U Iverza V Ljublja I Fakulteta Za Družbe E

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

U Iverza V Ljublja I Fakulteta Za Družbe E UIVERZA V LJUBLJAI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBEE VEDE ina Gorenc PREDSEDIŠKO UTEMELJEVAJE AMERIŠKIH VOJAŠKIH ITERVECIJ V OBDOBJU 1948–2008 (PRESIDETIAL JUSTIFICATIOS FOR AMERICA MILITARY ITERVETIOS FROM 1948 TO 2008) Doktorska disertacija Ljubljana, 2009 UIVERZA V LJUBLJAI FAKULTETA ZA DRUŽBEE VEDE ina Gorenc Mentor: prof. Cornell W. Clayton Somentor: prof. Lance LeLoup PREDSEDIŠKO UTEMELJEVAJE AMERIŠKIH VOJAŠKIH ITERVECIJ V OBDOBJU 1948–2008 (PRESIDETIAL JUSTIFICATIOS FOR AMERICA MILITARY ITERVETIOS FROM 1948 TO 2008) Doktorska disertacija Ljubljana, 2009 This dissertation is dedicated to the memory of the late Prof. Lance LeLoup, a great friend, incessant inspiration and mentor, to whom goes my profound respect and immense gratitude. I take this opportunity to thank my thesis supervisor and advisor, Prof. Cornell W. Clayton, for all his invaluable guidance, help and motivation. He believed in me and in this project. He was there for me whenever I needed his advice, he listened to me, asked questions, challenged and pushed me to do more and to do it better. I am grateful for his editorial suggestions and positive attitude. I am also thankful to my dissertation committee, Prof. Monika Kalin Golob and Prof. Bogomil Ferfila for their advice and support, and to my colleague and friend, Mojca Jarc, for her assistance, criticism and useful insights. Finally, this dissertation would not be possible without the love, support and encouragement of my family. amesto tega lista se vstavi IZJAVA O AVTORSTVU Summary The present dissertation explores the relationship between the verbal behavior of American presidents when authorizing and justifying the use of military force abroad and the various institutional and attitudinal factors that may explain that behavior. It argues that the words presidents chose when explaining such actions reveals more about them than just their lexical tastes and styles. The dissertation covers different, and partly overlapping, fields of study. Thus it adopts an interdisciplinary research approach; research on presidential power pertains to the discipline of political science; presidential skills in public communication are rooted in communication science; while many of the attitudinal variables used in the study are drawn from the field of political psychology. The research draws upon multiple methodological tools to study presidential communication; historical and contextual analysis, simple quantitative and regression analyses, as well as a traditional linguistic method of research - content analysis. Research into presidential rhetoric is not new, and politics has always been closely connected with language. Not only because ideas (and ideologies) are expressed through language, but mostly due to the strength of words in persuasion. For a long time, presidents have been judged by their power to persuade, therefore language and the skills of communication rank very high on the list of characteristics that make a successful president. Indeed, Richard Neustadt (1990) famously argued that presidential power is not a fixed commodity under the Constitution but fluctuates based on the ability of presidents to persuade other important actors. Language is thus not only a vehicle for transportation of politicians’ ideas, but also an active agent in defining the capacity of a president to effect change and to influence how people understand political reality (Ellis 1998). It is also true that presidents in the United States operate in a system of checks and balances, in which they must constantly confront oppositional power from the Congress, from the courts, and other institutional actors. Indeed the American constitution specifically divides the war power between the president and the Congress; giving one the power to declare war while making the other the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. At various times throughout the history, presidents have relied upon different legal authorizations for their decision to deploy American soldiers abroad. The two sources of legal authority most frequently used by presidents are the Constitution’s Commander-in-Chief Clause and congressional joint resolutions. While some experts argue that the constitutional always requires congressional authorization for the use of military force, presidents have often relied upon their exclusive authority under article II alone to order American troops into conflict and 5 left Congress out of the process. Thus, in addition to analyzing the types of rhetoric employed by presidents when justifying the use of military force, this dissertation also seeks to understand the factors that lead presidents to chose one form of legal authority for their actions over another. Numerous factors influence the choice of presidential rhetoric as well as the legal justifications that presidents rely upon to support their actions. In additional to individual psychological and cognitive influences (such as a president’s partisan attachments, the complexity of their thinking, or their background and experiences in foreign affairs), there are also various contextual or institutional factors at work (such as the presence of absence of divided government, the president’s relationship to the political regime and “political time,” as well as international patterns of institutionalized behavior such as the presence of the Cold War for an extended period of time). All of these influences are analyzed in the present work. The time frame of the research begins with the end of World War II, and the first elected term of President Truman in 1948, and it ends in 2008, with the end of President G.W. Bush’s second term of office. Two types of addresses are included in the research; these are state of the union addresses and post military intervention addresses, all together making up the research sample of 43 addresses. Content analysis is used to code the addresses, and justifications for the use of force were grouped in 11 different categories. The main goal of the dissertation is to discern patterns of rhetorical behavior of presidents after a military intervention and to isolate factors that influence it. The research demonstrates that differences between presidents and their verbal behavior following a military intervention are less dependent on party affiliation and other attitudinal factors, than they are on institutional frameworks and social, political and historical context. Presidents of both parties, regardless of their integrative complexity or international experience, have exhibited a surprising degree of rhetorical similarity and choice of legal justification when confronted with similar institutional contexts. This indicates the importance of institutional and contextual restrictions imposed on presidents and teaches us not to expect the impossible when there is a change in presidential administration. 6 Povzetek Avtorica se v disertaciji loti proučevanja vzorcev verbalnega obnašanja ameriških predsednikov in njihove odvisnosti od institucionalnih in/ali vedenjskih dejavnikov. Verjame namreč, da predsedniki z uporabo določenih izrazov in besednih zvez, v utemeljitvah svojih odločitev za vojaško intervencijo v tujini, bodisi javnosti, bodisi kongresu, razkrijejo več kot le osebni stil izražanja. Disertacija posega na vrsto družboslovnih področij, ki se med seboj delno prekrivajo, zaradi česar je tudi pristop k analizi interdisciplinaren. Disertacija vključuje področje političnih ved (analiza institucije predsednika), komunikologije (predsedniška komunikacija), jezikoslovja (vsebinska analiza) in politične psihologije (vedenjski in osebnostni dejavniki). Raziskovanje predsedniške institucije in retorike je v okviru širšega politološkega in družboslovnega raziskovanja dobro uveljavljeno. Pojem retorika se v disertaciji uporablja v ožjem, semantičnem in vsebinskem smislu in ne vključuje diskurzivno stilistične analize. Jezik ne predstavlja zgolj sredstva za prenos političnih vsebin in aktivnega sooblikovalca ideologij, ampak je ključnega pomena v procesu prepričevanja. Ker so bili predsedniki dolgo ocenjevani prav glede na svojo uspešnost prepričevanja, sta bila jezik in spretnost komunikacije umeščena visoko na lestvici lastnosti, ki jih je uspešen predsednik moral imeti. Predsedniška pooblastila ne izvirajo vedno neposredno iz ustave, ampak si jih mora predsednik znati pridobiti in uveljaviti, prav skozi proces prepričevanja (Neustadt 1990). Ameriški politični sistem umešča predsednika v okvir na tri veje deljene oblasti, ki se med seboj vzajemno nadzirajo. Vojna in z vojno povezane aktivnosti prestavljajo zelo občutljivo področje, zaznamovano z večnim bojem za prevlado med predsednikom in kongresom. Ustava deli vojne pristojnosti med izvršno in zakonodajno vejo oblasti. Kongres je pristojen za objavo oziroma razglasitev vojne napovedi, medtem ko predsednik kot vrhovni poveljnik oboroženih sil vojno dejansko vodi; to kaže, da sta v primeru vojne zakonodajna in izvršna oblast soodvisni in bi morali delovati skupaj. V različnih zgodovinskih obdobjih so se predsedniki sklicevali na več oblik pravne podlage za vojaško intervencijo. Najpogostejša je bila ustava in iz nje izhajajoče posebne pravice predsednika, čeprav stroga interpretacije ustave predvideva kot edino ustrezno pravno podlago prav soglasje kongresa. Le to je lahko izraženo v obliki skupne resolucije obeh domov kongresa, ki pa so jo predsedniki le izjemoma pridobili, oziroma zanjo zaprosili, še pred uporabo sile in vojaško intervencijo. Naslednja pomembna tema, ki jo obravnava disertacija, je vpliv notranjih
Recommended publications
  • Ex-Spy Says She Drove to Dallas with Oswald & Kennedy 'Assassin
    Ex-Spy Says She Drove To Dallas With Oswald & Kennedy 'Assassin Squad' By PAUL MESKIL A former spy says that she accompanied Lee Harvey Oswald and an "assassin squad" to Dallas a few days before President Kennedy was murdered there Nov. 22, 1963. The House Assassinations Committee is investigating her story. Marita Lorenz, former undercov- er operative for the CIA and FBI, told The News that her companions on the car trip from Miami to Dallas were Os. wald, CIA contract agent Frank Sturgis, Cuban exile leaders Orlando Bosch and Pedro Diaz Lanz, and two Cuban broth- ers whose names she does not know. She said they were all members of Operation 40, a secret guerrilla group originally formed by the CIA in 1960 in preparation for the Bay of Pigs inva- sion. Statements she made to The News and to a federal agent were reported to Robert Blakey, chief counsel of the Assassinations Committee. He has as- signed one of his top investigators to interview her. Ms. Lorenz described Operation 40 as an ''assassination squad" consisting of about 30 anti-Castro Cubans and their American advisers. She claimed the group conspired to kill Cuban Premier Fidel Castro and President Kennedy, whom it blamed for the Bay of Pigs fiasco. Admitted Taking Part Sturgis admitted in an interview two years ago that he took part in Opera- Maritza Lorenz tion 40. "There are reports that Opera- Farmer CIA agent tion 40 had an assassination squad." he said. "I'm not saying that personally ... In the summer or early fall of 1963.
    [Show full text]
  • The Division System in Crisis Essays on Contemporary Korea Paik Nak-Chung
    The Division System in Crisis Essays on Contemporary Korea Paik Nak-chung Foreword by Bruce Cumings Translated by Kim Myung-hwan, Sol June-Kyu,Song Seung-cheol, and Ryu Young-joo, with the collaboration of the author Published in association with the University of California Press Paik Nak-chung is one of Korea’s most incisive contemporary public intellec- tuals. By training a literary scholar, he is perhaps best known as an eloquent cultural and political critic. This volume represents the first book-length col- lection of his writings in English. Paik’s distinctive theme is the notion of a “division system” on the Korean peninsula, the peculiar geopolitical and cultural logic by which one nation continues to be divided into two states, South and North. Identifying a single structure encompassing both Koreas and placing it within the framework of the contemporary world-system, Paik shows how this reality has insinuated itself into virtually every corner of modern Korean life. “A remarkable combination of scholar, author, critic, and activist, Paik Nak- chung carries forward in our time the ancient Korean ideal of marrying ab- stract learning to the daily, practical problems of the here and now. In this book he confronts no less than the core problem facing the Korean people since the mid-twentieth century: the era of national division, of two Koreas, an anomaly for a people united across millennia and who formed the basic sinews of their nation long before European nation-states began to develop.” BRUCE CUMINGS, from the foreword PAIK NAK-CHUNG is emeritus professor of English literature at Seoul National University.
    [Show full text]
  • Chasing Success
    AIR UNIVERSITY AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE Chasing Success Air Force Efforts to Reduce Civilian Harm Sarah B. Sewall Air University Press Air Force Research Institute Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama Project Editor Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dr. Ernest Allan Rockwell Sewall, Sarah B. Copy Editor Carolyn Burns Chasing success : Air Force efforts to reduce civilian harm / Sarah B. Sewall. Cover Art, Book Design and Illustrations pages cm L. Susan Fair ISBN 978-1-58566-256-2 Composition and Prepress Production 1. Air power—United States—Government policy. Nedra O. Looney 2. United States. Air Force—Rules and practice. 3. Civilian war casualties—Prevention. 4. Civilian Print Preparation and Distribution Diane Clark war casualties—Government policy—United States. 5. Combatants and noncombatants (International law)—History. 6. War victims—Moral and ethical aspects. 7. Harm reduction—Government policy— United States. 8. United States—Military policy— Moral and ethical aspects. I. Title. II. Title: Air Force efforts to reduce civilian harm. UG633.S38 2015 358.4’03—dc23 2015026952 AIR FORCE RESEARCH INSTITUTE AIR UNIVERSITY PRESS Director and Publisher Allen G. Peck Published by Air University Press in March 2016 Editor in Chief Oreste M. Johnson Managing Editor Demorah Hayes Design and Production Manager Cheryl King Air University Press 155 N. Twining St., Bldg. 693 Maxwell AFB, AL 36112-6026 [email protected] http://aupress.au.af.mil/ http://afri.au.af.mil/ Disclaimer Opinions, conclusions, and recommendations expressed or implied within are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official policy or position of the organizations with which they are associated or the views of the Air Force Research Institute, Air University, United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or any AFRI other US government agency.
    [Show full text]
  • World War II at Sea This Page Intentionally Left Blank World War II at Sea
    World War II at Sea This page intentionally left blank World War II at Sea AN ENCYCLOPEDIA Volume I: A–K Dr. Spencer C. Tucker Editor Dr. Paul G. Pierpaoli Jr. Associate Editor Dr. Eric W. Osborne Assistant Editor Vincent P. O’Hara Assistant Editor Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data World War II at sea : an encyclopedia / Spencer C. Tucker. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-59884-457-3 (hardcopy : alk. paper) — ISBN 978-1-59884-458-0 (ebook) 1. World War, 1939–1945—Naval operations— Encyclopedias. I. Tucker, Spencer, 1937– II. Title: World War Two at sea. D770.W66 2011 940.54'503—dc23 2011042142 ISBN: 978-1-59884-457-3 EISBN: 978-1-59884-458-0 15 14 13 12 11 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America To Malcolm “Kip” Muir Jr., scholar, gifted teacher, and friend. This page intentionally left blank Contents About the Editor ix Editorial Advisory Board xi List of Entries xiii Preface xxiii Overview xxv Entries A–Z 1 Chronology of Principal Events of World War II at Sea 823 Glossary of World War II Naval Terms 831 Bibliography 839 List of Editors and Contributors 865 Categorical Index 877 Index 889 vii This page intentionally left blank About the Editor Spencer C.
    [Show full text]
  • The Trans Sahara Counter Terrorism Partnership Building Partner Capacity to Counter Terrorism and Violent Extremism
    The Trans Sahara Counter Terrorism Partnership Building Partner Capacity to Counter Terrorism and Violent Extremism Lesley Anne Warner Cleared for public release CRM-2014-U-007203-Final March 2014 Strategic Studies is a division of CNA. This directorate conducts analyses of security policy, regional analyses, studies of political-military issues, and strategy and force assessments. CNA Strategic Studies is part of the global community of strategic studies institutes and in fact collaborates with many of them. On the ground experience is a hallmark of our regional work. Our specialists combine in-country experience, language skills, and the use of local primary-source data to produce empirically based work. All of our analysts have advanced degrees, and virtually all have lived and worked abroad. Similarly, our strategists and military/naval operations experts have either active duty experience or have served as field analysts with operating Navy and Marine Corps commands. They are skilled at anticipating the “problem after next” as well as determining measures of effectiveness to assess ongoing initiatives. A particular strength is bringing empirical methods to the evaluation of peace-time engagement and shaping activities. The Strategic Studies Division’s charter is global. In particular, our analysts have proven expertise in the following areas: The full range of Asian security issues The full range of Middle East related security issues, especially Iran and the Arabian Gulf Maritime strategy Insurgency and stabilization Future national security environment and forces European security issues, especially the Mediterranean littoral West Africa, especially the Gulf of Guinea Latin America The world’s most important navies Deterrence, arms control, missile defense and WMD proliferation The Strategic Studies Division is led by Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Spectacle of the False-Flag
    The Spectacle of the False-Flag THE SPECTACLE OF THE FALSE-FLAG: PARAPOLITICS FROM JFK TO WATERGATE Eric Wilson THE SPECTACLE OF THE FALSE-FLAG: PARAPOLITICS from JFK to WATERGATE Eric Wilson, Monash University 2015 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ This work is Open Access, which means that you are free to copy, distribute, display, and perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to the author, that you do not use this work for commercial gain in any form whatsoever, and that you in no way, alter, transform, or build upon the work outside of its normal use in academic scholarship without express permission of the author and the publisher of this volume. For any reuse or distribution, you must make clear to others the license terms of this work. First published in 2015 by Thought | Crimes an imprint of punctumbooks.com ISBN-13: 978-0988234055 ISBN-10: 098823405X and the full book is available for download via our Open Monograph Press website (a Public Knowledge Project) at: www.thoughtcrimespress.org a project of the Critical Criminology Working Group, publishers of the Open Access Journal: Radical Criminology: journal.radicalcriminology.org Contact: Jeff Shantz (Editor), Dept. of Criminology, KPU 12666 72 Ave. Surrey, BC V3W 2M8 [ + design & open format publishing: pj lilley ] I dedicate this book to my Mother, who watched over me as I slept through the spectacle in Dallas on November 22, 1963 and who was there to celebrate my birthday with me during the spectacle at the Watergate Hotel on June 17, 1972 Contents Editor©s Preface ................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Great Heroin Coup - Foreword and Chapter One
    Quixotic Joust: The Great Heroin Coup - Foreword and Chapter One 0 More Next Blog» Quixotic Joust I'm forever chasing windmills. Newest Post Quixote Musings Drugs Thursday, December 5, 2013 Search This Blog. The Great Heroin Coup - Foreword and Chapter One Selected Excerpts from THE GREAT HEROIN COUP - DRUGS, INTELLIGENCE AND Blog Archive INTERNATIONAL FASCISM ► 2016 (7) ► 2015 (17) By Henrik Kruger; Jerry Meldon, Translator ► 2014 (19) ▼ 2013 (25) South End Press©1980: Box 68 Astor Station, Boston, MA 02123 ▼ December (9) ISBN 0-89608-0319-5 The Great Heroin Coup - Chapter 16 240pps - one edition - out-of-print; Orginally published in Danish Smukke Serge og Heroien; Bogan 1976 The Great Heroin Coup - Chapter 15 The Great Heroin Coup - Chapter 14 How Opium Merchants Used Bankers, and To heroin's victims in the United States and Europe, Vice Versa And to all veterans of the War in Vietnam, The Great Heroin Coup - Chapter 13 Especially those who returned strung out, The Great Heroin Coup - Chapters 9, 10, 11 And those who did not return at all... and 12 To victims of torture and repression in Latin America and elsewhere, The Great Heroin Coup - Chapters 6, 7 and And to those who owe the monkey on their back, 8 And the scars on mind and body The Great Heroin Coup - Chapters 2, 3, 4 and 5 To agents of the CIA and DEA. The Great Heroin Coup - Foreword and Chapter One FOREWORD ► November (1) ► October (5) The story of Christian David, an international narcotics trafficker used by the Intelligence ► September (3) services of at least three nations, is fascinating in itself.
    [Show full text]
  • Ex-Spy Links Watergate Burglar to Oswald Just Before JFK Killed
    TOiRcDNA- •Vi\R 9ao17 Ex-spy links Watergate burglar to Oswald just before JFK killed NEW YORK (Reuter) — An Pedro Diaz Lane and two it blamed for the Bay of Pigs they did not want a woman on ex-spy is claiming that she Cuban brothers, whose names disaster. the job and Miss Lorenz flew 0. accompanied an assassination she does not know. The statements made by back to from Dallas ;-'• squad, including Lee Harvey Oswald was officially fin- Miss Lorenz to the newspaper the next day;'day; according to the Oswald, to Dallas, Texas, a gered,as Kennedy's assassin. and to a federal agent were f e w days before president The Warren Commission said reported to Robert Blakey, Two days later she was on a John F. Kennedy was killed he acted alone. chief counsel of the House of plane to New 'York when the $ .there in November, 1963. According to t h e article Representatives a s s ssina- co-pilot announced t hat e. Another in . the gang was Miss Lorenz said the men she tions committee, He has as- Kennedy had been killed In ' said to be Central Intelligence accompanied were all mem- signed a senior investigator to Dallas, Miss Lorenz said. Agency contract agent Frank bers of Operation 40, a secret interview her, the News said. Sturgis, convicted as one guerrilla g r o up originally Miss Lorenz said that after Sturgis has already been t h e Watergate burglars in formed by the CIA in 1960 in a midnight meeting in Miami, questioned about the assassi- 0973.
    [Show full text]
  • ETHJ Vol-54 No-1
    East Texas Historical Journal Volume 54 Issue 1 Article 1 2016 ETHJ Vol-54 No-1 Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj Part of the United States History Commons Tell us how this article helped you. Recommended Citation (2016) "ETHJ Vol-54 No-1," East Texas Historical Journal: Vol. 54 : Iss. 1 , Article 1. Available at: https://scholarworks.sfasu.edu/ethj/vol54/iss1/1 This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by the History at SFA ScholarWorks. It has been accepted for inclusion in East Texas Historical Journal by an authorized editor of SFA ScholarWorks. For more information, please contact [email protected]. f 3<Z;/ 6J Historical Journal EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION 2016-2017 OFFICERS Kyle Wilkison President George Cooper First Vice President Heather Wooten Second Vice President Christal Gill Secretary /Treasurer DIRECTORS Gwendolyn Lawe Dallas 2016 Mary Jo O'Rear Corpus Chris ti 2016 Betty Oglesbee San Augustine 2016 Robert Roberston Beaumont 2017 Yvonne Frear Houston 2017 Paul Sturdevant Greenville 2017 Monte Monroe Lubbock 2018 John Lundberg Arlington 2018 Victoria Cummins Sherman 2018 Gene Preuss Houston Past President Mary Scheer Beaumont Past President Cissy Lale Ft.Worth Life Director EDITORIAL BOARD Leland Turner Wichita Falls Gary Pinkerton Silsbee Jeff Guinn Ft. Worth Paul Sandul Nacogdoches John Caraway Clyde Gwen Lawe Dallas EAST TEXAS HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION :MEMBERSHIP INSTITUTIONAL :MEMBERS pay $100 annually LIFE :MEMBERS pay $400 or more PATRONS pay $85 annually BENEFACTORS pay $60 annually FAMILY :MEMBERS pay $45 annually REGULAR :MEMBERS pay $35 annually K-12 EDUCATORS pay $20 annually STUDENT :MEMBERS pay $15 annually Journals $7.50 per copy Address: P.O.
    [Show full text]
  • Baylor University. Baylor Collections of Political Materials Gus Russo Papers
    Baylor University. Baylor Collections of Political Materials Gus Russo papers. Inclusive: 1932-2006, Bulk: 1953-1998 Summary Information Creator Russo, Gus, 1950 - Extent (quantity/size) 43 document boxes Language English; Spanish; Russian Abstract The Gus Russo papers contain notes, clippings, publications, and other research materials related to the John F. Kennedy assassination and Russo's publication of Live by the Sword: The Secret War Against Castro and the Death of JFK. Subjects Castro, Fidel, 1926- / Clippings (Books, newspapers, etc.) / Cuba -- Foreign relations -- United States. / Cuba -- History -- Invasion, 1961. / Government publications. / Kennedy, John F. (John Fitzgerald), 1917-1963 -- Assassination. / Kennedy, Robert F., 1925-1968. / Oswald, Lee Harvey. / Russo, Gus -- Archives. / Russo, Gus. Live by the sword. / United States -- Foreign relations -- 1953-1961. / United States -- Foreign Relations -- Cuba. Administrative Information Restrictions on Access and Use All requests for copying of materials must be submitted to the Baylor Collections of Political Materials in writing. Please use the Request Form for Copying Materials sheet. Unpublished materials authored or otherwise produced by the creator (s) of this collection are in the public domain. There are no restrictions on use. Copyright status for other collection materials is unknown. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user. Use/Reproduction Restrictions: The collection is open for research. Preferred Citation When quoting material from this collection, the preferred citation is: Gus Russo papers, Accession #98, Box #, Folder #, Baylor Collections of Political Materials, W.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kennedy Solution
    THE KENNEDY SOLUTION On the 27th, April, 1961. The President of the United States of America. John Fitzgerald Kennedy (29/5/1917----22/11/1963.) Gave an address at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York City. To the American Newspaper Publishers Association. Entitled “ The President and the Press.” Mr. Chairman, Ladies and Gentlemen; I appreciate very much your generous invitation to be here tonight. You bear heavy responsibilities these days and an article I read some time ago reminded me of how particularly heavily the burdens of present day events bear upon your profession. You may remember that in 1851 The New York Herald Tribune under the sponsorship and publishing of Horace Greeley employed as its London correspondent an obscure journalist by the name of Karl Marx. We are told that foreign correspondent Marx, stone broke, and with family ill and undernourished, constantly appealed to Greeley and managing editor Charles Dana for an increase in his munificent salary of $5 per installment, a salary which he and Engles ungratefully labeled as the “lousiest petty bourgeois cheating.” But when all his financial appeals were refused, Marx looked around for other means of livelihood and fame, eventually terminating his relationship with the Tribune and devoting his talents full time to the cause that would bequeath the world the seeds of Leninism, Stalinism, revolution and the cold war… I have selected as the title of my remarks tonight “The President and the Press.” Some may suggest that this would be more naturally worded “The President Verses the Press.” But those are not my sentiments tonight… I want to talk about our common responsibilities in the face of common danger.
    [Show full text]
  • The Cuban "S- Force" (Part 4 of 6) by Deborah Tyroler Category/Department: General Published: Wednesday, March 4, 1987
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by University of New Mexico University of New Mexico UNM Digital Repository NotiCen Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) 3-4-1987 U.S. Shadow Warriors & Origins Of Contragate: Contragate's Second Secret Team — The ubC an "s- force" (part 4 Of 6) Deborah Tyroler Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen Recommended Citation Tyroler, Deborah. "U.S. Shadow Warriors & Origins Of Contragate: Contragate's Second Secret Team — The ubC an "s-force" (part 4 Of 6)." (1987). https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/noticen/480 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Latin America Digital Beat (LADB) at UNM Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in NotiCen by an authorized administrator of UNM Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. LADB Article Id: 077010 ISSN: 1089-1560 U.S. Shadow Warriors &amp; Origins Of Contragate: Contragate's Second Secret Team &#x2014; The Cuban "s- force" (part 4 Of 6) by Deborah Tyroler Category/Department: General Published: Wednesday, March 4, 1987 Editor's Note: The American "secret team" behind the illegal contra supply operation has long had a shadow arm a second "secret team" of Cuban exiles and Bay of Pigs veterans who played key roles in Watergate and financed their activities through drug operations and support from right- wing governments. Pacific News Service contributing editor Peter Dale Scott, former Canadian diplomat and veteran researcher of US covert politics, is author of "The War Conspiracy" and "The Assassinations." [The Latin America Data Base (LADB) has received permission from PNS to reproduce this six-part series.] By Peter Dale Scott The Iran-contra arms scandal is bit by bit revealing the key role of an American private special warfare "secret team." But working with that team for years has been a second, even more shadowy secret team a close-knit band of Cuban exiles.
    [Show full text]