins the diversitv of the woodra flora' Observations sugqest that only one sball area has been cultivated in the past. On a natioral basis' the liBestone, Chalkv Boulder Clav and Upper I istuarlne clay soils ar"e relativelv comtronand l'idelv dist'ibuted' Howevert the Upper Estuarine siltr GIaciaI Sand and Gravel and calcareous Tufa soile are 0Dre localiseal and rare' especially the latter tYo' The silt soils present several opportrrnities for researcht includins assessdent of the drainage status throughout the vearr and Lnvestigation of anv tendency to*ards podzolisation. I The ase of the Calcareous Tufa is believed to be post-slacial' but further work to confimr this could be undertaken. The site of this deposit judging has obviously provided a popular habitat for snails, t'v ihe nutrbers I of enrpty shells above and below the soil eurface.

the very high ironstone content of Glacial Sand alrd Gravel is unusual' Further work coulal be clone to decide the age of this drift in relation to I the Chalky Boutder CIay and other driftE in Lhe region'

The unclrltivateal nature of the soils should be preserved' The present I little nanagenent of opening-up rides and some conpartnents apPears to tE1'e lasting effect on the soils, although use of heavy nEchinerv on the clav and soifs ,rigtrt cause structural ateterioration teading to co|rpaction I drainage problens of a more permanent nature' REFETIENCES I of Ensland aJtd Averv. B.U. 1971. Soil classification in the Soil Survey uales. J. Soir sci- 24, 32t+-334. I A taxonoDetric sherborne courtney' F.M. & l{ebster' R. 1971' ::"oI-:f.:1" L mappi ns unit. >a' L Lzl' soi f!:f-:-jlj!-SggI:.:--llg9' "- Bisson' & coppack' B'c.' L97,4' The Geolosv of I Horton' A., Lake, R.D.' G. pit""u".."gh. Rep. rnst. Geol. sci. No. ?3/I2t a6 pp' vale of the Kay' F.F. 1914. A soir survev of the easte'n portion of the t rhite Horse. Bu1l. Fac. Asric. Hort. Univ' Readins No' 48'

Low, A.J. 1939. Soil profiles deweloped on the linestone of the Great pari of the Cots$old tliIIs (Gloucestershire t OoIite in the southern t+4' and l{iLtshire). J. s.D. collese Aqric.' vve' Kent. 2ro-22o'

Robinsonr K.L. 1948. soirs of Dorset" in Good, R' A seosraphical I 'hanalbook "The of the Dorset flora. (Dorchester). ?horasson' a.J. 1971. Soils of the Melton ovbrav Distrlct' llemoir of I the Soil Survey of Great Britain. I I I t ob I IIELD I,AYDRCOIO,IUNITIES t G.F. Peterken t Introduction A casual visitor will Bost readily aPPreciate the sreat natural variety of Bedford Purlieus through the field layer. Along the ride t betveen cl3 and C34 into C4O one can pass in less than 30 m fron a connunitv .toninate.t by gqllgllfg:Cg and DeschanDeia cesPitosa, throueh a belt of Ptericliun aquilinum *ith ggyglE4A-ggElig' Luzula sv]Yatiga and Distinct Hofus 'or1is, irlto a conmunily doninated by ]lCISgIi3]i:-.Eg!9. I connunities do not have though they aret \{ith no species in cofirnont these sharp bounalaries. They merSe into each other through narrov transition zones here the species of adjacent conmtmities are mixed togetherr and I where detached patcheB of one comtunity occur surtounded by the other. Tbe same connunities can be recognised elsewhere in the Yood' but they tend to lose their distinct identity ae the dodinant species occur in .rifferent conbinations (s'ct' eith g:-ls:gi!9:g) ' as other t "s 5-g931i9 apparently distinct conBunities are found' and as a nultiplicitv of transitional codnunities appear to cover nore ground thar the apparently t distinct types one recognised initially. The field layer thus appears to be a nultidinensional continuun' Fith few or no honogeneous co nunities retaining their characteristics I throughout the site. They nat" been described by two neans' (i) sample plots ptaced at intervaLs th.oughout the wood in which a number of features wer€ recorded in detail, and (ii) rnaps of six conmunity dominants. I sadple plots have been grouped on the baais of coMon soil and floristic characteristics to produce four broad ground flo.a types. Fitlallyt the of each rrtypefl elsenhere in Britain is exanined.

I Sample Sites

The original purpose of the sample plots was to obtain as qlrickly I as possible an understanding of the range of ecological variation and precise observations of particular points in the wood shich would pro\.ide the basis of management proposals altd the deacriptiwe material to support these. Cornpreted two years before Stevensr soil survey, samples yere t subjectively ]ocated to include the entire ranse of ecolosical variation. They rere deliberately placed moie or less evenly throughout those parts T *hich had not been reforested with conifers (Fiq. 16). In each of the square, 30 |I x JO n plots various features of the vegetation and site were recorded. These included a complete list of I vascular plants' and the soil characteristics revealed in a pit dug in the centre. The soil characteristics and ftora of sanDle Dlots are sumlarised in ?ables 5 and 7.

I Grouping of Sahple Sites

As an aid to descriptionr sanple eites have been grouped on the I basis of soil and f,loristic feature€. Display of three soil f,eatures (Fis. 17) demonetrates one honoseneous group of calcareousr freely drained, relatively ltght soils (Group A). No clear sroups are revealed t. within the remaining samples by soil characteristics, but floristic I t 66 I I features (Tables 7 and 8) shoe that samples Io and 12 are Bufficientlv alike, but clistinct from all others to forn a sdall G!'oup D. The remaining samples are predonirantly on poorlv drained! heavv soils *ith I a wide pH raDge. The three nost acid of theset the nost closelv related to Group D (Table 9)' are well separated on pH fron the rest' and form Group C. The renainder have been lef,t undivided as Group B. t

Two sanples fit uieasily into tbis Pattein. Sanple 5 {as apparently a brown rendzina overlain *ith a thin stratm of lightt acid drift' but as a I Floristicallyr it vas nost cioselv related to Groups A and B' freely-draineal soil seeneal best placed with Group A' Sanple If in the 'rpivotalfl position of I'ig. 17r appears to hawe a fairly close relationship with all groups' though closer to B and C than the others. Though it has I (Indeed' been placed with Group B' it seens naturallv intermediate' in the field' before the last 1l samples had been recorded and before any lta grouping took Place' I described it as curious tvper t!'ansltional to t nany others'rr ) soil characteristics of sadple Glg*jl I q99pl\ ( ro sa'npres) A alistinct, honoseneous group on freelv drainedt calcareous loansl derived fron linestone' t alevelopealover linestone and material Classifled as brown rendzinast with sone bi'own earth and grev rendzina. Occupy all topographical positions. Surface litter accunulates only in response to excessive drainage in surface I horizons. croup B (9 samples) t Mainly poor or verv poorlv ilrainealr heawv soils of neutral and nildlv aciat reaction' aII classified as stagnoslevs' Developed on a wartetv of strata on preiloninantlv plateau and flushed situations' I 9lggr-q (3 sanpres) Poorly draineatr strongty acial clay loansr all stagnoglevs on Upper T Estuarine silt. Hoderate litter accumulation in response to acid conatitions. A1l sanples had a shallow surface horizon of freelv- drained loams' unlike Group B in vhich the texture remained heavv to the surface.

(2 919!!-9 saoPres) I Light, strongly acld soils develope.I on Upper Estuarine Silt' with freely drained surface horizons. Subsoil heaviert and slightlv ' nottleit. Slisht podsolic cha.acters in Sanple IO' I Field Laver Connunities in Saoples

The vascular plant species present in each sanple are listed in I Tab]e 7t in broaal quantitative categories' The degree of similarity bet$een any one sample and all others (Table B) denonstrates the complex relationships' and the absence of really sharp differenc€s between the lO I flora on difterent soil types. Only Group D is clistinct' for sample voulal have been as dissimilar to other eanples as sarple 12 if Carex in a remota' Luzula pilosa and PriEula vuloariq had not be€n recorded aanp depresston penetratins to heavier soils- I t I t I The field layer corununity corresponding with the f,our site crasses can be characterised by three features sumnarised in Table 9. constant t species are those preaent in alL or nearly aI1 sanples in the group. Faithful species are those, not b€ing constant to any groupr t{hich are newertheless confined to one or two groups. Quantitative characteristics were recorded only in broadest terma! but sotne species constatt to more l than one group tend to be connon or abundant in only one group.

The ecology in relation to soil char'acteristics of nost field ]ayer t species corresponds with what is known of their ecology throushout Eastern and central England. T}'o ninor divergences are Bl4lg non-scriptus' which is not nonnally so stronsly calcicole' and 19!193 uniflora, which iB nornally confined to freely drained soirs. Elgllligg I nay be iespondins more to free soil drainage' which in Bedford Purlieus occurs nainly on the extrenes of the pH ranoe. t Any attempt to map the Jietd layer comnunities in terns of these four sroups would produce a nap in yhich either the pattern ruld be conflrsed by a substantial area of, intermediate conditionsr or clarity I achieved only by considerable sinplification. An alternative method was therefore attedpted, by vhich six species indicative of certain soit characterist ics r $ere individually napped.

t Maps of Indicator Species

Six field layer species vere napped throughout the primary part of I Bedford Purlieus in June r9?2. Individually and in conbination they sere believed to indicate certain soil characteristics, and thereby provide baterial for a crude 'nap of soil types. Since then' Ur. P. stevens has I coDpleted a detailed soil survey in which they r.ere, to soDe extentt Lrsed of defining the boundaries of types defined by profiles. Nevertheless, the maps are included here because they illustrate and t emphasise certain inportant featurca in the ecorogy of Bedford Purlieus. The haps (Figs. 18-23) shos where each of the species is a sisnificant coaponent of the field layer. This, in practi.ce, is mainly rhere the I species are dominant and co-doitinant, but under dense shade, vhere the field layer is sparse, the species vere rsisnificantr if they were frequent and widespread. The naps a.re thus a sinplification of the actual distribution, which attempts to elirninate the differences resulting from t the different shade,/litter conalition€ coniferous and other alense under

l The six species' and the conditions they indicate when they are present in 'significand quantities are:- I 1. Mercurialis perennis. Constant in GroupE A and B, but conspicuously more abundant in A. Indicates freely-drained, neutral and calcareous soi1s, but nay occur (sarnple 17) on perpetually noist receivins sites vith very poor profi.Ie drainase where pebbles, a sand fraction and I pro*inity to a vatercourse facilitate water mov€nent.

2. Pteridiun aquilinum. Constant of croups C and D, and thus generally t conplementary to Mercurialis perennis. Hovever in c4f these species occur together (Sampre 14) on a brown rendzina. Pteridiun is thus indicative of soils with a relatively risnt, rreeT-y-orai,rea surrace t horizon which in Bedford Purlieus occur nainl.y on acid soi1s, but not invariablv so. I I 68 t I DeschauFsia cespitosa- Constant in Groups At B and C but abundaat nai;i]. in B. an indicator of poorly alrained soils and those uith constant flushins throush inherently freely-drained soils. Comptenentary to Pteridium, but their tolerances of drainage condition€ t overlap in Group C soils.

Rubus fruticosus. The other lriclespread field ]ayer dotninant is a 1ow- I ;;.ht'aq. .""h.. ha.iry Rubus which apPears ro betong !o Section SYIvatici-virescentessyl vat ic i-v irescentu. li-,i7J.; to section 4pp93gi9rf3!::y9s!l:..ApDendiculati-vestiti' rhev are Yidespread and soilethat eriatic in their occurrence r but are I constaat to Groups B and C' rhere they are often abun.lant. Thev appear to indicate neutral to mildly acid' beavy soilsr irrespective of drainage conditions. I caleobalolon luteum. Constant in Group A onlyr but often of main Mercuriatis T Urtica dioica. Indicative of hish phosphate' and generally of ZitiliiliE-liTr.. orten abundant in secondarv*oods on old aable oi habitation sitesr nettles in Bedford Purlieus are alnost confined to naturally I the @in valley' there they probably indicate Phosphate- rich soils, suppledented by fertiliser washed fron the fields to the T The maps alemonstrate a nunber of important features:_

(i) the extrenely co'nplex patterns of certain soil characteristics I The soil nap shows nucb of this pattern but sinpLified bv recosnising conplexes of soil types.

indicated bv t ( ii) The detailed clistribution of the soil characteristics each speciee' and the precise Boil' ctBracteristics indicated bv the zones alono vhich two or more speci's overlap. t (iii) The difficulty of recosnising field laver ttpes on the basis of clominanr species. whi Lst t e.g., a Mercurv society and a Deschanpsia society can be found the tro grade into each other I --."" url *" r.hich foros a substantial fraction of their individuar ranses (Fig. 24).

Similar sites

vhere does Bedford Purlieus stand in the mtional range of {oodland sinilar variation? orr to rephrase the question' where do ecologically t sites occur? ierhaps the nost useful approach is to exanine the field layer ano soils together but separate fron the tree and shrub conmunitiest which oay have been deliberalFly altered bv Banagebent. I

Publisheat alescriptions of woodland comunities are insufficient for the purpose in hanal. One knows thatr e'g.' Uercurial is-dodinated widely on cha1k, linestone and the more oalcareous clavs' I cornmunities occur 6nd that Pteridium is alotninant on light' {eI1 drained Eoils throuqhout eritai., ;;;=;;;is a cruile level of sinilaritv. Greater precision vould have been possible if nore descriptions of woodland comnunities had been t published conparable l{ith Mcvean an.t Ratcliffe (1962) for Scottish mountain vegetation. In the absence of slritabl€ published infonuation' I have o. tly ovn field notes in the fons of approxinately 4Oo sarplea I ".ti"o I I 69 t recorcled in England and South Wales by the sane syst€n as the 24 sanples in Bedfor'd Purlieus. The geographical spread of these sanPlest though t $ide, is inevitably deficientr with substantial gapsr and a strong bias to Eastern Dngland and the 5.Y. Uidlands. t Samples were judsed to be 'sinilarr to a Bedford Purlieus group if aII, or all but one' of the constant species nere present. Thusr samples sinilar to Group A have aIIr or any sixt of the seven constant species t present. The only variation in this definition affected GrouP Dr *here tvo seDles were adDitted which had all three doDinant constants (Convallaria, Luzula sylvatica and Pteridium). ?he list of sinllar sanples (Tables ro-U) is supplenented by three soil features and the I geological stratum on vhich the soil has forned.

Sites alefineal as sinilar to Group A on purely floristic grounals I occur on siBilar soils, but the range of soil cbaracteristics is wider (lable 1o). In addition to the 20 si|nilar sites listed, sanples 15, 16' 17 and 20 in B€dford Purlieus! all of $hich occur in Group B' are rsimilai'. This should not be seen as a defect in an attempt at ctassi- I fication! for it sinply indicates the distribution of those portions of sooalland which are close to Bedford Purlieus Group A sites in the continuM of British woodland wesetation : it i3 reafistic to identify some of I those sites within Bedford Pu.lieus itself. (Table Sites sinilar to 9l9gp_4 samples Io) occur in tvo main areas. t One on heavy-n€utral-calcareous soils forned fron Boulder Clay in Dastern and Midland England' is geographically close to Bedford Purlielrs. The other is on the nore southerly outcrops of lidestone in the yelsh border_ land and S.w. England' where the soils are uniformly calcareous and I freely drained, exactly like Group A. Curiously' tro exanples on oolitic Iimestone were picked out. gIglp_g sho$s a similar distribution (Table tl)t and so does Group D in vestigial form (Table 13). sites sinilar to Group D I arer horvever, restricted in their occurrence by the ecology of Convallaria' uhich is calcifuse in the Losland zone and calcicole in the Hishtand Zone.

sites sinirar to Group c floristically (Tab1e 12) are renarkabry I similar in soil characters' r.ith only t1to anonalies. Sat4re 7I was a very rich connunity at the base of a steep linestone slope perpetually flushed, and Sampre B!' on a light soil' had apparently been heavilv t trainpled by sheep in the recent IEst: these had puddled the soil surface' allo{ins Egg@pgi3_tgEgllgEg to spread onto a site from vhich it mav once have been absent. Apart fron these' the similar sites are eith€r on I Keuper Marl or various forms of clay in Eastern and Midland England- Like the Group c sanples' many of theEe rsimilar' sites have a relatively Iight, acidr freely-drained horizon, over a relatively heavy' strongly- I nottled subsoil. I REFERENCE Ucvean, D.N. & Ratcliffe, D.A. 1962. Planl connunities of the Scottish t Highlands. London' H.ltl.s.o. I I t I 70 I F 4$ Ef; t nt; 56 I

8" :..: e.: EriilaS I

1""3.t "<"obg3 I 5 a T 6 I

UG 5 HE I t3 t I I 9: t I I

-n I " = ! b 3'" lGr T I ".3 I I t 71 t

l -5

t 3 I I I l

3 Ea I to o d e oo a o or , 4-e 4 , o 5 ,-4 (, L >.aa t 6 i a.i ad tt I rao aEo o dorr .id6do) I q >r!)! c6! r,!oE- < OEo iDO E6 d.ie - ddo .iairrr > oro od d eo, o>,cri ECeqO iEre.d Ei'rd6 lOrt E 6a6 EE6 OdOUO t6rDE .4.daeo C rro o r.C eE, !OdEP lriOt, !o.ird 'noli I 6 4 e E O r.i O 6 (|) '! i d +r. X t I i ! o @ o(E,lr aott > c6Eo! rEoJ.iE o,o(rcd e rEE .rx5EE >('l i ooJtio idti.d .i rr r,)o.o a6x> 66.ire 6.co.ie Eotoo ocni.iE rD!rEo oda{Ja Eooto >ooqra '.ae.it) ,attO oeiJJrD 6iEl. 'nrL C CoX dAoir I o-:il Clrr!.r !ddr6. <.i.i tO OrD,i.. Cjo.i6 I t 72 t I

3dN-$@ qN.\r\o o 6r N hol oI fl ++o a I I t t I

.3 I I I I I

3_ t E:E-; 'e{: a i.: 36 i Et i i 'd- qi H3 € ;s 5E '9-E I ;; s.: ?i f:i I oii : €,. €ei+,! !EFil 45?!i I;:e, ef" .l -$i:i!o- 04!od eooqa i!,r:P-9:: "i'?'. E"B'6.-'n ;!;;: iiril; "he'r I sr{Er iritE 5:ie5 iii;* IEig! tEgb; ;;::! !i$$r!::i! ;!E3!sisi! ilE:! T t t t

I NiNN@ t I I t I t I o t o t ': I t o I ct>c,i d.i!.o (! E.i .-a-t- .cto!.- .r6f 6c I .J I/) ! E E E.A t ! . . d o oJ! c -o*ou 1aqr9 ooi-! 3 E d O E !,rr L o o l -rd6r.L I 74 I I t

I H I .s99d9a I E./ I gssgSRE RSsgcsJ $ I $ g .i .5 3 ;, /,/ g{9 ^--^,,^^/ s n9 S "5 t : frR Assl c 2. 1 3,,4/,/ d h66Ji,/ I 93f,95*R R 95$Rh5f, I 3$$s$nn ^r/ g5an,tn5 /l: -; a a z I g 5 s a I 3 fl'S ,3 5 I a $ $ 3 S'$ / ".5 t/ .5 I ntsRgstsfl',,/ gjg,$Es sJ$5fl7 I e .^ { ", /,. I *^/ I :.1 S 3. &1. i 6 r 6 l{ I t I I I I I t I Table Sundary constant and faithful ground f,lora species t 9. of t Endynion non-scriptus c* Galeobdolon Iutem c* I Arum maculatum c Mercurialis perennis c I Primula vulgaris c Deschampsla caespitosa c c* c I Yiola riviniana c c Anenone nenofosa c c c

Carex sylvatica c t c c+ Rubus spp* c+ I Pteridium aquilinun c+ c4 Lonicera periclymenun c c c l Anthoxanthun odoratum c convallaria najalis ci I Luzula sylvatica c. Total Constant Species

I C = Constant, + = present, i = generally abundant. Species underlined are those for which naps are available. l Paithful species

I B t) Canpanula tracheliun Blcchnun spicant I Orchis nascula Circaea lutetiana Paris quadrifolia I Tanus coihmunis rilipendula urmaria Dryopteris austriaca Galium aparine I Heracleun sphondyliurn I Mel ica uniflora Potentilla sterilis I Ranunculus ficaria l I 76 I I t I I I ur\oco o'o 3 zzzzzzzzct-i-!'\zN t

J JJ..rgJ J u) O J J J(J J (J JO(JOU)I/) (JO(.) J J J -I I

o tr\ hl.-co N cr N N !1-3 F- O. r.\ O -3 {' !\ O t1 r-\o t-\o NN!f nu\ I I t .62 t ri oitio4r, o !i t9lzaqa 2 A I J.i O I -E ta ozan -ra 3 -i o o cJ aa i:t o 5 tr I L xi t o: > o o -Ir d t o z ! t =a g_. 94 E oe ,i d EciodPXE I a L E6r'!rxo0d d o Ito!'!oit o:Eoaov)ln t

'6dd6 oo I r5 a o. 66o 0.6a 6 r9r 0rf oErrl E o o -:o o-urid- I

a4aAr>- : o a o.o ao o - o o: E E EEF 83583'! g I e oo{,o€o ooirJoEo;o E o c o ci {J a c d: d ti od a ., oruodcrJ oo6iD!d.id r. o za20 (, I

O.Oif- Nm mi@ aooiNn@om\oNt'-\D!1 o..N@ rin-N ci I I t 77 l

t e t o o ic)

I ,aI I o o oco o o o \o \oo o o o t zzz../ri4a-zzz@

I ,t'.1l Jo.l FIJ I ,.1O!) O lv).A '.]

co qr -$ o.-$ \o !\@ o@ cr fi l E \o N f.- c. -jr I^ -a r\ !1\o -3 -$ rA t

e t lJlr JO I r d F! i']!! E E o - lqr -u1 P C! Ov) rr 1,): = o I !e!o o d o c o oz 3 0: ('.:E > ri o o F o.=' c

I or i.io+rDc.d oo drioorro! (.)< 14Ar,A(,0r0 I I E ,,r E .- -,rF E : E ; ;:E > e.! > o q tra n oli ! 1! !@:l I '; 3 i.; B. .: K 3.; 6 o dE0i O.= : o A .i: > .a i a (! 0 l! rd > dq'l I rr Eor. .i o .rEr J X t< O 'i (J E.i | (J 0J I (.) O.i q€ O6 I J O

oi l r.\a-Nr-N!\FNOOINNN F-n60N3'Jr I I 78 I

E.. I J6>'

C>rd d >6 I rr ,r 66i4i qr= O o () . 9E29 g: ! 0,: =: = I lEEto, q2 ioorro x9 (J9 QI'DOO O@ I

o v\ or.1 0 0 \o t'\ 60 N!\zol"c' I

J.t :; v)JJJJ .IJO Jq I luuuuu)oloooU)o(Jo|,oud)

n N h.$ N-1 N N c.r.O.O \D _J r- !'\ '3 h _r _$ '$ 6 h I E i r h 6+ + + + I

E t I I t E I I :Yti F.i' )r.: . .i i?. 1"ii" .I i I betrs_ .:e13 3E 3' iE:i iE s I ta eo.i I o r'r ':5 ,_e6bi 3E b sr ;:d.3 35 t I

!1 co r.\ N -+o-Fco I fi-1^6'oNdiM\FhO\o\oN (o i i !'\ -9 i i i - i .\l o t^ m I I 79 I t t I I I I l t I E I I I I I ,11 , I 6e ir I I o9 I t t 00 t I

'6 I 3 t I

I I I I \. ',, \",:'--,_'i.' I " ',/,i--'\' i \ 'i .,).. -\ \, . r,f"---i'\ -r;- t .t . \ - " n ,. I I 9 I lu! I

cl \45 a I d$) o t..o I t!t\ FI I I -s,41 \y Fat t

E . "xG :: I o = :El g I t t ;!; 4 ;:: I o': I I t t I I : E I l---.N ;, I I I I t t I lui I l I I i_{ I ltt -.'i'' I I I I I I I I I ie\ I I I I t I I I I

I e t

I \'fY I I q !/ "' I . -..- i r. .i \P - r . .--r".'--"'r' ,-\-p -': -" ": i i I O I n- lrsi ^ ..),' ^ I I ..: 3i

t o! t: -E I 3 I I t ,,t)^'7 I I I I I 84 t I Superinposed distributions ygrsJ:!el]-:_-p-e=.E+ (ve.ti.ar I ines) "f and DeschnhDsii ccjpitosa (horizont.l lires ). I t I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I 85 I TREES AND SHRIJBS t c.F. Peterken

Most of the Bedford Purlleus soodland has reached its present I condition by the planti-ng of oak and other species into derelict coppice betveen 1915 and 1941. The coppice and other broadleai llrotith has been largely suppressed under the pine, but anongst the oak it has been l alloved to sroy Dore or less unchecked, vith onry localised cleanins. The present canopy ther^efore consists of three natn conponents - planted trees, coppice .e-growth, and naturally !'egenerated tr:ees and shrubs mostly contenporary with the pranted individuals - in Yarying pro- I portions. This reforestation over a linited period accounts for the sonewhat uniforn external appearance of the present siands' for only in snall areas, principally in an irregular strip along the central va11ey I and a part of Cl6, rEs nore mature woodland survived.

The treatments carried out by the Forestry Comrnission ar-e described I below by M.J. Penistan. The present cont!.ibution is concerned only with the area of primary roodland' vhich is, in effect, the area owned by the !'orestry Comission excluding the Bedlahs. The composition ,r,|d distribution of the riarious structural conponents are considered, and an attetnpt I is made to consider the degree to nhich the present stands contain natural featu.es. Infornation is presented in the form of a sumary of stand structure and conposition (Table 14), the recorals of stand coDposition t in the 24 sample sites described above (fab]e 15), and in maps of selected features. I Standards and PoIlards true standards were alnost all removed durino dd before the reforestation. A few oak and a lrTch eln have been found in C44 and C46, I and two larse beech in C37 appear to be true surviwors of an active coppice-with-standards systen. Most of the other nature trees occur in groups of high forest which have developed from coppice Fhich tEs stood I since the l9th century. Along the central strean these are nainly eln, ash and sycanore, and in C4l there is a group of lines. In parts of c35, C36 arld C37 there are stands with many mlture oaks nixed with contenporary coppice gro*ttr *hich appear i-o be a late l9th century precedent for the t reforestation progranne of the nid-2oth century,

No pollard trees have been found within the *ood, but two large oak I pollards occur in the hedge over the road near the St{ coiner. These lie on the forner boundary of the soods of Sulehay Wal.k, and are renmants of t the forne. Royal Forest Eanagefent. Coppice

Evidence on the exact conposition of coppice is fading as the stands I detelop torards high forest. Nevertheless, it was still possible to nap the distribution of coppice species by recording al1 individuals of coppice forrd on repeated iraverses of cohpa.tnents. The iesulis tFiss" 25-34) I are not maps of every coppice stool, but seek to show the rnain features of distribution and quantity. Shaded zones indicate where a species is abundant as coppice, lar'ge dots rhere it is frequent, and snall dots ehere it occurs rarely. Hazel is nearty ubiquitous, and here the shaded zone t indicates where or it is rare absent. I I Ito rl rl I I I t I I I TBEESAND SHRUBS I I I I I I t I I I t t I 3 I 9e 33 I I I I t t I t I t ;6 ;3 I Ei

I : I

11 l,

.'r':ir''.;r"'-i' .,"' I . ,,.t -!9..-....'?..;; .t .:..- _- -. - - 't- -':.-.-.il -'-':ll---__--:'-.'_ .. .: :, -' -. -' _. _ _, ...:rr'i: ..: ^.i. .;,-'- t. t\ .'!.: . .-1...'.';t{.':...:!.. I ' '... \ ' ':.' r-1: i''. r'_.'. t t ttr\,:iffi'' I t 'a t

5E I 3 t € l€ I I I I :':!t.1i'{i''':.'.-i::: I '.U:::i:#il I

: !-') ) I I I !

3 I I I I I I I I I I a9 t I I i

E t ' .. \r , i I ', i -,,i,,\' l: ',',-r. -=4 ,- , -,i.1:-;:- ', \/ I ' _... , .\l . ", .. ''"'\ '').''t. .]' I >i' I .' . \ n.Jr I I r3 , !:=" t : :!:

: ::: I :E ;3i; t I t I I I I I 90 I ! I ,9! :+ = R TE O::E t i i srj = r ":i I ' 5=E I I l I I I t3: I I c ! t c I : I I I I I I I I I * t l I t I I I I I a I t I I I t I I I I I 92 I

{i ;. I t I ,' '-. !-.'. '-- e.ii t I

' I .i I

b "|;,;,',;,'t''-' I \,@.'"-?' I ;r I 9> I ] ;: : i5 > i* I I I PS ,"- EL t t I I t I I l Coppice was mapped i.n detail because there ltere reasonable grounds for supposing that its distribution $as largely natural. The historical I record suggested that it $as the most stable conponent of the standt in contrast with ihe standard trees *'hich were either planted for a strongly biaseal selection fron natural gro*tht and the shrub and self_soen treest rhich vere of recentJ if naturalr origin. Coppice on the other hand' had I evidently been present as a nixture shich included manv verv old stoolst and moreover was not kno\4al to have been plant€d or detiberately nanipulated.

I Beitford Purlieus is not an ideal Place in i{hich to investigate the naturalness of the coppice conponent' f,or the r,rood has been greatlv nodified since traditional coppicing ceased. Manv self-sol'n individuals have themselves been coppiced' and such raccidentalr coppice has been t relicts of rtraditional' coppice. The latter can be added to the detecteat to sone extentr notably for those species ehich had f,orned large stools r the 'accialental' coppice inevitably has only smal1 stools' t usually once-cut. Hazel coppicet on the other hand' being a self coppicing species, hust include colpice of both otigins! and self-so{n shrubs' thich I have never been cut. sone species are alien to the site' and cannot therefore be elenents of traalitional coppice. Sycalnor€ coppice, mainly once-cut stools, occurs nore to the south where it appears to have been introduced. This distri- t bution is probabty best interpreted as a stage in a process of ihvasion which is not yet conplete: sycanore saplings have nuch the sade dist-ri- bution. The horse chestnut stools have probablv all been planted. t castanea coppice shoss a remarkably high affinitv vith relativelv Iightt a";a s"ir" {hich in a species native to the site would be interpreted as a natural distribution. Since the stools appear not to be even aged' and sone at least are apparently self-sovnr this could be e exanple of an I trithin site bv natural meahs after alien species reaching its limits the an original planting.

I The main conponents of traditional coppice appear to have been haze]' ash, Iine' wych elm' naple and oak. Hazel is' and probablv Yasr atmost ubiquitous. The other species shot{ narked distributional features' which raccidentatl t are noi casily interpreted. Most of the oak is certainlv coppice, anal only in two zones is it certainly a relict of traditional coppice. Much of the ash and naple coPpice is also raccidentalrt but here there were no clear zones of old coppice stools. The line and svch t e]m coppice vas almost aII 'traditionalrr occurring nostly as large stools, some of which had been cut at heights of O.5m from the ground.

I Lime coppice occurs mainry in the northern part' with outlvins clunps to the south of the central streatn. Individual stools occ\rr scattered through mixeal coppice at some distance fron these concentrations. Its I distribution is not apparently controlled by edaphic factors' for the nain lire major soil boundaries' and occurs in a1l four sroups of sanple sites (Tabre 15). Nor is it controlled by recent nanagement practices' for the nain concentration and sone of the satellite t groups cross the rides created in the 18th century. No cofelations have been detected !'ith the medi€waL sale boundariest nor is there any sign in the historical record that the distribution of lime has been I aleliberately altered by nanagenent before the IBth century. Any explanation nust acconnodate the fact that line is piobably expanding {ithin the wood at the lrresent tin€. Sap}ingE occur at hany I points where line is not present as coppice' and nust therefore have I t 94 I I grovn from seed. Root suckers from established individuals can extend and infil groups' but at a slow rate. If these t$o processes took place I in the past' the present distribution could have developed by colonisation over a long period by seed froD an established population in the northr the earl). colonising populations having e).panded tty vegetative neans. If so, these processes have been veiy slov' perttaPs for tso reasons: (i) IiBe I has been part of, the underyood' allo\.ed to develop to a fertile size onlv in the present centuryi (ii) the conditions under which line regenerates from seed nay be a maturet closed broadleaf canopy (now developing) | which I woulal not have alevelopeil unaler a coppice system. Thusr it seens possible that the coppice sysien has effectively fossilised a pattern established rany hundreds of years ago, but this pattern mav itself have been deter- the disturbance of pre-nediewal I lnineil by a mixture of natural factors and exploitation.

liych Eln coppice distribution is different' almost conpletnentarv' to I that of lime' but the see general discussion applies. The distribntion of this species' hotever, is ]'eakly correlated vith calcareous soils' Its near-absence from C4? susgests that it has been selectivelv eliminated t from this compartnent.

Aatalitional difficurties obstruct the interpretation of the other species distributions' Clunping is appareni in the I native coppice riraditional' oakt but as the distribution of oak as coppice muet have been under strict control, they are not likelv to be relict natural concentrations. Ash &d naple shov some correlations {ith edaphic factors' I the forBer with wet' heavy soils' the latter with calcareous soils' but their representation in sdPles (Tabre 15) shoss that neither correlation is strong. The areas there hazel is under-represented are not cotelated t vith an observed soil factor'.

Taken together! the nain features of native slEcies distribution as copplce are:- t

(i) No correlation {ith past or present nanasement boundaries' (ii) Correlations with edaphic factors are weak or nilr although I there nay of course be correlation latith a factor \{hich was not observed. (iii) Most species shov a degre€ of clruupins. (iv) is apparentlv indepehdent of I The distribution of each species all others. Coppice conposition Fas rnixed. (v) Snarp boundaries are the exception. I Two types of coppice occur which nay or may not be native' Of theset an Ulmus coppic€ of a weakly suckering form occurs in distinct clunps two ol ,^,r'icrr merge {ith the val1ey eltn coppice discussed belo{. Sotne outlvins l stools of this kind in cocker Vood 1{ere brieflv exanined bv Dr. O. Rackhan (ninoi) v'ho reportecl that they appeareal to be glabra x carpinifolia hvbrids. The snall of beech' includins u"i3-""ppi"F, ln cf6 be a native sroup """Id population : the species has certai.rly been present for IOO yearst and I vas present as tnature t.ees in nearby Cliffe Park in 1565' accordins to Taverner's Survey (hrblic Record Office LRRo 5/3r- I Olher features Maps have also been Prepared of, tljo ottter featu!'es. In Fig. 35t the I distribution of birch naiden trees is shown. Ignorins a few isolated individualsr these occur in broad' veII defined bands vhich appear to have I t I 95 I soDe corelation with a seorogical/soil feature' possibly soils with a relatirely coarse surface texture. These trees are certainly of recent' I natur.al origin, and it is interesting to note that their distribution is app+rently nore closely related to a so.il feature than that of the t-radi_ I tional coppice species. valley elm woodland (Fj.s. 36) occurs along ihe sreater part of the central va]ley. Most individuals are single-ste@ned' but sone shov clear signs of 19th century coppicing. At the western end they merge with the I nain belts and clumps of E1m coppice in a confusing ma-nnert intergrading vith them phenotypically and ecologicalIy. Some are certainlv sood U. glab.a' but most of those at the eastern end tere referred to I u. carpinifolia by Dr. O. Ilackhamr t.rho also noted a probable hvbrid ;;;*.J' tI* t*. Eln (not glSllg) comtnunities correlated with valrev situations are a very rare f,eature in Britain' and nay be confined to eastern Ensland. They appear to be widespread on the continent in val'lev I and one night therefore situations where alder night have been expect€d, describe the stand in Bedlord Purlieus as an outlving exanple of a Continental type of vegetation. An alternative coniecture bv Dr- o. t Rackhan is i. . . that these etms night have a yood-boundary origin. sone of the earlier maps suggest that, at an earlier date stil1, there were two rcods separated by a narrow strip of non-woodland (in Essex it t woulal be called a chase) shich included the strean. In a Forest' vith grazins in the ltoods in the later part ol the colpice cyele' there to$Id have been obvious ad\.antages in arranoing the wood-boundaries so as to excluale the streans. Half the chase (Forked oak Ridins)' plus one end I (cookes Hole), renained in existence until recent tines . . . I There seeEs to be no doubt that the correlation between soil features and the distribution of tree and shrub species is nuch weaker than the correlation betreen soir and ground fLora. This is apparent both frod t (Tables the naps, and by comp:rrins the recorcls of sanple sites 7 and r5). Unlike the herbs' few tree and shrub species are associated ttith Particular sanple groups' though' significantly' sone sbruLs species ehich are I unlikely to have ever had a specific econonic use are correlated (Clenatist Euonymrs, Ldicem l{ith B + Cr andr though it did not occur in a sam,rle' I Frangula alnus with D). It seens reasonable to suppose that tre€sr being large and deep rooted, are likely to be less subject to the ninor variations in soil character'istics which appear to deternine the dominance pattern in the I may have altered the field layer. Furthermoret centuries of coppicing original distribution and reduced cornletition bet$een species' both of which night have diluted correlations with soil features. In addition' t planting' cleaning and layering' coupled $ith ease of pure-stand nanagenent, nay have provided the neans and incentive for sinplification 6f conposition. On the other hand, because of the concuffent need for I variety of snall-*ood produce' the woodman may have deliberatelv arraBged the concentration of particular species to cross managenent boundaries. Thusr the crop species which rere present before the 2oth century plantlngs are likely to hawe a seni-natural distiibution' but the relative inportance I of nan and nature inpossible to deterni[e on tbe basis of present t kno*1edge. I I 96 I I Sobe evidence in support of a substantial natural elenent in the coppice conposition can be aalatuced fron its geographical relationships. Just as the field layer shows strong affinities with south-western line- coppice on calcareous soils and t stone vooclst so does the coppice. Lime Wych Elh coppice are both characteriBtic of liDestone {oods of the southern welsh Borclerland anal S.W' Englandr and both are rare in Midland and Eastern England. Ash-hazel-map1e coppice is {'ide8pread on heawvt I base rich soils in the Enslish lowlahds' and is the characteristic type of neutral anal calcareous clavs of the East Mialla.nds. t'ong-established coppice of suckering elms is apparentty found nainly in a rest'icted zone I stretchins northvards into Nottinghanshire. Thus ' the composition of the Itraditionalr coppice in Bedforal Purlieusr though hard to understand in isolationr fits vetl into the national psttern' and is reasonablv weII vith thoEe of tt\e ground flora communitles' I correlated in its affinities Such patterns are pertlaps best int€rpreted as the survival of a natural element in the conposition of primary rloodland copplces' I I t I I I I I I t I I t t I I 97

T Tabte 14

I REGENDRATI ON

I dl

I ii o-:

NAIIVE I Acer campesr.e c c Betula pendula LA I Clenatis witalba Corylus avellana

Crataegus monogyna c c I C. oxyacanthoides c Daptme laureola Euonynus europea I Irangula alnus

Fraxinus excelsior I IIex aquifoliun Ligustrum wulgare l,onicera periclynenun I Malus sylwestris Populus tremula Prunus spinosa I Quercus petraea CA I Rhamus catharticus

, c c I c c I S. frasilis

Sanbucus nigra c I Sorbus aucuparia I Thelycrania sansuinea c I I I 98 I

Table L4 continued I

TNEES NEGENERATION I

ol t 3 = E Ad I UIex europeaus Ulmus carpinifolia LA LA U. glabra LA LA I Viburnun opulus I STA1USUNCERTAIN Ca.pinus betulus t Fagus sylvatica +LA Pyrus connunis Salix alba I Til ia platyphyllos T. vulgaris I INTRODUCDD Acer platanoides I A. pseudoPlatanus LA c Castanea sativa

Pinus nigra LA I P.6ylvestris LA Populus x canad€nsia Quercus cefis I Tsuga heterophylla LA I t I t I t I I I 99 I I I I I t l I I t I I I I er I 3

a Eal ooE I I d ! c .j! o 6 !1 di.i > -ito-q Fr O< L - a a, a .-Ae?t oX>O0. (L / E F AO O I Eoplod o todr >otd> ii! r ./dlo(!J o5|rr.4 oo6.0i !toJ>,E EeOr art9 a/)d di.dx>, Joooa LqJAv E>rOC )t1 1.43 EL Orrrlr 0r or.d o odol: iotr.3 (!LrOd rrt..i I uu(Juo |lLlJ= &qc/qa( I t 100 il rl rl o ..- rl rl I N'3 I I

3 I ql ?l I >:t nl I <'l *6** I t I I

{q9 qt l o d6o lid rr drf ddr'- c ! L d ;!-ot i d a 5C{Urs.i Oo-d0r Et a -ix!6Lnc."F !:oo':9 :: I irsooi Ea r (!a..!. -iJra tO 6 i I Oi E o . d o . .c i: . . d . 9 dd aaa FF>3> >> I I t I 101

VASCUT,ARPI.ANTS

! Phyllida Ritcon & G.F. Peterken I has r{ith 462 vascular plant species recorded so far' Bedford Purlieus tbe an outstanalinsly rich flora and nay inde€d be the richest wood in clain to I Lowlanal Zone. Certainty Oruce (1930) thought that it couldrrlav are few be considered the richest sylvan flora in the countv'r' and there I wooats in Britaill which could exceed it. The recorals cone from two main sourcec' lruce (r9lo) repeatedlv nentions species present in his District 7' and collects together tlte earlier records publishecl by himself (Druce 1902) and earlier botanists' I years' or us (P.R.)r has searched the wood thoroughlv, and In recent one p'esence has been able to add to Druce's list' and confirtn the continued I of mos, ol the specie- on record. The count of 462 requires sone qualification' No attenpt has been nade to separate the Rubus species of Section Trivials' Nor have the species wilrrin rarax.Eii-Tllicinate been identified' even thoush casul I the other observation tttat at reasilnree distinct foms occur' on "usqf."ts ssp has been separatelv risted as it l'as h-d, lge.geli-:-:Iy9gs-fg $9g:!4 bv Drucc (l9lo). Records ror some spectes are crouDtrur:- :34P9I9jg I Gentiana caBpestris. The species have not been deter- l;tiforia, $SIg9!]g Dined by a specialist.

I The species list b€loF has been annotated to shos woodland specaes (w) and welrand species (Aq). The forner conprise tree and shrub species' fer ta1l herbs capable of bearing the shade of a broadleaf canopy! ancl a herbs anat climbers particularlv associated \tith ltood edge conditions' t with grassland' disturbed ground species rithout annotation are associated anal all oth€r habitats except *oodland and vetlancl' A few species tarhich I occur in both woodland and grassland are shol'n (ws)' Factors affectinq the flora I Why is the flora so rich? 1:wo prelininarv Poinis should be nade before tnav consiilering the ecological basis of this richness' First' the flora rn recent nov nunber only 432 species' for some 30 have not been recorded years (rabre 16). second, a fel{ spccies have been deliberatelv introduced, I B in this categorv is scarcelv significant' thoush th€ saiisum of

Perhaps the nost imporiant diverslfving feature is the presence of v'ithin and on the nargins of l srassland and a variety of alisturbed habitats the oodland area (Fis. 3). Disturbed ground occurs along the eastern boundary track' rides, anal the \',/ar time clearings; in sone of the ]atter open wegetation still persists on thin soils. The restored sround of the ! grouhd' The open-cast quarry adals tenporarily to the extent of disturbed najority of species are associated vith non-!.oodland habitats. onlv 194 species appear to be sooallanal speciesr suggesting that the flora would be I reduced to about 2oO species if the entire site veie ever conpletely t occupied by closed-canopy voodlancl. I 102 I

table 16. SurmarY of vascular Flora I MTAL SPECIES 462 Introduced specres I I Extinct and possible extinct species 3O

Habitat : ljood and Yood Edge r94 Disturbed Gromd 2BB t Grassland and Aquatic zlt

Possible Prinary Uoodland Species

The second natn diversifying factor is the great range of edaphic I conditions. Alnost the entirF rdnge of sojl pH, texture ancl clrainage East conditions which can be found in the voods of the East Midlands alld suffolkr Anglia occur {ithin this one site. Perhaps onlv Bradfield Yoodst King's yoods' Bedfordehire, rival this I Svanton Novet's Yood' Norfolk anat diveisity. Calcifuge species are Perhaps better rePresente't in ol'tler voods in the Region' but few can exceed the varietv of calcicoles' I Thirdly geographical location is such that predoninantlv northern soecies (e.q. Melica nulans) occur within lhF same sire as predominantl) EuPhofbia .outn""" .p". iEJ-T?l-s. IjlgryI-leqllc! catnpanura tr^acherium, arnygdaloides), tr.t ,ttutl-.. tn" soLe pelerborough is anv nore sisnificant "r is open i" trti".""p".t than any other part of Midland and Northern England I Tvo other factors' both connected with site history and nanagement t group of are likely to be significant. Bedfor'd Purlieus is one of a survivors purli€u rvoods along the northern rin of Rockinshain Forest' other I Vigo $ood and or ,"ni.n ... Easton Hornstocks' Collvweston Great Wood' these are all Warerrey Uooa.. Apart fron viso vooal' which is inaccessible' and local known to be floristicallv rich' and to include nanv of the rare soBe of these I species also found in Bedford Purlieus. Significantlvt voods in the species not knovn fron some of the former Roval Forest "re frequent south (e.g. Tilia corclata, EuDhorbia lathvrus) r or are.nuch^less of heawv' neartv in ttrer. on-e r""t". conra te that centuries t "ottriuut""v voodland flora' contiduous grazing in the Forest uoods has impoverished the tnanasement has and only in the Purlieu woods' *'ith their nore efficient t would be ihe ori;inal richnees been able to survive. such an eiplanation I nanv difficult to prove' but the overvheltning idpression after inspectins have vooats in the Rocxlnghan Forest area is that the fonner Forest voods theni fever speciest nany *ooallallat species are highly restricted vithin mav be present ar€ usually those capable of I ano su"tr r""" species as flourishing under fairlv heavv grazing.

part at If' as the archaeological and historical evidence sugoestst I least of Bedford Purlieus has never been codpletety cleared of woodlandt land this too courd be a gignificant factor. Had it and the surrounding rwoodland' sPecies ever been conpletely cleared of voodlandr most of the fron I t.ould not have survived on ttte site' anal Nould have had to colonise I.hich a distance vhen the present noodland develoPed. l'oods in the area are known to be secondary generally lack the rare species and have a quantity of good coloni$ers' such as Geun urbanum' I relatively s.eater svlvatica' Viola odorata' Anthriscus svlvestris' Arunr rnacuiatun, StacIYs I I I etc. Furthermore' nany species are known fron| neighbouring regions nore or less confined to sites which have been continuously wooded through I historical tines (Peterken 1974). Those roodland speci€s *hich are likely to be slolal colonig€rs of newly available woodland ("Pri'nary woodland speciesi) I in the Bedford Purlieus area are narked sith an asteridk. Extinction

Sone species, *hich have been recorded in the pastt but not recently' I may have tecome er.tinct. Sore aie likely to be pr:esent in verj s all nunbers, anat may' like Lathvrus m!q!q4qq be found after having been regarded tend to as extinct. As T.C.E. weirs p#ted-;Ct the "extinct'r species I faLl into t o groupsr (i) trrose of, wet grassland, sucti as Parnassia palustris, valeriana dioica *hich could have been ""d &i.Egg--Pg4g14g e..dn'.t.d by drafnaSe anal the conversion ol ponds into concrete tarlks t and (ii) specles t{hich are difficult to j.dentify or rhose taxononic status has il changed, and vhich carmot be varified by herbariutt specinelt.s' such as rreall centaurim pulchellur *d Sellgg-leliqigg. rhe forner are I extinctions. *hereas the latter are probably not. The natural gas pipeline was r:un through the best piece of lihestolte (roushlv) srassran.r in c. 1967 but the topsoir waE put back. 4eqegg]gq HiDDocrepts colrosa did not reappear '"tir rgZ: fiE' I danicus and ""i F;l ip-;d"I" Koeleria qracilis add 999!4e-i:gsigie have not been seen since, but""lq"rrs' could reappear.

I REFERENCES

Claphant A.R.t Tutin' T.G. & lfarburg r E.F. 1962. Ffora of th€ Biitish I Isles. Carbridse University Pres8. Druce, G.c. r9o2. Botan), rn: lhe liqlqria- Historv of the Counties of I Enqland, Northamptonshlre , l;ZiJ-5:-T Constatte & Co. r Uestminster. r' Bunde& I **";"1.";,.r1?rl.r"fli;ilrle-9l'.N""th"nP!9!E!il9' Arbroath' Peterken. G.F. 1974. A method fo!' assessing voodland flora for conser- t vation using indlcator species. Biol. conserw. 6t 239-215. I I l I t I I 104 I I in the Iist belou follows Claphan' Tutin & Uarburs (1962). &bus species as recorded by Druce (I93O). t ' Possible Priltrary ljoodland Species + Introduced specieE (tl) Yoodland €pecies I (Y9) Species ol voodland and grassland (Aq) Y€tland species Brackets for rrextinctfi species I

Acer canpestre (w) Atripfex patula + A. pseudoplatanus (Y) Atropa belladonna (ws) Achillea millefolium (A. ptarnica) Batlota nisra 2 Acinos arvensis Bellis perermis

+ Aesculus hippocastanun (Y) B€rberis vulgari€ (Y) Aethusa cynapiu|n Betonica officinalis (t{s) I Agrimonia eupatorie Betura pendula (1J) Aslopylon caninun (W) B. pubescens (w) Blackstonia perfoliata

Agrostis gigant€a Blechnu spicant (w) A. stolonifera Brachypoaliur pirhatua (wg) l A. tenuis (vg) B. sylwaticun Ajusa reptans (Yg) Br.assica napus AlcheBirla veetita (Y)

AIisna plantago-aquatica (Aq) Bromus EoIIis Alliaria petiolata B. thoninii Alliurt ursinum (1t) Bryonia dioioa (w) I Alopecuru6 pratensis calamagrostis canescens (wg) Anacanptis pyramidalis c. episeios (vg)

Anagalis arvensis callitriche stagnalis (Aq) (A. arwensis ssp. foenina) Calluna r.ulgaris ' Anenone nenorosa (Y) Caltha palustris (Aq) Anselica sylvestris (cs) Calyst€sia sepiun t Anisantha sterilis . (canpanula lat ifol ia (Y) ) Anthenis cotula C. rotundiJolia I Anthoxanthum odoratum (Ys) ' C. trachelilrlt' (w) Anthriscus sylvestris (Ws) CapseIla brrrsa-paBtoris Anthyllis vulneraria Cardamine hirsuta pratensis I Aphanes arvensis c.

* Aquiresia wurgaris (tJ) Carduus crispus Arctim ninus (Y) I Arenaria serphyllifolia (carex acutifornis (Aq) ) arrhenatherum elatius (l{g) C. caryophyllea (Artenisia absinthiun) C, contigua t A. !'ulgaris C, denissa Arum maculatun (v) C. divulsa Astragalu6 danicus C. flacca I A. slycyphyllos C. hirsuta Athyriun filix-fenina (H) I I t 105 I c. ovalis Deschampsia cespitosa ( g) i C. pallescens (us) Dipsacue fullonutn (Y) t (c. paniculata (vAq) ) t(D. pirosus (w) ) * C. pendula (Y) Dryopteris carthusiana (tJ) I (c, pilurifera) D. dilatata (1r) * c. remota (wAq) D. filix-mas (w) C. rostrata (Aq) (Echiul] vulsare) (c. serotina (Aq)) DLeocharis palustris (Aq) I C. sylvatica (w, ' Enalynion non-scriptus (H) + carpinus betulus (W) EpilobiM adnatun

+ Castanea satiYa (V) E. hirsutun (Aq) Catapodium risidum E. montanum ({) centaurea nigra E. pa-Iustre I E. parviflorun Centuariun ninus Epipactis helleborine (w)

(c. pulchelrun) *(E. purpurata (ril) ) l qerastiu! arvense Equisetun arvense C. gloneratun E. palustre C. holosteioides Erigeron acris ! chaenorhinun minus Erodiun cicutariutn Chaerophyllun temulentutr Erophila verna (v) Chamanaerion angustif oriun (vs) uuonynus europeaus I Eupatoriun cannabi nub (l{) Chenopodium album * Duphoibia anygdaloides (t) I Chrysanthenun leucanth€murr E. exisua c. segetum E. helioscopa . ($) circaea lutetiana ($s) E. Iathyrus Cirsiur acaulon Euphrasia officinalis asg. I (UJ c. arvense (Ys) Fagus sylvatica c. eriophorM Festuca arundinacea (Ls) I c. palustre (Ls) F. sisantea c. vulgare F. pratensis CIematis vitarba ($) (ws) Clinopodiun vulgare. Filipendula ulnaria I (F. coniun naculatum (l{) r'ursaris)

conopo.tium maius (llg) Frasaria vesca (ws) ' * convallaria @jari5 (r) Fransula alnus tu) (u) convolvulus ar'r.ens ia Fraxinus excelsior co.ylus avelrana (Y) Funaria officinalis ' I + Cotoneaster simonsii casea Iutea (Y) (t{) crataegus monogyna (Y) caleobdolon luteun (ws) t I c. oxyacanthoides (]J) Galim aparine crepis capillaris G. cruciata C. vesicaria c- nollugo . t Cynosuius cristatus c. odofatutn (Y) Dactylis qlomerata (wg) G. palustre Dactylorchis fuchsli (ltg) (G. parisienee) I (D. praetermissa) G. saxatile Daphne laureola (w) c. uliginoaud I Daucus carota 106 I I (Genisia tinctoria) ' Lathraea aquanaria (Y) Gentianella amarella * Lathyrus nontanus (W) Geranium colunbinum L. nissolta I G. diss€ctun L. pratensis G. rno1le . L. sylvestris (r) I L€nna oinor (Aq) G- robertianud (U) L. trisulca (Aq) Geum urbanun (T) Leontodon autunnalis I crechona hederacea (ws) L. hispidus clyceria fluitans (Aq) L. tara:(acoides

Gnaphal ium ulisinosun Lepidiufl snithii I (cyinadenia conopsea) Lisust.uur vulsare (1r) Hedera helix (t ) Linaria vutgaris + Helleborus foetidus (W) Linun catharticun I Heliaflthenun chanaescistus Li6tera ovata (v)

Heracleuh sptrondylium (ws) Lithospemum officinale (w) (Hieraciun boreale) LoIiun pefenne I (H. rachenalii (!r) ) LoJlieera pericly'ne D (Y, H. perpropinquud Lotus corniculatus H. pilosella L. uliginosu8 I

(H. tridentatun (u) ) Luzula cadpestris H. cf, unbellatu'n (L) L. nurtiflora (ws) N nippocrepis conosa a L. pirosa (L) Holcus lanatus L. sylvatica (Y) H. molris ($s) Iryclmis flos-cuculi I (Hydrocotyle vulsaris (As) ) * Lysimachia n"rno"um (v) r Hypericum hirsutum (w) L. nun nularia H. hunifusun Malus sylvestris ( ) t (H. nontanuE, Ualva noschata tl. peaforatun M. sylveatris t H. pulchrurn (Marrubiun vulsare) H. tetrapterun (Ys) Matricaria matricarioides Hypochaeris radicata Medicago lupulina Ilex aquifol iun (V) I }lelanpyrun praten€e (Y) I Inula conyza * Merica nutans (U)

Isolepis setacea (Aq) . M. uniflora (t{) Juncus articulatue MeIilotuB altiBsina M. officinalis J. conglomeratus Mentha aquatica (YgAq) t J. effusus

J- infle)cus Mercurial is perennis (Y, J. suDnodulosus . Militin effusun (L) I Knautia arvensis Moehrinsia trinerva (l|) (Wg) (KoeIeria sracilis) Myosotis arvensis + Laburnun anasyroides (W) M. palusttis I Lactuca virosa (r) . Neottia nldus-avis (Y) L. seriola Odontites verna Lamiutd alb$n ononia re?ena I L. purpureuE O. spinosa Lapsana communis (tfg) ophioglossun vursare (Yg) t I I (Y) Ophrys apifera Q. petraea I o. insectifera (r) Q. robur (w) o. nascura (V) Ranmculus auriconus (U) t oiiganun vulgare R. ficaria (Ys) ' oxalis acetosella (w) R. repens (1{e) I Papaver rhoeaF Raphanus raphanistrun * Pari$ quadrifolia (lf) ( Parnassia parustris (Aq) ) R. luteola Pastirracea sativa RhaDnus catharticus (U) t PhlerD bertolinii nhinanthu6 Ininor

P. ptatenais Ribes nigrun (Y) I Phraqmites codnunis (Aq) R. sylvestre (U) Phyll itis scolopendriur (W) R. uva-crispa (lr) Pimpinella najor (tas) Rorippa nasturtiurFaquaticutn (Aq) I P. saxifr.aga Rosa arvensis (Y) + Pinus sylvestris tU) ft. canina (1J) Planiago lanceolata R. rubiginosa (w) I P. major (R. sherardii (Y) ) (Platanthera biforia) R. stylo€a (u) I . P. chloiantha (s) tubus caeeius (U) carpinifol ius (Il) P. codpre€sa R. rhannifolius (U) t P. neroralis (W) macrophylrus (w) t P. pratenaia schrechtendahlii ($) P. trivialis (Y) R. vestitus (ra)

I Polygala serpyllifolia R. discerptus (Y) P. vulgaris R. rudj.s (w) Polygonum anphibium R. dasyphYllus (w) P. aviculare R. bellardi (s) t R. Sect. Triviales (Y) P. conwolvulus

P. hydropiper Ruex acetosella t P. lapathifoliun P, persicaria R. crispus (Polypodiun vulsare (w) ) R. obtusifolius (ws) t Populus tt'etnula (U) R. sansuineus (l.) Potaioseton natans (Aq) . Ruscus ac'rreatus (W) Potentilla anserina Salix arba (L') I (s. aurita (Y) ) (P. parustiis (Aq) ) S. caFaea ($) I P. reptans 5. cinerea (Y) P. steriiis (Y) S. frasilis (c) Poteriun sanguisorba Sdbucus nisra (v) I Prinula veris sanicula europaea (w) * P. !.ulsaris (W) (sarothdnurus scoparius (I{) ) Prunella ullgaris Saxifraga tridactylites

I Prunus avirrts (Bl Scabiosa coltrtnbaria P. spinosa (U) Schoenoplectus lacustt'is (Aq) Pteridiun aquilinum (ug) Scrophularia aquatica I Pyrus cornnunie (If) s. nodosa (w) cerris (U) Senecio erucifolius t Quercus I 1@ I I typha ansustifotia (Aq) S. squalidus 1. Iatiforia (Aq) S. vulgaris Ulex europaeus (lt) (Y) I (serratula tinctoria) Ur'lus carpinifolia Sherardia arvensia U. srabra (Y)

Silaud silaus u. hollandica (!t) I Silene cucubalus U. proc€ra (Y) S. dioica (Ys) Urtica dioica (Ys) S. noctiflora (valeriara dioica) t Sinapis arvensis v. officinalis (W)

Solanw dulcarnara (!a) valeriairella dentata Verbascur nigrum I S. nisrum Sonchus arvensis verbena officinalis S. oleraceus Veronica arYensis I

sorb6 aria (Y) V. beccabunga s. aucuparia (Y) v. chanaedrys (fs) 'v. I + S. interDedia montana (lJ) * S. tordinalis (W) 1'. officinaris Spergularia arvensis N Stachys arwensls v. serpylllfolia S. sylvatica t' viburnun rantana ( trl) Stellaria gralninea v. opulus (Y) t S. holostea (Y) vicia ansustifolia s. nedia (Ils) I Succisa pratensis Tanus coflnunis (w) Taraxacun officinale 1. spectabile v. tetrasperna I Thelycrania sanguinea (lJ) viola canina Thynus dt'ucei I T. pulesioides V. odorata (ul (Y) . lilia cordata (Ll . v. r€icbenbachiana T. pratyphytros (U) v. riviniana (r) (Y) I T. vulsaris

loriris japonica Zerna eaecta (Y) Tragoposon Pratensis Z. ranosa Trifoliurn campestre T. dubium I T. pratense

Tr'ipteurospermum naritinun t Trisetun llavescens Tu6silago farfara t I I I I l0€ I BEXOPTIYTgS I a.D. Horrill

Bedford Purlieus is mentioned by nane in H.N. Dixon's'rl'{oss FLora of I NorthamptonBhirei (1899) shere tyelve mosses are recorded specificallv at the site (see appended list). seven of these species eere found during the present survey, three could Possibly still be present at the sitet I whir;t two have probably eanisheil. Dironis account of the hepatics (r9rl) has no recorda from thia area.

A number of contributing factors - th€ cliBatet lack of suitable I habitats ancl the Past management of the lJood - nean that few specles can be €xpected. The site is in one of the d.iest areaa of the country vnere teet the clinate is of a continental tyP€. ahe total nudbe!' of davsr is 1 about 12o (natcrirre, 1968), i.e. a day on which I |ntnof rain is recorded' Available habitats are litnited by the absence of any exposed rockv material and cotnprise tree bases and fallen tinber' the soil surfacet rideat the Oarnper siaes of drainage channers and the seasonal gtieam running through I the centre of the woodland. A verv uniford flora ie found th'oughout the arear the main variation being in the relativ€ abudance of the species present. the clain exceptions to this rule are the areas planted vith i conifers (nainly conpartEents 39, 40 and 4J) and conpartnent 34 Yhere there is a large open space doninated by bracken. I the typical bryophyte flora is illustratect by corDartDent 428' The tree layer is of mixed coPpice with a thin groud flora of E@lE firix-f€nina' DrYoDteris filix-naF' c€spitosa' Athyriup "'rd ry, ;-ti.'"r".--Th. b.y"phyte layer an the surface of a brown calcareous clav I is oo'in'"tea by ElJgglilg-rlli3jls and li:s!g4li!9!sA. Atrichum undulatumr Eurhynchiun praelonqunr Fissialens brYoides and the llversort -yp.sei. TGt";i; pret"nt in noderate quantitv ot the bare soir surface' I wrrirst trre tree bases and stu]Ilps support l{lliun hornumi Isotheciur rvosuoides and LoDhocolea heterophvlla. Rotting stubps and Iying dead Ti;;*-"""."'*inry-@-d!9E4+ heteroohylla vith an occaaional poorly developed speciften of Drcianun I and particularly in siluations where an old r""D"rnrt. I" shady areas i-ni"r."t n". coltapsed glgg-iggg4gglg4 has becone locallv dominant anat forl'leal a co'nplete ;a-. Plaqiochila asDlenioide8 var. Eaior and !g!lg I undulatud are usually associated vith such areas. This type of assemblage nay be found in banv parts of Bedford I Purlieus but is liEited in so|!e areas by tbe density of the canoPv andlor the litter layer. t{he!'e a alense tree laYer prevailst €.9. cordpartnents 328, 36L' and 35 the ground cower of bryophvtee ia reduced to around 5-rO4, nainly cooposeat of Durhvnchiurn sPp.and Fissidens taxifoliu8 vith I very liitle else presdnt.

A slight contrast i3 Provided by the conifet' areas' wheret even on I broun calcareous soilE! a nore acidic subst!'ate of, treedles has accunulated' In compartnent J9D a noticeable point is the frequencv of lggglglglgflilg yith Thuidiun taEariecinun' HvPlunt cu.Dr.eEsiforme ' lglgg {hich' together Dic.dun scoDariun ancl Eurhvnchium praelonsmm forms the nain brvophvte roat' t y;;;i;;Uy bo seen ir these areas Yhilst the P"\4"fch"r f"rr"".r. n .ia"" tf.."ugtt th"tt e.g. betreen cgnpartEents l9c and i9Dt are dobinat€d by dats of rhuicriun tanariscinuE I ""d bg9!9.!g9!gli.]g-!::I4' I I 110 I

gedlans! I Rather Boie acid conditiotrs occur itr part of the where the soodland floor on either side of a ride is coveted bv a humus laver' Here tlniun hornun' Hypnun cupressiforhe and Dicranetla heteroT+Il+ sill be hunus around ord stools and tr€e I f."nd on th. niiiuiis ot exposed-]av-and

The openr bracken-doninated area in corpa'tnent l4 suPPorts a very I poor flora tui. it appears to have been bu.nt oter fairly recentlyt for iw" species characteristic of burnt areas' Funaria hvsronetr+ca and Ceratoalon DurDureus. are present. The dead *ood and stumps in this area onne' I ;;;;a@:ltrs:gei Di cranum scoparium and Hvpnuq glrplgss i f 'rriist oi-TrrJ grassy tiact rurur;ns to the area' patches of Rhvtidiadelphus gfgeggffg naY be found. I (i) sone habltats occur throughout the site. fhe most iDPortant are the drain anal alitch sicles anal (ii) the sites for epiphvtic species' The the rest upper parts of the alrainE and ditches support a flora sinilar to I oi tte wooo, although th€ abundance of FissidenB taxifoliui is verv peifia is noticeable. toeer downr rn molster conaitions, e"aiviif"fla point 'here frequent tosether vith sheets .f gglJPgSgie-llEge' At one 'rzA th€re I the main atitch crosses the ride between coEpa'toents 4lA and the ride surface and on are areas doDiDated by lgig4-I9!S.!f9:ll]4 both on tree the diich sides. Epiphvte Bpecies are rare and cotrfined to the (1899) bases and stunps. It is interestihg to note that Dixon records I p'esent in the Ulota bruchii as t'very poor" a species certainly nol{ not iiTE-iii-fiillitly e1i'ninate.r bv air Porrution. rhe nain epiphvtes are and Ilniuq hglnMr I on Isothecium dyosuroicres' IElu'-S.ggS.!1g49 -ar t the -.." b..... A littr. Dicranoveissia cirrata vas found ahd rarelv liven ort xetzqerla ftrrcata- oiiii!-ii-IiEe u'ses near the ditches' lgeg a r"* tires on EIn trees bv the u|ain drainage ditch' *-J""rt",caDillare ;;E;"rd"d I two species foun.l as rarities durins the survev which nav exist ersew;ere in ihe *ooa. In cotnpartments 41A and 44A Honalia in one trichoranoide6 was found groeing on old coppice stools a,rld I on rotten i nstance P Iagiotheciurl unduraaur discovered groving a t I t I t I I I I I 11',l I MosEes recorded by H.N. Dixon (1899) t Encalypta streptocarlE Ulota bruchii Honalia trichonanoides I Pseudoscleropodiu pur'un Cirriphyllum pililerun Eurhynchium swartzii Campylium chrysophyllun t H)Tnum cupressiforne H. cupreseiforhe var. filifonne ctedidiun nolluscun l Pleuridiun subulatun Dicranurn scopa.iub T . FoDd in recent survey + probably extinct

I Prelininary species list to October 1974 t Habitat shere commonly found Acrocladium cuspidatum Fet grassy rides Amblystegiurn serpens Atrichum undulatun I Barbula re\.oluta soil surface in rides B. unsuiculata soil surface in rides Brachythecium rutabulun I Br]'un arsentiuln B. capillare epiphyte ceratodon purpureus soil, burned areas t cirriphyllun piliferum Ctenidiutn nolluscum Dicranella hetero'nal1a clay soil surface Dicranoveissia cirrata epiphyte I Eurhynchirrln pt'aelongum E. striatum E. swartz i i soil surface, giaasy rides t Fissidens br.yoides F. taxifolius

Funaria hygrometrica soil, burned areas I Hypnun cupreasiforme Isotheciun nyosuroides epiphyte Mniun hornum I M. longirostrun rides and ditch€s

Plagiothecium denticulatum I dead rotten stunp Polytrichun f,ormosun soil, conifer areas Pseudoscleropodim purllr soil, conifer areas ThaDniuh alopecurur t fhuidiun tanariscinun I Tortula muralis old culwert stoneyork I I 112 I I Hepatics

Calyposeia fissa I Lepidozia reptans Lophocolea bidentata grassy rides L. heterophylla epiphyte I Metzgeria furcata epiph).te PeIl.ia endiviifolia Plagiochila asplenioides P. asplenioides var'. [lajoi I AtI noDenclature as in lJatson (1955\ t I

REFERENCEs t Dixon, H.N. 1899. 'rMoss Flora of Northanptonshirel. J. Northants. Nat. His. Soc.' \o, L83' 2L?' 239. I Di)con, H.N. 1911. Hepatic Flora of Northanptonshire. Nat. His. Soc.' 16' 1o9. I Ratcliffe. D.A. 1968. An Ecological Account of Atla-ntic Bt'yophytes in the B!'itish Isles. Ney Phytol. 67' 365.

Yatson, E.v. 1955. Brttish osses and Li.verwortE. Canbridse UniYersity I I I l I I I I I I I I 113 I FUNGI l Sheila Uells

Althoush Aedford Purlieus has been visited by naturalists fo nore t tllan a centuryr surprisingly little is knorn about the fDgi. Tbe Rev. M.J. Berkley, one of the nost eninent dycologists of his tiBet had the living of the Parish of Apethorpe for about 4o vears' yet r have been I unable to find any publisheil recorcls nade by him from the wood. In IBB3' towards the erd of his life. Rew. Berkley in an addresB to the NorthaBrstonshire Natural History Society refers to the presence of I truf,fles (Tuber aestivun) in the area which included Bedford Purlieus' but Unfortunatery nJ raention is nade of other fungi. His collection of funsi is nov incorporated in the Herbariun at Kev and I have not tudertalen the difficult task of goins through the Herbariun to ascertain if anv of I his specimens came fron Bealford Puilieus. Horever, Dr. Reid has recently found a specimen or gfgIglllglE jE-ggiggl3ig (Fr.) corner in the Heibariun at Ker' stanped Herb. Berkleyt collected in Bedford Purlieus in I rB41. Dr. D.A. Reid visited the wood during NoveEber 1972 and reco.ded B5 species' nostly Aphyllophorales and Asconvcetes- The present surveyr t in the period fron Novenber 1973 to October 1974 has brousht the naate total to 3o9' of uhich about t{o-thirds are Agarics. Special attention has been paid to ihe larger fungi, but nevertheless ' certain difficult I groups, for exanple Psathyrella' Cortinarius and Russula have been inadequately recorded and it is certaln that' if experts in these genera visited the l'ooal' Dore species f,ould be added. SiBilarlv, U)'xomvcetes and I Ascomycetes have been under-recorded. The variety of soil types found in the vood suggests that there iE a relationship bet*een the distribution of fungi' both in tvpe and t numbersr anal the soilt but in this short study it has not been possible to discover any pattern. On th€ other hand' well-known associations t betveen certain fungi and tree species vere observed. In coniferous areas such species as Lactarius deliciosus' Gonphidius rutilus and Boletus granulatus were abundantr but absent elsewhere' AuriscalDium vuloare ras cones under pines. The large puff- I armost entirerv to the ;ff@:fgfgg seenecl to be confined conif€r plantatio'ls. t In the tnixed deciduous areas many of the Asarics collected l{ere probabty nycorrhizal but it is often difficult to decide lfith which trees they are associateat. However! in the associationt ltere I quite clear - Russula fellea waF conspicuous under beech; lggleli-gL Dyroqalus was always und€r hazel; Lactarius quietus was found under oaki lrnanita rnuscaria appeared under birch and HvsroDhorua chrvsodon was twice I collected under line. Evidence of previous tree cover $aa afforded by the oocasional occurrence of species nornally associated with deciduous ltood in present I day coniferous areasr e.g. Mycena polvqraflnat oudenansiella lonsipes. The preBence of Heterobasidion annosum on a stutnp under ash treest I susgeste that conifers had prewiously giown there. I '|14 I t A number of species which grold on Btunps, dead branches and sticks have been recorded e.g. Marasmiu!, raEeallsr Mycena salericulatat Hypholoma fascicularer but other species which ar€ usually fourd on large pieces I of tinber appear to be infrequent and Pleurotus ostreatus has not yet been recordeal. rhis nay be a,ru to tnu-iJi?fi1-iir.. iry-"r tt'i. particular habitat. I Further variety is added by the preg€nce of sawdust heapsr giasey paths' ditch banks and malonal dung, each of which supports a special f,ungus flora e.s. Paxillus panuoides on the savdust heap in 4OA; Hunaria I heBisphe.ica on bare soil; Pilobolua epecies gro*ing on deer dung and Bolbitius vitelrinus on the paths. I Other specialised habitats e.g. cupules of oakt catkins of birchr fruits of havthorn and hazel are knonn to support particular species of Asconycetes, but these have not been inveatigated. t It is difficult to apply the concept of rarlty to fungi because of their Inode of reproduction and inadequate study. Bearing this in mind the followinq species which are consid€red uncomon have been recorded:- I Oudenansiella longipes, Lepiota fuscovinacear L. bucknallii' Russula oueletii. Cortinarius dionysae is a nen record for tbe British Isles and is likely to be uncomnon. I Published lists of funsi from particular uoodland sites are so fe\t that it is difficult to assess the ri.chness of the flora of Bedford Purlieus in co'nparison with voods of si|Iilar size arld floristic composi- t tion. The nunber of sp€cies recorded is about the sane as in the published lists for Uonks Wood (Steele & werch' r97l) and Northae Great taood (Sage' 1966). The funsi in both of these *oods have been studied for a Ionger period and it therefo.e seens Iikely that Bedford Purlieus may prove to be richer dycolosically than these areas after a longer period of study. I ACKNOI{LDDGEIIENTS

I would like to thank my husband for his encouragenent and for his help with collection and identification of specirnens! Dr. D.A. Reid for I his help with critical species and for allowins ne to use the data from his 1972 list! Mr. A. Rayner for help {ith deteftdnations of Russulas and Mr. S. Carter for identifyins atl the Myxomycetes. T I I I I I I I 115 I I LIST OF FUNGI RBCORDDDFROM BEDFORDPIJRLIEUS 1972-1974 I I

I rn" following list was conpiled bet$€en November IcTl and Novenber 1974t L972 (= Rec' D'A'R' in List)' I *itt additional recorals frotn Dr. D.A. Reid i^ I t ! MYxoMYcE"rEs Nomenclature folloi,s Insr B. 1968. A1I deterninations bv Mr. S.G. Carter. I I Arcvria denudata (L.) uettst. sturp on bank at edqe of fzA. - A. incat'nata (pers.) pers. Stwnp on bank at edse of l2A. comalrjcha niora (Per!.) schroet. Yood debris t 328. Fuliqo septica (L.) web. on stock at edge of 47A. Lanproderma scintillans (Berk. & Br.) ltors. 15. tl- Lycosala epidendrm (L.) Fr. stunp 37C. I r.i.t'i^ persinilis Karsl. on lrne stool 16A. I I. varia (Pers., Pers. Decaying b6rk 37c. a- PH1COMYCLTES I Pilobolus cristatlinus fode On deer dung. I I ascouYcsrEs 1968. - Nomenclature folloes Dennis, R.w.G. British Ascomycetes, I I PYRENOMYCETDS Daldinia concentrica (Bolt. ex Fr.) Ces. & de Not. A1l recorded by D.A.R. I piatrype disci-rornis (Hoff. ex Fr.) Fr. I qleris.Psis--l9ves!:9eR"h- (Beik, 'On I Herpotrrchia macrotrichia & Br.) Sacc. alead Heracleun sten. t- Hypoxylon fuEcun (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. a H. nuliiforme (Fr., Fr. | (Pers. ex Fr., Fr. ". ""."t"."*, - H. serpens (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. I (Horl. I Lasiosphaeria spernoides ex Fr.) Ces. & de NoL. Nectria cinnabarina (lode ex Fr.) Fr. I- N. episphaeria (rode eK Fr.) Fr' I Thaxteria phaeostroma (Du. & Mont.) C. Booth (L. I xyraria trypoxyton ex Fr.) crev. t DrscoMYcETES

carycelra sulohurina (qu6r.) Boud. on rottine tuiqs l9A- I t chlorospleniub aeruginascens (NyI.) Karst. Comlon on dead deciatuous ,ood. coryne sarcoides (..tacqu. ex Fr.) ru]. Dead iood l8B. I I I I 116 I I cudoniella acicularis (BuIr. ex Fr.) achr. apud cohn. on rottins rog 438. Cvathipodia macropus (pers. ex Fr.) Dennis Rotting line bra-nch l9A. I cyathicula coronata (BuII. ex M6rat)-d€ Not. Rec. D.A.R. DasyscyFhus brevipilus L€ Gal Rec. D.l.R. I Disciotis venosa (pers.) Boud. On grourd J8B' 43A. Helvell.a crispa Fr. on ground at edge of 15 and on !'tain Ride. t Humaria heniephaerica (Uissers ex Fr.) fuckel On tottins wood 328' 434. Leotia Iubrica Pers. On groud 328, 4OB. Uitrophora !e!qLLL!g!q (Dc ex Fr.) L€v. on sround 43c. I Peziza badia Pers. ex M6rat on sround 324. &__XSe!Se Pers. on sround jt3, sa$dust heap 4lc. t P. BuccosaBerk. On sround J2A & B. Polydesnia pruinosa (Berk. & Br.) Boud. Rec. D.A.R. I propolis versicolor (Fr.) Fr. Rec. D.A.R. Rutstroemia firna (Pers.) Karst. on sticks 4BA. t R. sydoiviana (Rerm) Uhite Rec. D.a.R. Scutellinia trechispora (Berk. & Br.) Lanb. On soil 328. Trichoslossun hirstltud (Pers. ex Fr.) Boud. In tloss under hazel 48A. I

HEf,EROBAS IDIOT'YCEAES I IJREDINALES Nomenclature follows filEon & HenderBon! Biitish Rllst Funsi' 1966. I Ebsprgle-tgrgEge (Pers. ) Karst (- M. rostrupii Wasn.) on Doss Mercury 35, 37c. Phragmidiun violaceun (C.F. Schultz) Wint. On steds of Blackberrr' 35t 394. t Triphrasntdiun ulnariae (Dc.) wint. On atens of MeadowSweet on path between 15 and 394. TREMELLALES Nomenclature follows Donk, U.A., 1966. calocera cornea ( tscrr ex Fr.) Fr. on dead ljood ]?C ' 48A. c. viscosa (pers. ex Fr.) Fr. on coniferous stunp 39c. I Dacryonyces stillatus I'lees ex Fr. (= D. deliquescens Duby) On dead 'ood in all areas. (L6v,) I Dxidia thuretiana Fr. on iood l8B. E. slandulosa (Burr. ex st. Anans) Fr. on dead ldood l2B' lBB. Hirneola auricula-judae (Bur1. ex St. Anans) Berk. Rec. D.A.R. I Tr€mella nesenterica Retz. ex Hook On d€ad sycamore b.anches 39C, t t I I 117 I

HOMOBASIDI OMYCETES l APHYLLOPHONALES Nonenclature f,ollows Pegler' D.N.' 1973' Donk' M.A.' 1964, Corner, E.J.l l l95O and Christiansen' Y.P.' Ic6o. Aur'iscalpiun vulqare s.F, Gray codnon on pine cones. I Bjerkanalera adusta (lirrd. ex Fr.) Karst. on birch los 48a. Clavariadelphr€ junceus (Fr.) Corner Rec. D.A.R. l clavulina cristata (rr.) schroet. At edge of main ride in severaf places. c. ruqosa (Fr.) schroet. 48A. Clavulinopsis helvola (Fr.) Corner In moss on ground f2E. I Cristella farinacea (P"rs. ex Fr.) Donk Rec. D.A.R. C. sulphurea (pers. ex Er.) Donk Rec. D.A.R. t Coriolellus serpens (Fr.) Bond. Rec. D.A.R. coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) au6r. Cot non on stunps and dead branches. I Cylinalrobasidium evolvens (Fr. ex Fr.) Julich Rec. D.A.R. Daedalea quercina L. ex Fr. Frequent especially on Sweet Chestnut stunps I 328. Daedaleopsis conlrasosa (nort. ex Fr.) schroet' On dead branches in 388' 4oB, 438! 48a. I geg-9Ll9!9lp!e-9:g.i:t9rs (Pirat) Reid Rec. D.A.R. Hapalopitus nidufans (Fr.) Karst. on birch los by ride 438- I Heterobasidion annosun (rr.) Bref. on stunps ,9c' 4oA. Hirschiopoius abietinus (Dicks. ex Fr.) Donk On dead pine branches 4oA' t Hynenochaete cinnanonea (Pers.) Bres. Rec. D.A.R. Hnoderna tenue (Pat.) Donk Rec. D.A.R. I erulius coriun Fr. On dead sticks 4OB. Mvcoacia uda (Fr.) Donk Rec. D.A.R. PenioDhora ciner€a (Fr.) Bres. Rec. D.A.R. l (eers.) & Litsch. Rec. D.a.R. !._ryg!L Hohn. P. ouercina (pers. ex Fr.) cooke Rec- D.a-R. I P. rufonarqinata (Pers.) Litsch. Rec. D.A.R. Phanerochaete crenea (Bree.) Parn- Rec- D.A.R. I Phleh.ia merismoides Fr. on sticks and dead branches J6B. P. rufa Pers. ex Fr. Rec. D.A-R. I Piptoporus betulinus (Bu1r. ex Fr.) Farst" On birch in deciduous areas. Polyporus squamosus Huds. ex Fr. On stunp 35. Ranaria ftaccida (Fr.) Rock. rn large patches under pine 4oA. I Stereum sausapatum (Fr.) Fr. on dead branches 37Ct 4O^' I s. hirsutrxn (Yirrd. ex Fr.) s.F. Gray on dead rrigB 37c- 118 t I S. ruqosuo (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. Rec. D.A.n. S. sanquinolentun (11b. & Schv. ex Fr.) Fr. On pine branch 4OA. I Stranqulialiun rennvi (B€rk. & Bi.) Pouz. Rec, D.l.R. TvDhula ervthroDus Fr. Rec. D.A.R. I Tyronyces albellue (Peck.) Bond. & Sing. Birch stunp 36D. T. caesius (Schrad. ex Fr.) Murr.. Sycamore branch l9B. t T. gloeocystidiatus KotI. & Pouz. Rec. D.A.R. lllll lelinia comendens (lvees ex Fr.) aire on dead sricks lf. Xylodon versiporus (Pers.) Bond. Rec. D.A.R. T AGARICALES Nomenclature fotroes Dennis, R.W.G., Orton, P.D. & Hora, F.8., 1960. New I Check List of British Agarics and Boleti, except where other*ise stated. Aqaricus arvensis Schaeff. ex Secr. At €dg€ of 4OA. t A. campestris L. ex Fr. At eds€ of 434. A. silvaticus Scha€ff. ex Secr. Forning rinss J9C, 4oA. t A. silvicola (Vitt.) Peck 4OA. A. xanthodennus Genevier Abundantl often in rinss under conifers l9c' 42B. I Apanita citrina (Schaeff..) S.F. Gray JS, Jl. A. citrina var. alba (GilIet) E.J. Gilbert 328. 4:j!aEg (schaeff.) secr. JzA, 32B. I A. nuscaria (L. ex Fr.) Hooker Yith birch l2B, llr 168. A. phalloides (Yaill. er Fr.) Secr. Under hazel 4JC. I A. rubescens (fYersJ rr.l s.F. cray 32, 3), t6D, 39c. Afirillaria melLea (Vahl ex Fr.) Kumner Coimon on stunps in nost sections I and often at base of living trees affected by this fungus. Bolbitius vitellinus (Pers. ex Fr.) Fr. In grass on ride through l7A. I Boletus badius Fr. 32B. B. edulis Bu1I. ex Fr. ll, 43C. B. erythropus (rr. ex Fr.) secr. 33. I B. sranulatus L. ex Fr. Abundant under conifers in 39C, t+OAt 43A. B. luridus schaeff. e:. Fr. J9C. I B. piperatus Bu1r. ex Fr. 39C. B. rubellus Krombh. At edge of road$ay by 484. I B. scaber Bu1l. ex Fr. Connon under d€ciduous trees. B. subtomentosus L, ex Fr. l2A. I Cantharellus infnndibulifor.nlB (Scop.) fr. tZ , 33, 3&, /|J.B. Clitocybe ceruaBata (Fr.) cillet 36D,, ttZB. c. clavipes (Pere. ex Fr.) Kurnner 32C| 36D. I C. dicolor (Pers.) J. Lange Under coniferB 39C' rloA. I I 119 I c. fraqrans (sov. ex Fr.) Kunner 388. I c. incilis (Fr.) Girret 4oA. c. infundibulifor.niE (schaeff, ex Leirt|n.) Qu6I. 32 t 36R. I C, rebularis (Batsch ex Fr, Kumrner) Under conifers. (surr. 9:_::lg:g ex Fr.) Kumner Under conifers 4oA. c. vibecina (Fr.) Qu6I. t prunulus (scop. clitopilus ex Fr.) Kummer 4)R, 32R. coLl\rbia conftuens (Pers. ex Fr.) Kunmer In beech littei' 36D. t c. cookei (Bres.) J.D. Arnold 31. C. drvophila (BuIl. ex Fr.) Kud'iner J9A' 4OB, 431. t c. e.ythropus (pers. ex Fr.) Ku"'n'er) 324, 4oA. c. fusipes (BuIl. ex Fr.) Qu6r. 32B, 4OA. I c. Mculata (alb. & schd. ex Fr.) Kuh''er 33, l6Bt 4oa. c. perodata (BoIt. ex Fr.) Ku'itner 39C, 4oA, 42B. conocybe filaris (Fr.) Kiihn. 4lA. I c. nagnicapitata P.D. Orton Rec. D.A.R. c. rickeniana sins. P.D. orton 4lC. t C. subpubescens Kuhn. ex P.D. Orton J9A. c. toqularis (Bur]. ex Fr.) Kiihn. 4fB, 4lB. I Coprinus atrepentarius (Burl. ex f..) Ft'. 38C, 5OA, Main Ride. c. co(atus (!,tult. ex Fr.) s.F. Gray 4?A. t C. disseminatus (pers. ex Fr.) s.F. Gray on sttxlps ")5, )6A,37c- q-h€aerglilq Fr. In grass 37R' 4o.A. c. lasopus (Fr.) Fr. on sround under lime 3). t (BulI. C. nicaceus ex Fr.) Fr. On stunps & ground, comron. c. plicatilis (curt. ex Fr.) Fr. In grass Main Ride. I C. radiatus (BoIt. ex Fr.) S.F. Gray On cow duns, 5OA. Cortinarius delibutus Fr. l2A, 4OBr Det. D.A.R. l C. dionysae R. Henry NEWBRIIISH RECORD Under birch tree at edge of ride in 4OA. (See KAhner, R. & Ronagnesi, H. Flore Analytique des l Champignons Superieurs, Det. D,A.R, ) C. henitrichus sensu Kilhner & Romagnesi 32B, Det. D.A,R. c. Iepidipus Cooke 32A, Det. D.A.R. I (Fr.) c. neEorensis J, Lanse 3J, Det. D.A.R. C. punctatus Bensu K. & R. l2A, Det. D,A.R. I C. sodagnitus R. Henry 434, 4lB. craterell'rs cornucopioides (ft.,/ rr) PerE. under beech l9c, 48a. t c. sinuosus (Fr.) Fr. 34. t Crepidotus amysdalosporus Kiihn. On rotting twige jlJ. I 120 l I Entolona nidorosum (Fr.) eu6t. 3zB, 43L. E. sinuatun (Burt. ex Fr.) Kununer 48A. I Flamnulina velutipes Karst. Comnon on dead rrood. Galerina h'.pnorun (Schra.nk ex Fr.) KUhn. In ross j2B, (schaeff. I G. murabilis ex Fr.) P.D. Orton on old fine stoots,

G. unicolor (vahl ex sodnnerf) Sing. Unde. conifers in lrOA. t GomphidiuE rutilus (schaeff. ex Fr.) Lundell Abundant in conifer areas. Gvftnopilus junonius (Fr.) P.D. Orton On sweet chestnut sturp in lz^. I G. penetrans (Fr. ex Fr.) Murr. On stunps & sticks in deciduous and conifer areas. I Hebelona crustilinifol.nq (BuI]. ex St. Anans) Qu61. t2B, 13, 16A, 168, 5OA. H. sinapizans (paulet ex F.r.) cirlet jzB, 43A, 48A. Hyqrophoropsis aurantiaca (1von wulfe&Z Fr.) Maire conifer I Hyqrophorus canarophyllus (l'tb, & Schr{.) Dum6e, crandjean & Maire l6D. H. chrvsodon (Batsch ex Fr.) Fr. Under line i.n 16A. I H. conicus (scop. Fr.) F.. l2A, "x 5oA. H. dichrous Kiihn. & Romag. 14, 4OA. I H. eburneus (Burl. ex Fr.) Fr. Abundant in all parts of the *.ood often foming rings. I H. hypothe.ius (Fr. ex Fr.) Fr. Under conifers in 428. H. nisrescens (au61.) au6r. 36D. (scop.) t H. niveus Fr. In litter under hazel in 48A. Hypholoma fasciculare (nuas. ex Fr.) KwDer Coronon or stumps & olat stools. II. sublateri l iur (Fr.) Qu61. On slunp in ,BB. I Inocvbe asterospora Qu6l. single specinens in 36\ 3?c. I. cervicola (pers. ex Pers.) au61. Small sroup beside ride in 4oA. I I. cookei Bres. 39c. &-l9l:4eli!3 au61' On uain Ride. I I. dulcanara (Alb. & Schr. er. Pers.) Kunmer L:_ggg!!z!le (sov. ex Fr.) Kumner Frequently found in al.l parts of the I I. seophylla var. lilacina citlet l7C. I. naculata Boud. f9C. I L pyriodora (pers. ex Fr.) Kunner On Main Ride. Yariant with reddish cap and stipe on ride throush 4OA. I Laccaria atnethystea (Bu1I. ex u6rat) tfurr. Connon in all parts of the wood. L. laccata (Scop. ex Fr.) Cooke Very connon. I I t I t2l I Lacrynaria velutina (Pers. e]( Fr.) Korrad & Maubl. 33t 36D, 4A^. t Lactarius blennius (Fr. ex rr.) nr. Un

I r. saponacenm (Fr.) Kum'ner coMon in 32 , 34, 36c, Det. D.A.R. T. aejunctum (Sow. ex rr.) eu6l. under rime 368. t T. ter.reun (Schaeff. ex Fi.) Kurser Comlnonoften formins rinss udei conifers in )68, '9C, 40 , 42B. I TricholonopEis platyphylla (pers. ex Fr.) Sing. l2B. I I 124 I t T. rutilans (schaeff, e Fr.) sing. Conlnonon coniferous logs and stunps in 39c, 4oA. t Tubaria furfuracea (Pers. ex Fr.) Gillet Comnonin all parts of th€ wood. VolvarielIa parrula (weinm.) P.D. Orton single speci'nen under conifers 4oA. l GASlEROMYCETES Nomenclature follows Pafner, J.T. 1968. t Calvatia erculipulifordis (schaeff. ex Pers.) Perd. Conlnon in coniferous areas often in rings. I Geastrun rufescens Pers. en. Kits van Yav. On ground under deciduous trees 39A & C, under pine in 4oA. I Lycoperdon echinatum Pers. ex Pers. Deciduous area of 43A, L. mot.te Pers. 39c. L. perlatun Pers. 4oB. I L. pvriforne Schaeff. ex PerE. Connon on stunps IBA' 4oA & B' 5oA. Mutinus caninus (Huds. ex Fr.) Pers. Deciduous area 4oA' Rec. R.c. lilelch. I Phallus impudicus L. ex Pers, Under bracken ll' J4. sphaerobolus stellatus Tode. ex Pera. Rec. D.A.R. I

HYPHOMYCETNS Nonenclature follo$s Ellis' M.B. Dernatiaceous Hyphotnycetes ' 197I. I Exosporium tiliae LirlL. ex Schlecht. Rec. D.A.R. Oidium aureurn Link. Rec. D.A.R. t t I t I I t T I I 125 I LICHENS I o.L, Gilbert t INTRODUCTION Large olal wooals are frequently important lichen sites as thev provide a refuge for species unable to survive in the surroundug nor€ t open and polluteil landscapes. Aso visits to Bedford Purlieus showed that *hile it contains several epiphytic lichens of interest this ancient vood is not a naior Iichen site. Odlv 15 corticorous species have b€en recordedt eost of nhich are gootl colotrisers videspread in Britain' t Natural hish forest in this area ptobably contained epiphvtic fichens at a density of over IOO species/sq. kin. and it is sisnificant tbat none of the twenty or so inalicators of sites vhere there has been a continuity of t the ancient foiest canopy ltere found (Rose' 1974). Several factors lthich nake the present wood ratlter unsuitable for Iichens can be iatentifieal. Intensive |nanagebent in the past' peticulally I of entire the repeateal crear fellings vill have resulted in the destruction .o,ro,rttitl.. vhich alo not readilv reinvaale and the accompanving drving out ol the wooct will have inpoverished any fragnents of these assemblageE which I suryived a fellinq. The nost recett (zotn centurv) felling and replanting has proaluceal a denser young wooal of evon-aged blocks l{ith no larqe treea' This is the exact opposite of the situation found in the best woodland Iichen sitest e.g. the New Forest (Rose & Janesr 1974) where the nost t of interesting lichen assonblages are on large old trees at the edge glades vhere they receive shelter and Doaleratelv high illuninatio'_ So in aearord Purlieus the interEity of *oodland Danagement has sraduallv I and continuously t'educed the lichen flora.

There are nany signs that air pollution is also adversely affecting speciea l the Ii.chen flora. Most trees carry only the pollution resistant SO^ Eensitive Lecanora conizaeoiales and lgllglia incana $hile the nore rr;;; tr"" bases' leaains tr6es' dead """fi""d-to "t".Jil-TiEE no doubt horizontal""" branches or very vell sheltered situations' There is t been a however that if large old trees were present and if there had continuity of high forest the lichen flora would be duch richer' l Eutrophication causeal by fertiliser and dust blowing into the wood farnland vas not detected. Due to this factor tree boles in the adiacent carry rather different lichen assenblages. Their r'ating on the pollution l narvtsvorth^ose (1970) qualitative scale for estinatins SO2 ai\ suggests a nean vinter SOZ revel for the area of about 70 Fg,/d'' I THD LIC}IEN FI.ORA Voodland

I General. The planted trees and coppice i€grolth less than fifty y"""r-iii-ffii"r. nake up the bulk of the yood afl carrv Lecat-rgre conizaeoid€s and LeDraria incana- These two consPicuous a'rrd ubiqrritous lichens are by Baci.tia chlorococca' B. unbrina' atrd I€-93!9Ie I """";i;;E-j;fi"d thaenotheca sranuloBa together *ith-Cladonia coniocra€E on tree baaea and t ferruginea in sheltered cracks dn the trunka. I I 126 I

The Nursery. This peninsula of Yoodland contains sone of the oldeat I trees in the SssI but is rath€r emosed to ait pollution rhich rest.icts Dost lichens to the base of the larger trees. One ot' t*o ol tbe bigger oaks by the ponat cal.ry relics of a typical {oodland lichen flora but it t is only these stightly unusually situated trees Yhich hold foriose ]ichen physodes comunities. Here EgIgie_!!494:1' hmoeYnnea ' Parmeria qlabratuta! P. revolutar P. saratilis and P. sqlcqtg can be seen. I central valley. fle tliscontinuous strip of valley elo vood hich is found particularly towa.ds the eastern end of the central valley contains sone of the oldest and most sheltered trees in the vood. The eln boles I are frequently heavily shaded and consequedtly support rather" specialised conmunities, but this BhaIIow valley undoubtedly contains the nost interestins lichens in the {ood. [hite patche8 of _!!U9!!EjIg9!g are con- I epicuouB on the better trees and close inspection reveals a nunber of stnall crustaceous species including Arthonia spadic€a' Bacidia incomDtat Dinerella diluta, Lecania cyrtellar Porina chlorotica var gESEg' and the t foliose Parmelia subrud q!4 which are not present elsewhere in the uood. Other Habitats t Gatest gateposts and fence posts. the old gates and gateposts {hich stand at several of the e4trances are made from har&rood and support quite varied lisnicolous codnunities. Eleven species occur on the sateway at I the west end of Centre Rididg including Cyl,heliun ingq!4e49 and Lecidea scalaris in fruit. Softwood f€nce posts are a Duch poorer habitat.

Disused Quarries. C 20' C 42. Both these sdall' heavily shaded I quarries contain only snall areas of outcropping lidestone. lraces of two ooribund Yerrucarias piobably date fron the light phase vhen tha comDartbents were last felled. I Bedlafts Iiggg. N" Iichens {ere found in th€ vide srassv rides of the I Yartine bur (ers. shelters and hut bases. Since these structures erected 26 saxicolous and terricolous Iichens have become established on then. Most are comnon and agoressive species widespread on buildings and in nan- I nade habitats senerally. The nost interestins are two small imnersed species sarcoqyne resularis and E!-egXS-!!919,-EIggEfg!g found on Iimestone pebbles (old hardstandins) around hut basea in C 45A. several of the larsest lichens I in the wood, e.s. I9L!-+fgfe--eUe']LI:b, appear to be limited to the site of these o1d encanpments r,rhich could nake useful halts on a nature trail.

Conparison 'rith other {oods in the region I

In his extensive surveys Rose (1974) has found that old coppice roodlanal vith oak standarats in southern Englanal contains on average 42 epiphytic t lichen species,4

Prior to this survdy (1974) nine lichenB had been recorded fron the wood' I by J.R. taundon tn 1956' J.L. Gilbert (1958) anl F.A. Adans (1960 and 196I). ahe lich€n flora noF stands at 60 speciesr of which 35 are corticolousr the ronainder occurring only in accessory naffEde habitats I such as around the anry huts. Nonenclature is based on Jane6 (1965). Arthonia sDadicea. Rare. On elE and ash in the vallev elm vood. on larser trees throushout the *ood' I I99!S:-1-tg-9I999g. occasional. B. incompla. Rare. Plentiful on one eln near Lhe stream. C 42. l B. unbrina. occasional. On larger tre€s throughout the wood. Caloplaca citrina. Common. On asbeEtosr concrete and mortar. I Candelariella aurelIa, Comon. On asbestos and concrete. C. viterlina. Rare. On old gates and gateposts. Catiltaria griffithii. on ash' t96I' F.A. Adans. Rare. On rature oak. I Chaenotheca fer'ruginea. occasional- On the shelte.ed side of larger t trees throughout the rood' especially oaks' but also birchr ash Cladonia chlorophaea, Occasional on tree stumps. C. coniociaea. 1958' J.L. Gilbert. OccaBional on stunps and the base t of larse oakr birch and rime3. c. finbriata. Rare on stuDps. Abundant aroud sone of the arny hut bases Yhere it forns quite a feature. I 'C. ochiochlora. On rotten wood' 1960' F.A. *Collema tenax on sround' 1958' J.L. Gilbert. t Cypheliun inquinans. Rare, on t*o gatel,tays and on one decorticated standing oak in the Nose. larser elns in the vallev e1m t !iIgISlE_3:lg!9. Rare. Plentiful on the Evernia pnlnastri. Rare. on the base of three oaks by pond in the Nose. I HvposFmia physodes. Rare. On a fev trees in tbe Nose' very rare els€_ wheie in the wood. Possibly restricted by the scarcity of vell- illuninated habitats. I Lecania cyrtella. Rare. On a fel,t elns in the valley eln *ood. L. erysibe. Frequent. On concretet brick and asbestos. t Eglglg_c ,I,!,I!E. Frequent. on concrete and asbestos roof8. rL. carpinea. On ash' S.lJ. edse of Purlieus ' 1956' J.R. Laundon. I .L. chla.ona. on ash s.ra. edge of Purlieus, 1956, J.R. Laundon. .L. chlarotera. 1960. F.A. Adalls. L. conizaeoideB. Abundant. On nost treea' shrubs ' gates and fenceposts. I L. dispersa. Rare on base of one oak by pond in the Noae. Abundant on concrete. asbestos and nortar. L. expallens. Scarce. on the bark of tree stMpa in the Nose. very I rare elsewhero. t I 124 I t L. nuralis. Occasional. On asbeatos roof of building near Centre Tree. tecidea qranulosa. Rare. On th6 bas6 of oak, ash and birch. I L. sca]aris. Rare. PlentifuL on tlre bade of a fev daks. In fruit on gate at west end of Centre Riding. t L, stignatea. Frequent on concrete and asbestos roofs. L. uliginosa. occasional on gates, tree stumps and the boles of ash I Lepraria incana. Abudant on tt'eee, shrubs and stueps, in shaded sit-uaLioc. i{icaria prasilta (Catirlaria prasina). Rare. On elm in the Central I VaIIey. Parnelia slabratula subsp gllllg:LElg. scarce. On ash, oak and elm. Can withstand considerable shade. I P. revoluta. Rare. On the base of tvro oak by pond in the Nose. P. saxatilis. Rare. On stumpsr tree baaes and horizontal branches. I P. subrudecta. Rare. On a fev/ Iarge e1m at east end of the Central I P. sulcata. Rare. or| sl"unps, tree bases and horizontal branches.

Peltigera polydactyla. Occasional. Locally abundant on and around arny hut bases. I !9r1ss3!i3_r9:3!E. R."". On one oak adjacent to famland, the Nose. Physcia adscendens. Coomon on asbestoe and concr'€te. occasional on toprail of gates. I P. caesia. Comon on asbestos and concrete. P. orbicularis. CoMon on asbestos and concrete. occasional on toprail I of gates. P, tenella. Rare on concrete. t Phlyctis arqena. Bedford Purlieus, 1956, J.R. Laundon. 1960t F.A. Adans. Rare in the general tjoodland becoDing frequent on eln in the Central Valley. I Placynthiun nigrm. Frequent. On asbestos roof of buildins near Centre Tree. Porina chlorotica var carpinea. Rare. On eln and ash in the Central I

Protoblastenia rupestris. F.equent. Concrete and asbestos roofs. Rinodina subexigua. Frequent. Concrete and asbestos. I Sarcogyne reqularis. Rare. On oolitic pebbles in grassland around the aflny huts, in C 45A. I Staurothele hymenoqonia. Rare. On oolitic pebbles ir! grassland arounal the anny hutst C 45A. -cVerruceria hochstetteri. Rare. Shad€d oolite in the 01d quarries I ao-;a-E-T2. V. muralis. Rare. On oolitic p€bbles in grassland around the arny Huts! c 454. t t I I I t29 I I V. niqresc€ns. Occasiohal. Linestone and aabestos. I v. viridula. Occasional. shaded oolite in the ord quarrtes, and oolitic pebbles aromd ardy huts. a Xanthoria aureola. Occasiona-t on concrete I x. candelaria. nare. Dase of one oah by ponilr the Nose. x. elesans. Frequent. On asbestos roof of building near Centre Tree. I ! x. parietina. Frequent on concrete and asbestos.

' Denotes species not found durj.ng present suivey. I f

- ACKNOYLEmEMENTS t- t I an srateful to B.J. coppins for checkins the identification of - several speciBens' and to J.R. Laundolr for Pfoviding information on | madeprior to my visiL. t "".""a" I I REFERENCES f -"*=-".*! D.L. & Rose' F. r97O. qualitative scale for estlnatlng I sulphur dioxiale air pollution in England and vales usins epiphytic lichens. l{ature, Lond., 227 ' No. 521L ' 145-4. I t Janes' P.u. 1965. A new check-list of British Lichens. llg@bgigh t, 95-t53. t Laundon, J.R. 1973. Lichens. In: Monks l{ood - a Nature ReEerve Record. -I Eds. R.C, Steete and R.C. Yelch. The Nature Conservancv.

cambridseshire I Rackham, o. 1975. @. t and IsIe of Ely \aturalists Trust.

I Rose, F. Ie?4. rhe epiphytes o{ oak. In: E--q!!E!-995!i!e- London' | 9lS_!eLgl_-!i*9g., Ed. lI.G. Morris and F.H. Perrins. D.Y. CIassey.

I **", F. & Janes' P.v. 1974. Resional stualles on the British Lichen r Frora 1. The corticolous and lignicolous species of the New Foreett Hanpshire. Lichenolosi st' 6t I-72. l- I I t I I I I I I I 130 t t t I t t I I t t t t t I t t I I I I I I 't3l t TIIE FAT'M OF EDFOID R'RLIEIIS

I R.C. ljelch

t The fauna of Bedford Purlieus is leBs nell knoyn than the flora. Very f6r groups of aniEals have been Btudied in the wood and of, these moat have rec€ived fairly linited att€ntion. Published recorda appear to be non-existant snd such information lto far discovered is in the form I of personal collectionE and notesr a nunber of *hich have kindly been nade available to me. I 4l@IIg4!_-BEP1Ig4_g_ury4!I! AII three British species of nevt have been recoided in the nood. I Ahe colony of Palmate Neyt in the static yater ta.!k in C 46D is the only knoirn present day locality in Vic€ County 32 (Northamptonshir€ & Soke of Peterborough). There ar'e no records of Colnlon toad or fr'og. Four species of reptile are recorded' Adder, G.ass snake, Colrlon lizard and Slos-l'om. I Bedford Purlieus is one of the few remaining knorn locaLitiesr in thiB area! for the adder although it has also been observed at l{ak€rley Wood in iecent years. lfhen the western half of the {ood $as cleareal in the I nid-nineteenth century newts and snakeB vere found under roots of trees. The largest, if not the nost frequently see[r badrals in the rood are the Fallor deer. A sDall herd frequents every compartEent in the vood t and their tracks often provide the only eaay access to sod€ of the denser scrubby areaa. An annual cull naintaina the population at about t*enty individuals ehich |!or'e betveen nany of the snall roodlands in the district. I There are reporte of recent sightings of Chinese drlntjac and there is a Eid-eighteenth century recor.d of Red deer being introduced into the rvood. I Other llammals recorded include Fox, Badger, Stoat, yeasel, Bro*n rat. Grey squirrel, Brown hare, Rabbit, Mo16, Wood nou€e, Bank ard Field VoleF. i(ost of th€se are regarded as vermin by ganekeepe.s a4d they haye beelr subject to a variety of control meaBureE. The Grey squirrel is a sertous I peat in young plantations and is rigorously controlleat. The renaining predatory apecies threaten only the pheadant reartng activities of the shooting slmdicate. The.e appear to b€ no t ecent r.ecorats of any €hrenst t bats or healgehog, although this probably only reflects the fact that nobody has specifically looked for thed. Dormouse and Hedgehog rrere both recorded during the nineteenth century cleararrce, arral the for[er species t is still present at other sites in Rockingham Fotest. t I I I I t 132 l I AVES I an indebted to paet and preaent vardens of Casto. Hanolands National I Nature Reserve for bird records. R.V. Collier recorded 7l species in the period I95f-59, of L'hich 49 eere kno$n to be breeding in the *ood. J. Robihson has provided the follo$ing notes on observations oade during 1972-74. t

of the predatory birds there iB one record of a sparrov haek lfhilat l{estrels occur generally in the arear nainly on the outskirts of the rood. I Little Ot"'ts frequent the lroodrs *eatern boundary atd Eake use of the adjacent farnlanal. Theie are possibly ivo or three paira of Tasny owla resident although the lack of large tr€es with suitable nesting cavities is similar to conditiolls prevailing at Calttor nanglands. Tavny ovls will I nest on old pig€on nesta etc.' but prefer hoLes. Nest boxes can be used and seven pairs have nested in a .elatively small area at Castor. Howevert it appears that Tar.ny owls are doninant over l,ong-eared orlls which now no I Ionoer nest at Castor. It is of interest to note that a Long-eared owlrs nest was found for the first time in 1974 in pires in C 4OA. One live afld one dead fledgeling vere seen on the ground beneath the nest in early I

AII three Woodpeckers occui in the wood with the Great-spottedr breeding in birch' being the most nr.unerous. Green woodpeckers l{ere I recorded nesting in oak and birch in 197J. Their apparent declj.ne in nunbers is thought probably to be due to the reduction in suitable grass_ Iand feeding sitest although the nood ants provide an additional I specialised food source for this speci€a. Nishtinsale mrnbers are decreasing' as at Ca5tor. Althoush copPice I is their frequently quoted ideal habitatr at theee tt{o sites they show a preference for nesting in aieas of old scrub which have accunulations of dead naterial around the base. Chaffinch. Greenfinch' Bullfinch and coldfinch are conunon ;urat Lesser redpolls were more abundant during I974t I although this reflects a general trend. Blackcapr ljhitethroatr Lessei vhitetbroat and Garden warbler are aII present in fair numborE but the Iack of suitable understory in !|ost areas appears to be causing a local I clecline in nunbere. on the other hand ideal conditions exist to suit the feeding and breedins requirenent8 of the Itoodcock.

Bedford Purlieus in t The donestic hen has also been introduced into the snall pens used for r'earing pheasants for the shooting syndicate. I I I I I I I 122 I I BIRDS RECORDED NROM BED''ONDPURLIEUS SINCE 196I. I breeding confirmed ANSERIFORMES I ANAT]DAE + 4ser--Elsgrqcg!9g L. MalI6rd t FALCONIFORMES ACCIPITRIDAE I 4seiEllgr_sisgs (1. ) Sparroluhawk FALCONIDAE

Falco tinnu-ncutus L. Kestrel I GALLIFONMES PHASIANlDAE t + Alectoris rufa (L.) Red-legged partridge + Perdix perdix (L. ) Partridge I + Phasianus colcbicus L. Pheasant GRIJIFORMDS t RALLIDAE * lellllglls_Sllglglgg (L.) liloorhen C}IARADRf IFORI.IES I CHARADRI IDAE

Vanellus vanerlus (L.) Lapring t SCOI.OPACI DAE gellllese-l3llilesg (L. ) snipe t * !99l9EI_Igg!:991s L. l{oodcock COLTJMBIFORMES t COLIJ'}'IBIDAE + Colunba oenas L. + . C. palumbus L. l{ood pigeon t * llsplglglfE_ jgllg (L.) lurtle .tove CUCULIFORMES I CUCULIDAD + Cuculus canorus L. I STRIGI FORMES STRIGIDAE I Athene noctua (scopoli) Little strix aluco L. I Asio otis (L. ) Long-eared ot'l I 1U t t

PICIFORUES I PICIDA.D + Picus vi.idis L. Green YoodPecker I (L.) + !9!gI999pC9-Egi9I Great-spotted {oodpecker D. minoi (L.) Lesaer_spotted *ooatpecker PASSERIF0Ri,IES I ALAI,'DIDAE Alauda arvensis L. Skylark I HI RUND]NT DIE + Hirundo rustica L. SYaItow I Delichon urbica (L.) House nartin Riparia riparia (L.) Sand nartin I CORYIDAE corvus co!'one L. Carrion crora 9i-llgs,l:lsgsgL. Rook I + g.:_gE!lgle. L. Jackdat Pica pica (L.) r{aspie I + Sggclge_-s]3lgelig (L. ) JaY PARIOA,E I + -&4:_sAi9! L. Great tit + P. caeruleus L. Blu€ tit I L:_319 L. coal tit * Ij_-pelrgj:iC L. Irtarsh tit + p. montanus von Baldenstein Willol' tit I AEGITHALI DAE + Aegithatos caudatus (L.) Long tailed tit I CERTHI IDAE { Certhia familiaris L. Treecreeper I lROGI'DYTI DAE + Troslodytes troslodytes (L. ) Itren I TURDIDAE + turdus viscivorus L. Mistle thr'uah T. pilaris L. Fieldfare t T" philonelos Brelm Song thruah L:_il:g L. Redwins I 1. nerufa L. Blackbird 3l99ti9g:E-g!9949ggg (L. ) Redatart I Lgegiaig_Igggt}sg Brer'I Nishtinsale Erithacus rubecula (L.) Robin I I t I

SYLVI IDAE t + Locustella naevia (Boddaert) Grasshopper $arbler

* 49l9s9p!elcE-@9!g!e9!99 (L.) sedse r.arbret' I + Silvia atricapitla (L-) Blackcap + s. borin (Goddaert) Garden varbler t + S. comunis Lathan Whitethroat + !:lgre (L.) Lesser whitethroat t + SEllgggSpge_-!994i]:E (L.) wlllow warbler + P. collvbita (Vieilrot) Chif,fchaff P. sibilatrix (Bechstein) Yood warbler I REGULIDAE * 39.9glrE-{esglE (L') Goldcrest l MUSClCAPIDAE + Muscicapa striata (Pa.llas) Spotted flycatcher I PRUNELLIDAE + Prunella modularis (L.) Dunnock I McltACILLIDAE + Anthus trivialis (L.) rree pipet MotocilIa alba L" Pied sagtail I STURNIDAE + Sturnus vul.garis Starling I FR]NGILLIDAE Coccothraustes coccothraustes (L. ) Hanfi.lch I carduelis chloris (L. ) creenfinch c. carduelis (L. ) cordfinch I Acanthis cannabina (L. ) Linnet A. flaamea (L.) Redpoll

IIIIlJl3_tEg-e (L. ) Bullfinch t Fringilla coelebs L. Chaffinch L:_4ilri!g!ll-e L. Branbrins I lMBERIZIDAE + Enberiza citrinella L. Yello$ hadner I + E. schoeniclus (L. ) Reed truntins PI.OCEIDAE I + Passei donesticus (L. ) House sparror + P. nontanus (L.) Tree sDarrov I I I 136 t I IIWERTEBMTA

The invertebrates of Bedford Pu.Iieus have received scant attention I over the years' with the possible exieption of the Lepidoptera, and there appear to be no published records for the site. Durins 1974 severat specialists paid visits to the sood at rather short notice in an effort I to recoral and collate past r€cordc for the Lepidoptera, coleopter"at lsopoda, ltlollusca and earthwornst for vhich separate accounts follow.

For nany insect Orders there appear to be no records or information I of any description. Hol{evert the late y.E. Russell {as one of the fel. entomolosists' interesteal in orders other than Lepidopterat Lho visited the vood. His ilain interest l{as sarfliesr although his collectiont which I is now at Monks Yood Experinental Station' provided additional Heteroptera t The only other records' resulting fron casual collecting' anount to three species of flea:- Ceratophyllus fringj.Llae walk. 13 July IS72r conunon in Blue rit's nest in c IBB; llEilIiglgpellle {curt.) and ctenophthatmus n. nobiris R"r G;i:-7-Gt;;l-Z-6;GI;. rs71, in 6malt I nunberB in molesr nests in C fUB and C 39C. In a wood with such diwerse soils' overlain with an equallv variable I vegetation cover, conparatiwe studies are extretnely difficult. However' ten samplins sites were selected as follows (SoiI types and pH of top lO cn as described above by Stevens);- I Site I C 4lA (East)j Soil type I over l,o er Lincornshire Limestone' pH 4.5-5.5 but very close to highly alkaline area' near large oak with young beech and aome birch' sycanore nd Rubus ' deep I

Site 2 C 4oB (South vest)' soil type I' over Lower Lincolnshire I Limestone, pH 5.5-6-5 but adjacent to hishly alkaline area' Scots pine planted I95t' some Rubus' EndFion and Merc$rialis Burviving, thin needle litter. I Site 3 C 4OA (North), Soil type 2a, borders of Upper Lincolnshire Limestone and Upper Estuarine Series, pH >7,5, Scots pine planted 1942t Mercur ialis and Esg!eg!:le, eround vesetation I better developed than on Lower Lincolnshire Limestone' thin needle litter plus sone mosa. I Site 4 C l3 (Dast), soil type 5/6h"' o""" Upper Estuaiine pH 4.5, r'ovs of oal( planted 1935' $ith sone coppiced chestnut stools, Pt€I1qiq!! and fairry deep litter- I Site 5 C 36A (East)r site at junction of soir types r' 9 and 5/6/7a' boundaries of Upper Estuarine Series, Blisworth Linestone and outlying pocket of Chalky Boulder Clay' pH >7.5' large old lime I stools and sone oak' noderate litter layer. Site 6 C l5A (East), soil type Ir over Blisvorth Linestone, pH>7.5' I Iarge o1d line stools, some oak, noderate litter layer.

Site 7 C l5A (west), soil type 5/6, over Blisworth c1ay, pH 4.5-5.51 t scattered line nuch CrataesuB and lg!g:' noderate litter layer. t I 137 I I t -)/. SITESUSED FOi INVERIEBFA'TESAMPIING IN I974. I I t I /,, I ''l 4'., i ,, ", , I /,' ,t---l------',---tt.,'.,1 I ; ,,, i \ I / ..,,-t,,rt-'nt''- .'\ -_:.---' \ ,,-/ ! i--- t .--', I

I ,i

.8r'., ': I \ =\l-r\--- ')'C-l\r--\ ti,--i 1 \,', \I ,t r\1''\\ c-- \\,--;--- \', ---'-"--4.../-l------\l| -- .- I - --.-- ( .' I I I I I I 138 I I (North), pH Site B C 45c Soil type Io, over Chalky Boulder clay, 4.5- I 5.5, scattered lines and ao|lr6youns coppi.ce stoo]B, shallow litter layer. t

Site 9 c 428 (South east), Soil type 2f, over Upper Estuarine series, although close to boundary with Lo$ei Lincolnshire Linestonet I pH<4.5, birch over Slglgt deep litter layer.

Site Io C 4BA (North east)r restored quarry site not sanpled by Stevens although G.F. Peterken recorded soil pH of B.jl at two sites in I this comparthent' Corsican pine plaated 1969' no litter layer and sparse herb Iayer in area sanpled. t The position of these sites is shovn on Fis. 37. Pitfall trap samples were collected at alI ten sites; litter sanples t fron all except site 10 and earthvorms were sanpled at sites r-5 only. All the records for Mollusca and Opiliones relate to these sites as do most of those for the yriapoda. I5O speci€s of coleoptera sere causht in pitfall traps and 6r in litter sanples of which 2l had not been taken I in the pitfall traps" 29 species lrere recorded only from compartnents planted with scots pine. of these five vere €xtracted fro'r lglgigg_g.lig nests and are doubtless piesent in nests in other parts of the woodo Only I three of the reBaining apecies are dependent upon the presence of pines. rhese are the tl'o bark beetres lIUIgEgLLblE and Hylastes at€r, and Ato'naria affinis vhich Joy (1932) describes as 'rrare, ir Scotch Piner'. Pitfall traps in the tvo pine sites caught the lo$est nunbeis of spiders. I site 2 eas resarded as poor for Dolluscs and site 3 only awerase. Rowever, the bionass of earthworms fron soils under pines was higher than at the nearest site (r) under mixed deciduous tree species. The lold pH of the I soils at site 4 rraa a tar more dranatic effect on the earth\rorn populations! realucing then to a very lov level. Conversely site 4 had the hishest numbers of Millipedes due mainly to a relative abundance of I the pilI nillipede, Glomeris narginaia. The centipede ceophllus carpophasus was also more the site. rhile the snall woodlouse. Trichoniscus pusi.trus kas 6ost abundant at sites l and 5. site 5 p""vei-iiilli'iiiir ty "r"" rich in both earthvords and holluscs. Site 6 produced by far the highest I nunbeis of harvestnen, over half of which $ere the one species, Oligolophus tridere. The conmon litter-frequentins silphid beetle lglglg_lglgl was also nost numerous at this site. The reconstituted quarry (site 10) I presented an extrene conirast to the nine woodland sites. Althoush ptanted with Corsican Pines five years ago theae hav€ taken a long tine to becone established and much of the soil still renains bare and udcolonised by any I plants. Such conditions particularly favour many predatory ground beetles and spiders and many species trapped here were not found within the wood.

By sanpling from only ten sitea for a veiy linited period of tine one I cannot hope to understand the conplex factors which determine the distri- button and abundahce of species in a wood auch as Bedford Purlieus. lt does however sive a hint as to the variation which exists. As has been I shown at Moriks rood National Nature Reserve, only by frequent visits by specialists over many years can a true picture of the invertebrate fauna be gradually built up. A field excursion by the British Entonological t and Natural History Society is planned for lriay 1975 which should result in a nwnber of nev records. I I I I 139 I t ANNELIDA : LUMBRICIDAE(Carole E. Lawrence) Five sites for sa.npling €arthworns were chosen on the basis of a range of soil types and pH! both of which had been provisionallv mapped bv G.F. t Peterken. These same general areas vere later used as sites 1-5 in the programe of pitfall trapPing carried out by R.C. Verch' dcept that half of sanple 5 was taken from the north v€st corner of C a@- Further details are given above and their positions shovn on Fig. 37. The nethod of I sanpling useat Bas digging and handsorting on siter the sanple size being I cu. ft. and eight such sanples were taken at each site. Sanpling was carried out duinq nild spells in the periods 2L-25 Jan!zry a\d 26'28 I February 1974. Specimens collected in this way l{ere taken back to the laboratory for eeighing and identif,ication. Soil fron four sanples fron each site {ere retained for pH d€t€rmination.

I Table 17

I Total nunbers of adult individuals Der site (i.e. rrom B cu. ft. of soil) sanpling site no. I 2 3 4 5 t Allolobophora calisinosa (Savigny) 9 10 8 A. rosea (savisny) I 7 3 l 5 I Bimastos nuldali Onodeo I 7 Dendrobaena rubida (Savisny) L I Octolasion cyaneun (savisny) I 2 1 4 Lunbricus castaneus (sawisny) 7 L. ? festivus (Savisny) I I L. terrestris L. 1 3

Totar bionass (s) including t 28.4 39.7 31.5 I pH values (average of 4 sanples) 7.Or 6.09 Depth of litter layer (inches) >2 < o.5

I Of the eight species of earthworm collected aI1 are generally connon vith a widespread distribution! except Bi|lastos muldali. This is a species which is rarely recorded in Britain but is probabLy overlooked as eight I specimens were collected in Monks Wood National Nature Reser've in January arld February 1973. t I I t I t40 I I l,loLLUscA (M.J. BishoD)

The Mollusca aie better suited t9 the needs of the historicar ecolo- I gist than are Bost othei groups of invertebrates (Evans, 1972). Not only can conclusions be dralrD f,ron th€ present day distribution-s of species, but ve]l stratified soils containing sub-fossil shelfs nay record I the faunal chanses at a site in gieat detail. At Bedfo!'d Purlieus a tufa rich in shells has been reported, but faunal analyses have yet to be @der

Evidence for the presence of, tlto apecies of snairs at Bedford t Purlieus has been provided only by the presence of their enpty shells. These are the operculate Pomatias elegana (Mueller) and the large edible Helix pomatia L. Bedford Purlieus lies near the northern linit of the I ranges of both species in Britain, and they nay be extinct at this site. The distribution of Ponatias ha€ been discussed by Kerney (1968) and the distribution ol Helix ponatia by Pollard (1974). I The living Mollusca of Bedford PurIi€us have been investigated during 1974 by pitfall trappins fron l8 March to l8 July and by hand searchins and litter siftins on 16 April and 7 and 30 May. Uateriar fron pitfall traps I was provided by Dr. R.C. Welch fron the fi.rst nine sites described above. Pitfalr trapping is not a particularly eff,icient method of sanpling Motlusca, but eighteen species sere caught in this way. The traps caught t sluss and nediuB sized snairs, and a species list tosether with the total nunber of individuals causht durins the trappins periods is presented in Table lB belos. In terns of individuals causht site 5 rad

Additional recoids of the Enal1 litter inhabitins species were obtained by sifting the subEtr'ate. Ihose species which were not caugbt I by Ditfall traDeinq are:- Carychiun tridentalun (Risso). Acanthinula aculeata (Mueller). Columella edentula (DraDarnaud) seq.. Euconulus lgrygg (Mueller), Punctun pvsnaeun (Draparnaud). I t'rwoodsn is evidently not a significant catesory for the Molluscar (Boycott, 1934). Because of their requirehent for shelter, the diverse structure prowided by old hedgea €enres the Mollu8ca as well as o1d I woods. They are above aII exploit€rs of the ecotone. Of the thirteen species selected by Boycott ae having special wood]and alliances, only once (Cochlodina) is reported fro|! Bedford Purlieus. The reasons for I this are largely geosraphical. Iphisena rolphi (Turton) is howewer knorr fron the nearby Carlton Purlieus. Rates of colonisation are such that al1 the Bedford Purlieus sp€cies can be found in eighteenth century I I t t I I 141 I I Table IB I r|ollusca obtained from pitfall traps at Bedford Purlieus durins 1974 Sites I 2 3 4 5 6 7 B 9 I AeooDinella nitidula (Drap. ) 10 2 8 I3 28 t2 A. Dura (Alder) I I Arion ater (L,) ssp. ater 2 3 2 4 3 3 A. circumscriptus Johnston 2 2 A. hortensis Fer'ussac 2 6 2 2 5 2 I A. intermedius Normand 3 7 6 I1 2 I ) 8 Cochticopa rubl:lge (MueII. ) I 2 I I Cochlodina ladinata (Montagul 2 Deroceras reticuratum (Muerr' ) 1 t; 1 5 6 Discus rotundatus (Mue11.) 2 I 2 1 2 l 1 Itg_9899 (Muer1.) Lirar. BarciEus L- 3 I L 2 Nesovitrea hamonis (stroe't) I orYchilus arriarius (Muelr. ) 4 7 I I I o. cerlarius (Huer1. ) I I t L0 3 Ir!943-!:s!:gs (1.) 2 I I vitrea contracta (laest.) I Y!!.::ixe-!9lls!g (Mue1r' ) I 2 t lotaI individuals 20 lo 2L 64 t8 34 t 6 7 7 10 7 10 6 7 I I t I I I I 142 t gEqq49P4(P.r. Hardins) I TERRESTRIAL ISOPODA I The six species of {oodlice recorded duiing 1974 are alr comnon and videspread in lovland Britain. Four species have been recoided froB the r'oodlandt and a further tvo speciea from the su.rourding Srassranv I scrubl and on the site. I!i:!esis!s-ls:gU: ( Brandt) I Represente.I by both sub-species (pusiltus and ggy!:gl!fe) in a dixed population. A low percentase of g,ig:E nales rere taken in litter samples. Probably the comnonest epecies of woodlouse in the woodlandt I mainly in leaf litter. Ifsqsl!gg!_!9 ! B'a"dt I (L.) Recorded onry once in a nest of kgilE_ltiggl under a piece of concrete in the srassy area of C 5oD. Althoush qg4ticq rufa L. nests were exanined foi this species throughout the \dood only one specinen was found I by R.C. welch in c 4oA on 28 September 1967. Philoscia nuscorun (scop. ) I conron in the g.assland/scrub areas of the R.A.F. clearlngs' C 5OD and the restern edge, occasionally eeen within the wood on drier soils. oniscus asellus L. I Comnon in dead vood and teaf litter.

Porcellio scaber Latr. t Occasional in dead wood within the vood and in surroundins grassland. Also rFcorded from nesls of Formica rufa. I 4s3gj_Lugjss_ts ( Latr. ) comon in the R.A.F. crearings' C 5OD and on the lJestern edse. Only I found under closed canopy at the Centre lree.

AI1 the above mentioned species are typical of the habitats in which they were found, however, several nore sp€cies could be expected to occur I at Bedford Purlieus, and do occur in north Northanptonshire. Trichoniscus pyqnaeus Sars - a soil dvelling species' probably only over- t looked oving to the difficulty of, eampling for the species.

Haplophthalnus danicus B.-L. - occura in almost every other large ancient particulai - t vood in Rockinghan Forest. Its nicro-site noss coweredr {ell decayed large logs, is very scarce at Bedford Purlieus, but seveial suitable aaDples lfere exanined. I Trachelipus ratbkei ( Brandt) - an early colonist of reconstituted quarry sites in the area. A very thorough search t.as rade for this species in seeninsly suitable habitats. I Porcellio spinicornis Say - a comnon inhabitant of dry stone walls in the area. It does not seem to occur in the wall along the southern edge although it is conmon 75O n to the south in the $all beaide the road t betl'een OId sulehay and Rins Haw. I I t 143 t AMPHIPODA

~~I earanarus purex (L. ) Recorded fron sDall pools in the dry during the sr'tll[er atrd t autulrn. Not iecorded when the streab vas flot ins.~~

I OPILIONES & CHELONETHI Although no specific search nas nade for Harvestnen 9 speciesr armost half the total nunrber recordeal fron Britain, were collected in pitfarr traps I anal litter durihs 1974 fron the ten sample sites (Table 19). An awerage of six species was recorded fron each aite. I TROGULIDAE !39f3ls999gs lligsgl (r.estv. ) One sieved fron litter at site 6 on lo Scatteredt mainly sinsle I specinens in pitfall traps (sites 2' 31 5! 5 and 8) durins Apri]! Itlay and July, although thr€e specinens sere taken in one trap at site 6 during July.

I NEMASTOMIDAE Platvbunus t rianoular i s C.L. Koch t Comon throughout the ar'eas sampled f,rom late uarch to the end of Mav' Most abundant in late uay and July on the reconstituted quarv site 10. Phalansiun oeilio L. t SingIe irhature specinens sieved fron leaf litter on 16 April (site 5) and lo May (site I)' otle specinen was recorded on 4.6.67 on a sti.cky band I on a pine tree in C 4oA. This species iE nore characteri.stic of open Iijglg:-ge$s (F.) I ?wo sing]e specimens in pitfall traps during J) and JuIy (site 5). This species is also unco non i.n Monks Lacirius ephippiatus (c.L. Koch) I A late su|urer species abundant in pitfalt traps in July, occurring at all sitee except 5 and vith only a single doubtful imature specimen recorded fron site Io. t odielrus DalDinalis (Hbst.) pitfall traps at sites 8 and C I very few imiature specimensin 7' JuIy. I durins ol isolophus tridens (c.L. Koch) Tbe nost abundant phalangid in litter and pitfall traps on all sites t except lO during April anal May tith very fer.' in'natu-res trapped at sites 4 and 9 in J'rly. By far the largest nunbers trapped at site 6. t Leiobunun rotundum (Latr. ) Iddatures taken in pitfall traps in small nunbers at al1 sites except 4 during April 6nd l{ay. only two adults taken in one trap at aite 5 during I July. aIl the Pseudoscorpiong collected fiom Iitter and pitfall traPs I Chthonius iscbnocheles (ttermann) t which was taken at al1 sites I IM I I TabIe 19 OPILIOI{ES, UIRIAPODA AI{D ISOPODAFROX EEIFORD PUNLIEIT'S I (co}OIT€D TOTA]5 oF SPgCIXE S COI,I.ECTEDIN PITFAII rRAPs ${D l,IlIBR sLl.tPt s DURING 1974} I srTE NOS. ] 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 lo. t OPILIONES Anelasoocephalu3 cadbliirgei I 3 I 8 I NelastoEa luqubre 3 ; I 2 ; 3 9 I Platybunus triangularis I I9 t: Phalansiun opllio I : 2 I {itopG norio L 6 : 62 20 L9 I t Iacinius ephippiatus 3 odielIE palpinalis 3 3 2 OIigolophuB tridens 2; a; 43 22 10; 26 2L 2 Leiobunun rotuldun B 3 I 7 z 6 2 I 8I 85 198 48 76 58 )9 DIPI.OPODA I Gloneri.s marglnata 26 20 lo i 7 9 PolydesEus angustus 2 6 1t 5 2 I I P. d€nticulatus 3 I 2 5 3 I t IuIuB scanditaviua ; ; qaryiulus pilosua 7 3 2 I 6 9 Cylindoiulus prmctatus 3 6 3 1 I I ; schizophyllu$ sabuloau z i I I Tachl.podoiulu3 niger 2 6 ; ; 2 ; 5O \6 28 70 25 o I CHIINPODA Striga.nia acuminata 2 3 I 1 Geophilus carpophagus ; ; 2 8 I Lithobius variegatus 3 I 2 ; 3 L. forficatus I I 2 ; 6 I 2 ; I L. ct'asaipes II I z 2 4 2 ; ; ? L. cutipea t z I 2 24 T2 18 28 II 5 t1 I9 o I ISOPODA trichoniscus pusillus aqg. J6 z t: I 5 t: t T. pusillus provisioris 2 I 3 Philoscia dudcorun I I Oniscus aaellua 9 4 j 2I ; 1 PorcelIio scaber z I 2 1 I I 6 L3 )a 8 6 L2 I I . No Iitter sanpl€B coll€cted frod Slto IO I I I I 145 I except 10. Two other species lfere also recorded. Single fenales of Neobisiuo nuscorun (Leach) *ere taken in the san€ pitfall trap at site 9 (o.P.- I in late Uarch and early July. Tvo tritonFrphs of AlE!ryjgElgg Canbridge) vere extracted fron litter collected under pines at site 3 on I ,o l|ay. A snall collection of apiders taken during this sampring prog.anrne I have been lodged vith Dr. E.A.G. Duffey. t YRIAPODA A total of 9 species of, nillipede and 7 species of centipede t'tere recorded in the wood. Apart fron one or tro casual observations the I recorale vei€ all fro'n pitfall traps or litter sanples (Table l9). No Myriapoda rere taken at site LO on the reconstituted quarry.

~~DIPIOPODA I GI'IIERIDAE~~

9lg!9!i:-3grg!gig (virr ' ) I Contron at all sites fron llarch to July. Largest nwnbers taken at t CRASPEDOSO}I]DAE lsl!4grsjlgtslxgss*EE ( Leach) I A single record by P.T. Harding on 2 Augusi fron und€r logs in *oodland ride. I POLYDESMI DAE &U@-3ng!:!gg Latz. Taken in pitfall traps in lov nunbers fron April to July at all sites. I P. denticulatua C.L. Koch In general less cormon than preceding species. Not taken at sites 6 I and 9 but more numerous at site I in fiay. IULI DAE I Snall numbers of unidentified imnature iulids were collected from nost sites throughout the saDpling period March to Ju1y. Iulus scandinavius Latz. t Taken in smalt numbers in pitfalt traps during arch, It|ay and JuIy froft sites 5, 6 and 7. OnIy a single specinen lound elseyhere at slte 9. I ophyiulus pilosus (Newport) Recorded in small nunbers fron pitfall traps at all sites except 9, nainly durins [arch, May and JuIy. AIso recorded from a lggfsg_Ilig I nest in C 4OA on 28.9.67. 9rli!gr9913:-g!3gl ( Leaoh) Collected regularly in litter and pitfall traps fron l,larch to l{ay at I all sites except 5. A single specinen l.as trapped at site 9 irl July and P.T. I Harding recorded one in a drystone uall on the south edge of the wood I 18 I I EE8ulfslelglgEl4 (L. ) Only three specinens collected in pitfall traps during March' tt{o I at site 2 and one at site 5. IcslJ@islre_sig ( L€ach) Taken regularly in pitfall trapa in lot{ numbers from March to MaY t at al1 sites except 4.

CHILOPODA I GEOPHILIDAE !!l:igsie_39!si!g!s ( Leach) I Small nunbers extracted fron leaf litter collected on 16 April and fO l,lay fron sites l' 4' 5' 7 and 8. Recorded bv P.T. Hardins in Ieaf litter near Centre Tree otr 2 October. l{o specimens taken in pitfall t traps. AIso recorded fron Formica rufa nest in c 40 on 28.9.67. GeoDhilus carDoDhaqusLeach I Only recorded fron litter samples collected on I1 March, 16 April and lO May nainly as ionature specimens fron a1l sites except 1, 5 and 6' Most nunerous at site 4. t LITHOBI IDAE

A few very small imiature Lithobius could not be identified to €pecies' t of the five species taken only !:-113891!99 proved to be at all ]lurnerous' Li thobius variesatus Leach I In small nubbers in litter and pitfall traps frod Uarch to JuIv in a1l sites e:.cept 8 and 9. !:-19r3!9sjss (L.) I l'our sinsle specinens of this comnon voodland species taken in pitfall traps at sitea L' 5 ar:d 7 from March to Mav. I !.:_ssEg! Brorenanu snall nuDber taken in litter and pitfall traps from March to Julv in all sites except 6' 7 and B. t L. crassipes c.L. Koch Taken iesularly in srall nunbers in litter and pitfall traps froD I aII EiteE throughout the sadpling period lI l|arch to 18 Julv. Also recordect fror a nolers nest in C 38B on 7 Mav. L. curtipea C.L, Koch I Three adults fron Iitter collected 16 Aprir and fo May at sites 4 and 9. Tvo innatureB fron sites 1 and 8 on the earlier date, and on€ aalult in a pitfall trap at site 9 in July. AIso recorded from Formica I rufa nest in c 4oa on 28.9.67. I I I I 147 t I ORTHOPTERA and to The orthopteran fauna ol Bedford Purlieus is extre$ely poor sone extent this is a reflection of the Iack of suitable habitats' in C 454! Howeve., ewen t{here good siasslanal co|||,ntmities do exist! such as I specinen vas cotlected' no sras;hoppers nere seen' and in C 5OC onlv one OnIy six species vere recorded during 1974:-

~~I TETTIGONIIDAE~~

~~Meconema thalaseinurn (Des. ) I Beaten fron oak foliage on western edge of c f8A bv P'c' Tinning~~

I PhoI-idoDtera qriseoaptera (Des.) west of Recot'ded otl ? october tJy P-T- ttarding atong st' Johnts Fide C 4lA and C 44A and along the north-western edse of C 5OA' fhis species I ylas also heaid singing on 22 October in wartine cLearance area in C 45C and D. t LeDtoohves Dunctat issina (Bosd Swept by P.C.t. on 7 Ausust in the region of the Centre Oak, fron I taII hertrase and linestone grassland! ACRIDIDAE I 9!9l!!iss:-Bggsss ( rhlnb' ) one only recorded by P.C.T. on 7 August in short siassland on I disturbed sround ln C 5OC. C. Darallelus (Zett. ) AIso recorded on 7 August by P'C.T. on limestone grassland in North t Gate Ride west of c 29. IDTTRIGIDAE

~~I Tetrir undata (solrerby) I A single female on 5 June in short grasstand between C 5OA and B. t t I I I I 148 I I HDMIPTERA~~

No special study has been nad€ of this Order but thiee species of Honoptera were noteat by P.C. Tinning on 7 Ausust 1974. Six species of t Heteroptera in the late w.E. Russellrs collection bear Bedford ftrrlieus ]ocality Iabels ed a furtber three species were taken in pitfall t.aps or by sweepi's during 1974. I HOIltOtTE1RA CERCOPIDAE ADhroDhora alni (FarI.) t -'---E;t"-" centre Tree' and bv disturbed f... oak foliase near srourld I C I CADELLI DAE ----EiEii-?ii,nCicadella viridis (L,) r i'.=t""" srassland in disturbed sround in c 45A. I Iassus lanio (L.) Beaten fron oak foliag€ bordering St. Johnrs Ride. HETEROPTERA I ARADIDAE 4rs4g-SPrg:glg (F. ) 2 Aprir I97o. I ANEURIDAE r.neurus awenius (lur.) I lf Jury 1972, ld swept f.o|n ride through C 36 (R.c.l{.). south}rood and Leston (1959) sive distribution as 'rsouth of a line fron caBbridge to Gloucesterl. It is the rarer of the tvo species of bark bug in this genus but has been taken in Honr(s Wood. I LYGAEIDAE Mesalonotus antennatus (SchitI.) I 6 May 1968. EEg:-!J]Je!i999 (F. ) 28 JuIy 1966. t NABIDAE ----Hinacerus nirnicoides (Costa) I rE-6;i-it7IJ in rear ritter, Bite 2 (R.c.w.). UIRIDAE (Herr.-Sch. I Itacrolophus nlfiilis ) 20 May 1967. calocoris norwesicus (Gner. ) I 22 JDt-y 1966. !!y!99eris_sE! (L. ) I Ausust 1966. I g"rgs-ser (L.) 13 hLy 1972 svept f.on ride between c 37 and c l8 (R-c-u.). SALDIDAE I saldula orthochila (Fieber) 4-r8 July 1974, I adult, 2 nymphs in pitfalr traps, site Io (R.C.W.). I I I I 149 I q:!E!9ts!E84

I No wisitor to Bedford Purli€us can fail to notice the nunerous large nest nouDds of the vood ant Fornica rufa L. Th€ distribution of those nests occupie.I durins 1974 iEif,iGGTig. J8. thornhaush is one of, the I Iocalities listed by Enid Nelrnes (1938) in her surYey of the distribution of the eood ant in England' gales and Scotland rhich vas besun in 1933. These ants ar.e popularly believed to have been introduced into the wood but no records can be traced to substantiate this, althoush Nernes (p.92) pheasantsi I Btates that "in sorie places they have been introduced as food for such as Harleston Firs' Northantsrr. Introduced or not their pres€nt distribution within the wood is difficult to explain. 155 nests were ! occupied during 1974. Ot these 54 are under conifers and approximately 15 are situated alons the northern edge of rides runnins in an east-west alirection. This is a favoured position for catching the most sun. Another 20 nests are associated with the wartine clearance area in C 45C I and Ct many of rhich are situated at the edge of the hui bases. on the other hand nore than 90 nests correlate with the rr€ll drained brourr I rendzina soils over the various Iineston€s. Four other species of, ant l'ere noted in the wood during 1974. A sinsle worker of $Slegqe_Igg j!999! lrestv. wcs swept fron a ride runnins throush c 37 on 13 Jury. Collingeood and Barrett (1954) sive the distri- I bution this to Midlandsr and list NorthanPtonshire as a of ant as "south record not confirned sirrce 19OO. It has been recorded fron MoDks lJood on seweral occasions siDce 1968. Three other species lrere taken in I pitfarr traps:- Fornica fusca L. 4-18.?.?4 (L.t 15-29.5.74, "nd ]ggi!:.-!iggl both at site 10 on the reconstituted quarry' and !Igi93_lggi!9gig Nyl. I 29.5.-t2.6-74 aL site J. The ]ate W.E- Russell visited Bedford Purlieus on at least th'ee occasions in 19561 1967 and l97j and recorded 17 species of savfly. Theser tosether vith 7 additional recent recorda, are listed below. R€cords of t wasp bunblebee by J.C. Felton in I97l are a and 5 species of hostly noted I atso included. I t I I I T T I 150 I I I 58. ofsrnfBuTloNof wooo aNr tFoRMIcl Ruf/ L.) Nasr srrEs occuptEDDUitxc tgtrt. T

~~1,', ',. i\,-f~~

~~i' l" -l //l tl ' -'- :j /// ti i:i;i.'h.'.i t Ir i.'i, i -ii;t\1"r:'i-- I~~

~~\.bt-'" - \ ' -t-tt"-' ,.6-'r---,-- tt " ./t I ---''- ' 'i,. ----- U~~

~~.tl I -.. \.-----_-r- i-t t !~~

~~\\ ci - Y'.'/ ---'- ( -'1 t~~

I T 151 I I HIXENOPTERA RECORDEDFROI.{ BEDFORDPURLIEUS t SYMPHYTA (SAI{FLIES.I AII records U.E. Russell unless otherrise stated. ARGIDAE I Arse cyanocrocea (rorst.) 5 June 197j1, east edoe C 5oB (R.C. welch) CIMBICIDAE I zaraea fa3ci'ata (L.) 12 Ausust 1956 TENTHREDTNI DAE elisandra 4sriq (F.) 29 J].l'r.e1972 (G.J. Moller) I ilI;;;;;;;(F. ) 5 rune r9?3, east edse c 5oB (R.c.'d.) Athalia cordata Lep. lo ausust 1967 (G.J.M.); 26 taar L973 and 5 June I9?lr easr edge C 5oB {R.c.h/.) I E|lrria tridens (Kon.) 5 June I97l on young birch, c 4/'B (R.c.l,/.1 E. atector Bens- 26 l[^y 1973 I E. luteivebtris (Xrus.) 5 June 1974, east edge C 5oB (R.C.\{.) I srronbocerus dentjlggld.jlgg (Fdrl.) 26 Uay and 2! Julle 1973 Parna teneU4 (KIus.) 25 xay 1973 Allantus truncatus (Klus.) 26 rray r97l Eutonostethus ephippiun (Pz.) 26 uay 1973 I Aslaostisna flrlvipes (scop.) ro May and 4 June 1967, ar\d 26 l46y 1973 A. aucupariae (Kl.us.) 1o May 1967 Tentltredopsis litterata (Geoff.) 26 ay 1973 I T. n"'."t" iu 16 n"y I9?3 ar,d 5 J]U|i:F.L974 east ealse c 5oB (R-c.!r.) 6i6il! r p"".t"r"r" (Krus.) 4 rune 196? ar,d2b Mayr9?3 R. chrorosolna (8ens.) 25 l|ay 1973 R. 26 May 1971 I t.'*.t'..a""i.iei:-G.) t.."r" scop. 29 Hay 1974 swept in c a4 (R.c.Lr.) 1. mesomelas t". 26 taav t973 T. aroena cr. ll Auqust t956 I M""."rh"; duocleci npunctata (L.) 1o June r967 FfrTiffiAEfiiliiEii;i? (F"rl.) 26 M"yreTl I

I APOCRITA AIl records by J.C. Felton on 15 ^usust -t973 except !:--jl3g!jlg4!9. I VESPIDAE YeEpula !.ulqaris (Wesn.) I *orker I APIDAE !9r!sE-l:r*Ei:!g L. ld !:_jglg!:I Fab. I(t (L.) t !:_M!99 .1d !:__I3pi93I!E (1.) 15.5.74' one dead in road' edse of 4lc (R.c.Y-) I Psithyrus yestalis (Geoff. in Fourc.) ld T 152

~~LEPIDOPAERA (J. Heath)~~

Although this l'ood vas considered by nany Iocal lepidopteriEts to haye an exceptionally good fauna irl the irnnediate post-war period it vas probably no b€tter thaJ} the other rennants of Rockinghan Forest. It does not appear to have been as rich as Castor Hanglands National Nature Reserve and rvas certainly duch poorer than some southern woodland areas such as Box Ht11 in Surrey. Coftparative species totals for th€se localities

~~Table 20~~

~~Site Butterflies~~

~~Bedford Purlieus Castor Hanglands 38 398 40 330 Box HiIl area 485 I~~

~~(The butterf,ly present in Bedford Purli6us but not castor Hanglands vras Boloria selene) I~~

EntohoLogical activity ln Bedford Purlieusr as elsewherer reached its peak in the niddle 195ors when collecting vith MV lishts l.as a relativelv ngoodtr I nev nspor.tn and entoDolosists *ere int€nsively exprorins a1I Iocalities. ltost of our kno$ledse of the lePidoptera of Bedford Purlieua is due to the rork of Mr. P.J. Gent of [orthanpton and Ur. S.U. Pooleet then resident in Peterbo.oush. I

Prior to 196l' 39 species of butterfly had been recorded but of these ThFeticus lineora' Thec]a betulae' Quercusia quercus' Aricia as€stis' I ADatura i.is, BoLoria seLene' ArqYnnis adippe, Arsvnnis aslaja' AIIIS:: ou"t'r;u u"a ll.ta"ursia salaLhea hawe not been noted since 1960. Of the remaining 2f species six would no$ appear to have been lost from this site. I catlophrys rubi' LYsandra coridon and !9l9lig-9g!!f9:M were ]ast seen in tAAt, SlIlgrlj-1-rlsli in rq66' 9sllsl99s.p!g!als.!39!9! io 1971 and Hanearis ]ucida in 1973. Therefore of the original total of 39 or)ty 23 butterflies renain' and most of these are in small numbers rhereas all the I species vere once atundairt.

The destnrction of nuch of the calcareous grassland on the 'reetern I edge of the woodr the dewelopnent of a nore uniform tree cover nithib the 1{ood and changes in climate wiII all have contributed to the disappearance ol these epecies. I A sinilar picture of change can be seen with the macro noths (data is not available for the snaller species). Prior to 1940 only 70 species haal been recorded but of these 15 have not been noted subsequentlv. Four I xestia rhonboidga' and of these, bC!9!!ggge--gi-U]g' Ltnantria monacha, Cosnia difJini! vere on the edse of their ranse and are sPeciee shich have possibly contracted nationally. Another' Nola confusalisr has I suffered a national decline and three' ]!9!lEj4igg::' g!}gll1b diata and @iglle-Igfe tlay l.ell have been overlooked as they occur eitrrer very earfy ot' late in the year. Of the seven redaining epecies I I I T t53 I five, Igl:j!!9_E!91e, Harpyia bifidar rholera cespitisr Amphipyra pyranidea, and Apanea scolopacina, should not have been nissed if they I *ere still present but the remainins t{o, IgEt!9gie_:g!&:Sg jg and Ipinorpha Bubtusat could easily have beeh overlooked. The latter is a I species which seems to always occur only in very low nunbers. Since 1960 only 81 species of noth have been recorded but it is kno*,n that there has been very Iittl€ activity by lepidopteriata workins t ar night during this period. Whitsr no assessmenl of changes is possible it i€ interesting to note that three species have been added to the list during the last fourteen years. one, the sten bor€r irl Yibuinun lantana, Conopia anthraciniforBis r vas doubtless overlooked in t earrier years but both of the othei t*", !3jEg!9ffg_9g9gll4' "nd GortFa flayago seen to have increased nationally in recent yeare. I I t I I I I I I I I t I I I 164 I I THE MACNO-LEPIDOPTERAOF MDFOND PUNLIEUS t The non€nclature and arrangenent in th€ following list is that of Kloet & flincks, 1972, A check list of British Ins6cta, 2nd Edition (revised) Part 2, L€pidoptera. Handbk. Ident. Bt!!. InB. l1(2). I

~~HEPIALIDAE t Hepialua hunuli (L. ) f-!€!c (L.) !:lx.Ig!!e ( L- ) l!.@gg (L- ) I LIIiIACODIDAE 4P9gs@ (L-) I SESIIDAE~~

Conopia anthrac ini formis (EsD.) t HESPERIIDAE t Caiterocephalus palaenon (PalI.) Ochlodes venata ( Bremer & Grey) Thynelicus aylvestris (Poda) lse!]E-jes9i (L. ) T:-E;;;Fi6;hs-',:t- lrrgge_.gLgg (r. ) t PIERIDAE

Colias croceua (ceoff in Fourc.) !,g3g (r,.) I Gonepteryl( rhamni (L. ) &_!esl (L.) Pieria brassicae (L. ) Anthocharis cardanines (L. ) I LIC.AENIDAS Callophrys rubi (L.) Lycaena phlaeas (L. ) I i;;;i;r;;i]F(1. ) lricia aseatis (D. & S.) 6EiiEii.,""-"u" (r,.) &l@!sgj$ (Rott. ) E@ig4lg:q (Knoch) 43!!E3-!95*!9 (Poda) !'-igrgl ( L' ) C€laatrina arqi.oluB (L. ) I NEI{EOBIIDAE I Hanearis lucina (L. ) |{N'FHALIDAE t Ladosa caEirla (L. ) &!@.(1.) (L. ) Boloria aelene (D. & S.) &e!gre_s --,-. Is!9srg-.c!cg!e, (L. ) p. supEoayrre tr,., I Cynthia cardui (L.) Argynnia adippe (D. & s.) lqlais urticae (1.) A. aqlaja (L. ) Inachis io (L. ) A. DaDhia (L. ) I I I t55 I SATYRIDAE t Eerergg-egsgrig(r,-) aniola.iurtina (L.) LasioD]Mta neqera (L. ) @EP!e-r3sP!:lss (L'l Melanargia salathea (L. ) ADhantoDus hvDerants (L., I ryrssi3-!:!!sss! (L- ) I I,AS IOCAMPI DAE IegilggssPe--PgPgll (L. ) M!sg9!ie-.P91egie (L. ) Malacosoma neustria (L.) t DREPANIDAE

Drepana binaria (Hufn. ) !:-lel9e!9r-!s (L. ) I D. cultrai'ia (F, ) CiIix qlaucata (S.op.) I TT{YATIRIDAE I!E!!fe_E!!e ( L. ) Cynatophorima diluta (D. & s.) !3!:s:89-95!!g!g9s ( Hufn' ) 4glue-IEr:sersis (1.) I Ochropacha duplariB (L. ) GEOMETRIDAE

I Archiearis parthenias (L. ) Anticlea badiata (D. & s.) Aisophila aescularia (D. & S.) a. de.ivata (D. & s.) ceosetra papilionaria (L.) l,anpropteryx suffunata (D. & S.) Cooibaena oustulata (Hufn. ) Cosmorhoe ocellata tL.) t iEiiiiElEEilGii; (niin . ) Eulithis prunata (L.) !9EiE!9le-s!4@i1 (E.p. ) E. nterlinata (Fabr. ) Jodis lactearia (L. ) E. pvraliata (D. & s.) I Cvc.loDhora punctaria (L. ) Ecliptopera silaceata (D. & S-) ScoDula initar ia ( Hubn. ) 9!l9l99ug!e_sl!9ls]!g ( Hufn. ) s:-l*""t";;-Tt.t c. citrata (L. ) I S. flosLactata (Haw.l Cidaria fulvata (Forst.) ldaea bisetata ( Hufn. ) Pledvria rubioinata (D. & s.) I. fuscovenosa (Goeze) Thera firnata ( Hiibn. ) ll-liilli"=Gin."nr. ) @ergele (rl'""u-l t I. subsericeata (Haw.) 9sl9srye!E_r9gL!!e!e!11(r.noch) ;:=;El;G-71.) Hydf ionena furcata (Thunb. ) I. aversata (L. ) Horisde vitalbata (D. & S.) I Xanthorhoe spadicearia (D. & 5.) Melanthia procellata (D. & s.) Igll9llggglg (crerck) girlgge_gs!:1ele (L. ) x. quadrifasiata (clerck) Philereme Yetulata (D. & s.) I X. nontanata (D. & S.) P. tiansversata (Hufn. ) X. fluctuata (L., !silr!!ej:I!sE:!s ( Borkh.) scotopterYx bipunctaria (D. & s.) PerizoEa alcheEillata (L. ) E!-g9g9P9gis!s (L. ) P. flavofasciata (Thmb.) t EDirrhoe tr:istata (L. (L. ) P. didynata ) E- alternata (Miiller) Eupithecia eKisuata (H{lbd. ) El-iliJi-tRit".l E. venosata (F. ) I !:--gg!@ E. centaureata (D. & S.) catlptograu|a birineata (L. ) D. aubfuscata (Haw. ) I Larentia cLaYaria (Har. ) E. succenturiata (L. ) I I I 156 I glleles.ryeElr-sle ( Hau.) CrocalliB elinguaria (L. ) (L. I ADlocera Dlaoiata (L.) 9gr@E-rs4!g9cr!E ) glgrgllsl!]@b4e (Hufn. ) Colotois D€maria (L. ) Abraxas sylvata (Scop. ) Lvcia hirtaria (clerck) I44er!ig9-.g3!s!!c!c (L' ) Bi8ton strataria (Hufn. ) I Liodia adustata (D. & S.) B. betularia (L. ) Semiothisa alternaria ( Hubn. ) MenoDbra abruDtaria (Thunb. ) s. riturata (Clercr) periuatoaes rtromloidaria (D. & s.) I PetroDhora chlorosata ( ScoF. ) Praoodis dolabraria (L. ) (Goeze) Opisthograptia luteolata (L..1 Aethalura Dunctulata (D. & S.) I ADeira syrinqaria (L, ) EElEJi.4isrig (L. (F.) -E.Ermomos alniaria (L.) LonooraDha binaculata f"'"""t".r" (H"*. ) L. tenerata (D. & S.) Fr""i" a."tu"i. (r. ) cdDaea naioari tata (L..) I El-IEiillGiiG-( n"r". ) !9rs9s!r:j!!gl!13i:!e ( Hubn., g!99!3P9lg-E!l&g!g!g (crerck) I SPHINGIDAE

~~EP!!4=-f!.sce!ri L. leel4ee--Psrcl: (L- ) !!see-ii!!€ (L..) 99!!9Ebi]!9!9r (L-) I E49ri4!ss-e99lfe!e (L. ) P:--Eg:fsg (L. ) I{OIODOI{I IDAE I~~

lle4Ile_glErE (Brahn) !!lleges-9E!1:9iE (1.) E!.es.@s!. (L- ) Ptilodontella cucullina (D. & s.) I Notodonta dronedarius (L.) !!9!9El!9!g_IglEi!g ( clerck) g!:ss9@leiisses (L.) Pl)4ss:bslErslg (Hurn') E!999i-e._9!9gg (F. ) gi'!9!e-9e9rcg99r!4!c ( L- ) P. tremura (clerck) I LI}IANTRI IDAE I Dasvchira oudibunda (L. ) LYnantria nonacha (L. ) Euproctis si'nilis (FuesBIy) I ARCTIIDAE

Miltochrista niniata (Forster) SDiIosoma lubriciDeda (L.) -,qt"r'irn"d".r-;-ffi ;-l;J- S. luteu$ ( Hufn, ) I r"u.i""ri,is (I-. ) Phragnatobia fuliginosa (L. ) a-rb"'r" ..'"'"1r" (L. ) @i.e@(1.) Eileba lurideola (Zinck. ) t

"""-* Nora cucurlatella (L. ) N. confusalis (H. -s. ) I I I I I I 157 I NOCTUIDAE (Esp. t E::=ee-!49.9! ( L. ) Il!9994rejl99ls ) n. nlqncans tL., BleDharita adusta (EsD. ) Aqrotis seqetun (D' & S.l PolhiliE flavicincta (D. & s., I l. exclanationis (L. ) EuDsilia transversa (Hufn., (Hufn. ) Conistra vaccinii (L. ) A. iDsilon (e'P' A.!__!g!g (HUbn. ) q-Usl4e l ArvIia Dutris L. Aorochola circellaris ( Hufn. ) I ochroDleura Dlecta (L. ) A. nacilenta ( Htlbn.) Noctua Dronuba (L. ) Il-]]t";-ir.) N. comes (HUbn.) ETi^ *-.r."iaiu (D. & s.) t N- finbriata (Schreb. ) A€!!s!e-19!:Eess (HaY') F.-iiifriii-( p. a s.) Y€nthia citraqo (L. ) GraDhiohora auqur (F.) LjlXsgg (D. & s.) (F., (E I -p.Diarsia dendica I:-i9se13 P') t""""" (o. a s.) x. icteritia (ltufn.) IgEl-ii-9:rttlgE (1..r A. grrwaqo \rr. & >., X. dit!'aDeziun (D. & S.) Acronicta meoaceohala (D. & s.) I X. triansulun (Hufn. ) l. aceris (L. ) I;-b;:;-l p. E s.) A. Ieporina (L. ) x. rhomboj.dea (Esp. ) (EBP. (r-.) I !--geE!elgg ) g_si Cerastis rubricosa (D. & s.) 4!gLp-Ies--Pr=4i39sdea ((L. ) 3sL!e-!s!gls (Hufn. ) &_EgggEglglg (clerck) Heliobhobus reticulata ( Hav.'.) &gi!g-l9r!ls:!9e (tuP. ) t r.r"i""ir''l-iG?EiEt (r. I . I!eu9!E!le-gc!slg ( Hufn.) Lacarrobia thalassina (Hufn., EuDlexia luciDara (L. ) r.. oleracea (L. ) !!!e.ceP!9re-s9!!99 (L.) t c"-*t"" pi.l ( 1,. ) Ipi|norpha subtusa (D. & s.) Hecatera bicolorata (Hufn.) @s:.e-tel9e99s (Eup.) geEEisill:sis (L. ) I tr. perolexa (D. & s.) C. diffinis (L. ) H. confusa (Hufn.) g4xePg3is (1.) @ tuur".) C. pvralina (D. & s.) Tholera cesDitis (D. & S.) 4gls_sgrggllp4s (Hufn. ) I Pdolis flannea (D. & s.) t. titnoxvlaea (D. & s.) ot'thosia cruda (D. & S., A. crenata (Hufn. ) t-'i--;i;5;'15: & s.) A. characterea ( Htlbn. l I o. DoDuleti (F.) il-GiiiJGiiu".l o- qraciliB (D. & s.) A, anceps (D. & s.) o. stabilis (D. & S.) A. sordens { Hufn. ) I 6l-lilliTl-t x"r" . I 4i-lggl3Pgggg (EsP' ' o. 'nunda (D. & S.) oliqia striqilis (L. ) g:-!91!i9g (L., uergissggB (H"*' l Mvthimna conioera (D. & S.) @U.si3-g]Is4s4e (D, t M. ferraqo (F. ) M. Iiterosa (Haw. ) M. iDoura ( H{lbn, ) Mesapanea secalis (L.) H. pallens (L. ) Photedee einina (Haw. ) I F. .*-;;;;-i rb".) cucullia chanomillae (D. s.) Fl-t"'. (sllro. ) c. rrdbratica (L., &jglEitg (lraw. ) creoceris vibinaris (F.) Eiremobia ochroleuca D. & s.) I i;;;6Fi;--iffi;t" (D. & s.) LuDerina testacea (D. s.) I I I t58 I I

Hwalraecia micacea (Esp.) ' r. iota (L. ) I cortYna flavaoo (D. & S.) TEE?:t"r" t'io..i"" (ri."'. ) charanvca trioran&ica (Hufn. ) !.-jrirlee& (L. ) Hoplodrina blanda (D. & S.) gelgge]3_Igplg (L.) (D. I 9s9e!ts!!e-!94!9gg (Bufn. ) TYta luctuosa & S.) Chiloates naritipus (Iausch.) GiEiiill-ii"-t i",- ( rreits. ) Lithacodia Dtqarqa (Hufn., Eiifi6iTE#-Iil"t-rix ( L. ) (D. Egggsllellsgglg lrarren LasDevria flexula & s.) I 9.e!scg!.e_9egl! (L. ) &Lsle_ls4seclle ( scop.I (L.) HvDena Droboscidalis (L. ) DiachrYsia chrYsitis ( lgLrg!ryge-g@ (F. ) FiiG6i?i-iii" ip""".-r i' rre i t s. ) I AutoqraDha qahrna (L. ) P. nenoralis (F. ) A. pulchrina (tlard. ) I I I t I t I I I I t I I I t I ito I I 99!P9!1P84 Despite the contparative lack of larger trees and the extensive felling and replanting which has taken place in a large p€rcentage of the remaining {oodland of Bedford PurIieus, the coleopt€rous fauna renains r.elatively I rich. A total of 474 species has been recorded in, or adjacent to, the wood in the past 40 years. J. Omer-Cooper (1926) li"t. many records by J. willoushby-Dlris f,rorn Wansfordt onty l; rniles east of Bedford Purlieus. I It is not inconceivable that sone of thes6 records refer to this wood. Ho{ever, no specinens in his collection, deposited at York Museun, have so far been found to bear Bedford Purlieus data ]abe1s. The earliest I definite records are those of D. Tozer f,or May 19J5 yhen he recorded Elater elongatus and Osphya bipunctata. The latter species has a very localised distribution centred around Huntingdonshire with Bedford Purlieus as one of its northernmost knowh sites (Steele and Welch, 1971 t p.213). of the 18 species r.ecorded by Tozer betveen r9l5 and 1970 arr except 7 species have probably not b€en recorded there for the past lO years. S.o. and S.A. Taylor coll.ected in th€ uood between 1916 and 1945 t and their collection and notebooks are d€posited at the Leicester Museun and Art Gallery. Of the species tisted by then lO renain the only known records, although a furthei four species vrere also recorded by Tozer; ?rachys minuta on hazel, Saperda populnea on aspen, Agapanthia villoso- I virescens on hosweed and Mordella viltosa on flowers. The last species was recently recorded by P. Skidnore (1972) under the nane M. fasciata r.., rran froD unbel at the edge of a cornfield,rnear Kingscliffe yoods, f diles I to the west of Bedford Purlieust and h€ renarks that this ,,represents a slight northern extension of its knotm range.t. Skidnore also took Laemophloeus binaculatus (pk.) and Svnchita huneralis (F.) on a dead I staBding beecb and coments 'ttheir capture supports the conviction herd by the writer that all rennants of o1d forest areas should contain interesting rare insects.r. Certainly tno species still p!.esent in the vood! Acalrgs roboris and Orchesia minor are regarded by R.A. Croyson (pers. I conm., as sood indicators of a primary woodland site.

ltany of the species listed by Toz€r and the Taylors .eflect a uood- I tand with many mature trees. Fron ei.perience gained in Monks itooat National Nature Reserve it can be hoped that a nunber of these species nay still be present at very 1ow densities. One species listed in the Taylorsr notebooks, but not represented in their collectionr is RhagiM I inquisitor. It would appear unlikely that this northern spe"i".-iiEi-.ea in Bedford Purlieus. However, this species lilas also recorded fron Itlonks wood in 1925 at a tine when pines nere known to be present I (Steele & Uelch, 1971) but asain no known specinens are extant.

Tozer records five species fron verges outside, or boratering, Ene wood and one, Harpa]'rs ardosiacr€, fron purlieus". I "fie]d6 around Bedford c.H. Lindroth ?IrUi d"".'tb;;h. British disrriburion of chis spccies as'horth to Norfolk and Yorks. In open fields with limeerone anil chatk". H. obscurus, another very tocal southern species on chatk anat tinestone t was recorded in c J8B and C 48D by J,W. lurner in 1956.

one unexpected record is that of three Odontaeus armioer taken t rozer in June 1964 in a mercury vapour r i ght-T;;;:--TEf;;;;ies rs characteristic of open countryside although it flies at dusk and nas been caught in this manner on thre€ occasions in Buckinghanshire by Sir t Eric Ansorse (1963). I t 160 I t O\.er the past three yeari perticular attention has bean paid to the Coleoptera fiequentlng different species of fungi in Bedford Purlieus. This has provided some inter€ating recordsr especially in the genus I cyrophaena ( staphyl. inidae) r- Table 2l t Species of Gyrophaena I I Species of, Agaric fungus t Col lybia dryophila

Galerina mutabilis I Hebelo@ crustilinilorne Hypholoma fasciculare I Inocybe asterospora -L:-.gorrgellls I Lepiota cristaia Uycena salericulata I Pluteus lutescens Tricholona fult'um Tricholomopsis platyphvlla I

one '!ale G. t{illiansi vas collected from::Jlellpulle on 13 JuIy 1972 in c l8C. fni-s species vas first describeal fron nat€rial taken at st. Albans t in r9ll. There appear to be no other published Sritish records but E.w. Aubrook inforns ne that this speciea r.as numerous in a very rotten (unidentified) funsus in a 1{ood near Harlotr Carr, Harrorgate! Yorks on I 2f September 1971. s.A. Virlian-s also caught a single speci'nen in his rautocatcherr at Seal, near Sevenoaks, Kentr on J ,lugust 1973. Scheerpeltz and Hoefler (1948) did not find !:_I!!L!eEgL durins 6n intensive study of funsicolous coleoptera in ce"..njl--TiiE-i; ntIy Batten (rq7l) collected I 57 exampres in Holland' i" E!gE]g!gi:_-g!!Le!r., and concluded that G. williamsi is restricted"u to that speciee of fungus. One specinen of T. rutilans was collected in Bedford Purlieus but it only contained three I i6ii6i-EiEEi.r of staphylinidaei Proteinus ovalie, autalia impressa ano Oxypoda alternans. I A second species, G. poveri, of which one male vas taken in Hypholona fasciculare in c 35c on 29 J|'r're1972t is only slightly ]ess rare in Brj-tain. Joy (1912) gives its distribution as rrEngland S.E. to Leicesterehire| . I have seen specimens from the follol'ing southern localities:- Ney Forest, t Hantsi caterham' Esherr Shirley and Mickleham, Surrey; Epping Forest, Essex; and Yindsor Forest, Berks. There is also a specinen in the Manchester University Museun labelled Killarney 25.x.31. Scheerpeltz and Hoefler I recorded 9.:_j9!9$ fron three species of Hypholona (including H. fasciculare), I t I 161

I Pluteus cervinus and Tricholanopsis platvphylla. lwo male G. hanseni were also taken in H. fasciculare on J September 1972 in c 15. This species, added to the British List by Te]ch (1969), is still only knoMl I from about a dozen localities in the southern half of England, A single epecimen of Phloiophilus edwardsi was sicved from litter at site 1 on r074.--i6Eon-'Jr9-6ET-lTETes to be Jo uay that this species "seens I specifically attached to the fungus Phlebia merismoides srorring chief,Iy on dead branches of oakn, and Sheila Wells does list this species f,rom adother conpartnent in the yood. t A recent illrigrant into Southern Britaint Leistus rufonarginatus t 1s stil1 actively ettendins its range. Although knoun fron Norfolk, iecords from Monks ldood (Uelch, 1968) and nore recently fron a beecb plantation t just north of Ketteringr Northants (Yelch, r97l) were the uorthern kno$n Iimits of its spiead into central England. Thus tbe record of a siDgle t specinen causht in a pitfall trap in July 1974 slishtly increases its For nuch of the year the stream flowing through the centre of the wood is redlrced to a series of sma]l pools. specimens "f 3jlglgllgS3lgle I have been taken running along the dry stream bed where oreodytes halensis, a species resarded by F. Balfour-Browne (r94o) as arrfen species' restricted to East AngIia and Lincsr usually in drains and moving waterrr! I has been found under stones. After heavy rain the strean frequently over- flows its banks and large accunulations of flood refuse are deposited both in the strean and alons its banks. Arthough most of the species collected fro|D such debris belons to the fadily Staphytinidae' several sPecitnens of I Trechus rivulari.s {ere also taken. Lindroth (1974) is some*hat out of date in describing this carabid as rrln dark forest sl.aps with sphasnun among damp sedge litterr flets and Cambsr very ra.e' but Mny taken at Wichen I Fenn. Pr"esent krowledse of iis distribution shows that it is probably ridely distributed in wooallands in the east Midlands and central Lincolnshire. I D.Y. Aubrook (pers. comrn.) has also taken it in Yorkshire. If the Formj.ca rufa 1'ere originally introduced into the wood a number of nyrnecophilous Coleoptera must have been introduced with the nest material. These include the staphylinids Leptacinus fornicetorun' I xantholinus atratus, ?hyasophila ansulata and 4lle!_lggglglilr the rhizophasid Monotona conicicor r is and the ptil i id 4glgEig]Iij_ggjgggggir rhich Johnson (1967) aescrites as a I'frequent inhabitor of the nests of I larser ants (Fonnica spp. )rr. Severai other species are associated with the nests of various namtnalsr birds and social insects. Quedius othiniensis, oxyletus saulcyir I Ptenidiun laeviqatun and Leptacinus testaceus {ere found iB noles' nestst and the last species a1so, perhaps more typicallyr in a sma11 namnalrs nest. A single Lopechusa enarginata ras caught in a pitfall trap on site I lO during July 1974. Accordins to Donisthorpe (1927) this species of staphylinid is found in the nests of Fornica fusca durino the summer nonths, rrovins into the nest or . spe?iE-6iE ri-"a for the lrinter nonths. I rhis specimen vas probably in tne process or lis-?-iict' a nisration. A further 26 species were caught in pitfall traps on this restored quarry site and \{ere not seen elsevheie in the wood. Ten of these were I Carabidae including the creen riser beetle gjgilgglle_gggpgggig'hi"h shovs a preference for a sandy or heathy habltat. The larvae of a species qye$:tigg were also causht in pitf,a]l traps on site 10. These nay not t "f I I 162 t t be the conmon D. globosus but ray be one of, the predatory species found in the burrows of sDecies of Bredius. since B. fracticornis 1irasrecorded from the sane site. The veevil Gronops lunatus i5 also associated *ith t sandy areas atthough the other" Curculionidae ard Chrysomelidae recorded here eere most probably associated rith the sparse herb layei. t The renaining grassy areas proved to be r'ather disappointing l,'ith regard to the Coleoptera but the opening up of sone of the rldes nithin the nood should provide additional herb-rich areae. A larwa of the clol{}'orm Lanpyris doctiluca was found in the wartime site in C 45D and I dany phytophagous species are present particularly along the south and vest margin of the t'econstituted quarry and in the narqinal strip up the complete westem edge of the wood. t rf as nuch time had been spert in studving Bedford Purtieus as has sone into the study of Monks wood National Nature Reserve' the list of I coleoptera given in Appendix 5 vould probably have been alnost tvice its present lensth. I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I 163 I COLMPI'ER]\ RECORXIEDFROM EIEIIFORDPURLIEUS I the 'ajority of the 474 sPecies in the follo*ing 1i3t haye been recorcletl aturing L9?4t nany in Pitfall traps *hich tere uBed durins four two-weekly periods:- 18J.?4 - r.4.741 L64o.4.741 15-29.5.74 and I 4-L8.?.?4. Four traps rdere placed at nine different aitest {ithin the $ood, for the fi!'st perioal' lfith a tenth site' on the reconstituted quarryr adatealfor the renaining dates. In the folloving li6t these 1974t C A1l I records are shol{n thus:- "P.F.I., 5/74,5OA" i.e. vay 5OA. other reco.rrs givet where possibler date of collectiont habitat details! compartment mrmber afrat collectoris initials in brackets. AI] recolds I aie by R.C. Velch unless inaticateal bv initiars of the folloving additional collector's:- J'N' Greator€x-Davies I P'T' Harding' H'D' Henson' v'E' Russell. D. Tozer. J.iJ. Turner and Sheila E. elrs. I.M. Dvans kindlv abEtractecl recorals fron the noiebooks of S.O. and S.A' Taylor deposited I at the Leicester Huseuth and Art Gallerv. These {ere nost probablv aII coltected b) the father and aie indicated by the initiala S'O.T' Tozer's records are mainly unalated and refer to the broad Period 1935- I r97O unless stated othen{ise. In the follo*ing list the fanilies are arranged according to crouson (1956. Handbk. Iatent. Brit. Ins. 4 Pt. I) vith the exception of the I ,qni"otofrTEiEil"rt or *r'i.l' is added to the silphidae with the rest in lhe Lelodidae follor/ins a manuscript rist in the British MuEeun (Natural History) which {ill forn the Coleoptera part of the revised second edition I Kloet & Hincks. Nonenclature lor the Staphyrtnidae is that of Tottenham (1949! The seneric nanes of British Insectsr Pt. 9' R. ent- SPc. Lond. CottD. of Generic Nomenclature) with the erception of the Oxytelinae l'hich . l'rn (r9zo, 142) t ?6fi-"* n.'-"'-'' "..ta !clr? @..' and the genus sepealophilus following ttarn'nona'srewision (1973: Entomolgqistis (Nitiduridae) non. Mag., roBJl--T6iEiEGt".e for &L!g9i!ge. and Eupereg iE-i?iEi sp".."."rt in Freu.Ler Ha"ae a l-otrse (196?, Die Kafer Mitteleuropa€r I follows walktev (r952t Proc. En!. ?) 6nd that for the Lathridiidae !oc. Vash.. 54 et. 5). The remainins fanilies foltow Kloet & Hincks (1945' 6ineo.ri.t or S.itirh Insects) and those parts of the llandbooKs for the I ft;;Ef t";tr";;;-E;i;G[',-fi"ects so far pubrished bv the Rovar Entonorosicar Society ot London. I t I I I I I I 164 I I CARABIDAE gisileleleqgES4e L. P.F.T.,5/74,5OL. I Carabus nenoralis l,luell. P.F.I., 4/74, 36^t 7/74 rarva, 13. C. probleoaticus Hbst. P.tr.T.' 7/74' 5OL. I cychrus caraboicles (L., 7.5.74' pupa under !:otten stumpr 35i 24.10.74, under rotten birch stunp, 424 (N.G-D.). Leistus spinibarbis F. 7,Lo.74' |lnder stone on edge of quarry site' I 504 (P.T.H. ). L. rufomarsinatus Duft. P.F.T.t 7/74' 35. L. furvibarbis Dej. 19.6.56r conmon' un.ler stones, f9B' 48D (J.w-T.); I P.F.r., 3/74, 35, 4/74 LarvA, 35. pond; sveepins -"ia.L. rufescens F. 29.6.72' under stone in dried-up 1J.7.72' I tl'.o..gr' 38t 15.5.74' in litter' 35; P.F.T. t 5/74 and 7n4, 35' t6A. (L.) los' 12-5.74' -t"irtyL. ferrusineus 19.6.56r fairly conmon' uder 38Bi t comrnon,unater wooalchips, 34 (J.w.T.). Nebria brevicolliF' (F., L2.5.74' very codnon' under stones and branches' l9D-G:ilmT 11.i.?4, rarva in litter' 4lA; P.F.r., 3/74' 35, 428, I 4^, L/74, 15, 4oB, 4lA, 5/74t 35, 4oB, 434, 'oa, ?/741 35' 5o^' 4/?4 rawae 35, 43^. Notiophilus bisuttatE (F., t).7.72, in flood lefus€ in dry stread bed' I 191 r2.5.1I, occasionar in stread litter' 39D (J.v.T.)i 15-4.74' in rid€ betveen )2 afl.d )6i zl.Lo.7t+' it l:-glg nest' 4JBi lr-3 ar}d 16.4.74r ritter' 3l' 16A and 4oAi P.F.T., 3/74, )5, 4oa and B' 4aB' t 4/7t', )5, 36a, 4oA, 4lAr 5oa, 5h4' aLr except 5oA' 7/74' art excepa llr 4OA and 5oA. N. rufipes curt. P.F.T., 5/74, 4.I.l.A. I (J.w.T.)l -----iLoricera pilicornis (F.) 12.5.74, comnon, in sLream litter' 39D -Fn-37? 4, )5, 4oB, 4/74, 4rB, 458, ?/?\, larvae, 35- Dyschi.iuE sp. P.F.T., 7/74 t$o la|ae' 5oA- I crivina fossor (L.) 7.5.?4' under stone' 37Bt 7.5.74' und€r stone on par}r, J7. I in funsus -----Trechus obtusus Er. 13.7.72' sweeping ride through 17; 3.9.72' 3;i'i:6ji, oak litter, 4r+c (P.r.H.)r P.F.'t., 3/?4, 36^, 428, 45R' 4/74, 43^, 458, 5/74, 458, 7/74, 35, 36a! 43a, 458. I T. rilularis (GyLI.) 13.7.72' in flood refuse in dry strean bed' 39t P.F.r.,7/74,33,458. Asaptliation flavipes (L.) r5.4.7t+' fn ride between 32 a')d 36i IL-3.74' I littea; 4oB a]ld 43A; P.F.r.t 4/?4, 35, 5/74, 35, 428. Bembidion (l{etallina) rampros (Hbst.) 11.7.72' runnins in tide' 37t r2.5.?E; iccasionar' in streaB litter' l9D (J.x.T.); P.F.T. 4' 5 t ana 7/74, 5o^- B. (Metarlina) properans steph. P.F.T.r 5/?4' 5oA. I B. (s.str.) quadrinaculatutn (L.) P.F.T.r 5/74' 5oA. B. (Phira) ob!!!E!a (serv.) 20.6.55' occasional, under los, 39A (J.w.T.) t 10.9.74, in flood refuse in dry Btream bed' 43c. I I I I 165 I B. (Philochthus) guttula (F.) P.r'.T.' 4/7t" 35. I B. (Perypbus) tetracolum Say P.F.T,, 4 a d, ?/?4, 5oa., stonis punicatus (Pz.) P.F.T.' 5/74' I Ptelostichus dilisens (sturn) P.F.T. ' 7/74, 458. P. lonsicolris (Duft., P.F.T.! l/74' 458, 4n4, 33. ------[]lFn.t;P. madidus (F.) 1.6.56, very comohr rrnder stores etc, JBB and D' J9B I P.F.r.t \,/?4, 35, 5h4, 15' 16A,5oA, 7h4, 3J,'t5, h^, 458. P. nelanarius (II1.) 15.5.56, comron, ih o1d los' 398; 12.5.74' common' I under stones' 378 and 39D (J.lt.T.). P. nisritus (F.) 12.5.74' uncommon, in old log, f7B (J.L/.T.). l P. strenuus (P2., 16-4-74, cut srass, 37Bi 15-5.74' in dry strar' 178. Abax parallelepipedus (PilI. & l.litt.) 12-5.?4' fairly codron! under stone, 14 (J.Y.T.); P.F.T.,4h4, 35, 36L' 43^, 5 at\d 7n4 ar). I except 5oA. Calathus fuscipes \Goez.) P-F..T., 7n4r 50A. I Agonun assinile (Pk.) 28.10.5It fairly comon, under stones, jlBD, f9B (Pont.) I A. dorsare 28.lo.5l, ver.y cotnmon,unaler stones, Iogs etc, 39D (r.Y.r.)i I P.F.r., 5h1, 5o^. A. obscuruD Hbst. 28.1o.5I, ver.y comron, undet stones, 398 and D (J.W.A.). A ara faniriaris (Dtltt.t 29.6.72i 12.5.74, occasionat, under bark on old I rost l7B (J.v.T.), 16.4.74, cut srass, lTBi ?.5.?4, in litter, 4oA; Ir.3t 16.4 a}]d )0.5-74, litterr ,5r 36a and 4oA; p.F,r,, 4/74, 4o^, 5/74, 35. I A, ovata (F.) 20.6.55, fairly cornnon, under rog, 4lB, 48D (J.l{.T.). 1. plebeja (eytt.1 2o.5.55, under tos, 48D (J.y,T.). I A, comunis (Pz.) L5.5,56, fairly comnonr under leaf debris, l8B (J.u.T.). Harpalus (Pseudophonus) rufipes (Deg.) P.F.l., 7/74, 50 . H, (s.str.) aeneus (F..) 19.6-56, very col'snon,under stones, 39A and B, I p.F.T., 4BD (J.lt.T.); 4 a,]d,jn4, sOL. H, (s.str.) obscurus r. 3.6.56, occasional, under stones! 398, 48D (J.l{.T.). I F- (Ophonus) ardosiacus Lut. in fields around Bedford turlieus (D.T.). Trichocellus placialus (cyIL., L3.?.?2, sweeping riate between jZ and lB. Badister sodalis (Duft.) not c"ormon(n.T.); 11.2.72, sveeping ride through l -----j7 -,-\-.-rjq in litter 3zBi ?.8.7L, oar'rilter, i,,c (p'.t.i.) t p.r.r., 4/24, 36^, S/?4,35, LoL,?/?4,35,36^- I Lebia chlorocephala (Hoff,) not c".,non (o.T.); tl.9.16 (s.o.T.)i 5.5.68, (y.E.R. ) .

Denetrias atricapilrus lL.) 12.5.?4, occasional, in leaf littert l9A (J.fl.T.)i I 16.4.24r cur srass, lTBi 16.4.74, litter, 15. Dronius linearis (OI.) 28.1O.5I and, L2.5.?t+, fairty codnon, behind bark, I l9D and 4lB (J.w.T. ). I I 166 I t D. nelanocephalus Dei. 29.6.72i 15.5.74, sweeping rid€ between l7B and 37C. t D. quadrinaculatus (L.) 28.ro.51' comnon, behind bark' l9D' 4lB (J.l{.T.); L5.lI.72t under bark of fallsn line, 36. Metabl€tus truncaterlus (L.) P.F.T.' 5/?4, 5o^. I u. foveatus (Geoff. in Fourc.) P.F.T., Ir/74, 50 -

DYTISC]DAE I Oreod)'tes hal€nsis (F.) 13.7.?2, under 6tone in dried-up stream bed' 19. Hydropgrus nemnonius Nic. 13.?.721 in pool in wheel rut in ride betreen t lb and 39. H. palustris (L.) in brook through uood (D.T. ). l H. tesselrqlgg Drap. 13-7-72' r,Jrdet stone in dry strean bed' f9-

HIDROPHILIDAE I sphaeridiun scarabaeoides (L.) rr.3.74' litter' 4OA. s. lunatum F, 23.7.?4, in dos duns' 45A. I cercyon terninatus (Marsh.) P.F'T.' 5/74, 35. Mesasternum obscurun (Marsh.) ?.8.?4' oak litter' 44c (P.T.H.)i 22-Lo.?4' small nammalrs nest' f9ci P.F.I.t 7/?4' 36^' 458. I lrracaena qlobulus (Pk.) in flood refuse in dry strcam bed.' 13-7.72' 39' 3o-tjE: bc', p.F.r., 3/24, 5,o^,4/24, 35, 2/74, 3r, t'5R- I PfILIIDAE Ptenidium laeviqatun E'r. 15.5.74t in tnoleis nest' l8B. t P. nitidum (tteer) 16.4.74' cut srass, 378. Acrotrichis fascicularis (Hbst.) 16.4.74. cut srase r l?8. I ----ZF]FT.H.).a. internedia (Girrm.) 15.5.74' in dry strav' 35i 7.8.74, oak litter'

4:--s:3l9!9el!!s (Man') U.7.72' sveepirs ride through 17. I A. nontandoni (Allib. ) 28.9.67 in Fornica rufa I SILPHIDAE Nj.ciophorus hunator (Goez., 3.9.72' in dead rabbit ride between 37 and 38. I N. vespilloides (Hbst.\ 3.9.72t in dead rabbit in ride bet*een 37 a\d 34. lranatophilus rusosus (L., 23.7-74' in dos du.s ' 45A. I Ablataria laevisata (F.) recorded by (D.r.). PronophasuB snbvillosus (coez-) 7.5.74t in litter' 3/74, 4o^, 5h4, 4oB. 458, ?/?4, j5' I I I I I 167 I ----1:t:14Narqus vclox (speoce) r5.rr.72r in funsu-s| 38; 3r.Lo.?)r in fungtr 43ci in funsus' r?Bi z2.Lo.7t2t snall nantlalrs \est, )9ci 3o'r.741 I Iitter' l5t P.F.I" 3/7tt, 35, t6^t t$B' 4/7\ aJ'Lexcept ' 35' 4oB' 428, 5oAr ,/74, arl except 5oa, 7/?4, 35. (spence) P.F.T.' -'--1ll-js,1ot,N. vilkini r1.l and 16.{.74, ]itler, Jl and.36A\ 3/7t+l I +tr,, 4/74, t6^, 40^ t 4lA' 5/?4t ,' 4oa, 4la. (Kell., in dog dung in -.ia"Catops coracinus D.7.72, in dead blackbi.d and u.t*..t 35 ar.d 36i 29.5.71+, in dos duns on path betveen 4oB I and 4JC. g-lgl-:s:!9tg9 Er. P.F.r., 5/?4' 43^l r'58,5o^,5/?4. I C. nigricans Spel}ce 22,ro.74r snall mamtralrs nest, l9c i t'o^t I S:-dg,r:e (E".) P.F.r., 3/74' 43^' 5h4, 4o^. c. tristis (Pz.) P.F.T.! 5 arrd 7/74t 4o^. Sciodrepa watsoni (spence) 29.6.721 in dead 5/74,4O^, I -777E;-t :- (Spence) L3.7.72' ir| dead blackbird ---f;-;ideS. fuEatus 29.6.72, in dead thrushi between I5 and J6t 29.5.?41 in dos dlms on path between 4oB I and 43c. colon bnJnneuD Lat. P.F.l.' ?/?4t 35]- 458-

~~I LEIODIDAE 4ggE--Cg!:g (Kus.) P.F.r. ' 7/?4, 5o^. I Abphicyrris slobus (F.) P.F.T.' 7/74' 3)- Asathidiun atrun (Pk.) P.F.T., 5/74t 45R- trQ^. I A. piceun Et'. 1I.3.74, Iitter' 4oB; P.F.T.' 3/74'~~

I,EPTINIDAE I L€Dtinus tesl"aceus MueII. 1o.9.74' in 22.LO.74, t*o I in small nanmalrs nest. l9C. SCYDMAENI DAE t+/?t+,36^, --E,^,T4E:CeDhennium oalliculr Gans.lr,J.74' litter' 364 and 4JA; t ii, 4oR,2h4,33. Stenichnus collaris (uuell- & Kunze) ?/?4,35,42R.

I MICNOPEPLIDIE ---rs-lEji-ffiMicroDeDlus staphvl -l-3^;p.F.r.,3/?a, inoi des (Harsh.) I1.3, 16.4 and fo.5.?t' Iitterl 331 I 36^t 4 and 5h4' 35, 4oA, 4la. STAPIITL] NIDAE I Pioteinus ovatis Steph. I5.LL.72' in fungi, 4o; 7.5.74' in noss alrd fungus, lTElE:r:74' in dos duns on path b€twe€n 4oB and Jci P.F.I., 5/?t+, 4o|i 10.9.74, flood refuse in dry strean bedt 4lC. I P. brachypterus (F.) 3r.ro.7l, in f,unsi' 32' 33 ail'd4oBt 22.10.74' d€er duns' l9i lo.9.7q' rrood refuse in dry stream Deo' {JL' I I 168 t I P. atonarius Er. 22.10.7t+t in rotten fungus! 4OA, p. nacropterus (cylr.) P.F.r., 5/74, 35. I xesarttrus .tepressus (Pk.) 16.4.?4, on the vins, f6. Busphalerur (s.str.) pridulae (st€ph.) 15.5.74, i" !4ggle_:glSg4e flower, 428- I E. (onibathun) lutew (Hareh.) 29.6. and 13.7.72' abundant on unbel rto*ers' :Z; t:.2.?2' I in collybia platvphylla ' 38i 23.7.74' on umbels in ride between 324 a'rd 35. t onariu'n rivulare (Pk.) 29.5.?4r in dos duns on path betl{een 4oB and 43c' o. caesum cr. 30.5.?4, litter' 4oA. I Phloeonomus(s.str.) punctipennis It.. 30.5.37 (5.o.T.). Anthobium atrocephalun (Gy1r.) 3r.ro.7l' in funei, 43c i 7'5.74, in funsi' I 35; 11.3 and 16.4.74, Iitter ' 35. 36I' 428,43A and 45Bt P.F.r.' 3/74, arr except 5oA' 4/74' arL except 4oB ar.d 5oL' 5/74' 33' 35' 36A' 4oB' t+zR' 43A. (Marsh.) rl.lr 16.4 I --t63j4,A. unicolor in funsi, 15,11.?2, 38i ?.r.74, 15i and ritter, 35, 16A, 43a and 45Bi P.F.r., 3, 4 ar'd 5/?41 a| except 5oA. I olophrm piceun (GyIl.) 11.3.74' litterr 35i P.F.I., 3/?4' JJ' 35' 36^' 4/74' 36^' 45Rt 30'9'74' frood refuse in drv stre' bed' lT.: "u' I Lesteva lonqo-elytrata (eoez.) in flood refuse in dry strea]n bed' r).7.72, 39t 3o.9.7tr' 43c. Coryphiun ansusticolle Steph. 22.IO.? i under bark of elm log' 4BA. I carperipus (s.st..) elonqaturus (Rr.\ L3.7.?2, seeepins ride throush 16. (Gr., dos dtlns in ride ------6e.iG;-t5;;-t6',oxyxtelus sculpturatus L3.7.72' s$eepins' 37' in I in deer duns in ride throush 36; tteer .tuns r Jo.9.74, 43c| 22.10.?4,39i P.F.T.r 3/74t )5^' t$^, 5n4' 36^\ 7/741 35, 36^t 30-9.74, flood refuse in dry strean bed' 4lc. I (BIock, throush --=;6-ii.;Id;o. tetracarinatus 13.7.72' sveeping riale 371 throush t6; 16.4./4' cut srass, l7B; P.F.r. ' 5/74,5OA. o. saulcyi Par,d. 15.5.?4' in nole's nest' 388. t bed' -rr.1,Anotylus rusosus F. 13.7.72' in flood refuse in dry strean f9; te .n 30.5.?4, ritter, 36A and 4oB; P.F.r., 4/?4, 35, 5oA. "nd Ptatvstethus (s.str.) arenarius (Fourc.) 13.7.72' in dos duns in ride I @' in horse duns' 4oA. P. (Craetopycrus) nitens sahLb. 29.6.72a 15.5.74' sweeping ride betseen I l?B and 37Ci P.F.T,' 5/741 5OA. Bledius ( Hesperophilus ) fract icornis (Pz.) P.F.T.' 5 and7/74,50 - oxyporus rufE (L.) in funsi (D.1.). I (s.str.) (scop.) -----lsstenus clawicornis 11.7.72' s$eepins ride betreen 17 and I r6-=:78;-;tu;8, )7Ri 15.5.74, s*eepins t'ide b€t,.een 35 and I S. (Henistenus) fravip€s steph. U.7.72t snsepits ride betseen 37 and 18. S. (Henistenus) picipes steprr, L3.7.72' sseeping ride between 37 and 38. I I I I t69 I iide through ------j61s. (Farastenus) inpressqq Gern. L3.?.?2t sweePing 3? anat 3.9:?2, ride betveen 3? and 38 and l9 and 42i 16.4. """"p';;s I and Jo.5.74' litterr 35 and 458. Astenus lonselytratus PaLn 29.6.?2, 13.7.?2r sweepins ride throush f6. I lgglgt-ggi.Sggt (Bris.) P.F,r. ' 5/74' 5o^. Lithocharis ocbiaceus (Gr.) P.F.1,' th4, 4oA. Lathr4s!!!q Ls.E!!:.l jql (Gr., 13.?.72, s{eepids ride throush 36i I L5.5.?4, in dry straw, I7B; P.F.T., 3n4' )6A. L. (s.str.) puctatN (rourc.) ?.5.74r under iotten ros, 37ci r6.4-74t I cut grass, 378:' 7.5.?4, in leaves in ditch' f6a; in dote run under los' l7c; 16.4 and 1o.5.74! rittert Jl and 458; P.F.T.r 5/74' 458' L. (s.str.) Ionsulut cr. 28.9.671 in Forhica rufa nesr, 4oa. t L. (Lobrathiun) Bultipuncturn c.. 6.6.3? (s.o.".). Acheniun depressum (cr.) not conmon (D.T.). I Leptacinus fornicetorum Maerk. 28,9.67, v6ry coMon in F. .ufa t x3ltlplintrs (s.st!.) tricolor (F.) Jo.5.74, litter, 42Bi P.F.T. | 5/?4, x. (s.str.) rinearis (01.) 28.9.67, in F. rufa nestr 4oA; 16.4.74, cut grass, 178; II. J.74, litter, 4OAi P.F.r., 5/7t+, 3), 458, 7/74, 5o^. I (s.str. ) ronsiventris Heer 1o.5.74, Iitter, 4oA; P.F.I., 3/741 35' 42R,4/74,5o^- x. (Hyponvsrus) anqustaius (steph.) 15.5.74, on sins, 4Jc. I X. (Hyponysr{rs) atratus Heer 28.9.6?1 in F. rufa .est, 4OA. Atrechus af,finis (*., !3.7.72, sweepins ride betyeen 15 and )6i 3.9.72, I under bark of pine 1og, 4J. Gyrohypnus punctulatus Goez. ll.l and 10.5.74, Iitter, 3l and 36Ai P.F.T., 3/74, arr except 4oa, 4/741 3j, 36a, 428, 43^, 458, 5/74, 33,351 I 4oB, 438, 43a, 458, Z/?4, 35, t+aB. G. laeviusculus (steph.) 5.6.74, sweeping edge of 5OB. G. myrnecophilus (Kies.) 7.8.74, in oal< litter, 44C (P.r.H.)i 11.3r I 16.4 a'rd 30.5.74, titter, 3ji 36A, 4oA and B, 428 and 45Bi p.F,r.l 3n4, 33, j6A, 4oA, 428, 43^, 4/74, 33, 4zB. Philonthus (s.str'.) labinatus (creutz.) 15.4.74, on the rins, 4lci I 1.r.r.74, ritter, 4o[; p.F.T., 3h4, 428. P. (s.str.) succicola T}]. 73.7.72, in dead blackbird in rid€ betveen 35 I a d j6i 3.9.72' in dead rabbit in ride betreen l? and 38. P. (s,str.) potitus (L.) ).9.72, in dead rabbit in ride betweenJ7 and 18" I p. (Bisnius) decorus (Gr.) P.F.r., 3/7\, 35, t+/74, 35r 36L, 5 ar,d.?/741 35. I P. ( Bisnjuq) qosnatu-s steph. r6.4.7t+, o the wins, 4jrci P.F.T., 4h4,'oa,. 3:-!Iisis:.),-sis (Pk-) 23.7.74r in dos duns' 45A. I OcvDus (AlaDsodus) silll

Q. (sauridus, funatus (steph.) 7.8.?4r oak litter, 44c (p.T.H.). I q. (sauridus) nenoralis Baudi P.F.T., 4/74, 35. Habrocerus capillaricornis (cr,, $.7.72, in frood refuse in dry strean I bed, 39t L5.5.74, in dry straw, l?B; p.F.T., 5/?4, 4oB. Mycetoporus (s.str.) splendidus (cr.) p.F.r., 5/?4, AeB. (s.str.) t M. Ionsicornis Maekl. P.F.T., 4/24, 1ao8,43^. M. (schinonosa) nisricollis steph. j.9.72, in strau heap! 39. M. (schinonosa) rufescens (steph.) p.F.T., 3 a d 5/74, 4oB. t Bolitobius inclinans (cr.) P.F.T., t+h4, 35, ?/?4, T, 4zB. Lordithon (s.str.) thoracicus (F.) 't.e.?2, in funqi, 13.2.?2, 35c and 39ci I 42i jr-ro.?j, jz, J{ and 4oB! 4.7.74 (s-E.v.)i 1o.5.74, ritter, f3i P-F,T.t ?/74, 36A. L. (s.srr.) eioletus (Er.) 3r.10.71, in funsus, j4. I L. (Bobitobud lunulatus (L.') 13.?.22, in funsus, 15. sepedophilus marshami (steph.) 15.5.24, dry straw, 35. I s. pedicuraris (cr.) r3.7.72, in funsus, 15. ?achyporus (s.str.) chrvsonelinus (L.) L6.4-?4, cut srass, 37Bi 15.5.74, in dry stra1f, 15, hai{thorn blossom, 4IBi II.l, 16.4 ar,a 30.5.74, I ritter, tl, 4oa and B, lja! p.F.T., 3/?4, 35, 16A, 4oa, 458, 4/?4, 35t 4J^, 5/74, 35, 4^, L'B. r. (s::tr.). p3llidgs_sahlb. 29.6.72, 13.7.72! sweepins rides throush J6l I 'lai 37 and 7.5.74, in nole run under log, 37C. T. (s.str.) hypnorum(F., 13,7.72t sneepins ride throush l8; 31.Io.73, in funeus, I 32i 5,6.74, sweepins edse of 5oBi 2I.1o.74, in L:_lglg nest, 4lE; 1r.t and 16.4.74, ritter, l5r 36A and 458; P.F.'t.t 3/?1+, 33, 36A, 43A, 45Bi 30.9.74, flood refuse in dry stream bed, 4lc. (s.s!r.2 (L-, t T. obtusus 13,7.72, sweepins ride between 37 and lB; 5.6.74, sweepins edse of 5OB. r. (s.strJ nitiqurug (F.) 29.6.72i Ir.3, 16.4 and 30.5.?4, litter, 31, 4oA and B; P.F.l,, 4 a^d,5/7t+t 4oB, 5oA, 7/74, 4oB. I Tachinus (s.str.) sisnatus cr. ?.i.?4, in leaves in ditch, l6Ai rn noss, 35i 30.5.74, ritter, 36A; P.F.I., 3/74,35A, 428, 43^,4h4, a1,r I except jj, j5 and 5oat 5/74t an except jj, 4oa and 5oA, Z/?4, arr except J3, 4oA and B, 5OA. ------icypha ]onsicornis (Pk.) 13.7.72, sueeping ride through 36; p.F.T., I n-1i:86;-o.9. ?4, rrood reruse in dry strean bed, 4lc. Gyrophaena (s.str.) purchetla He€r Jl.I0.7j, 2dd in funsus, 33; 18.9-24, in funsus (s.E.tJ.); r1.1.74, ritterr 354. I I I I 171 I c. (s.str.) affinis (sah1b.) in funsil L3.7.72, 35 ar\d 39ci 3-9.72, I 35i 9.7.?4 and 6.8.74 (s.D.Y.). G. (s.str.) sentilis tr. I3.7.72, in funsi, 15 and 3Bc, 19 s*eepins alons ride throush 36; 1.9,72, funsust 15. I G. (s.str.) bihanata rh. lraay in funsi, 29-6.?2, )5i 13.7.72, j5 ai 3&i 3.9.?2, 35t 3r.Lo.73, AoBi 4,9 and r8.7.7!. a'Id 29.8.74 (s.E.v.). G. (s.str.) fasciata (l,tarsh.) abundanr in funsi, 29.6.72, 3tt L3.7,72, t l5 and 38cr 3.9.72, 35i 4 and 18.7,74 ^nd 6.4.74 (s.E.$.). G, (s.str.) williadsi strand 13.7.72, Id in funsus, 3Bc. I G. (s.str.) poweri crotct. 29.6.72t Id in fru|si, J5. G. (s.str.) minima Er. in funsi, 29.6.72,35i )I.Lo-73, 32 ar.d 34. I G. (s.str.) ansustata (steph.) in funsi | 29-6.72, 35i I3.7.72' 38c, G. (s.str.) joyi ttend. L3,7.72, 1d sw€pt from Mercurialis perennis' l9D. G. (s.str.) han!e4! strand 3.9.72, zdd in funsus, 35, I Asaricochara latissima (steph.) 22.10.74, in Piptoporus betulinus, 43c. Homalota plana (GyII.) 22.Io.74, under bark ol elrn los' 48A. t Anonognathus cuspialatus (b.) 3.9.721 unater bark offallen line' 16; 22.LO.74, u.nder bark of eln 1og, 484. Leptusa (s.str.) fumida (Er.) 1.9 and 15.1r.72, wlder bark of farlen I line' J6i 16.4.74, under bark of fall€n erm' 4lC. L. (Pachysluta) ruficollis \Er.) r3.7.72' under bark of dead eln' SBai t 15.2.74, in rmo;; ls.E,r.). Boritochara (s.str.) rucida (cr., 13.7.72, i" B9!99 on old hazel stool! f7c. I B. (Ditroparia) belra Maerk. 13.7.72, sveeping ride throush 37. B, (Ditroparia) obriqua Er. r).7.72, i" gS!99 on old hazel stool, 3?ci 3.9.?2' in strav heap' 39. t (ol.) Autalia inpressa I5.1I.72, in funsi, 40. A. rivularis (Gr.) L3.7.72, in d€ad blackbird in ride between 35 and 361 I in deer duns in ride through 16. Fal-aqria (Falasrioma) thoracica A)ft. 3.9.72, in strau heap, .39; P.F.T., ?/74' 4oA. t Dadobia innersa (Er.) 13..7.?2t sw€eping ride throush lB. Anischa analis (Gr.) 29.6.72i r3.7.72r i'n dead blackbird in ride betseen 35 and.36, syeepins ride betr^'eenJ7 and lB and ride throush J8i I r1.3 and 16.4.74, ritter, 4oA and 4JAi p.F.r., 4/74,4oR,5o^. A. decipiens (shp.) 11-1.74, litter, 4OA and B. I Siparia circellaris (cr.) Il.l, 16.4 and 10.5.74, Iitter, f3, 35A, 4oB and 458; P-F.r., 3/?4, J3, ?h4, 33, 35. I Atheta (Aroconota) sresaria (E.r., 29.6.72i 16.4.24, on the wins, t6. A. (Philhysra) elonsatula (Gr.) 13.?.?2, runnins in dried-up strean bed, 39. I A. (Dinar"aea) ansustula (cyr1.) 29.6.72. I I 172 t I A. (Plataraea) nisriceps (Marsh.) P.F.T.' 5n4' ItoR. A. (Enalodroma) hepatica (Dr.) P.F.T., 7/74, 35. I A. (Tetropla) littlrata (stepb.) 29.6.?2t in funsi' 15. A. (Tet4'!ra) gasatiBa (Baudi) 3.9.72t in funsi, l9i P.F.T.t 7i/7t+' 33. t A. (Tetropla) sodaljs (Er.) 7,5.74, in funsus' 35. A. (Tetropla) britanniae Bern. & scheer. 13.7.72, i\ flungi ' in fungi, 39. t ------fi;id"A. (Tetropla) crassicornis lF.) 13.7.72' in dead brackbird and dog dung b"t*;3t;d 16' in fuDei! 35c; 3-9-72, in dead rabbit between 17 and l8' in funsi, 39; 3r.Io.7)' in funsi ' 32 and 4oBt I P.F.T.1 5n4' 16A1 4oa. A. (Tetropla) xanthopus G}]'., L3.7.?2, sweepins ride between J7 and 18. I a. (letropra) triansurun (Kr.) 16.4.74t ritter' 4oB. A. (stethusa) castanoptera (M"n., L3.7.72, in funei, 3Bc and 37' in dead blackbird in ride beteeen 35 aIld, 36. I w(ueer'1t3.7.72'indogdu.nginridebetweenJ5andt A. (Liosruta) obronsiuscula (shp.) P.F.r.' 3/?4' 35' 4/74' 35' 458' 5/74, 36^t 43^, 45\ 7/74, 35, 428, 458. A. (Di"'etrgta) atrarentaria (Gy11.) 1o.9.74' flood refuse in dry strean I bed' 4fc. ^. (pi'netrota) Mrcida (Er.) 3I.Io.73, in fmsi' 32, 33' 4o^. A. (Dimetrotal raevana (Murs. & Rey) 13.7.72' il dos duns in ride betveen I 35 arrd, 36. A. (pr4q!I9!d sllisere (shp.) 22.ro.74' in horse I a. (Dimetrota) cimanoptera (Th,) 22.10.74, deer duns' 39. A. (Datonicra) nisra (Kr.) 3.9.721 in dead rabbit in ride between J7 and 38t in funsi' 42" I A. (Acrotona) aterrima (Gr.) 3.9.72' in dead rabbit in ride between 37 I r. (lcrotona) funsi (Gr.) 29.6.72i r3.7.72, conmonry swept alonq rides ih l7 and fB, in flood refuse in dry strean bed' f9Dr 3.9.72, in stiaw heap' 391 7.5.74' in litterr l7B and 4oA; 15.5.74' in dry I Etrar.r and teaf littei' 35t 29.5.?4' uder elm los bark' between 43 and 48; rr.l, 16.4 and 3o,5.74t litterr l5' 36a, 4oa and B' 4l^; P.F.T., 3t/74, 45B, 4 and 5/74, tl{.I, 7/74, t'o^ and B. t A. (Acrotona) laticolris (Steph.) 1r.1.74, Iitter' 36A. A. (Anidobia) indubia (shp.) 13.7.72, irr dead blackbird in 35 aIJd 36' in deer duns in ride through 36i 22,Io.74' in fungusr 4OA. I zyra€ (Pelra) humeralis (Gr.) P.F.T,, 4/74, \58, 5,/74, 33, 4OA and B, 42B, 43A, Z/74,3j,43^,458. Lonechuga enarsinata (pk.) P.F.T., 7/74, 5oA. I chiloporata lonsicornis (Er.) 29.6.?2t svept in centre and ocal€a picata (steph.) 7.8.74, in oak litter, 44c (P.T.H.) t P.F.I., 3/74, t tt, B, ?/?4, 36a, t+5Bi 1o.9.74, frood ref,,.se in dry 4)C. I I t 173

o. badia Er. 3I.Io.73, irl funsu€, 43c; P,F,T,, ?n4., 35, 43^, 458. oxpoda (s.str.) lividipennis Man. P.F.I., 3n4, 36^, 4oB, 458,5/74, all except 3l and 5oA. I o. (s.str.) opaca(Gr.) P.F.r., 3/24, h^. I ------4FlJ.ilE5:T.o. (s.str.) wittata l{aerk. P.F.T., 7h4, 35i 25,ro.74, un.ler .teer .luns, o. (Podoxya) brevicornis (Steph.) 11.7.72, in fLood refuse in dry stream bed' 19' in dead blackbird in ride bet*een 35 a')d 36i P.F."t.t 4/74, I 43A, 5/74, 42Bi 30.9.74, flood ref,use in dry strean bed, 43c. o. (Mycetodrepa) atternans (cr.) in fltnsL, 3.9-72, 35i r5.I1.72, 38 ^nd 4oi 3I.IO.73, 32 and 4OA. I o. (Bessopora) anoena Fairn. & I,ab. P.F.T. , 4,/74, 4oB. o.(sedomona) annuraris (nan,) P,F.T., 5/74, I4o , 458; 10.9.74, flood I refuse in dry strean bed, 43C. ( o. sedonona) brachypi era (sleph.) P.F.',t. | 5/74, 428. Thyasophila ansulata (8 .) 28.9.67, in Formica rufa nest, 4oA. t Tinotus morion cr. 11.1.74, Iitter, 40A, I Aleochara (s.str.) bipustulata (L. ) 23.7.74, t-ndos duns,45A; P.F.T-, A. (Copiata) curtula (Goez-, 3.9.72, in dead rabbit in ride between 32 and lB. I A- t Baryo&na) intricata Man. 23.7.74, in dos dung, 45A. a. (ceranota) ruficornis Gr. 19.7.36 (s.o.r.).

~~I PSEI-APHIDAE~~

~~Euplectus piceus uots. P.F.T., 7ht', 4oB. t Bryaxis ppcticollis (Denny) 1O.5.74, titter, J6A. LUCANIDAB t Dorcus parallelopipedus L. in rotting logs (D.T.).~~

~~GE{/IIRUPIDAE~~

~~ceotrupes stercoraiius (L.) 22.IO.74, u.der horse I G. epiniser Marsh. 2.I1.7Jr cra*ling on groundr 4B (S.E.t'.). I SCARABAEIDAE~~

I onthophasus owatus (L.) recorded by (D.1.). odontaeus armiqer (scop.) 22.6.64, j at M/V rJsht (D.T.). Honalglrlia ruricola (r.) on grasey verges outsicle. l{ooat, sonetimes abunatant I (D,T.). I DASCILLIDAE Dascillus ceryinug (L. ) on verges of (D.1.). I r{ood I I 174 I I BYRRHIDAE sinplocaria senistriata (F.) 1I.1.74' litter' 4oB. I

BUPRESlIDAE (rn.) I A9$lE__Lg!99I!-i: 5.6.74, sweepinsedse of 5oB. (s.o-r.). eggt_!:!g!e L. beatins hazers (D.r.), 4 and r9.7.36 (s.o.1. !_g9Sl9sI!98 schoen. 4.7.16 ). I ELATERTDAE t Elater pooonae Steph. several in old ros (D.4.). E. elongatulus F. several beaten off birch May 1935 (D.T.). (F.) fairly connon' beatrns I --G;i"'",Athous haenorrhoidalis 29.6.72i 30,6.?4, TEBT.I{.r., t 5.6.74, on havthorn, 44Bi r1.3.?4' larva in litter ' 4oB. I A. hirtus (Hbst.) 30.6.74, occasional' in ros, 4lB (J.l'.T.). A. bicoror (Goez.) 19.6.56, in old los, 394 (J.lt.r.). vittatus (F-) on oake (D-T.); occasional' beating harthorn' t ------tr4E--1f,.Y.T.A. 10.6.74' ) r 15.5.?4, s',{eepins bet*een 1?B and l?c. corynbires incanus (cylI.) 5.6.74r sweeping, /r4a- t Pros{ernon tessellatun (L-) 30.5.3? (s.O.T.). Asriotes pallidutus all. 29.6.?2t 5.5.74' sveepinq edse of 5OB; P'F'T" 5/74' I+!)A a'rd B- I A. sputator (L., 3o-5.74, litterr 45B. (steph.) ride between 37 and 38i --'6:;iqA. acu'ninatus 29.6.72; 13.?.72 sweePins T hawthorn brosson, 42Bi 5'6'7\, sweepins edse of 5oBi P'F'r' ' 5/74t 4oB. Adrastus nitidulus (Marsh.) 12.5.71' 34 (H.E.H.). I Denticollis rinearis &.\ 29.6-72' sweeping centre and other ridee' (L.) s*eeping ride through 36i 12'5'74' 341 ------?Dalopius marsinatus L3.?.721 H:E:H:T I tb7.74, ritter, -lJ. I

TRIXAG]DAE I t*5R' Trixasus .terpestoi.les (L.) 16.4.74, Iitter' 42B; P.F.'t.' 5/?4' 7/74' 50.t. I EUCNEMIDAD lfelasis buprestoi.Ies L. L2.5.?t+t 3?B (H.E.H.). t LAMPYRIDAE Lanpyrus noctiluca (L.) 22.Io.74, larva uncler asbestos sh€et, 45D. I CANTHARIDAE t Cantharis rustica Fall. 5.6.74' sveepins edse of 5oB. c. nisricans (Muelr.) 29.5.74, swespins srass' 34. I I I 175 I C. pellucida F. 5.6.74, sweeping!448. l Metacantharis crypeata (I1I.) 5.6.74' s*eeping, 448. Rhaqonycha fulwa (scop.) 13.7.?2' sweepins ride between 37 ar,d 38i 5'6.741 on oakr 448. I R. translucida Kry . 29,6.72' st{eeping centre and other rides. L7Bi syeeping' --448R. Iimbata T},- ?.5.74' pupa under rotten stump' 5.6.74, I -'d eatse of 5oB, on haethot'n, 4r*8. R. lisnosa (fluell.) 29-6.72t 5.5.74r sveeping edse of 5oB and havthornr 448. I -?-rtr:[email protected],lalthinus flaveolus (Pk.) rJ.7.72t sweepins tide throush 16; P.F.I.' I M. f4Egrqqrq (oI.J 29.6.72i I3.?.?2' sveepir,s ride throush f6. M. batteatus Stff. 13.?.72, sweeping ride betveen 17 and 38. Malthodes marsinatus (Lat.\ D.?.?2t srdeeping ride between 37 and 38. I (L.) 29.6.72, 13.7.72, between and in -ttr.oushM. minimus sweepins ride 37 38 37i 5.6.74, sseepids ealse of SoBi P.F.T., ?/?4' tltJlt 428. I M. punilus (Br6b.) 29.6.?zi 13.?.72, sweepins ride between 17 and 38 and rides throush 3? ard 19.

~~I ANOBIIDAE Grynobius excawatus (Kus.) 10.5.37 (s.o.l.).~~

I CLERIDAD I Necrobia violacea (L.) 30.6.74, 388 (H.E.H.). PHINIOP{ILIDAE I Phloiophilus eddardsi Steph. 1O.5.74, litter, 43L. NITIDULIDAE I Katefetes pedicularis (L.) 30.7.39 (S.O.T.). BrachJptelus s1ab.r SLeph. 13.7.72, sweepins between 37 and 38; >.o. /e, on I B. urticae (F.) 15.4.74, sveepins ride bet*een t5 and ueligethes atratus (OI.) 15.5.?4, on hawthorn blossofll, 4IB. I M. flavimanus stepb- 3.9.?2, sveeping ride betyeen l7 and 18. M. lunbaris St!.rra 29.5.7t+, haethorn blosson, 42B. I M. aeneus (F.) sweeping rides, tJ.7.72! between l? and 38; 1.9.72 bet*een 32 a d 361 15.5.74, on ha$thorn blossoD, beatins fielal Dap1e, J6Ai 29.5.74, hawtt,orn, 42Bi 5.6.74, halrthorn, 448. I M. ovatus Stunn 29.6.72i sreeping centre and other rides. ll. brunnicornis Sturm 5.6.74, sy€eping edge of 5OB. M. nisrescens Steph. I3.?.72t By€eping iid€ through 36 and between 37 aad I 3Ai L5.5.74, on hawthorn blosson, 4tBi 5.5.?4, hal{thofn, 448. I t 176 I I U. erytt opus (c,!lI.) 29.5.74, havthoin blossonr 428. Epuraea unicoror (o1.) 11.3.74, litte., 4oBr P.F.I.t 3/74, 36^. t E. pusirfa (rLL.l 3.9.?2, in funsus, 19. Librodor hortensis (Fourc.) 1.9.72, in funsus, 39t 15.5.74, on the vins in ride between 14 and 4oB. I RHIZOPHAGIDAD I Ffrizophasus bipustulatus (F.) P.F.T., 3/74, 35. R. perforatus Er. P.F.T., 4/74, tAA, I R. dispar (Pk.) 3.9.72, under bark of pine los, 4Ji P.F.r,,3/74,4OB. R. cribratus GyIr. 12.7.45 (s.o.T.). Montona conicicollis Aub6 28.9.67. in Fornica rufa I PHALICRIDAE I stilbus testaceus (Pz.) 29.6.72i 73.7.72, sveepins ) / a^ct Jtt ' and throush 38r 5.6.74t sweeping edge of 5oBi 22.IO.74, in fungus, t+o,{i 3o.9.74t ftood refus€ in dry strean bedt 4lc; P.F.r., 4/74, 35. I

~~SILVANIDAE Silvanus unidentatus (oI.) 4.7.16 (S.o.T.). t CRYPIoPHAGIDA,E t Cryl)tophagus setulosus Sturm 3.9.72, in funsus, 39.~~

Atonaria atricapilla steph. 29.6.72; I1.7.72, sl,eeping ride through 16 and 17 and betFeen 37 and 38i 15.5.74, sweepins ride betyeen r7B and 37Ci I rr.3.74, ritter, 33. ,rls. A. apicalis Er. 13.7.72, sreepins l7i 15.5.74, on !gI*, I A. ruficornis Marsh. 29.6.72; 13.7.72, in flood rcfuse in diy stream bedr 39. A. linearis Steph. 13.7.72, sweeping rid€ between l7 and 38 and throush lB. I A. affinis sahlb. P.F,l., 3/?txt 4oB. A. fuscicollis Man- 29.6.72i 11.7.72, s$eeping rides throush 36 and.37 and in flood refuse in dry strean bed, J9. I EROTYLIDAE I Dacne bipusturata (rhunb.) 1o.4.72 (H.E.H.).

~~BYTURIDAE I Byturus octrraceus Scriba 15.5.74, on havthorn blossom, 4rB:' 29.5.?4t hartlrorn, 42Rt 5.6-74, hauthorn, 448. I B. urbanus (Lind.) 29.5.72i srreeping centre and other t'ideE-~~

ENDOMYCHIDAE I SphaerosomapiI (Muer1.) i ferum r3.7.?2, in Tranetes on old hazel stoo1, l7C. Endonvchus coccineus (L.) 1o.4.72t 388 ( H.E. H. ). I 177 t COCCI NELLI DAE t Micraspis sexd€cimpunctata (L., 15.5.74, on srass, 43ci 5.6.?4' sveepins' 448. I Adalia bipunctata (L.l 29.6.72t sl'eepins centre and other rides. A. decempunctata (L.) rr.3.74, Iitter, 35 and 16A. Coccinella septeppllnctata L. 29.6.72i sreeping centre and other rides. I C. undecinpunctata (L.) P.F,T., 7/74, 5oA. Calvia quattuordecinsuttata \L.) 29.6-72, srreepins centre and other ridds. t Halyzia Bexdecinsuttata (L.) 29.5,74, sl'eepins rides. Propylea quatuordecinpunctata (L., 29.6.721 16.4.74, Iitter, 4oB. I Chilocorus bipustulatus (L., 30.?.39 (s.o.T.). LATHRI DI I DAE (Des,\ t Stet hgslellus . Iarqr ius 29,6.?2i I3.7.72, swe€pins ride throush 36; 7.5.?4t Ln mola run uncler tos' 3?ci 15.5.74' on !g!I' 45Bi lo.c.74' flood refuse in dry strean bedt 4JC.

I Aridius nodifer (Yestw.) I1.7.72r in flgEllgg, 37ct 3.9.72, in funsi' 35 and,39i 7.5.74' in funsi' 35i 30.5.74' litter' 4oai P.F.I.' 7h4r 428. A. bifasciatus (Reiti.) 29.6.72i L3.?.72' sweepir,s ride betFeen 37 ar|d t 3Bi 3.9.?2t in f,uneus, 39t 7.5.74, under rotten Los, 37ci L5.5.74, on ha*thorn blosson! 4lB, youns birch seedlinss, 458, 5.6.74' hal'thorn, 448' and sweepins edse ol 5oBi lo-5.74' ritter' 4OA. I Enicmus transversus (OI.) 29,6.72i 13.7.72, sweeping ride betteen J7 and 38, in rrametes, 37ci 3.9.72, in fungus, 35t 1.6.4 and 10.5.74' litter' t 4za ano-Z5Ei-p.F,r ., \/?1, 428, 5/?4t 4oB. E" histrio Joy P.F.T., 7/74, )5, 428. -;"d--fifiaficorticaria pubescens (Gy11.) U.7.72, sweepins ride betl'een l7 and l8 I 3€; P.F-r., 4/?4, io^. corticarina sibloFa (Hbst.) 29.6.72i 3.9.72t in funsus t 39i 15.5.74, sveeplrlg ride betlreen J5 and l?C' on hawthorn blosson' 4lBr on Salix' I 45Bi 29,5.74, hawthorn, 42Bi 5.6.7t+t sweepins edse of 5oB; 16.4 and 3o.5.?4t riLter, 33 ar,d 45Bi P.F.r., 3/741 )5, 4.oBt4/74, 35, 5/?4, I 50a. CISIDAE I .c!g L"le!! (scop.) 11.7"72r adults and pupae in Trabetes ' l?c. Octotenurus slabriculus (GyII.) 13.7,72, in qe4g!99' J7c' 2 svept from I ride throush 36" COLYDIIDAE I Ditoma crerEta (F.) under bark of logs (D.?.). I I I 174 I I UICETOPHAGIDA'E MycetoptEsus quadripustulatus (L., 30.4.72, l8B (H.E.H.). I M. atonarius (F.) 29.6.721 sreepins centre and other rides.

~~TEN'EBRIONIDAE I Hypophloeus bicolor (o1,, 22.t0.7t+, unater batk of eln ros, 488. I LAGRI IDA.E~~

Lasria hirta (L.) by E$eepinS (D.T.); 1O,6.74t faiily coornon' beatins hawthorn blosson, 41B (J.W.T. ) . I ALLFCULIDAE t Isomira nurina (L.) 29.6.?2i sweeping centre and other rides. Cteniopus sulphureus (L.) by s*eeping on danp' t'eedy sround (D-T-). I SALPINGIDAE Lissoalena quadripustulatun (Marah.) on o1d hazels (D.1.). t Salpinsus reyi (Abeirle) on old haz€ls (D.T.).

~~PIROCHROIDAE I Pr.rocbroa serraticornis (scop.) 19.5.7r (H.E.tl.); r1.7.72' IaFae uder ba.k of dead standing elm, 38A. I~~

~~OEDEi{ERlDAE Oedenera lurida (Marsh.) 4.7.16f r?.7 J7 (s'o.r.). I !IEI.oIDAE t Meloe violaceus uarsh. 1o.5.37 (S.o.T.).~~

I'(ELAI\IDRYI DAE I Orchesia minor walk. on otd hazels (D.1.). O. undulata Kr. under park of oak Loss (D.T.). I conoparpus testaceus (or.l 4.7.36 (s.o.T.). osphya bipunctata (F.) abundant on oakB in May and June 1935 (D.T.). I SCRAPTI]DAE Anaspis rufirabris cyrL. 29.6.72i 13.?.?2, beatins oak, 39t 29.5-74' I hawthorn, 42Bi 5.6.74, haythorn' 448. A. frontalis (L.) 29.6.72' on unbel floversi 1f.7.72' sweepins ride betueen l7 and 3a; 29.5.74r havthorn, 42Bi 5.6.?4, hal.thorn' 48. I A. reginbarti Schil. 5.5.74, b6ating harthorn, 44B. j.n -i..A. maculatus ceoff. Fo'urc. 13.?.72, sreeping ride betyeen 37 and 38t I r.-gi, 35ct L5.5.?4t on havthorn btossorn, 4rBi 29.5.74, harthorn, 42Bi 5.6-74, hawthorn, 448. I I I 179 T I{ORDELLIDAD T Mordella viltosa (schr.) on florrers (D.T.); 12.7.45 (s.o.r. ) . Mordellistina punilla (cyll.) on floweis (D.1.)- I M.3q{o'ninaris (F.) on fl.owers (D.T.). M. huDeralis (L.) on frowers (D.T.).

I CDRAUBYCIDAE Rhasiurn 'nordax (Des.) 195o's, near centre oak (H.E.H.); 3.9.72, Larva under bark of fa]Ien rime, 36. I (in R. inquisitor (L,) 30.5.37, numbersr (s.o.r.). Gra'nnoptera ruficornis \F.) r3.7.72, s$eeping ride between 37 and 38 and t throush J8; on havrthorn blossorn, 15.5.74, 4IBi 29.5.74, 42Bi 5.6.74,

stransalia nacurata (Poda) 13.7.72, on Mllggggl1 in ride betreen 37 and I 38. s. rnelanaria (L. ) 4.7.36 (S.o.t.)i 5.6.74, sweepins edee of 5oB. I -----lr.tr=t:Clytus arietus (L. ) 1O.6.74' occasional, beatins harthorn blossom' 448 -----r4B--Tl:i:T:lAnaslyptus mysticus (L.) )o.6.?41 occasional, beatins ha$.thorn blosson' t . Posonocherus hispidus (L.) 30.4.72 (H.E.H.). Asaranthia villosovirialescens (Deg.) generally Hosweed in June I (D.r.); 4.7.16 and 4.8.4o (s.o.T.), I saperda populnea (L.) on aspens (D.'1.)t 4.7.36 (s-o.r-)- BRUCHIDAE T Bruc[qs toti Pk. t+.7.36 arld 30.5.37 (s.o.T.). CHRYSOMELIDAE I zeusophorasubspinosa (F,) 4.7.36 (s.o.T.). Lema cyanella (L.) roadside vergee (D.T.). I L. nelanopa (L.\ L3.7.72' sl{eepins ride between l7 and lB. Cryptocephalus coryli (L.) a fel{ off hawthorn (D.T.). c. noraei (L.) 4.7.36 and r?.7.37 (s.o.T,)i 3.7.66 (H.D.H.\. I c. fuli'us Goez. 19.?.36 (S.o.T.). c. pusillus F- 20-8.37 (s.o.T.). I Chrysolina sesuinolenta (L.) September 1957, on Toadfld outsid€ {ood {D.T.). T c. h).perici (Forst.) 4.7.16, 17.7.37 ana 30.7.19 (s.o.T.). c. varia+s (schal.) 11.9.36 (S.o.T.)i n.?.74, larvae on H].pericurn perforatum alons North Gate Riate oppoEite 35. T Phaedon cochleariae (F.) 15.5.74, beatins field naple, 36A. Phyllodecta vulsatissina (L.) very I 30.6.7t+, cornnon, beatins aspeo, 41B I 180 t t

p. laticollis slff. 21.5.37 (s.o.T.). Phyllotreta vittula Redt. 1.9.72, syeepins riate betpeen 12 and 16. I P. cruciferae (coez.) 4.7.36 (s.o.T.). Lonqitarsug pratensis (Pz.) P.F.T., tt/7t+, 5OA. I L. gracilis Kuts. P.F.T., 7/74, ,Ot. !Ld9l9e!!9 (F.) P.F.r., 1/71, 5oA. I L. ruridus (scop.) P.F.r., 4/24, j5. L. melanoc€phalus(Des.) II.3.74, Iitter, 16^. I Haltica brevicollis Foud. 5.6.74, beaten fron hah{horn, 448. Hennaeophasusnercurialis (F.) 4.7 and ll.9.16 (S.o.1.)i 29.5.67, 3x. ar.r 12.5.74, 34 (H.E.H.)! 30.4.72 (y.E.R.)i 29.6. and 73.?.72, o^ I Mercurialis perermis in rides betyeen 35 a\d 37t 37 and 38' and in 39. Batophila rubi (Pk.) 29.6.72i P.F.T., 3/?4, 36L, 4/74, 35, 4oA, 43L, I Chalcoides aurea (Geoff. in Fourc.) on Ee!j, 15.5.74, 45Bi 5.6,7t+' 418. c. aurata (Marsh.) 15.5.74, on salix, 458. T c. nitidula (L.\ 19.7.36 (s.o.T.). Epitrix atropae Foud. on Belladonna (D.T.). T chaetocnena concipna (uarsh.) U.7.72, sveeping iide betveen l7 and l8i 15.5.74, sweepins ride betw€en )5 al)d 3?c- c. sahlberqii (GyIl.) 13.9.16 (s.o.T.). I sphaeroderma testaceud (r., \.7.72, sweepi.ns ride betseen l7 and 18. Psylliode3 dulcanarae (Koch, J.D.l{.) 12.7.45 (s.o.T.). T Cassida flaveola Tfitrlb. 13.7.72t sldeepins ride throush s\deeping edse of 5OB. C. vibex L. 16.4.74' cu! srass, J7B. I allllt*"*" **"r1. 15.5.?4, on youns birch seedlinss' 45B. c. nobilis L. borders of r.ood' by sveepins (D.1.)- I ANIIIRIBIDAE T Platystonos albinus (r..) a few by beatins o1d hazel and birch (D.T.).

ATTEI,ABIDAE I caenorhinuE aeneovirens (Marsh.) 30.4.72 (H.E.H.). c. sernanicus (Hbst.) 13.7.72' sweeping 37 and 38i 5.6.74, sweeping edge of 5OB. I c. interpunctaLus (sLeph.) 12.6.37 (s.o.T.)i 1o.4.?z (H.E.H. ) . Deporaue betulae (L.) I2-5-7t,, 471 (H.E.H.). I

A.PIOI.IIDA'E Apion radiolus Kirby 4.8.40 (s.o.T.). I A. Ioti Kirby 5.6.?41 sweepins edge of, 9OB; P.F.I-, 7/74' 5OA. I T T 181 I A. aethiops Hbst. 5.6.74' sweeping edse of 5OB. I A. nini'lum Hbst. P.F.T., 5/?4' 5OA. A. simile Kirby 3o.7.39 (s.o.r.); 29.6.72i sveepins centre and A. subuletrm Kirby 4.7.36 (s,0,T.). I Bedel 14.3.68 (H,E.H,)i 29.6.72; r1.7.72i sr|eepins rid€ -----a. dichrou( b.d.." 37 arld 38i 15.5.74, s$eeping riale between I7B and 3?ci 5.6.74, sweeping edge of 5OB. I A. nisritarse Kjrby ro.l.68 (H.E.H.); P.F,r. , 5/74, 5o^.

I CURCULIONIDAD otiorrhynchus sinqularis (L., rL.3.74, litter' 4oA- Phyllobi\rB paryulus (oI.) 11.7.72' s$eepins iiale betveen l? and l8i 30.6.71" I 3BB (H.E.H.). (1,.) 45Bi oak, 44Bi 3._Agi 15.5.74, on toune birch seedlinss, 5.6.74t I 5.6.74' sveepins edse of 5oB' P. maculicornis Gern. P.F.T., ?/?4t 5OA. P. arsentatus (L.) 5.6.74, oak' 448! and sweepins edse of SoBi 30.5.74' t Iitter,35. Polydrosr€ pterysdmlis Boh. 13.?.72r sveeping ride throush 16i 30.5.?1+' t ritter' l5; P.F.r.t 5/741 )6A. P. cervinus (L., 29-6.?2i 13.7.72, on oak' 39i L5.5.74' on vouns birch seedlings' 458. I ----t7-ffi-j6;Sciaphilus asperatus (Bons.J L3.7.72' sveeplns ride throush 16 and between w5.?4, 388 (H.E.H.)i p.F-r., 3/74, 4i^, 5/?4' t$R. (schr.) dry strav, 17Bi I5.4 and -"T.6.78,Barypithes araneiformis 15.5.?4' in I ttt...', ' lS' 4fA and 45Bi P.F.r-, 3/?4' 35, 36^, t!/?4' 36^' 43L' 5/74, 33, 35, tloB, 42Bt ?/74' arl except 4oA and B' 43A and 5oA. BarvnotuF rnoerens(F.) 5.5.68 (s.E.R.)i 12.r.74' 388 (H.E.H.)i P.F.T.l I 5/74, t$a, 7/74, )). (L.) edse of 11.J.74' ---sitona lineatus 29.6.72i 5.6.74, sweeping SoBt I fit1er, t and l5! P.F.r., 1/?4, 35, 5/?1+' 5o^. s. sulcifrons rhunb. P.F.T.' 4/?4' 5oA. S. ringellus w)Ir.sd. 13.7.72, sreeping i'ides tbrough f6 and betieen 37 and I )4. s. hispidurus (F-) P.F.T.' 4/74' 50 . I porytonus taeniatus (F.) 10.6.74' 474 (H.E.H.). Miccotrogus picirostris G.) 4.?.?2' sweepins !"ide throush 36. I An!b9no!qa,MetE!9 Bedel 30.6. 74' 388 ( H.E.H. ) . curculio (s.str.) villosus F. 30.4.72 (H.E.H.). I c. (Balanobius) rubidus (cyrr.) on birch (D.r.). -----1jl7l1il-Ec. (Balanobius) pyffhoceras'fr-ia Marsh. 30.4.72 (H.E.H.); $reeping rides, 38i 1.e.?2, betveen 3e and 42; 15.5.74' bet*een I 35 and 3?ci 29.5-74r hattthorn ' t+zBi 5.6.74' sweepins edqe of 5oB. t I r82 t I c. (Balanobius) salicivorus Pk. 5.6.71^t on jbllIt 448. €lslg4 (Pz.l \.7..72, sw€eping ride throush 3Bi 3o.5.74, I tirr.er, 45Bi P.F.r., 5/?4, 428 and 5oa. Phytononusnisrirostris (F.) P.F.T.r tt/71+,5oA. I p. posticus (Gyrl.) P.F.r., 5/74, 5OA. cronops runatus (F.) P.F.I., 4/74, 5oA. Acalles roboris (curt.) 1o.5.74, litter, 458. I A. ptinoides l,larsh. P.F.T., 4/74, 428. A. turbatus Boh. Jo.5.74, 38B (H.D.H.). I coeliodes dryados (L., L2.5,7t+, 47A (H.E.H.). cidnorhinus quadrinaculatus (L., r2.5.?t+t 34 (H,D.H.). I ceuthorhynchus assinilis (Pk.) 15.5.74, sweepins ride between I5 and ,7c. g._g.dlig9!9. (Pz.) P.F.r., 5/74t 4oB. I c. pollinarius (Forst.) 12.5.74, 34 (H.E.H.). g.:_gjg:. (F.) 8.7.72' s!'eepins ride betreen l7 and 18. C, contt4qq (Marsh., 4.?.72, sueeping ride throush l8 and bet$een I l7 and lu. Rhinoncus pe.pendicularis (Reich.) 12.5.?4! 34 (H.E.H.). I Analorrhynchus oelanarius (steph.) 30.7.19 (s.o.T.). Glmetron pascuonrn (GyIl.) 5.6.74' sl{eepins edge of 5oB. t Miarus srairinis (Gylr.) 12.7.45 (s.o.T.). M. planlarun (cerm.) 4.8.40 (s.o.T.). M, campanulae(L.) 13.9.36 alrd r?.7.37 (s.o.T.), I cionus scrophurariae (L., L2.5.74, ,4 (H.E.H.). q. bqrlqlasgs (Geoff., 12.5.741 34 (H.E.H.). I 9!9ry.-BlgLlgE (Hbst.) 30.4.72,34 (H.E.H.). f fge-rE433l:e Naez. !1.7 '72' on birch' J7' I Rhynchaenus quercus (L.) 30.4.72 (H.E.H.). R. pilosus (F.\ 30.4.?2 (H.E.H.). I R. pratensis cerm. by sveeping (D.T.).

SCOLITIDAE I scolytus scolytus (F.) 19.5.?r' near centre oak (H.E'H.)i 22.1o.74r dead in bark of elb log,4ttB, (Marsh.) L3.7.72' 16.4.74r I '---ijFts, multistriatus under bark of dead er$' l8Ai zz.to.-t4, dead in bark of eln Los' 488. -'---FiilTll-V7iinHytursops palriatus (cyl1.) 3.9.72r codnon under bark of pine 1ogs, 4li numbers, 4oA and Bt 4/?4, ^oB. T HyraEtes ater (Pk.) P.F.T., 3/?tr, 4cB. lrvpo.rendron domesLicun L. 27.).6? (H.E.H.). t - Xyleborus dryosraphus lRar".) L3.7.72, dead in bark of dead eln' lBA. I I I 183 I I ADDENDATO CoLEoPTEM RECOnDEDFROM BEDF'ORDPgRLIEUS Durins a brief visit to Bedford Purlieus on lst sePtember 1975 t'ith Dr. R.A. Cro*son a nunber of, previously unrecorded species of Coleoptera I vere collecteat. Those species flarked with an asterisk ( taken bv R'C' Welch) vere all sieved from a pile of pine bark chippings in conpt. 4oa' adjacent to Main Ride, unless stated othervise. Dr. Crowsonrs list also includes I sone older records for lrth Aprir 1959' Most of his recent caPtu'es ltere from Compts. 40 and 43 unaler bark of fallen and cut tinberr by sieving Iitter and in a dead pigeon. Two species of Chrysonelide recorded pre-ldar hawe been confirmed' cr'vptoceDbalus Dusillus F. (recorded bv the Taylors t on 2o.B.l?) ltas sieYed f.otn the Pine chippinqs' and Dr. Ciovson noies Chalcoides nitidula L. (recorded bv the aavlors on 19.7.36) as near its I northern British lirnit at this site. The fo1lo*ins 34 species are additional to the preceedins listr and I bring the total species knovn fron the vood to ,O7:- CARABIDAE + Trechus q uadristrial us (Shr.) I . Benbidion (Nepha) qenei Kuest. s.sp. jfliggli Netol. t B. ( Benbi dionetol itzkya ) tibiale Duft. DYTISCIDAE I . Agabus guttatus Pk. 1 under piece of t{ood in dry streaD bed! Compt. l9D. PTIL] IDAE I ' Acrotrichis rugulosa Rossk. 19 * A. sirvatica Rossk. ]d 399 (see c. Johnson' ql!9!9199!g!' 1oo : t 132-136,196?). PtinelIa aptera (Er. )

~~I SILPHIDAE * catops kirbii (spence) Id 1n dead piseon' Compt. 4OB.~~

I STAPHYLINIDAD t xantholinus ( Hylg4)fsrus ) fracticornis (Muelr.) Philonthus (s.str.) tenuicornis Muls- & Rey I P. (Bisnius) varius (Gylr.) &-.(!!s!:]:)-l4g4r: (G".) T !...-.(!i:!iss)-9.g!ele19: ( G"' ) gseg:se-lI:."""s"u"sl..@ (or. ) Ld Lordithon trinotatus (Er.) 2 I S€oedoBhitus littoreus (L.) 3dJ rg t t 184 I t

~~' Tachinus (s.str.) raticorlis Gr. 19 (s.str.) t 1. narqinerrus (F.)~~

~~Atheta (Dinaiaea) aequata (Br. ) A. (Dinaraea) rinearis (Gr. ) I PSELAPHIDAE I Bibloporus bicoror (Denny)~~

~~ANOBIIDAE t Ptirinus pectinicornis (L. )~~

NITIDULIDAE I cychramus luteus (F. ) I LATHRI DI I DAE Enicmus testaceus (steph.) I CISIDAE Cis nitidus (F. ) I C. vestitus Hellie C. bilanellatus Fovl. t CHRYSOMDLIDAE chdelocnenahortensis (Geof.) I APION]DAE I 4p!91_i949!9 Kirby

CUFCULIONTDAE I !=glE9r:1E-3s\ile!r: (Bone.) Sitona striateLlus Gyl1. I Anthononus rubi (Hbst. ) ceuthorrhynchus floralis (Pk. ) I I I I I I I 185 I @ I Ansorsej sir. E. 1963. odontaeus armiger (Scop.) (col., Scaiaba€idae) in Buckinshanshire. Entonolosistrs Gaz,' 14' 162. I Balfour-Brovner F. 1940. Brltish Later Beetles' Vol. r' P.242' Ray Soc.'

~~Batten, R. I97). Het voorhohen van Gyrophaena - soorten (Coleoptera , I staphylinidae) op Yalcheren. r"@+. ' )3' 61-5.~~

Boycott, A.E. 1914. The habitats of land Mollusca in Britain. J. Ecol. t 22, 1-38. Collingt{ood, C.A. & Barrett, K.E.J. f964. the Identification Distribution of British Ants (Hfn., Formicidae). IIe!:: soc. Brit. I !!!. 16(l) , 93-12r. Cro'sort, R.A. 1952. Observations on Coleoptera in Scottish Oak l{oods. I classov Nat., 18(4), I77-r95. t Donisthorpe, H. st. J.K. 1927. &.']3g:jg_glEig!:!_3!:!:' pp. 18-20! Bvans, r.G. 1972. 4!_J]zlE j,!-*j9g92992. London. I Johnson, C. 1967. A Revised and Armotated British List of Acrotrichis (CoI.' Ptiliidae). Dntonolosist, IOO, r12-6. I Joy' N.H. 1912. Practical. Handbook of British Beetles, 2 Vols.' London. Kerney! M.P. 1968. Briiaidrs fauna of land Mollusca and its relatioir to I the Post-glacial thermal optinun. Synp. zool. Soc. Lond. 22, 273-291- Lindroth' C.H. 1974. Handbk. Ident. Brit. Ins. 4(2), Coreoptera : I Carabidae, I4B pp. Nelmes' E. 1918. A survey of the distribution of the rood ant (Formica I tgliq) in Ensrand, Yales and scotland. J. AAitq. Eeg!. 7, ?4-1o, oner-cooper, J. 1926. In Paser r. & Probyr G. (ed.) ! &_y:g!gb History of the Counties of Enqlard. Huntinsdoh. London, I, 8f-I39.

~~t Pollard' E. 1974. Distribution naps of El!:gg!!3 L. J. conch. 28, 23e-242.~~

yi"n. l scheerpeltz, o. & Hoefler, K. 1948. @_919_&, Skidnorei P. 1972. Niscellaneous notes on sooe Insects in the Doncaster I Itruseuncollections (2). p49g9l9g!gl, to5, r8o-2. Steel€, R.C. & Lelch, R.C. 1973. [o.d{s yood r A Nature Reser.ve Recordr I Nature conservancy, luu"t" nip6i-- Southrrood, T.R.E. & Leston, D. f959. Land and uater Bugs of th€ British t Isles. farne. London. Tottenhan, C.E. 1954. Handbk. Ident. Brit. Ins. 4(8a)r Coleoptera I t Staphylinida€ (a) Piestinae to Euaesthetinae, 79 pp. t 186 I I Uelctr, R.c. 196B. Leistus mfonaroinatus lhrft. (Co1., Carabidae) confirned in Huntingdonshire. Entonologistrs Eon. l,laq., lO4, 241. t Yelch, R.C. 1969. T1'o species of cyrophaena (Co]., Staphylinidae) ney to Britain. entomorogi"t's mo;lEs-., ro4, 180-2. I welch' R.c. 1973. Leistus rufomarsinatuE Duft. (Col.r carabidae) in Northants and East Suffolk. Entomolosist's rnon. Mas.' lO8' 256. !

ACKNOT{LEDGEMENTS I In adalition to the collectors listed elsewheret who generously permitted me to include their recordsr I vould like to express tny gratitude I to Mrs. S.A. 8e11, R.A. Plant and J.N. Greatorex-Davies who assisted in field work particularly in connection with the tnappins of the distribution of the Formica rufa nests; P.C. Tirmins' M.J.L. Skelton and P.T. Harding for orthoptera and various other insect records; P.E. Jones for identifying I the Pseudoscorpions i Mrs. P. Rixon for naking records by Denbers of the Northants Naturalistrs Trust available to me and to ltlrs. S.E. Lells for identifyins funsi. t t I I I I I I T I I I I I 151 I MANAGEMEIVI

I Contributions on nanagenent lrere |nade by representatives of the Forestry Conmission and the Nature Conservancy council. Both gave a persoial opinion vrhich does not necessarily represent the official vie',,3 I of their respective organisations. they are conplenentary' for one repreEehts the views of a forester with due r'egard to ecologicaf aspectat and the other sunmarises the viess of a number of ecologists t{ho recognise I the need f,or' and acceptability of' productive forestry on this site. the first paper has been prepa!'€d by ilr. it.J. Penistan' fornerly Conservator of Forests for the Forestry Codrissionrs East England I Conservancy. It was specially prepared for the neetins, presenting a Foresterrs point of view with due appreciation of the ecolosical value of t Fedford Purlieus as a roodland ar€a exceptional for its biological Bedford Purlieus belongs to the Forestry Comnission and the production of tinber fron it has be€n the first objective, but with the conservation I of wildlife' plants and aninals' as an inportant secondary objective.

1,1r. P€nistan hoped that, follovins this heetins, when nore details I of the site would be dade available, the PIan could be adopted fornal.ly by the Forestry comission, accepted by the Nat\rre Conservancy councilt t and then put into practice. The PIan has three parts: A, the basic facts; E, a suMary of objectives and C, prescriptions. It yas originally Eitten folloring tbree days survey during the spring and srrtnmer of 1974 while Hr- Penistan I was serwing *ith the Forestry CoMission. There is tittle reference in the Plan to detailed biological survey, though Mr. Penistan was accorded a sisht of historical and biolosical data vhich was beins assenbled for I the neeting. He acknowledges his debt to Dr. Peterken for this, and for the general encouragedenti

~~The second paper, prepareal by G.F. Peterken, reviess various aspecls t of, from the ecologists point view, drawing on the managenent of preceding papers and discussion at the neeting.~~

I Neither paper purports to be the final answer to nanagenent of Bedford Purlieus. This is the responsibility of the Forestiy Commission' in consultation with other organisations and lndividuals' taking into l account the facts and opinions presented at the reeting. I I I I I t I I I t I I I I I I t I I I I I I I I I I I 189 t A MANAGEMENT PLAN I M.J. Penistan

This plan follolfs the forBat and style of a Gloucestershire Trust I foi Nature conservation M&agenent Plan. Some of the facts nentioned have been describeal in other contritrutionsr but thev are repeated herc so that the Plan renains cornplete. It applies only to the lanal namged bv the Forestry t A. Basic Facts

~~l. Locatio County (Ne\t) Canbridseshlre I Parish - Thornhaugh NG Reference 1:5OrOOO Sheet 14I Ref o4o995 sheets l:10!560 lF OO Sl{ OO SE I TL 09 NW 09 NE 5ll.611 acres = 20?.6 ha~~

~~I 3. Purchased by the Forestry Comnission in March 1933' subJect to timb€r ieservation for B years and sporting for 2 vears'~~

Bet{een l94o and 1946 approximaterv I5o acres (60.7 ha) were occupi€d I in cpts by HM Forces. The sestern roadway and haralstandings f7, lB' 1l ' 45 and 50 were construcred in Ehat period. t ln 195? tbe najor camp site on the southern boMdarv' uow a chicken fare, uas atisposedr reducing the area fron 525 to 5t'3 acres I ( zo8 rla) . The southern part of St Johnrs rood south of cpt 46' r'as not acquired by the Forestry Comission and is currently being qraried'

I for ironstone extraction 3.1 In 1964 under emergency regulations 42) acres (171 ha)' that iE the $'hole area less nost of the Bedlans' vas leased to (then) Richard Thonas and Baldv'ins' I (now the British Steel Corporation) for 35 vears (t" 1999) for nineral exploitation. The Corpofation pav an annual occupation rent and annual comPe[sation for loss of sporting' The two t anount to t2oo per annun. 3..1.1 Between 1964 and 1966 ninerals were exploited in cocker vood (cpts 48' 49' 5o). The surface was restored ih t 196?-68 an

I 1.1.4 In additio! to the sporting held by the corPorationt sporting rights i{ere granted to the Lesaees for the t BedIanE. I 190 I I 3.1.5 The lease allows the Forestry Cortriission to nanase existins trees but it cannot replant any of the unexploited area without agreenent with the Lessees. I Extra-mural activities - recreation, etc. are subiect to consultation with the Lessees. I 3.2 In 1968 asreenent for part of Upper Moiseys' Cronvell Sink Sale and Upper Forty Acres, cpts 3? ar'd,38 vtas nade with the Northamptonshire Naturalists Trust. I 3.3 3.3.1 Access is good - there are public roads to the north anal south' a private road to the west and rishts of say oll the east. I

3.1.2 Fences and particularly sates have deteriorated recently and need naintenance. I 3.1.3 vhire the Northanpton Naturalists Trust hawe access' few other permissions have been sranted foinal1y. There is consideitible infornal use with the Conmissionrs I connivance fo. scientific survev. there are no structures apart fron deteriorating hard- I standings and renains of concr'ete shelters on the 4. 4.1 Site ?he general high rating of the site' its geology, I vegetation and fauna is vetl known to official official nature consenation organiEations. The area is an sssl,

4.1.1 The ecological value of the site eas made known to the I Comnission by Sir Edvard Salisbuiy who v:isited it vith the then Director of Forestry in England' l'lr. O.J. >angarr In -ry)4. t 4.1.2 In I96t the Nature Conservancy informed the Forestry CoEnission Research Branch of the high value and inport- I ance of the site and c€rtain recorded to be of speciat intereEt! supporting ophrys apifera' Aquileoia l'uLdaris. EuDhorbia lathvrus. caoea lurear Helleborus viridis. Oohr\s insectifera. L.thvrus silvestris, MeIica I nutans and Convallaria majalis. 4.2 li:ig:J. t 4.2.1 ahis is ancient *oodland' though nany signs of surface working for stone and ore exist' chiefly the northern and eastern part of the Purlieus' North Gate SaIe' and I Upper and Lower Moiseyrs. There is a history of fonnal coppice working over centr.rries. I 4.2.2 since the Forestry Connissionrs purchase whole area.has been cleared and plantedt The main species planted has been oak and the nethod nost (c t of strips or bands of, three rous sorne 24 feet 8 netres) centre to centr€ alternating vith natural either cut into lane6 or alloyed to orov stoors. The oak planting perioal ran from rrt+/5 to l 1942/3 i,i this sequence. I I I 191 t 1934/35 North Gate sale 1915,/35 UPPer MoiseY's I L937/4O L,ower Moisevrs! UPPer Fortv Act'es r94o,/4r Pebbregate sale' cocker l{ood 1942/43 Lower Fortv Acres' st Johnrs liood

I The planting was part of a grand plan for broadleaf forestry in Lovland Britain launched bv lard Robinson' I the Connission's chainnan, vho died in 1953. rn I94L/42 the nain Scots pine areas were planted in Lower uoiseyrs. there vas a Becond planting of Scots I pine in 1950,/51. rn r952/r3 beech was planted in the birch areas of the Bedlans and in snall clearances on the boundary of I Upper Moiseyts and Upper Fortv Acres and under oak at lhe east nargin of Lover Moiseyrs. I rn 9r/54 tr|uch of the rest of the Bedlans was planted with alternate bands of three rovs of beech and Norwav spruce. The nilitary site at the south east corner of I Cocker Yood l{as planted with oak and Norwav spruce' In I958l59 l{estern hemlock and Norwav spruce i.as planteat unde!' the birch stands in the Bedlabs ed later I crand fir was added.

~~rn 196?/68 the roadside verge on the vest of the I Purlieus ras partially cleared and planted Fith corsican pine.~~

~~Finalty the open cast quarY in Cocker vood was planted t lrith corsican pine in 196910.~~

4.2.3 The only stands relatively undisturbed bv recent practice T are the nixeal broadleaf stands sode Bo vears old at the east corner of Upper Moiseyrs and where the strean leaves the wood in Lower l{oiseyrs, The first is a very well groFn stand of oakr lime, beech! chestnut and birch with t sode European larch, The streamside one has eln' sycamore! $ilton! hybrid poplar and ]ine. There is I also a rennant at Centre !ree. 4.2.4 Uhile the aspect of much the greatest part of the Purlieus is currently broadleaf' the l:25oo maps (VII I 5 & Yrr 9) of l9oo, surveyed in rBB4 revised in 1899' show coniler conventional sisns in nany areas (Fis. ro).

4.2.5 Forlowing planting' managenent aPpears to hawe been I intensive until the plants of ehatever sPecies {ere reII established in coitp€ting vegetation. Subsequent cleaning appeais ! hovever' to have been sporadic and treatnent t has become less and less intensive. The areas of oak ptantirs coveiing most of the Purlieus have become overgrol/n by the bands of broadleaved regrowthr or by t invading birch. There are sone thinned stands in North Gate Sale and Lower Forty Acres. The Scots pine I 192 I I plantations are l'arked for thi.ning. They have becone chlorotic locally, and the younser atand is over stocked' partly blorn and not impressivel I Sone of the sheltering broadleaves over ptantinge of r95r/52 \aer.e giralled and the alead stems have been renoved in the west, but not the east. I

4.2.6 The lack of tending in the cleanins stase has resulted in the seneral presence of seminatsral or pre existins I broadleaves. Conmon line is a feature in the northern and central parts. Ash, Lych eln and birch dohinate considerable areas. Gean occurs locally as does the wild and host trees and shrubs. I service of the natural Sessile oak appears in North Gate sale. There are oak coppice stools here and in St Jolmis ljood. Sycatnore and sveet chestnut and Horse chestnut locally, remain I fro!| eartier stands. fhere are a few Turkey oaks and laburnm. I 4.2.7 rhe presen! srockins (rig. lg) ca" (1) Maturing broad]eaf, T2 5 t (2) Tall pole broadleaf L49 6o (r) Birch l.,ith planted oak (27ac) t (2) Ash, k:rch elm, birch (6ac) (3) Ash' tJych eln t{ith planted oak (z6ac, (4) lstr' sycacpre' rrych elm' line + (Brac) t oak (l) syc"more and ash (9ac)

~~(3) Mediun broadleaf poles I~~

~~(I) Birch + oa]{ (15ac) (2) lsn, syc"more + oak (4oac) t (4) snalr broadleaf, poles IO~~

~~(5) o"k 1r9 48 I~~

(r) ralr pores (5ac) (2) Mediun pores (54ac) I (3) snalr poles thickets (6oac) (6) B€ech plantinss I (1) rn birch (r6ac) (z) In orner broadleaves (?ac) I ALL BROADLDAVE.S 168 r48 (7) Broadleaf - conifer plantinss (all I since 1953)

(1) B€ech - Norway Spruce (z6ac) (2) Bi.ch - Yestern HeDlock (Ilac, I (3) ottrer BL - restern He'nlock (4ac) t I I t 39. stock Map, 1974. the nubered types ar. lisied 3nd des.ribed ih I paragraph a4.2,7. I /i'.1[i I f: \---,' \6rl 7r ,>..t,utt --- I t---.ri-:i-{l'r \-- -- :: : : -'-*l-i: --jl--- I /,' ;:f\ ?4 I ,' F\ i:Lit ,,-;-\.:,i-t)';3'ii I !'/' '-.---)r.:"ii $5,'J j:";ii)i;^) ( - - i l 'i.:

4.2.9 The aspect of almost alI stands is one of considerable density. Rides have been kept open, yith access for I sportitls the main object, but arso for the control of fallol{ deer and rabbits and for inspection. Apart fron the Bedlams and the s|nall scattered ctearings anct t partially planted military sites, the yhore block is alnost one-aged and $ithout glades and clearinss. The forever diversity of actively vorked coppice has gone. I 4.2.ro Policy first in tenns of the Countryside Act and then congently following the Forestry Review of I9?2 to 1974 has nade it cncunbent on nan:isemeht both to conserve I broadleaf $oodland and to give (tue regard to the conservation of amcnity and $i1drife. There is scoDe Lhercforer sh.iIe nanaging Bedforct purlieus for the I production of tinber, to undertake this in terns of its environmental and sciehtiflc vaIue. l I I I 195 I A beginning in resuned management' in the fonn of thinninss and clearings ibcludins ride Yidenins ras I nade i^ L972/?3t and has continued. The NorthantE Ttust has been consulteal. t 4.3 As a result of firn decision in the l95os the coppice regine' abanalonedwhen the ostate sold out to a nerchant prior to 1933t has been replaced by high forest. Most standsr hosever' retain the species orked as coppice or planted during the heyday of I intensiYe nanagenent. I l. sunmary of objectives l.l The production of tinber is the fit'st objective, don€ as efficienLly as possible' aimins for a broadteaf forestr but I influenced by 1.2 1he need to conserve a site of very high conservation value I in terns of the rehole species assedbly. I.3 Incidental to the two first objectives to provide for continued nonitoring of the environnent and of the effect of forest t practice on it. 1.4 Only as far as B 1,2 pernits to pt'o'\.ide public access and sport. t 2. It has been said that there should be a str'ict precedence of conservation, tinber production, game and recreatiod! justifi€d by a site of such high conservation value. the nornal order ol objectives for I the Forestry comdssion where there are no legal restraints is tinber production, arenity,/conservation and recreation, vith sport last. ?he objectives set out in B I sive due *eisht to the siters inportance and the Contmissionrs object. The past tradition of I tinber production, *ith native species except during the past century, can be given priority, but the species grovn should be the local natives over the greateat part of, the area. The need to I respect the site and its biological richness must always influence

~~I c. Prescriptions (Fie. 40) 1. Silviculture~~

I 1.I The foresteris fir€t concern is the tending of the existing gtands to ensure the health and vigour. of the tidber producing conponents for grolrth to useful, vatuable tinber. This tends I to inwolve longer rather than shorter rotations in terms of the major planted species, oak. Birch, which plays a considerable role in the piesent !,tockingr bei.ng a short lived tree would tend to be only a srnall component of eventual naturing t - stands though it is pr€sent in the old stand in Upper Moisey.s, cpt 36c. rhile nearly the $trole {oodland was planteat to oak in r935-L943, only some 12o acres (47 ha), about 25$, I renain as nainly oak yoodland. Elsewhere ash, birch, eych eln and line have conpeteal cuccessfully, as had the alien sycahore, the Scots pine plantations in Lo*er Uoiseyrs yith their rich I mycolosy (sode of it edible) occupy fomer rixed conifer/ broadleaf sites, suffer to sone degree froE chlorosis and t I 196 I I I l I 40. Treatnent proposals ! 1974.

~~1, Itaturing broadleaves 2, Uixed broadleaves; ta]1 polee ) trrin to best cromed I~~

4. ( 'r snal1 poLes ) exotics prosressively. 5. Oak stands - tbin to well spaced best croms. I 6.1 Ta]l birch - fell and regenerate. 6.2 Birch thickets - thin. ?, Mixed broadl eaf-con ifer plantations - tend toltards nixed I 8.1 Beech - thin. 8.2 Beech - tend in broadleaf oratrix. 9. Scots pine - thin, I 1o.1 Open and scrub areas - keep cleai. 1O.2 v. verge - keep open, or regenet'ate to thorn. 1O.2 Corsican pine - tend. 77. coppice (arso retain coppice nargins to videned rides)' I 12. Open areas - Daintain grassland. I t I I I I t t I t I I I I t t (1": i\ ?- -. \ t l'-r. e' | 1 ,t-(tt.-r-11--:'---;--- I ,^ -- - - l.-,!i I ,zj--.ll 'Fs --\ bi I I t'..=)-1r\j:-i- l-. r.,--(i

,11,1 ---a o. i (\ r-- .-^ .. .h -t- 1.-zj-4, I - '-i ,.- .L^ h.- i--li _ :. r " :1r tt.to.t2r ? ror) v a.2 \ -"--!;'----;:-----.' -- -i!:i'- , l l'---.,.---^ , I 103 t \ i-. I ,b 6 ^-.,'L-+---i.-1 ..,il ., \i^ -'' I --'u' l.iir ,-; 3 JE c:,1"r1,i;: I \r6i;' i..:-.i9 I \:----;-\-j*J( t l I t I I 198 I I neglect but are for the most part capable of improvement. The nixed plantings in the Bedlans have enough broadleaf content to avoid complete doninance by conifer litter. The I plantations on nilitary sites are poorly stocked and shot{ little sisn of doninatins the sites. There is a certain invasion of the restoied nineral area planted l{ith Corsican I pine by broadleaved tiees and shrubs thich can be nonitored' There are a few patches of, coppice' of oak and sycanore chiefly in St John's Wood' which colrld be run on a pulpwood rotation. The area of surviving |,azel, L2 acres, is snall I enough to be Forked as a conservation p.oject' There is no urgency to restock the small areas of bare grolnd. I 1.2 The surviving oak plantations should be thinned wigorouslv to give scope for full crown denelopnent on a limited number of stens so that they can grow nrore quickly to tinber size. yieldins purp or t They are classed according to produce' turnery wooal' stakewood or a nixture of the two. the proc€ss nust be repeated at 8-1o year intervalB up tor sav' ase IoO years' that iE for 70 years from now. I

1.3 The nixed broadleaf stands - the naiority of the voodlands - are senerally heavily overstocked but diverse. Cro*{rs are I small and much of the planted oak verv compressed. Thinning here should be to favour predoninant trees of thatevei species - but herFing {herever possible the natural indisenous species wych efm' birch' and especialty line' sessile oak and t ash' wild service treer at the same tine renoving etotics' sycanore' Dng]ish el|n (if not r"emoved by disease) sweet chestnut and I

The oldest stands cair be conserved for at least fifty yearst when the mature tinber aspect l'iII be more general than nos. I A certain amount of dead and fallen timber in specified places can be kept. In generalr the reconnendations of Steere (1972) should be followed. l I.4 the present clearings are smal] and local. There is no rcsenbtance to the probable state of the wooals xhen thev Fere workeat as coppice and at least lcl% eould be relativelv open I to sunlisht. In fact the area is probably nore closed no1{ than at any earlier tine of nanagement- For this reason vrider rides! Mintained by coppicins' such as have been nade t recently' should be normal Practice and the present areas of coppice' although usefully neglected! can be revivedr producing stakes and pulpwood on Eay 20 year rotations. I 1.5 The birch standsr 27 acres (11 ha) are dram and at 40 years are naturing. They are being clear felled' and will iegenerate naturally' pa.tly as coppicer nostly as a seedllng thicket. I Existing standards should be retained, wherever they occur, even if rough, provided they are of indigenous species. I 1.7 The clearance of the tt|ilitary site plantings as th€ir Christnas trees develop can be considered and the ver'ge planting of Corsican pine tould have a greater wirdlife I interest il kept open. I I I 199 l 1.8 A ten year cycle of thinning rill produce this annual I progranlrne: Maturlng Broaclleavee nil I TaII polee Birch (+ oak) nil (27acs (Ilha) beins cut currently) I Mixed broadleaves 13 acs (5 ha) Mediun poles Birch (+ oak) nil (r5 acs (6 ha) courd be cut I Ieaving standards) lilixed broadleaves (+ oat<) 4 acs (2 ha) Oak 6 acs (2 ha)

I Sdall poles Birch (+ oak) nil (grow on for brush wood leavins oak) I Oak 6 acs (2 ha) I Coppice 3 acs (r ha) The almual programne vould be clear falls 4 acs (2 ha)' Iarge thirminss 13 acs (5 ha) 'Dediu','thinninss ro acs (4 ha)' sma1l thinninss 6 acs (2 ha)t coppice I acs (I ha). The theoretic I armual coupe could be 4 to 5 acs 12 ha), in terns of a rotation of l2O years. The forner armual coupe for coPpice I vould have b€en about 27 acs (ll ha). I.9 current Forestry Connission practice is to seII broadleaf thirming standing to contractors. The self enployed men lrork to better standards but have often other interests and are I spasnodic workers. The pulprood contractors t ork fast but are extrenely untidy. It r*ou1d seen desirable in the Purlieus to have sood operators and strict control - not an idpossible I proposition - the sale atanding policy can renain provided work is nore intensively auperviEed. t 1.10 Restocking is hardly for conaideration at this stage, apart from coppice. Use of indigenous species froh seed collected locally planted at wide spacing through a natrix of naturally regenerating treee and ahrubs as recently prescribed in clay I vale voodland is suitable to the Bedford Purlieus situation- Natural reseneration will ensure that the species mix vill continue.r Small coupea t{ill be yulnerable to deer and I rabbit bro{sing and control rnay be needed. 1.Il Parts of the $oodland have been clrained and, $hile woody I gr'owth is probably the best drainage agent, the existing systen should be maintained particularry on ride sides.

l.l2 Tendi.ng of young BtandB ahould be by edge tools. The control I of sycamor€ or felling by chenical means can be considered. ?here shall be no €xtehriv6 uBe of chenicals either as growth I controllers, pesticidea or to provide nutrient8. t I 200 I I 2. Biolosical study should be encourag€d.

2.1 Ther€ should be an armual consultation otr short terrn nanagenent' both to safeguard special features aJld to rewiew practice. I 2.2 At least every five years there should be a more fortnal reYiew. I 3. Every effort shall be lll.lde to end the nineral exploitation lease.

4.1 r{tith the ternination ol the mineral rease, the corcurrent sporting rights should be kept in hand by the Cotunission. This I would not preclude spot'ting under daily licence. 4.2 Yhile sportins continues to be let! there shall be annual I consultation ou practice. 4.J the present casual use of picnickins of the former militarv t site in cockshoot wood should not be forElised. Public access should only be arranged on prescribed open days.

4.4 Under present conditions epecial \irardening woutd not appear I necessary but arrangenents for joint !.ardening by the Forestrv comnission and the Nature Coneerwancy council l{ith possible help frotn County Trusts for Nature Conservation shourd be I revieved, I I I I I I t I I I I I 201 I MANAGEMENICONSIDERATIOIS : ECOL0GISI'S YIEYPOIT'IT I G.F. Peterked

The preceedinq papers have described the present state of Bedford I Purlieusr and how this state has developed. Ir' the historical aPDroach to woodland ecolosy and nanagement has anything to offer' then it shourd be possible to derive sone guidelines for future manasement from the I pr€ceding analYsis.

This paper is concerned with the conservation aspects of managenenit I the objectives of tthicb can be stated in general terms to be:- 1. ao maintain or enllance the quantity arrd varietv of *ildlife! and 'sciedtificl t 2. To naintain features of scientific interest. (ttre term is somewhat inappropriate in this codtextr for featur€s valuable to non-scientific disciplines are also pr'esent and sorthv of I consideration. ) The historical approach to woodland conservation has been sumarised by Rackhan (r97r) and Pet€rken (1974). It l('as argued in the ratter paper I that the dost inportant features to keep were those rbich cMot be re-createal' nanely (f) Prinary woodland and older Eecondarv woodland' (2) Seni-natural leatures in such woodls.nd' and (3) structural features I deweloped naturally over a lonq period.

The fate of the woodland on the present site of Bedford Puilieus in I Roman tines is unknown. A reasonable conjecture is that the local iron- snelting activity, needing a supplv of fuel, obliged the Ronans to retaln roodlanal in an area of relatively dense settlenent fron rr'ttich it would othereise have been cleared. It is a curious co-incidence thatt 2OOOyears I Iater, its suivival as a nativer broadleaf soodland was ensured through a reforestation by the ren€ved denand for I period of intensive coniferous The site as woodland

Most of the r'ooclland coulal be pr'imarv' and is certaiolv at least one I destroved' This thousand years old. Such woodland cannot be replaced once fj.rn case for retaining 'oodland of some sort rould not nornally be an issue in a Forestry Coneission voodr but in ihis instance there is a I possibility that the naiority vill be deetioved bv quarryins'

Management sYstem I (or The existing l{ildlife and features of interest have survived prosPered) unaler a coPPice system sustaineal for nanv centuries' Their continued survival can therefore be noEt reliablv aEsured bv continued I coppicing.

conversion to hish forest in the present centurv is a substantial I change' which nay place the continued survival of son|e species and foatures at risk. Decline of the Black HairEtr6ak and Dornouse, both attrlbuted to the abandonEent of coPPicing' suggests that this fisk iE I real. coppicing shoul.t therefore be reintroduced to the voodt at least on a sdall scale. I I 202 I I The case for so|Ie coppicillg does not apply to the Bedlans. This has been a fontr of high forest since it originated' and is in any case of recent o!'igin as woodtand. Eeing recent secondary woodland' greater I freedon of mnagement action is possible vithout riskins deleterious

~~The Broadleaf-Conifer balance I~~

Bedford Purlieus is traditionally a broadleaf' deciduous woodland' and the comrunities nov present are presunably adapted to this condition. t Introduction of ewergreen conifers in pure stands has a substantial effectt which can be seen by comparing the ground flora belon the nature Scots pine plantation and contenporary broadl€af stands nearby. Conifers mav initiate podsolisation on some soils. On the other handr the rB71 nap I (Fig. rO) sho{s that conife!'s have been present in substantial nlnbers' perhaps nixed with broadleaf speciesi an e:.amination of these areas susgests that they had 1itt1e direct effectt beyond perhaps reducing the I coppioe. Furthermore' the presence of sone conifers does diversify the site to some extent. I The best recontnendations appear to be:- l. Keep a snall proportion of conifers on the site indefinitely. I 2. Therefore, keep those now present.

~~Future planiinss of conifers should be in mixture wit-h broadleaf I~~

Future conifer plantings are best placed where they ar.e alreadt I present. This confines their danaging effects to areas aL'eady damagedt and, nore positivelyt aIIows conanunities associated with conifers to develop orer a long period. I Broadleaf species There is a reasonable presuirption that most broadleaf species now I present are native to the site. Some are certainly alien' but only beech anal sofie elns cannot be placed into one or other class with confidence. Native status (and thus continuity) on the Bite is one of the natural features which should be preserved. ThiE idplies that:- I l. Broadleaf silviculture should be based on species natiye to the site. I 2. SpecieE alien to the site! but spreading naturally' should be controlled. This applies nainly to sycanore. I cenetic composition of native species

If it can be i:stablished that the gedetic constitution ofr for exanple, the oak population in a primary vood is naturalr not altered I by the introduction through planting of ralienr genotypes' this would be a natural feature rorthy of preservation. Such populations can' pe.haps r be identified by their phenotypic heterogeneity, vhich contrasts with the I uniformity often characteristic ol plant€d stock.

very little york has been done on this e8pect of Bedford Purlieus, pre- t but in oak at least there is cleat'evidence of heterogeneity in the I9JOts oak. flovever, the dajority of the oak nol{ present is certainly t I I 200 I planted, its provenence unk!ro\r'n. Othe? native species have also beeu planted in the past. On balance, the history of planting and casual I exadiDation in the field sussests that local strains of natiwe species are present, but that the present population is likely to have been duch altered by introduced strains. One can therefore accept further planting of native species fron sources outsid€ the site, although it sould be I petraea desirable to ensure that the locaL Quercua is perpetuated, tosether with the smal1, po8sibly native beech population.

~~I Distribution of broadl.eaf species~~

The distiibution of broadLeaf apecies within the wood cannot be t related to either 4atural or nanagenent features, except in very broad ternsr and in exceptional cases! this nay, of course, nean only that the significant features have not been detected. Since there are distinct distributional features *hich nay be controlled by unidentified natural I factors, it can be argued that managenent should be designed to minimise changes in distribution. So'ne special features should be preserved for reasons explained under Trees and Shrubs, na'nely (i) Line woodland on I calcareous soils, (ii) valley e]n \doodland, and (iii) the beech coppice. I Age structu.e In the coppice systen, nature tinber is nordally piesent as standar-d trees, bomda.y pollards and ancient coppice stools. Two boundary pollard oaks occur in the hedge by the ioad opposite Saint John's good : this is I the ancient northern boundary of Sulehay Lalk. Ancient coppice stools are irfrequent, althoush there is only one large group of survivins hish- cut line stools : records of the clearance in the l9th centDr.y suqgest I that ancient stools were frequent then. Standard trees less constant part of the coppice systen] and vould norDally be mainly oak, but there are .ecords of other species as standards in the past, e,g. beech. Compared eith the modal condition over the Iast fep hundred I years, it is likely that the present complenent of nature trees is fewer in nunber, but greater in variety.

I Increase in the quantitt of old timber, both standins and lyins rould be likely to improve the funsi, epiphytic lichens and fauna. AII existing matlrre trees should be retained, and the general naturity of I the wood should be encourased in the long term. Field Layer Coflnunities

I These appear to be entireLy natural. Their distribution within the site is related prinarily to edaphic variation. They have survived through centur.ies of coppice rnanagement, and are thus able to survive I periodic clearance of the trees ahd shrubs: nany ep€cies incruding some of the rar-e ones, actually thrive orl the kind of disturbance cauEed by coppicing. The field Iayer connunities hav€ also survived the internittent I srazins of stock and the near-contiduous grazing by deei. The 1ong-term effects of coppicing are poorly knoen. One reasonabte possibility is that species yhich sro!{ mainly in sprins wiII have been I favoured against those irhich gro naihly in cutnner. Coppice casts a deep shade in surmer, and ill sprilg the light r€aching the ground at its I is I I 204 I I annuat maxinu6. The same oray b€ said of broadleaf high foreat cahopies! but there the coDtrast between spring and surmer is Euch reduced. The {vernal aspecti of voodlands nay be partly tbe reFult of *ideEpread coppicing, and conwersion of coppice to hish forest nay eventually a1lov I summer'-growins species to spread at the expense of spring-gro*ins (and florering) species. I Special attention t{as paid during L954 a d 1955 by J.M.B. Brordn and D.F. Fourt of the Forestry Comrissi.on (l.lice HoIt) to the neasures needed for the pieservation of certain herbaceous species. these vere nainly I !{ere then Aouilesia vulsaris' Duphorbia lathvruB and !9Li9e-!g!eE, which th!'iving in C3o' 37t 39 and 40 where recent forestry operations had disturbed and opened the canopy arld (in C3O) the soil. Discussions involving F.C. staff and sir Edsard Salisbury' then Director of the I Royal Botanic Gardens' Kerr culninated in a neeting on 13 Dec€Dber 1954 at which it vas decided to reserve snall areas of coppice in Cl7 and c4O. (Infornalion from files at AIice HoIt Research Station.) I

~~Biyophytes (A.D. Horrill)~~

~~The bryophyte flora could be increased in nutber and quantity byr- I~~

(a) naving non-intervention areae ahich sould noi be subject to periodic desiccation caused by clear felling and copptcins I (b) Ieavins some tinber on the sround after any fellins I (c) refraining from wigo.ous clearance around streans and ditches. Epiphytes (o. Girbert) I The lichen flora is poor' and is believed to have been pollutionr the paucity of dature timber' and the absence of glades. It could be increased by creatins internal slades in the older part of the I voodland. notably in the danp' sheltered va1ley area. This stinulate the foliose lichens to coLonise the larger trees. Further stimulus woutal result f,rom alloving some ashr elnr oak' etc I larse size' especialty in sheltered' well-illuninated sites. Grassland and Rides I The grassland at North Gate is a surviving fragdent of Thot'nhav Particular Heath' which in tbis pa!'t takes the ford of rich' linestone srassland. Like the coppice woodlandr it owes its richness partlv to t its status as the surviving pioduct of a traditional fo.m of ]and use. Although it cannot be grazed in futurer it should reBain undisturbed. Moderate levels of traffic over the grassland would probably help to I nininiee the undesirable accumulati-on of litter.

The existing rides are a relatively recent creation. There ia evidence that meadowspecies uere d€Iiberately introduced' and that the I rides r'ere cut for hay. More recently' the ride vegetation has been kept down by nowing to Sone extent. Thus' it is not unreasonable to regard the rides as a for. of neadolt grasstandr and to naintain their t open condition by nowing as late in the season as possible. The inportance of retaiiring the rides in good condition is €nphasised by the vasculai florar which ol'es its richnoss La.gely to the pr€sence of I I I I 205 I Other grassland aEsociated with wartime installations is remarkably rich for its recent orisin. Much of the flora has probably coronised from the nearby tracks and rides, which have slnce beer reduced in floristic I value by nining, planting and withdrawal of grazins. ?he flora of the grassland is naintained by rabbit grazing, and this' tosether lrith th€ I thinr irnature soj.lsr is probably l{hat keepa the turf short in patchea. Invertebrates (R.c. {elch) I Ttre widening of a nuEber of the ove.grot n rides should provide sheltered' surmy herb-rich areas attractive to a wide raige of inve.te- brates nore especially the Lepidoptera and Feak flying insects. t The '.{artiBe clearance sites vary considerably in their faunistic interest. ahe site in C43/4? is largely taken up sith tbe savbench and associated debris and can be discounted. The site in the southeast corner I of C5O at present attracts a number of butterflies and should be nanaged as an open space but not aleveloped into a picnic site. The preaent level of caEual usage probably contributea towards naintaining the grassy sward. However sone rotational scrub clearance rvill be necessary. the site in I C45/46 stitl retains nany concrete hut bases but is very oversro n. fhe few renaining poor specinens of early conifer plantings should be renoved and the scrub controlled by periodic cuttins (not all at once). Should I hardcore be needed for ride inprovement here is a ready source. The area of lihestone srassland on the site in C45' adjacent to saint Johnrs Ride! i.s rapidly reverting to scrub and some noring vill be necessary to retain I its present characteristics. The st.ip to tbe rest of Saint Johnrs and Nor'th Gate Rides contain nany plants and their associated insects vhich require a *oodland nargin I habitat. Although some of these may later colonise the newly widened rides it is essential that every effort be nade to conserwe then. Thj.s could be tackled in one of three nanners, in decreasing order of I effectiveness. I t. Renove aI1 conlfers planted in this strip, and rnanageas srassland. 2. Clear patches shere conifer establishnent has been poor or patchy and keep Bcrub down

I 3. Leave planted conifer strip as j.t isr do not beat up vhere there have been failures, and retain gaps as open grassland. I yith roads on tpo sides, and open cast mining along much of the eastefn nargin the inportance of this tr.ansitional zone betr.een the hard wood I edge and the arable fardland on ihe west side, cannot be stressed too ahe reconstituted quarry site has d€veloped a wery interesting sandy heathladd fauna which wiII be lost for the nost part l'hen the corsican pines I cloee canopy. At present a fairly l{ide strip renains along its wester'n marsin betveen the pines and the edge of C48. This should be allowed to remain as a sheltered grassy ride with a good scnrbby nargin against I the wood' such branble and scrub iB essential aB nestins sites for various warblera and in any scrub-clearance prograrnme aufficient {i]l need to I be l6ft every year. I I 26 I I The present spasmodic clearance of scattered areas of roodtand for the erection of pheasant rearing pens results in the formation of smalt glades which provide a welcotne break in the canoPy. Hovever' their I siting and construction should be mor€ rigidly controlled.

Any proposals for an incr€ase ih the area undei actave coPPlcang vithin the I a,ould be welcomed as a means of increasing habitat diversitv wood and of providing areas vith a different canopy height.

The streans through the wood shoulct be retained, essentially in I their present form. On no account should they be deepened or cleaned out although alucts under bridges could be usefully cleared of flood refuse and widened. I In such an even-aged {oodland every effort should be nade to retain any older trees stitl Present andt vherever possible leave any fal1en trees or branches in situ. I Soils (P. Stevens) I The ucultivated nature of the soils should be preserwed and anv form of ploughing or other disturbadce should be awoided- The present nanagement of opening iides and some conpartments appears to bave little on the I lastins effect on the soils! although the use of heavv nachinerv heavier clay soils might cause cotnpaction and drainage probletns ' l{hich could be nore pernanent. I Much of the interest of sone soils is in the different foms of Iitter, especially on the whiter silty soils. Brackenr oak and to a sMlI extent s{eet chestnut have caused an accunulation of littert I which has locally devetoped a norlike' acid hu|nus. Any plans to .eDove the bracken would remove the source of the litter and linit anv tendencv to podzolisation which Eay be taking place. I The *hole of Bedford Purlieus can be considered as a valuable site for soil conservation in the sense that the soils present are nov onlv rarely founal in uncultivated forn, The wood shot'{s a side cross-section I of losland soil typesr but tno of these - the typical broun earth on Glacial Sand and Gravel and the grey rendzina on cal-careous tufa - are limited in extent: the small patches of these should be carefullv t Manasement Records I The value of a detailed record of past managenent in developing nanasenent policies has been demonstrated by Bedford Purlj.eus. This value is probably sreater vhen wildlife conservation is an object of t nanag€nent than vhen it is not. It follows that the records of recent and future nanagement {i1l eventually poesess the sane value' and that they shoulal be retained and carefully archived. I ACCEPTABLE I,IANAGEMEN1rPOLICIES

If the conservation value of, Bedford Purlieus j-s to be retained, I then three forns of nanagernent {ould be acceptablBt- t I I I 207 t l. Coppice-vith-standards I 2. High Fot'est of species native to the aite Non-intervention

I Of these, the third can only be applied on a smll scale, because this is also a productiee vood in *hich utilisable tinber will be groltn. The non-intervention areas $ould be best located along the central valleyl I *ith smll additional patcheE over the Epecial soil types. The dain question is the relative 1evel of coppice and high forest. The najority should be high forest for two reasons. The 2oth centurv I nanagenent has effectively converted most of the site to high forestr and the renaining coppice is thlnly scattered. Coppice narkets are uncertain' I and prospects are beiter for timber of larger dimensions from high forest. On the other hard' subsequent regeneration of high forest nav not be I possible by natural means' and the necessary prantins would further reduce I the seni-natural erement in the tree and shrub distribution. Thus' coppice managenent should be adopted on a Droportion of the wood' sav best distributed vhere I 5o-Ioo acres. This is I r (i) there is a sood market, as for the birch already coppiceal.

~~I tiil there is Duch of the origiDal coppice renainins, as on the line I area of cf2' c33, c35-37 ' and the €lm area of C45.~~

I (iii) it sould assist other obiectives, e.g. ride side coppice strips I ,ould keep rides open. r (iw) the flora is rost likely to respoDd' as on the calcareous soils I of cf7 and c4O' the areas {hich in 1954 the Forestry CoMission I agreed to coppice rn part.

. On this basis, a reasonable pattern of nanagenent energes as one I based on hiqh forest of broadleaf species native to the Iiite' with a snall portion of conifer high forest on ground no$ occupied by conifers. Vithin this, a ninority proportion is nanaged as coppice' both as small blocks and ride-side strips. A snalI areat nainly along the valley, t should be left to develop without interference.

~~I REFERDNCES~~

Peterken, G.F, 1974. Developnental factors in the nanagedent of British I woodland. Q. Jl For.' 68' 141-9. Rackhan, o. 197I. Historical studies and woodland t synp. Br. ecol. soc.r 1I' 561-80. I t I I 208 I I PARTICIPANTS E.J. Acott Forestry Conmisaion I Forestry Cotnnission' Alice Holt D.F. BaIt LT.E. I Bangor S. Bell I.T.D., Monks t{ood M.J. Bishop Canbridge University I J.L. Bostock Mancheater University s.E. Briscall HUII University A.H.F. Brown I.T.E. ! Merlewood I Berks r Bucks and Oxon Naturalist Trust J. Cadbury R.S.P.B, A. Challands I A. Champion R.S.P.B. J.H. Chandl€r Nene VaIley Reeearch conmittee R.Y. ColIier Lincolnshire Naturalist Trust R.c.H.M. (Ensland) | cambridge I J.N. Davies Yorker8 Education Association B.N.K. Davis 1.T.8., onks Vood J.C. Day R.S.P. B, I M.E.S- Dickenson Forestry Connission E.A.G. Duffey I.1.8., Monks Vood D. Etias LT.E. t Monl(s Wood I.U. Evans Leicester Museuns Service t S-R. Eyre Leeds Univet'3ity L. Farrell I.T.D. r t{onks Wood N, Flower London University' Kinss Collese t D.F. Fourt norestry Comnisaionr AIice Holt O-L. Gilbert Sheffield University P.U. Gough Shenstone Nev college I J. Grant I.l.E. r Monks ljood J.N. Gt'eatorex-Davies LT.E., Mor

I ACKNOULEDGEMET.ITS I The editors vish to express their gratitude to the Forestry cotnmission (Eastern conservancy) for providing access and facilities for field studies; I to John Sheail and Peter Hardy for organizing the neeting; to lor preparing the naps and diagrans and to Valerie Burton and Gladye Sanderson

I for'typing ard tolerance in tines of stress. I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I t I I I I l T I Cover D€sign t Part of the 1615 nap:- rrDisciiptio hoc de Manierio Thornhaees et Wallnesford ...r1 T catalogue No. RI/3o4 in tbe Bedford County Records Office

~~Reproduced by permission of the T Trustees Bedfor.d of the Estates I~~