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Dietary Intake and Food Craving During Normal Menstrual Cycling

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Dietary Intake and Food Craving During Normal Menstrual Cycling DIETARY INTAKE AND FOOD CRAVING DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLING A thesis submitted to the Kent State University College of Education, Health, and Human Services in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science By Amal Albeshri December 2015 ©Copyright, 2015 by Amal Al-Beshri All Rights Reserved ii Thesis written by Amal Al-Beshri B.S., King Saud University, 2006 M.S., Kent State University, 2015 Approved by ______________________________, Director, Master's Thesis Committee Natalie Caine-Bish ______________________________, Member, Master's Thesis Committee Karen Gordon ______________________________, Member Master's Thesis Committee Tanya Flacone Accepted by ______________________________, Director, School of Health Science Lynne Rowan ______________________________, Dean, College and Graduate School of Mark Kretovics Education, Health and Human Sciences iii ALBESHRI, AMAL K., M.S., December 2015 Nutrition and Dietetics DIETARY INTAKE AND FOOD CRAVING DURING NORMAL MENSTRUAL CYCLING (165 pp.) Director of Thesis: Natalie Caine-Bish, Ph.D., R.D., L.D. The purpose of this study was to measure dietary changes and food craving between different phases of the menstrual cycle in normal menstruating women attending Kent State University in Kent Ohio. It was hypothesized that there is a change in dietary intake during the menstrual cycle, and women experience food cravings during the menstrual cycle. Data collection was divided into two main stages. First, the pre assessment stage where data from (N=60) women were collected using online survey that contains four sections: Health History Questionnaire, Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), The Mental and Physical Symptom Daily Rating Scale, and Food craving questionnaire. Based on the result of the first stage, eligible participants were allowed to continue to the second stage, the assessment phase (n=18), where the cycle was divided into three mail phases (menstrual, follicular, ad luteal) and six measurement methods were used: The menstrual cycle tracking record, the ovulation test to measure Luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, Food Record, Craving Screening, Food Craving Record, Mental and Physical Symptom Daily Rating Scale. The data was entered by the Kent State University Research Bureau using the social science (SPSS, version21) and significant level of (p≤0.05). Statistical methods included descriptive statistics, Simple Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), and Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance (RM ANOVA). Result: there were no significant differences in dietary intake, energy and macronutrients (carbohydrate, protein, and fat), during the three phases of the normal menstrual cycle. On the other hand, food cravings results indicated that food craving exists during menstrual cycle in normal menstruating women, during the three phases, and was not significantly related to specific phase. Further studies are needed to examine the dietary behaviors of women during different phases of the cycle. The type of the craved foods needs to be analyzed and measured in correlation with the severity of food restriction. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my gratitude to my committee chair, Dr. Natalie Caine- Bish, and to my committee members Dr. Karen Gordon and Tanya Falcone. Dr. Natalie Caine-Bish, thank you for your support throughout my graduate study and for your motivation and guidance in every step of this thesis. Dr. Karen Gordon, thank you for providing valuable suggestions and comments to improve the content of this thesis. Tanya Falcone, thank you for providing feedback for my thesis. Also, thank you for assisting me in recruiting participants, and in analyzing the food records. My deepest gratitude to all my family and friends who helped me throughout my graduate school journey. My parents Fayza and Khudher, my sister Emtinan, and my husband Abdulazim, thank you for your endless support and encouragement. My daughters Ward and Noor, thank you for bringing the light and joy into my life. Lastly, I would like to thank Mr. Edward Bolden from the Kent State Research and Evaluation Bureau for his assistance in analyzing the data and interpreting the results. Also, my biggest thanks go to all the participants for taking from their valuable time to participate in this study and for their commitment to complete all required measurements. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................................. iv LIST OF FIGURES ......................................................................................................... viii LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. ix CHAPTER Page I. INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................1 Problem Statement ......................................................................................................3 Purpose Statement ......................................................................................................5 Hypothesis...................................................................................................................5 Operational Definitions ...............................................................................................5 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .....................................................................................6 Menstrual Cycle ..........................................................................................................6 Menarche.....................................................................................................................7 Menstrual Cycle Phases ..............................................................................................9 Follicular Phase .....................................................................................................9 Luteal Phase ........................................................................................................12 Menstrual Phase ..................................................................................................15 Hormonal Changes during Menstrual Cycle.............................................................18 Estrogen ..............................................................................................................20 Progesterone ........................................................................................................21 Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)..................................................................23 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) .................................................................................25 Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome .............................................................................27 Endometriosis .....................................................................................................28 Factors Affecting Menstrual Cycle ...........................................................................30 Physiological Factors ..........................................................................................30 Environmental Factors ........................................................................................31 Alcohol ..........................................................................................................31 Caffeine .........................................................................................................32 Smoking ........................................................................................................32 Physical activity ............................................................................................33 Oral contraceptives .......................................................................................34 Psychological Factors .........................................................................................35 Stress .............................................................................................................35 Depression.....................................................................................................36 Eating disorders ............................................................................................36 v TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued) CHAPTER Page Dietary Changes during Menstrual Cycle .................................................................38 Metabolism .........................................................................................................38 Dietary Intake......................................................................................................39 Appetite and Menstrual Cycle ............................................................................41 Food Craving ......................................................................................................42 Types of cravings ..........................................................................................43 Causes of food craving..................................................................................44 Food craving during menstrual cycle ............................................................45 Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) ................................................................................47 III. METHODOLOGY ...................................................................................................49 Purpose ......................................................................................................................49
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