Standing up to Sugar Cubes: the Contest Over Ethnic Identity In

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Standing up to Sugar Cubes: the Contest Over Ethnic Identity In Standing Up to Sugar Cubes: The Contest over Ethnic Identity in California's Fourth-Grade Mission Curriculum Author(s): Zevi Gutfreund Source: Southern California Quarterly, Vol. 92, No. 2 (Summer 2010), pp. 161-197 Published by: University of California Press on behalf of the Historical Society of Southern California Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/41172518 . Accessed: 28/08/2014 14:19 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. University of California Press and Historical Society of Southern California are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Southern California Quarterly. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 139.182.19.92 on Thu, 28 Aug 2014 14:19:53 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Standing Up to Sugar Cubes The Contestover Ethnic Identity in California'sFourth-Grade MissionCurriculum ByZevi Gutfreund abstract: In the 1960sand 1970s,Native American and Chicano activists launchedattacks against the romanticizeddepiction of the SpanishPast that wastaught in Californiaschools. Contests within and amongthe reform groups (and the eventualresolution found in today'seducational standards) reveal a complexeffort to shapechildren's perceptions of race and identity.By tracing theevolution of Native American and Latinoactivism on thissubject and the responsesof the stateBoard of Education, this article shows the symbolicsig- nificanceof education debates in statepolitics. November20, 2006, cbs airedan episodeof The New Adventures ofOld Christinetitled "Mission: Impossible," Christine (played by JuliaLouis-Dreyfus) is a singleworking mom who doesn'thave timeto help her son, Ritchie,build a dioramaof a Californiamission. The dioramawill be on displayat an upcomingopen house at the posh Los Angelesprivate school where nine-year-old Ritchie is a new student, Christinelearns too lateabout the different approaches to theassignment, in whichstudents create a modelmission out of material such as clay,card- board,sugar cubes, milk cartons, Styrofoam, and tennisballs. In writing thisscript, the writers at WarnerBrothers knew very well that the mission- 161 This content downloaded from 139.182.19.92 on Thu, 28 Aug 2014 14:19:53 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions IÓ2 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA QUARTERLY ClaireFoster's four th-gr ade missionproject, an elaboratemodel of Mission San LuisRey de España. Courtesyof Ann and WendellFoster on behalfof Claire Foster. dioramaproject is a formativemoment in thefourth-grade California-his- torycurriculum. But the potentialfor drama and humordoes not come fromthe childrenfor whom the assignmentwas designed.It is the stress thatChristine feels in anticipationof how the othersnooty class moms willrespond to Ritchie'sproject that makes the mission diorama worthy of a networksituation comedy,1 As the fictional"Old Christine"discovers on television,the mission dioramainevitably sends California parents and teachersinto a frenzy everyspring. As in otherlife-cycle rituals, families go out of theirway to help theirchildren. Several years ago in Menlo Park,for example, a parentdonated dozens of five-gallondrums of sheetrock plaster mud so thatevery student's mission could have stuccowalls. Some schoolshave institutionalizedparent participation in the mission-dioramaproject. In December2006, Mrs. Kyneur of the Berkeley Hall School in Los Angeles senta holidayletter to herfourth-grade parents telling them to save the datefor the mission-dioramaopen house in March- threemonths later. This content downloaded from 139.182.19.92 on Thu, 28 Aug 2014 14:19:53 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions STANDING UP TO SUGAR CUBES i6¿ She includeda listof diorama supplies, including four large boxes of sugar cubes,and urgedthe familiesto purchaseeverything before Christmas, "sinceevery fourth grader in Californiais buildingsome kind of mission, and thecraft stores sometimes run out-" The dioramais justone waythat adultstake an activeinterest in theirchildren's education, but the Spanish missionsare at theheart of an old battleabout how schools should teach Californiahistory.2 Whatdo studentslearn about the missions while their parents are mix- ingclay or gluingsugar cubes? The emphasison dioramasand fieldtrips teacheschildren a greatdeal aboutthe missions'physical form but very littleabout what happened inside. The pastoralappearance of the reno- vatedmissions, as wellas representationsin dioramas and children'sbooks, has leftgenerations of Californiachildren with the impressionthat the missionswere idyllic sanctuaries for the Catholic padres and Indianswho livedthere- In fact,this idealized image of a Spanishfantasy past was a consciouscreation by Anglos - an imagethat southern Californians have continuallydeveloped and reshapedsince the firstbucolic mission paint- ingsby William Keith and EdwardDeakin in the 1870sand the popular novelRamona by Helen HuntJackson in 1884, Indianand Chicano activistsin the 1960sand 1970sused the fourth- gradeCalifornia-history curriculum to challengethe romanticized impres- sionof history that the missiondiorama creates. The resistancethey met fromAnglo educators, in classroomsand in courts,showed a complexweb ofidentities woven into the fabric of the Spanish fantasy past. In usingthe elementary-schoolcurriculum to staketheir own claimsto eitherEuro- pean or Native Americanancestries, Chícanos and Indiansconverged and clashedin complexways. The contestsover textbook adoption reveal threeconscious efforts to shapeand re-shapeyouthful perceptions about raceand identity.While the romanticizationofmission history remained popularin manyclassrooms, the civil rights era inspiredan effortto recast missionlife as a colonialconcentration camp. More recently,education reformershave sought a middleground by offering a consensus curriculum thatincludes evidence from both the fantasy and victimizationnarratives and encouragesstudents to interpretthe past for themselves. The momentthat each ethnicgroup (Anglo, Mexican, and Native American)turned confrontational in the curriculumcontroversy shows thatCalifornia politics was closelytied to nationalmovements. In 1962, aftertwo decades of whiteflight to the suburbs,California's middle-class Anglosembraced Max Rafferty,the state'snew superintendentof public This content downloaded from 139.182.19.92 on Thu, 28 Aug 2014 14:19:53 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions ró4 SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA QUARTERLY instruction,and his romanticversion of the Spanishmissions as the cor- nerstoneof his promiseto restoretraditional values to the classroom. Emboldenedby the civil rights legislation of the mid-1960s, the American IndianHistorical Society launched the firstpublic protest of California- historytextbooks in 1965. In 1972,the Mexican AmericanEducation Commission,along with a coalitionof otherethnic groups, brought the textbookcase to court.However, as youngerChicano activistsgrew more militant,Mexican Americans became divided over the relative success of the movement.These factionsgrappled with their dual loyaltiesto both Indianand Spanishancestries. By tracing the evolution of Native Ameri- can and Latinoactivism on thissubject and the responsesof the state Boardof Education,the policy-makingbody in California'sDepartment of Education,this articleshows the symbolicsignificance of education debatesin statepolitics. A closingexamination of recent mission assignments indicates the last- inginfluence of these curriculum debates. Today, teachers have a rangeof alternativesto the stillpopular mission diorama, which casts white Euro- peans as the truefounders of modernCalifornia. Fifty years ago, some MexicanAmericans accepted this romantic rendering to assertthat the fantasypast belonged to theirCalifornio forbears and, in so doing,claimed a commonbond withthe state'swhite majority. Meanwhile, Indian and Chicano activistsaggressively replaced the Anglo missionmyth of pater- nalisticCatholic priests and happyIndians with a revisionisthistory of genocideand therapid devastation of the state'snative population. None ofthese efforts produced a curriculumthat presents a fully accurate view of themission past on itsown. A comparisonof several recent lesson plans, however,explains the recurringcontroversy over Spanish missions in the California-historycurriculum. The classroomremains a battlegroundfor politicalpower, but current textbook content reveals the partial victories of the 1960sprotest efforts. The revisionsproposed forty years ago weremore thanpolitical campaigns; they represented particular visions about ethnic heritagein a pluralistsociety. The voicesbehind these assertions of iden- tityreflected competing attitudes about the bestroute to politicalpower. Currentstandards seek to avoiddebate by offering teachers and parentsa rangeof possible interpretations, from romanticization tovictimization, and byintroducing instruction materials from multiple perspectives to provide morehistorical complexity of racial interaction in mission-eraCalifornia. Historianshave not adequatelyexamined Indian and Chicano responsesto California'sSpanish
Recommended publications
  • DOCUMENT RESUME Chicano Studies Bibliography
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 119 923 ric 009 066 AUTHOR Marquez, Benjamin, Ed. TITLE Chicano Studies Bibliography: A Guide to the Resources of the Library at the University of Texas at El Paso, Fourth Edition. INSTITUTION Texas Univ., El Paso. PUB DATE 75 NOTE 138p.; For related document, see ED 081 524 AVAILABLE PROM Chicano Library Services, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79902 ($3.00; 25% discount on 5 or more copies) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.83 HC-$7.35 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS Audiovisual Aids; *Bibliographies; Books; Films; *library Collections; *Mexican Americans; Periodicals; *Reference Materials; *University Libraries IDENTIFIERS Chicanos; *University of Texas El Paso ABSTRACT Intended as a guide to select items, this bibliography cites approximately 668 books and periodical articles published between 1925 and 1975. Compiled to facilitate research in the field of Chicano Studies, the entries are part of the Chicano Materials Collection at the University of Texas at El Paso. Arranged alphabetically by the author's or editor's last name or by title when no author or editor is available, the entries include general bibliographic information and the call number for books and volume number and date for periodicals. Some entries also include a short abstract. Subject and title indices are provided. The bibliography also cites 14 Chicano magazines and newspapers, 27 audiovisual materials, 56 tape holdings, 10 researc°1 aids and services, and 22 Chicano bibliographies. (NQ) ******************************************14*************************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not available from other sources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available.
    [Show full text]
  • Changemakers: Biographies of African Americans in San Francisco Who Made a Difference
    The University of San Francisco USF Scholarship: a digital repository @ Gleeson Library | Geschke Center Leo T. McCarthy Center for Public Service and McCarthy Center Student Scholarship the Common Good 2020 Changemakers: Biographies of African Americans in San Francisco Who Made a Difference David Donahue Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.usfca.edu/mccarthy_stu Part of the History Commons CHANGEMAKERS AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SAN FRANCISCO WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE Biographies inspired by San Francisco’s Ella Hill Hutch Community Center murals researched, written, and edited by the University of San Francisco’s Martín-Baró Scholars and Esther Madríz Diversity Scholars CHANGEMAKERS: AFRICAN AMERICANS IN SAN FRANCISCO WHO MADE A DIFFERENCE © 2020 First edition, second printing University of San Francisco 2130 Fulton Street San Francisco, CA 94117 Published with the generous support of the Walter and Elise Haas Fund, Engage San Francisco, The Leo T. McCarthy Center for Public Service and the Common Good, The University of San Francisco College of Arts and Sciences, University of San Francisco Student Housing and Residential Education The front cover features a 1992 portrait of Ella Hill Hutch, painted by Eugene E. White The Inspiration Murals were painted in 1999 by Josef Norris, curated by Leonard ‘Lefty’ Gordon and Wendy Nelder, and supported by the San Francisco Arts Commission and the Mayor’s Offi ce Neighborhood Beautifi cation Project Grateful acknowledgment is made to the many contributors who made this book possible. Please see the back pages for more acknowledgments. The opinions expressed herein represent the voices of students at the University of San Francisco and do not necessarily refl ect the opinions of the University or our sponsors.
    [Show full text]
  • Stenger, Sarah 2019
    STUDENTS OR SOLDIERS?: THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL CHOICE AND EDUCATIONAL EQUITY THROUGH THE LENS OF THE OAKLAND MILITARY INSTITUTE A Senior Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Georgetown University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Arts in American Studies By Sarah Antonia Aceves Stenger Washington, D.C. April 17, 2019 STUDENTS OR SOLDIERS?: THE QUESTION OF SCHOOL CHOICE AND EDUCATIONAL EQUITY THROUGH THE LENS OF THE OAKLAND MILITARY INSTITUTE Sarah Antonia Aceves Stenger Thesis Adviser: Ricardo Ortiz, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Public military charter schools have introduced a military-model of structure and discipline within the American public school system. Starting in 1980 and fully taking off at the turn of the 21st century, this alternative style of education spread to cities all over the country, with the strongest presence in underserved urban areas. The school choice movement, the de- regulated economy of the Bush Administration, and 9/11 era civil-military relations provided the perfect storm for the U.S. military to permeate the public school system. Students or Soldiers?: The Question Of School Choice And Educational Equity Through The Lens Of The Oakland Military Institute investigates the Oakland Military Institute (OMI), established in the fall of 2001, as a case-study for how the military component of public military charter schools affects the education and identities of American youth. Based on multiple sources of data and methods including: the study of OMI’s administrative documents, classroom observation, and formal interviews with faculty, staff, alumni, and families, this thesis examines the influence of the military model on educational choice and equity.
    [Show full text]
  • ALAN CRANSTON the Shadow in the Senate
    ALAN CRANSTON The Shadow In The Senate Gary Allen, a graduate of Stanford Uni­ paigning, for personal or ideological pur­ versity, is the author of several best­ poses, with little chance of winning. Then selling books, including Communist Revo­ State Superintendent of Education Max lution In The Streets; Nixon's Palace Rafferty defeated Senator Thomas A. Guard; None Dare Call It Conspiracy; Kuchel in the Republican primary. It was and, Richard Nixon: The Man Behind a contest in which more blood was spilled The Mask, the defin itive study of the than at the Battle of the Marne, with the ambition and conspiratorial activities of result being that the Kuchel supporters our current President. Mr. Allen, a former defecte d to Cranston . That year the instructor ofhistory and English, is active Republican Presidential candidate swept in numerous humanitarian, anti-Commu­ the state and the Republican candidate nist, and business enterprises. A film writ­ for Senate took the political gaspipe. By er, author, and [ournalist, he is a Contrib­ the time the smog cleared, Max Rafferty uting Edito r to AMERICAN O PIN IO N. was on his way to political oblivion and the man derisively nicknamed "The Mor­ • THE United States Senate is often said tician" had become the "accidental Sena­ to be "the world's most exclusive club." tor." It was one for Ripley . It has welcomed the membership of great statesmen, profound thinkers, and mag­ The Legislative Record nificent leaders. It has also served as a Alan Cranston has been a very ener­ base for demagogues, rogues, and rascals.
    [Show full text]
  • 15/13/70 Liberal Arts and Sciences History Council for Basic Education Correspondence, 1956-1965
    The materials listed in this document are available for research at the University of Record Series Number Illinois Archives. For more information, email [email protected] or search http://www.library.illinois.edu/archives/archon for the record series number. 15/13/70 Liberal Arts and Sciences History Council for Basic Education Correspondence, 1956-1965 Box 1: All-An, 1956-57 Allen, Bertha letters - CBE, Life, Nat'l Review Concerning textbook difficulties in Alaska Alsop, Stewart - commendation for publications expressing views concurrent w/CBE Russell, Bertrand - letter written to Mrs. R. W. Angel concerning John Dewey and his ideas Ap-As, 1956-57 Aronfreed, Justin M. - use of quotation Asher, Grant - Arizona curricular study At-Az, 1956-57 Material exchange w/Western Interstate Council for Higher Education B-Ba, 1956-57 Bahm, Archie (U. of New Mexico) - teaching of ethics in high schools and elementary schools Bakeless, John - concerning H. Benjamin and Connecticut school survey Also - criticism of Alexander Stoddard's "Schools for Tomorrow" Original of crayon drawing published in bulletin Barewald, Robert - series of articles in progress Des Moines Register Barkdall, O. R. - Beginning of extended correspondence Barr, Stringfellow - authorization for use of name Barsotti, I. - Italian education Grant from William Volker Fund for foundation of CBE Baxter, Frank (TV Personality) Be-Bel, 1956-57 Bebbington, W. P. - suggestion for use of scientific societies to spread CBE ideas Beecher, Marguerite & Willard - authors of Parents on the Run Beers, Mrs. Edward W. - curriculum problem with "Home and Family Living Course" - Clarence, N. Y. Bem-Ber, 1956-57 Berridge, Ruth Reid - Suggestions for membership Bes-Bl, 1956-57 Biderman, Sol - Ed., Colorado Daily - Concerning series of articles about Dean Harl Douglass of Colorado University School of Education.
    [Show full text]
  • Hell No, We Won't Go
    RIPON SEPTEMBER, 1971 VOL. VII, No. 11 ONE DOLLAR THE LINDSAY SWITCH Hell No, We Won't Go ALSO THIS MONTH: • A Preview of the 1972 Senate Races • A Guide to the Democrats -Partll Clifford Brown • The GOP McGovern Commission • The Learned Man's RaRerty John McClaughry THE RIPON SOCIETY INC is ~ Republican research and SUMMARY OF CONTENTS I • policy organization whose members are young business, academic and professional men and women. It has national headquarters In Cambridge, Massachusetts, THE LINDSAY SWITCH chapters in thirteen cities, National Associate members throughout the fifty states, and several affiliated groups of subchapter status. The Society is supported by chapter dues, individual contribu­ A reprint of the Ripon Society's statement at a news tions and revenues from its publications and contract work. The conference the day following John Lindsay's registration SOciety offers the following options for annual contribution: Con­ as a Democrat. As we've said before, Ripon would rather trtbutor $25 or more; Sustainer $100 or more; Founder $1000 or fight than switch. -S more. Inquiries about membership and chapter organization should be addressed to the National Executive Director. NATIONAL GOVERNING BOARD Officers 'Howard F. Gillette, Jr., President 'Josiah Lee Auspitz, Chairman 01 the Executive Committee 'lioward L. Reiter, Vice President EDITORIAL POINTS "Robert L. Beal. Treasurer Ripon advises President Nixon that he can safely 'R. Quincy White, Jr., Secretary Boston Philadelphia ignore the recent conservative "suspension of support." 'Martha Reardon 'Richard R. Block Also Ripon urges reform of the delegate selection process Martin A. LInsky Rohert J. Moss for the '72 national convention.
    [Show full text]
  • African American Reparations, Human Rights, and the War on Terror
    Michigan Law Review Volume 101 Issue 5 2003 American Racial Jusice on Trial - Again: African American Reparations, Human Rights, and the War on Terror Eric K. Yamamoto William S. Richardson School of Law, University of Hawai'i Susan K. Serrano Equal Justice Society Michelle Natividad Rodriguez Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr Part of the Civil Rights and Discrimination Commons, Human Rights Law Commons, International Law Commons, Law and Race Commons, and the Supreme Court of the United States Commons Recommended Citation Eric K. Yamamoto, Susan K. Serrano & Michelle N. Rodriguez, American Racial Jusice on Trial - Again: African American Reparations, Human Rights, and the War on Terror, 101 MICH. L. REV. 1269 (2003). Available at: https://repository.law.umich.edu/mlr/vol101/iss5/6 This Essay is brought to you for free and open access by the Michigan Law Review at University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Michigan Law Review by an authorized editor of University of Michigan Law School Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AMERICAN RACIAL JUSTICE ON TRIAL - . AGAIN: AFRICAN AMERICAN REPARATIONS, HUMAN RIGHTS, AND THE WAR· ON TERROR Eric K. Yamamoto,* Susan K. Serrano,** and Michelle Natividad Rodriguez*** Few questions challenge us to consider 380 years of history all at once, to tunnel inside our souls to discover what we truly believe about race and equality and the value of human suffering. - Kevin Merida1 (on African American reparations) Secretary of State Colin L. Powell said today that terrorists can only be attacked from "the highest moral plan" and that there is no contradiction between the Bush Administration's war on terrorism and a continuing U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • W.W. Robinson Papers LSC.2072
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf858008db No online items Finding Aid for the W.W. Robinson Papers LSC.2072 Finding aid prepared by Dan Luckenbill and Octavio Olvera; machine-readable finding aid created by Caroline Cubé. UCLA Library Special Collections Online finding aid last updated on 2020 September 28. Room A1713, Charles E. Young Research Library Box 951575 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1575 [email protected] URL: https://www.library.ucla.edu/special-collections Finding Aid for the W.W. LSC.2072 1 Robinson Papers LSC.2072 Contributing Institution: UCLA Library Special Collections Title: W.W. Robinson papers Creator: Robinson, W.W. (William Wilcox) Identifier/Call Number: LSC.2072 Physical Description: 48.5 Linear Feet(97 boxes, 13 oversize boxes) Date (inclusive): cira 1843-1972 Abstract: William Wilcox Robinson (1891-1972) wrote many pamphlets, articles, and books on Southern California history, including: Ranchos Become Cities (1939), Land in California (1948), Los Angeles, a Profile (1968), and Bombs and Bribery (1969). He also wrote poetry, fiction, children's books, and essays, and served on boards of numerous organizations. The collection contains manuscript and research materials, papers related to Robinson's civic, literary, and social activities. The collection also includes family and personal correspondence, photographs, scrapbooks, and objects including awards, keepsakes, and decorations. Stored off-site. All requests to access special collections material must be made in advance using the request button located on this page. Language of Material: English . Conditions Governing Access Open for research. All requests to access special collections materials must be made in advance using the request button located on this page.en for research.
    [Show full text]
  • Arte Público Press Teacher’S Guide
    Arte Público Press Teacher’s Guide Julian Nava: My Mexican-American Journey Book Synopsis Julian Nava: My Mexican-American Journey is the story of the life of one of the most renowned and distinguished elder statesmen in the Hispanic community in the United States. In this autobiography, Nava chronicles the events, people, and places that shaped his journey -- from his roots in Mexico and early life in the barrio in Los Angeles, to his years of higher education, civil rights activism and public service. Nava’s previously untold story articulates the motivations and significant contributions of an inspiring Mexican American leader, who, alongside other Latino World War II veterans, paved the way for major reforms in U.S. law and custom. His commitment and perseverance to achieve in spite of numerous obstacles, including the political climate during his years of public leadership on the Los Angeles School Board and as the U.S. Ambassador to Mexico, serve as an important reminder of what one individual can accomplish in and for this nation. Teaching Overview Intended Audience and Disciplinary Connections This guide seeks to facilitate the exploration of Latino/Hispanic contributions to U.S. civic culture among high school and junior college students (as well as lower division university students) in history, social studies, and civics classes. It is also intended to educate general adult readers interested in issues of civil rights, racial equality, leadership development, and community empowerment. Important Curricular Themes Julian Nava: My Mexican-American Journey is valuable as a tool to strengthen student comprehension and understanding of several important themes, including: • the nature of racism in American society and its impact on Latinos; • the impact of Latino individuals on the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Lessons from the Deukmejian Era for Contemporary California State Budgeting
    FROM JERRY­RIGGED TO PETERED OUT: LESSONS FROM THE DEUKMEJIAN ERA FOR CONTEMPORARY CALIFORNIA STATE BUDGETING Daniel J.B. Mitchell, UCLA Ho­Su Wu Professor of Management and Public Policy The new governor took office in the midst of a major state budget crisis. At the time he took office, it was unclear that state could pay its bills if drastic action were not taken. Yet the incoming governor was committed to a no­tax­increase program. Through borrowing, the state managed to surmount its budget crisis. As the economy recovered and resulting tax revenue flowed in, it even was able to engage in major construction projects. When he stood for re­ election, the governor was overwhelmingly returned to office for a second term. Sadly, however, the economy began to slow during that second term. Fears mounted that the state could face a renewed budget crisis. This description may seem to depict the career to date of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He inherited a budget crisis from Gray Davis who he replaced in the 2003 recall. But the introductory vignette actually refers to the story of George Deukmejian (“Duke”) who was first elected in 1982, inheriting a budget crisis from Jerry Brown. (Deukmejian’s construction projects leaned towards prisons for most of his terms in office, needed as state sentencing laws tightened, rather than the roads and other infrastructure pushed by Schwarzenegger.) And as it turned out, the economic downturn that began to take shape towards the end of Deukmejian’s second term indeed did produce a major budget crisis, a legacy he left for his successor, Pete Wilson.
    [Show full text]
  • Recel~ED. NOV 12 1970 DLC T 32 C the NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, NOVEMBERS, 1970 ~A Black Unseats Rafferty in California School Race
    Wednesday Mr. Commons, Request is in for copies of press clippings on Wilson's glorious victory. I will send them to you as soon as possible. Thank you for your patience. Sincerely, Nancy Behr :RECEl~ED. NOV 12 1970 DLC t 32 C THE NEW YORK TIMES, THURSDAY, NOVEMBERS, 1970 ~A Black Unseats Rafferty In California School Race Continued From· Page I, Col. 8 heavy finandal support from ·. conservative Californians that three-term Representative, who -he had .in his campaigns in 1962 is a close friend of Senator Ed- and 1966 :and for hi:s unsuccess­ ward M. Kennedy. _f•~l ·~enatoiri!al •cam~•aign in 1968. ln 1a sense the campaign , Further, Mr. Riles ibe,gan. t? . • . · attack · Dr: Raff,erty's iadmmi- turn.ed 11n its fmal · weeks on stration ,of the school depart- Governor Reag,an·s personal ment. .He cha:rged that Dr. drive to elect other R•epubli- Rafferty haid in ,eight ye1ars oans. He was not precisely re- ·shown himself to ibe incom­ pudiated, · but hiis success~s petent to 1admini-ster the office. were outweighed by ~is fail- Many in the Republican party ures. in this ,state we·ve disenchanted Evelle J. Younger, Los Ai:,.- witlt DT. R·afforty. They hl,amed ,geles District Attorney, who 1s him. for ,001sting Republicans :a a Repub1ica,n, barely defeated Sen:ate seiat in 1968 when he Charles · O'Brien for Attorney defeated Thomas H. Kuchel the Gene11al. Mr. O'Brien was Chief Republican Senate whip, ir{ the Deputy Attorney Geneiral. · primary ·,and then lost the gen- Other Republicans elected .
    [Show full text]
  • San Francisco Bay Area Anti-Apartheid Movement
    DIVESTMENT: LEGACY OF LIBERATION An annotated chronology of the San Francisco Bay Area anti-apartheid movement CONGRESS: Berkeley Congressman Ron Dellums introduces a non-binding resolution urging disinvestment from South Africa. He has one co-author. JANUARY 4, BERKELEY: Berkeley City Council delays purchase of IBM typewriters to investigate IBM's ties to South Africa. FEBRUARY 16, CONGRESS: Congressman Dellums introduces legislation requiring US corporations to divest. He has 11 co-authors. JUNE 9, CALIFORNIA ASSEMBLY: The Assembly Office of Research issues a report calling for state divestment from South Africa. The author, John Harrington, later founds Working Assets and Progressive Assets Management, socially responsible investments firms. SEPTEMBER 12, BERKELEY: The Berkeley City Council adopts a resolution condemning the racial policies of South Africa and requests the City Manager to determine which companies the City does business with have ties to South Africa. The resolution to authored by BCA Councilmembers D'Army Bailey, Ira Simmons, Loni Hancock and Ying Lee Kelley. MARCH 28, CALIFORNIA ASSEMBLY: First bill requ1r1ng divestment introduced in the California Legislature by Assemblymembers John Burton, John Dunlap, John Miller, Bill Greene, Willie Brown, Julian Dixon, Alan Sieroty, John Vasconcellos, Senator Mervyn Dymally and others. It doesn't move far. Various divestment and disclosure bills are introduced almost every year until 1986 when legislation is signed into law. MAY 22, BERKELEY: Councilmembers Loni Hancock and Ying Lee Kelley propose the city withdraw from PERS (retirement fund) because of its ties to South Africa. It is defeated 3-5 with BCA Councilmembers supporting and BDC Councilmembers opposed .. JUNE 8, U.C.: Katherine Tremaine of Santa Barbara tells the U.C.
    [Show full text]