PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE. �fANUFACTURES. A WEEKI;Y JOURNAL OF MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY "4ND

NE,V YORK, JUNE 17, 1882. perAun,,",. Vol. XLVI.-No.24.SERIES. : [-$3.20 PREPAlD. ------[NEW ------] ------[pos'rAGE ]

EAST ROCK PARK, NEW HAVEN.-VIEW FROM FAIR HAVEN HEIGHTS,

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC �'itutifi' �mtti,au. LEGISLATIVE ATAVISM. nation," as because it legalizes a positive offensive dis- and While studying the variations of piants and-� animals un- 1 crimination against certain laborers, skilled and unskilled, i as laborers. It is not tbe but the der domestication and also in the state of nature, Darwin Chinaman, Chinaman who observed a e dency more or less persistent and active to I works, who is to be excluded, and for whose exclusion the ES':I'ABLISHE::n 1845. revert to earlt iern and less speCialized forms, Instead ex- law was specially passed . . of MUNN & CO., and Proprietors. actly reproducing the parent in type and behavior the off- I In the face this national crime it is trivial to discuss the of Editors , I misrepresentations and specious pret the AT spring would more closely resemble some ancestral form exts which advocates PUBLISHED WEEKI.Y 1 BUOADWAY, NEW YOUK. perhaps far remote time and in the scale development. of the measure have put forth so variously to justify their in of No. 261 'l'his reversion he called" atavism." p s tion. If all that has been said against the Chinese w ere o i The same clJaracteristic appears also among men ; and the true, it wou d not justify Congress in thus nationalizing the O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. l scientific historian finds in this" atavism " an explanation temporary lapse of a portion of the PacificCo ast people from '�'EKllIS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. of those otherwise unaccountable outhursts of wild bar- the national standard of impartial J'ustice to all honest labor, One co y. one year po�tal!e included ...... 2 p ...... 0 ...... irres ective of the color the laborer; a standard which One copy,six months postall;e included .... , ...... ' ...... $316 0 barism among partially civilized communities, as shown in p of CIllb .be S pplied -One extra copy of THE SCIENTIFIC AM ERICAN.wilJ U relapses to the bloody rites of ancestral religions and the like ', hitherto -at least since slavery abolished-has been our gratis fo••r every club of tlvesubscribers at $3.20 each: addltlOnal COPleS at "-.J same proportionate rate. l'o.tage prepaid. and those �qually unreasoning outbursts of race animosi- crowning virtue as a nation. was Remit by posta order. Address l ties amougof more highly civilized peoples ; such, for example, MUNN & CO . • 261 Broadway, corner of Warren street, New York. - , • , .. as may be witnessed to-day in Rusgia and on our Pacific THE SUMMER SOLSTIOE. Scientific Alllerican Supplelllent 'J'be the morning, the sun Is a distinct paper from the SCIE"�'IFlCAME RICAN. '['HE SUPl'J.EMENT Coast. On the 21st June, at 8 o'clock in e g It largely th rough this national or local atn.vism that enters the signof Can cer, and inaugurates the great physical �A'li'UggI;:i�:{c 1f';'������ \���:i�� ;�g��;;��i6� lg� US¥r���E�' e Sinll;le copies.IO cents. Sold by historyis repeats itself; and because of it the experience of epoch known as the summer solstice. He has reached his ��lo:!:Js ��ay�:;�g�o��go�� �l:��';;,��'i�} Combined Rales. -The SCTmNTI>'IC AMERICAN and SUPPJ.lm"N'f one age or generation for nothing when later gene- extreme northern declination twenty-three and a h alf seven d.ollars. a of wUl be sent for one year postage free. on receipt of Roth counts degrees, and, jnst grazing the tropic of cancer, pauses for s a d s s rat on relapses and insists upon repcatillg the old, it may a P¥�� s�:i�t� a� t����:i���b:��:f����:t�� �r dgr� ��.er�·gistered letter. i & York. be fatal experi en few days in his course before turning his steps from our Address MUNN CO .• 261Broadway corner of Warren street. New m Under new and widelyt. different conditious, the old phase northern clime. The familiar terms the apparent S entift A Iller can E xport EditlOIl. - e i C i fromexplain Greek word mean- . thought and feeling revives ' and , with thc passior:oate un- movement, the word tropic coming The Scn:N'l'IFICAMIORICAN Export Ed,tlon Is a large and SI}Iendid per!- of a a e�':;�)���1��: abm ���th��di�� reason of the e rlier �ay, men repeat the. a ncient folly and ing to turn, and the word solstice coming from two ;:g"e�. l�gfJ!�IY f 1��t:'a't�'p' � . . Latin r�i�:\��,�rgplates and pages of the four precedingI weekly issnes of the SCII"�'l'IFIC re-enact the !lllClcnt lDJustlCe. words meaning the sun stands still. with its splendid engravings and valnabl � lnformation� • •• Commercial.AMII:RICAN, trade. and manufacturinll;announcements of leading houses. Compare the recent act of Congress agamst the lmmlgra- The days remain of the same length, fifteen hours and s t 5.0 a C�.) ���rd fgin:l��':;"�ie��t �':.'t:. ���u"{.:;,\g;:��, �n�Oot��rsP.:��We;i��·I tion of Chinese laborers with the laws against free n egroes sixteen minutes, for nine days, from the 16th to the 25th. s layed an- ��u":g��':,!?i��t'\i;h'::�ei:t�s ��1rid�rit:a;�� y ��g:���IKo�i p enacted a few years ago by South Carolina and other States On the 26th a change comes, and a decrease of one minute e c Iai;����'�;���g,��i�I'';i!�e�1g���,�g��;�I��1l)fll; f�����;�n�t1 ':s.\ the south and west. The parallel is discreditahly cl ose, marks the soutbern course of the sun. In a few days the CO., of 261 Broadway, corner of Warren street, New York. and the disgrace of Congress is greater than that of the ear- change will be apparent to careful ohservers. The snnrise lier legislators in that Congress in its unwarranted invasion and sunset points will swerve slightly to the south, and the YORK, SATGRDAY , 17, 1882. NEW JUNE of the dignity and inherent rights of all honest labor, acted, sun will not mount quite so high at noon-day toward the

---- le38 from con v ct on than a contemptible fear offend- zenith. The movement of the sun to the s uth his less- Contents. a class in ithei far west,from whose votes may be neofed ed on I ening meridian altitude will go on until theo 21stand (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) ing of Decem­ some future election day; a class whose moral and econo- ber, when the winter solstice and the days have Aluminum, act. of on cop. ohlor. 38 5 Iron mountain. Mexico ...... 381 mical thinking exactly reproduces that of the earlier day, as reached their minimum length.occurs, 'rhe process will then be Atavism. legislative ...... 376 e t ...... Atlantic passage, quick . . . 379 i:;i�\�i� : ��lvi����:: exhibited in this typical provision of the Constitntion of reversed; the Run will move northward, and his meridian . . �VLan is ... . Ba1dness, cures for ...... 380 the highest animal?::�:::::::: .. . ��380 Barnard. J. J .. GeneraL...... 381 Milk sugar. manufacture of ...... 882 Oregon, to wit: altitude increase until he comes round again to the summer Bill, patent, now before Senate.. 381 Misrepresentation as a leg. inf.o 377 Bread box' ...... 3�4 MiSsissippi. channel of the .... 381 "No free negro or mulatto, not e i ding in this State at solstice of 1883. Observers can see for themselves the Bul1ets. poisonous ...... 382 Mungoose. the. as a rat killer.... 377 s Butter ca.se, improved* ...... $84 Notes and queries* ...... 386 the time of the adoption of this Constitlltr ion, shall ever come, changes in the sun's place in the heavens that mark the change Buttonhole attach for milch.'. .. 3S0 Nut lock, novel* ...... 3!':!2 Channel of the Mississippi ...... Olt cuP. new* ...... 382 reside, or be within this State, or hold any real estate, or in the seasons, and will readily note that the further south Chinese. hygiene among the..... 377381 e Coalbreaking with lime ...... 381 ��rk, �!st��ci�������eii* make any contract or maintain any suit therein; and the the sun rises and sets the shorter will be the days, and the Coal gas, dangers of ...... 377 Passage, AtlantIC, quick...... �379 Coin, Roman, ancient, an ...... 3R;'! 'aste boxes, orcelain and china*·375·, 384 Legislative Assembly shall provide by penal laws for the I, lower the altitude of the noon-day sun the less will be the Correspondence...... 381 PatentI bill nowp before Senate... 381 Cric ets. field. habits of ...... 383 Perspective delineator ...... 380 removal, by public officers, of such free negroes and mu- intensity the heat. k . . . . 0 • • • ••••• •••• • • • • or of Crystals . . . 381 River Arnu Oxus, the ...... 885 lattoes, and for their effectual exclusionall from the State, and This oscillation the sun to the north n.ndsout h , and his Cnres for baldness...... 389 Hubber, preservation uf ...... Delineator. perspective ...... 380 Shoe nails, method of making* ..,. 377 of Dental drills. Improvement In ... 38 5 Slate cleaner and rencil holder*. 383844 for the punishment of ptrsons who shall bring them into the varying meridian altitude are only apparent. the real cause Dental plugger' ...... 384 Snow in St. Petersburg...... 381 State, or employ or harbor th em therein." of the movement being the revoLution of the earth around DiastaseEast in Park,the white of eggs..... 377 Solstice, summer, the, .. :, ...... 376 Rock New Haven* 375, 378 Steam whistle. brass ...... 379 • The new law which disgraces our statute hooks makes it the 8un with her pole inclined twenty-three a half degrees Eggs. white of, diastase in ...... 377 step for vehicles· ...... 380 an, .. . , ..• and Ejector, for oil wens* .. 380 Strikes, prevailing, the...... 377 unlawful (for the space of ten years from August next) for to .the plane of her her seasons varying according to e e . n t . orbit, J�;Yn ::K�hr�e� !�l"war· ��f:��t� 2f � ����faP��;�i: any Chinese laborer to come within the li its of the United the manner in which her su ce presented to the sun. In Fox knsu at the Berlin Aquar.'.. . r a uses' g��383 Summer solstice,a the...... : : , 376fa States, or for any person to aid or abet themm in f is �:�!ft�'i:'agf.;::::::::::::: e �� f:dia; the the north temperate zone the eun's rays now shine with full etc. ��::��ge �, coming; 8��Handle, �:k detach., for teacups, �+�380 Telegraphic and telep.'ma�'�f: meisages. 'of:: 380�� words "Chinese laborer" covering skilled as well as un- force, and summer reigns supreme. The mornings and even­ lIarvester reel, j inted"'...... 384 the 381 O Time, standard, for worJd ... skilled workers. 'l'he law provides: ings mark his fmthest progress northward, the noons show rxiygi!3ne �mong the Chinese ..... 377 e :v�����int��lra�ee�us::::.::. ���l�f:ri':i �v!���:iiew*::::::: 2) That the master of any vessel Who shall l Vessels, iron. zinc sheathing .. . 38� "(SEC. know- his highest meridian altitude, the evenings bear witness to nve tions, recent ...... 1 n ...... 3S4 Well. gas. remarkable ...... 379 ingly bring within the United Stat('son such vessel, and land the period when his beams linger longest above the western f�;:��J sltre�t����8� o Wenonah, lead keel of the...... 382 S . . i� i88i: : Whistle. steam, brass...... or permit to be landed, any Chinese laborer, from any for- . horizon after sunset. (ron, .dephosphorization of ...... : : :: 385� Wood. preservation of ...... " 377379 tron In Iowa ...... 383 Zinc sheathing iron vessels . .. 381 eign port place, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, It would seem as our hottest days should occur about and on coornviction thereof shall be punished by a fine of not I the 21st of June, whenif the sun's perpendicular rays fall upon more than nve hundred dollars for each nd every such Chi- this tbe globe. But such is not the case. a portion of As TABLE OF CONTEN'l'� OF nese laborer lJroug·ht, and may be also imprisoned for a midsummer n.pproaches the quantity of heat received from THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, term not exceedingso one year." the SUIi dur n the day is greater than the quaGtity of heat i g Section 10 provides" That every vessel whose master lost during the night, and tbere is therefore increase of 337, an For N"c>.endill2 Jnne 1882. shall knowingly violate any provisions of this act shall be beat each day. The daily increase reaches its maximum at tl.e Week 17, deemed forfeited to the United States, and shall liable to the summer solstice. But the heat garnered up by Price For sale all newsdealers. the pro­ 10 ceuts. by seizure and condemnation any district of thebe United, cess causes an accession heat each day until the heat lost PAGE in of ENGINEERING 'AND States into which such vessel may enter or in which she ! during the night is just equal to that received during the I. MECHANlCS.-Pittsburg and her;\lanu- - factures.-Thecity.-Coal.-Coke Industry.-Blast furnaces.-Roll- n · day. This happens some July or August. hot- may he fou ;" time in Our ing mills.-Kinds of goods manufactured.-Steel.--Railroad sup- d and plies.-Botiers and tanks.-Saws and tools.-Glass mannfactures.- Section 11 : "That any person who shall knowingly bring I test weather for this reason occurs some time after the sum- Salt and bromine.-Alphabetical summary.-E'ullpall;eillustrations. into or cause to be brought into the United States by land, mer solstice, just as the hottest part of the day is some time -Bird's eye view of Pittsburg and Allegheny ...... 53"8 or who shall knowingly aid or ahet the same, or a.id or abet I after midday, and the coldest part of the night is toward The Life-Line Projector.-l figure...... 5371 Verity'sCoupling Sleeve.-2f1gures...... 5371 the landing the United States from any vessel of any morning. in Universal Machine for Working Metals.-4l1gures...... 53'12 Cbinese person not lawfully entitled to enter the United There are four great time marks in the annual revolution of Stopping Mechanism for Spinning rames.- figure...... 37 2 �' 1 . . 5 t h b m m m a , d - . S ates, s all e dee ed guilty isde e nor an sh l the earth, the vernal equinox, the summer solstice, tbe utumn Improved Refrigerating Machlne.-2Ilgures...... 5373 of a al a Machine for Bending Iron Plate.-3 figures...... 5373 o conviction thereof, be ned in a not exceeding equin x, and the winter solstice. The summer Rolstice fi sum o Universal Moulding Machine.-2 figures.... , ...... 5373 thousandn dollars, and imprisoned for term lIot exceedoneing isal the most interesting and suggestive them all. It is, in Goubet>s Central Friction Gearlng.-l figure...... , ..... 53'14 " a ' of one ear. ollr zone, the culminating point solar power, the gala-day Von Grass-Klanin's Steel Band Press.- 3 figures...... 5374 y The Tiring and Untiring of Car and Locomotive Wheels by Gas. This would be echo law of the sovereign who holds in hisof hand the issues of life and flgure.-Gasblow pipe for tirinll;and untiring car wheels ...... 374 n an exact " of the Southr Carolina -1 5 against the i troduction of free neg oes persons of death for every member of the human race. The earth Automatic Regulator for Machines fo Giving Luster to Threads. or ...... color," if it only had a clause providing the sale into rejoicing verdure, the perfection of foliage, the brllliant 4f1gures...... 537 5 r in TECHNOLOGY AND CHEMBTRY.-Oll s�avery of the obnoxious Chinaman. The spiritfo is the same; flowers, the ripening fruits, bear witness to the fertilizing II; Crystallized Anbydrous Grape Sugar By ARKO BERR. Ph.D...... 5378 and the excuses offered for so barbarous and anti-American power of his benignant beams. Out-door life furnishes Alleged Saccharification of Starch by Water at High Pressure . .. 5378 1 ...... the S of the common nghts humalllty are sub- con d'I tLOns f enJo' yment, and earth, and sky hold out Albnmlnated Ferrous Borotarirate. RyCARLO P AVES!...... 5378 llIva lOn I all', an of separate allu0 rements to increase the number of those who Camphorated Chloride of Calcium By CARLO PAVESI...... 5378 stantially the same to as they were half a century ago. I day The Action of Sulphureted Hydrogen upon Compounds Contain- The free person of color was of an alien and degraded race, share in the general holiday. So delightful arf) the charms IngOxide oflron. ByJ.CART"RB"LJ� ...... 5379 I. Separation of Ether. By C. H. WARm;N ...... 5379 incompetent of citizenship and unfit to blend socially or of mi d summer t h one ongs to them immortal, J. at I make to III ELECTICITY. ETC.-The Telephone from 1837 to 1882. By AMOS politically with the Oaucasian. At the same time his hold back the sun in his course, and perpetuate the pr esent O ...... i n re gn. ut su are the con t ]JMERsm D LBEAR.-5figures. .: . . 5376 presence was a source of social peril, n that it threatened the I co d tio s of i B ch not di ions Apparatus for ;\Ieasuring High Pressure in Li'luids.-2f1gures .. 5357 b t ' i n his of sta ili y of the p revailing industrial system. The same human life. The seasons come and go, s wayed by an omni- NATURAL HISTORY, ETC -An Elephant's Head.-Curious ob- · IV. s charges are now brought against the Chinese, with hand at the cu lminating point of solar Intensity the i 5 and potent ; e� ::d: S �f�siin� 'Wh��;;8t·;ik�:�;· 381 slighter grounds for justification. Southern society survives picture changes, the supreme moment passes. Before t,he Isosoma��o;� triticL. ..;� ..�...... fi��;�:�i;;;�';...... ';i. 8 the ten years' limita- s 21st of June sinks below the hoti- Back . , 53 ·J and thrives with the negro free ; before that rise on the The Ladder Adder.-I flgure.-Adder attacking young birds, 5382 o sun l11t� tion f C ne e immigration ends it iss afe to predict that the zon his face will be t 1'n d from us, the earth e Blac erries in e awa e ...... R e kb D l r ...... 5383 hi ll nat n , as a whole, will discover that its hazard from eled thousands toward the regions ofwill cold and HYGIENE A.ND MEDICINE.-Sick. . . . . o tra Headache. Dr. T. C. i of miles By. Chinese labor s illfinitely less than from the wrong done darknes� s. fraction of light will be lost from the longest V S\I.IITR.-A valuable practical study of the conditions. symptoms. and treatment of sick headaches...... 5379 to all laboring meni by allowing local clamor secure the day, a fractionA of darkness will he a dded the sho t to to VI. SANITARY.-Charbon Vacclnation.-1 flgure.-Pasteur'cl mode of general ostracism of any class of honest laborers. ' n g t. �;�l ...... 5367 vaccin.tinga sheep ...... i h Egyp The national shame this enac ment arises not so much one can help mourning over th� loss the . tian Water Vessels -2 figures...... 536'l first�1P- because it involves a breachof of goodt faith with China, to uteNo daylight that follows this of. Rober" summer Vrr.'BIOGRAPHY.-Cbarles Darwin.-Review of life and of solstice. No e'ile labors.-Portrait ...... 53S1 whose subjects we have just agreed by treaty accord" all can help rejoicing over the gain of the first minute of day- to PIIOTOGRAPHY.-Gelatino-chioride of Silver Pictnres by De- the rights, privileges, immnnities, and exemptio:;s which a,'e light that follows the winter solstice. VIII...... 5377 the decrease one minute in velopm�nt ...... ' to and subjects of the most favored On the 26th accorded the citizens of the day's length

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 377

albumen. This;l'succe eded in doing by treating the albu­ and attributes their healthy condition and immunity from is recorded on the astronomical calendar. It is only a min­ ute at first, but minutes will be piled upon iuutes, as the men with three parts of water and precipitating tbe solution disease to their frugal life. .. They eat to live, and do not ' m earth rolls on, until the last of July, the day will be forty­ with a sufficient quantity of concentrated alcohol. The live to eat. They are clean in their habits, and they ri nk no d seven minutes shorter than it was under the beams of the diastatic substance is in the soluble portion of it, as I was whisky. have never seen a drunken Chinaman in my life. I solstitial sun. able to prove by experiments, by redissolving the albumen They consequently obtain a better resisting power to the ­ that had been precipitated, and making comparative experi attack of disease. They constantly wash themselves, and THE PREVAILING STRIKES. ments with that and with the substance that remained in keep themselves and tbeir clothes clean. The death·rate is Dnring the past year the general vance in priCRS has in­ solution after expelling the alcohol at a low temperature. greater among the whites than among the Chinese; greater creased the cost of living very materiaad lly; for the plainer The existence of a diastatic substance in egg albumen of with adult white people than with adult Chinamen. 'I'here is food staples the increase will. averag fully one-third, per­ great physiological importance, which may be stated as fol­ have been no epidemics among them; and there has been less e haps more. Primarily tJotisis chargeable to the severe .an lows: smallpox among ·them than among the whites, the ratio of long continued drought of last su mmer, by which the prod­ The albumen contains glucose, and the yolk of egg con­ population being allowed." ducts of our farms and gardens were seriously diminished. tains starch; the latter is change into sugar when it reaches d taken of the occasion by sp culative holders the albumen and is thus converted iuto nourishment. The advantage The Mungoose as a Rat Killer. of the leading articles of food-grain, e meat, etc.-has Artificial Ferment.-To make artificial diastase, Diastatie The in roduction of the ungoose into Jamaica as a cure played a secondary but not unimportant part in effecting the e., a combination of albuminoids with phosphates aud m i. for the oncet formidable rat pest on the sugar plantations is increase in prices. With the steady and serious lessening of other salts, the white of eggs is diluted with two or three said to have proved a notahle success. The sugar rat is a the jlurchasing power of their wages there has naturally parts of water, filtered, and decanted. The albumen is then huge bellied fellow, measuring ten inches in length of arisen among wage-earners a desire for an increase of pay to precipitated by somewhat less than 100 C.c. of alcohol; the body, whitehis lo ng tail a ding ten inches more to his length. enable them to maintain something like their accustomed precipitate is collected on a filter, washed several times with Formerly the damaged doue to the sugar plantations of the style of 1i ving. water, allowed to drain until gelatinous. It is then iwd island by these rats amounted to something like half a mil­ In many of the minor industries the desires of the workmen taken from the filter and stirred up with water, to which lion dollars a year, rising to a quarter of the crop in seasons have been, in part at least, gratifie , and wages have been has been added some bibasic or monobasic phosphate of of spec ial ravages: About five years ago the mungoose, raised. In the larger industries, whid ch had begun to feel soda, then heated to boiling. whose zeal as a snake and rat killer is well known, was im­ more seriously the effectsof the general diminution of ind us­ The coagulum formed is them separated fron the liquid ' from India. As a result the plague of rats has trial and financial prosperity, the demands of the laborers in case it resulted from tr ating it with bibasic phosphate poried e diminished, with a saving in sug r of not less have been met by a general closing of doors, with the assur­ it is neutralized with the monobasic phosphate. The solu­ been greatly tons of sugar on each estate. There ais also saved ance that the works could bett r afford to lie idle than to pay tion contains an albuminoid substance which foams greatly than 25 e the expense of rattage, formerly amouuting hundreds of the increased wages asked for. when shak n up with air, and which converts starch into e donars a year. to This has been the case particularly in the iron and steel sugar at ordinary temperature. Experiments were also made to ascertain the power which industries. Early in April the men in the iron and steel works of the great centers of these industries proposed a phosphate of soda alone possesses of producing sugar from Iron and Steel Production in 1881.

revision of the scale of wages, to take effect June The Comp rativ experiments with H solution that con­ THE report of the Secretary of the American Iron and 1. starch. a e mauufacturers refused to grant it, and also to accept a modi­ tained the same amount of phosphate as the albuminoid Steel Association for 1881, just completed, gives the follow­ fication of the first proposition. The amalgamated associa­ substance, proved that the saccbarifying power of the latter ing summary of the year's work : Production of pig irotl in tion of iron and steel workers accordingly ordered a general is three times as great as that of the phosn,hate solution net tons, 4,641,564, inclu ing 21,086 tOllS of spiegel eisen ; strike for the scale originally proposed, on the d y above alone. Probably other salts would inGrease the action of production of all rolled iron,d including nails and excluding­ a named, and the order was generally carried out. The asso­ this diastase.-Ohemiker Ze itung. rails, 2,155,346 tons; Bessemer steel rails, net tons, 1,330,302;

ciation claims a membership of 80,000, embracing nearly all ,. .11 • open hearth steel rails, net tons, 25,217; iron and other rails, the skilled iron and steel workers in the country. It may Preservation oC Rubber. net tons, 488,581; production of iron and steel street rails be safe to estimate that when this great body of men stopped Every one who uses vulcanized rubber is aware that the included ill above, 21,554 ; crucible steel ingots, 11et tons, working, four or five times as many more workmen, in the articles made of it will, a longer or s11or(,erspace of time, 89,762; opeu hearth steel ingots, net tons, 146,946; Bessemer same and in related industries, we're thrown ou� of employ­ get hard and brittle, soin as to be useless. Hempel has been steel ingots, net tons, 1,539,157; blister and patent steel, n t ment. investigating the cause of this hardening, aud has come to tons, 3,047. Production of all kin s of steel, net tonse, What the result will be it is impossible at this time to the conclusion that it is due to the gradual evaporation of 1,778, 912. Production of blooms fromd ore and pig iron, net foresee. That the strike will prove wholly or generally the solvents employed when vulcanizing it. He has been tons, 84, 606. Imports of iroll and steel, $61,555,078. Im­ advantageous to the strikers and those whose income has trying to find some method of either preventing this evap­ ports of iron ore, gross tom, 782,887. Exports of iron and been stopped by their action is doubtful, judging from the oration, or of replacing the solvent by some other one. steel, $15,782,282. Production of Lake uperior iron ore, S general results of such conflicts, even when they end in In this he was quite successful. If the india-rubber was put gross tons, 2,336,335; production of iron ore in Jersey, gross compelling employers to concede the scale of wages de­ directly into the solvent it always absorbed too much of it, tons, 737,052. Total production of iron ore in census year manded. It is the common fate of these great labor wars but the object was attained by putting the article in an 1880, net tons, 7,974,705. that they come too late to be largely profitable. The wave atmosphere saturated with the vapor of the solvent, rubber Production ant racite coal in census year 1880, net tons, of industrial activity-the trade" boom," as it is popularly stoppers, tubing, etc. , which is per ectly elastic, is protected 28,646,995. Produch tion of bituminus coal in census year f call ed-has usually culminated before the attendant rise in and prevented from spoiling by putting it in a desiccator or 1880, net tons, 42,420,581. Produ tion anthracite coal the price of everything but labor drives the wage earners to large glass box, in which is an open vessel of ordinary 1881, gross tons, 28, 500,016. ilecs of railwayof completed in united aQtion for a corresponding increase in wages. On a kerosene. 1881 : 9,650 miles of railway�i track in the United States, declining market, or one soon to decline, the temporarily Simply sealing hermetically in a glass vessel preserves in­ December 31; 1881, including double track aud siding esti­

excessive deman for the special manufacture having been dia-rubber for a long time. It is totally useless to try to mated, 130,000. Iron ships built in the United States in the d it substantially met, the manufacturers have the advantage and keep it in a wooden box. As far as practicable is to be fiscal year ending June 30, 1881, 42. are in a better position to bear a suspension of work than the kept in the dark. Old rubher that bas become hard is soft­ workers are. ened in a very short time by putting it in a vessel with Flying Machines Cor War Uses. is to be noticed that, with one or two exceptions, the vapors of bisulphide of carbon. The action of bisulphide GERMANY and Russia are both pushing forward experi­ strikersIt have onducted themselves with commendable sobri­ however, too powerful if it lasts too long, hence it must e is, ety and a proper regard for the rights of others. There be taken out and put in the vapor of kerosene afterward. ments in flying. machines for Jlse in war or otherwise. It have been no riots; and, except at hicago, no unlawful This simple regenerative process does good service for hard appears that the direction in which these are working is the o O stoppers ; but tubing generally does not get, fit to use again, only ne likely to be successful. It ignores the ridiculous attempts to prevent the employment of non-union meu. as tbe little cracks and checks that form when it gets hard inflated gas-bag, which is enormous in size, ifficult and .... 1 .. d Z costly to in war,. and floats-a gigan:ic derelict-at the MISREPRESENTATION AS A LEGISLATIVE INFLUENCE. cannot be closed again.- . D L mercy of fieve11 ry current of air, a huge mark for the first In urgi ng upon the favor of the House the recently passed .(.,. gunner who can hit and bring it to the ground. Baumgar­ bill to encourage the infringement of the rights of patentees, Dangers oC Coal Gas. ten, in Germany, and Baranovski, in Russia, adopt the prin­ its advoc tes repeatedly asserted that the bill had been unani­ Some old questions have lately beeu investigated anew by ciple of the inclined plane pressed against the air, and thus mously approveda by the patent committee, and had received obek, of Breslau, with reference to the injurious ele­ capable of making some attempt at least to regulate its own the cordial sanction of the ommissioner of Patents. mentsAi. P of common coal gas. This investigator has examined course. In the kite the force that presses the inclined plane The incorrectness of theO latter assertion was sufficiently gas both before and after combustion, in order to determine is the hand of the boy acting throngh the string. In the shown last week. We are now able to state that the former was the causes of any deleterious effect which it may be found to sail of the boat the resistance of water to sidelong mo­ not less inexact. A member of the committee, Mr. Jones, ·of produce. He tinds the chief source of danger in unburnt tion keeps the sail pressed againstthe the wind. In flying ma­ New Jersey, writes us that he opposed the measure as stren­ gas to carbouic oxide. In some cases where a stream of chines the pressure is given by an engine carried by the uously as he could, insisting that it nullified all patents gas escapbe ing from a leaky pipe traverses ground not pre­ com­ machine and acting by means of fans of one sort or the ing under its meaning; tha.t it was retroactive, in viously saturated, it deposits the hydrocarbur ts which give e other. The at present is the weight of engine and his opinion, it was unconstitutional; but the majorityaud that, of the gas its characteristic odor, and afterward diffusesin dwelliug­ fuel; but withdifficulty the deve lopment of electrical practical know­ committee were ag inst him. houses without its presence being perceived. In such a case a ledge we may airly expect to see a cumulators which will The fact that there was one member of the Patent Com the danger of explosion is added to that of poisoning; al­ f c supply the maximum of power with the minimum of mittee thus opposed to the bill should have beell su ci nt to though explosions are seldom cau8ed in this way, because the e weight. Then the problem of flying in still air will be prevent its being pressed upon the House as a measurffie which definite proportions necessary to an explosive mixture are solved. Whether we shall ever be able to ride the storm is had received the committee's unanimous approval. III a not present. M. Pobek insinuates, however, that poisoning another statement of that sort there was no room for a possible may supervene even when explosion does not take place. matter.-Pall Mall Gazette. honest misunderstanding. When gas is burnt under unfavorable conditions, Pobek . .. , . M...... is of opinion that the most injurious result is the excess of For the Preservation oC Wood• Diastase in the White oC Eggs. mois ture which is thereby produced. There is nal sis A new wood preserving process has been invented in 110 a y It is well known that malt contains given of the particnlar description of gas that formed the He first impregnates the timber a substance capable of France by M Jacque� . converting starch into sugar, to which the name of diastase subject of Pohek's experiments; they must, therefore, be thoroughly with a simple solution of soap, mixed with an taken in a Ai. has been given. A substance resembling diastase has been very general sense. acid-preferably phenic acid. Tbis causes the fermenta­ h discovered in the albumen of the egg, by Selmi, the origi­ 4�.'" tion, in a few days, within the wood, of a fatty acid, whic F. nal discoverer of ptomaines, or poisonous alkaloids, in dead Hygiene ADlong the Chinese. is insol uble in water, and impregnates the remotest fibers. bodies. Previous to his death, in August, 1881, he wrote The " Heathen ChilH�e" has not few revilers who are The reaction of the acid on the soap does not take place until a tbe following l�tter to Ercolani: ever ready point to features in his social character which a portion of the water has evaporated. It is claimed that Various consideration have induced me to assume that render him toan undesirable neighbor. The medical officer of more perfect impregnation can had in this way than with be egg albumen contained body that would change starch the State Board of Health of San Francisco has, however, creosote, and there is no danger of the washing out the pre· a of into sugar. In fact, I found that a filteredaqueous solution something to say in favor of the Celestials. In bis report servative from the expos d surfaces, as when sulphate of � of albumen, when digested with a solution of solnble starch, lately presented to Congress he sta es that he nevcr knew any copper is used. The government commission on technical induced this change very rapi ly. his con r e su ­ disease or pestilence originating ort spreading in the Chinese railroad operation in France is said to favor d T fi m d my s this process.­ nicion, and I att mpted to isolate this bodj from ordinary qua er the city. He admits that they live quite close, e rt s of Tlw Metal Worker.

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC $ citutific �mtrican. city have more de- dIe path from the north leads out of the old Hartford turn­ lightful� surroundings pike, over grassy knolls, and then up through the bushes to than this. the edge of the cliff overlooking Lake Whitney, and com- The first year has been mand inga �ide and delightful view. This is Whitney Peak, mainly occupied in set- 300 feet ahove the sea, and wooded to its crest. It is one tling boundaries and en- four distinct peaks of the East Rock Range included withinof deavoring to get a title to the park limits. The wilder portions of these hills have been the lands they include. seen by few of the 60,000 people living in the adjacent city ; The entire park, b y offi- and when, in a recent lecture before the Sheffield Scientific cial survey, covers an area School in New Haven, Prof.essor S. E. Baldwin told the of 370 acres, 140 of which pubJic what he had found in his rambles amid the rocks and are within the cit y limits, glens, and his rough scrambles through laurel thickets, the while 230 lie in the town story seemed as novel to most of his hearers as if he had of Ham den. The shape been describing scenes in a foreign land! is quite ilTegular, as may Snake Rock, the southern spur of the range, is easily ' be seen from the accom- climbed, being only 200 feet high, and having a wagon road panying diagram copied nearly to the top. It would be regarded as a fine eminence from the map just made were not others near that are so much more interesting. by city engineer. The :) ommissioners built a road last summer leading from the Its extreme length is 7 ,000 " Bishop's Gate, " on State, street, to the summit the next feet, and its greatest peak, called Indian Head, at a cost of $2,600 ; andof the con­ breadth is about 4,000 stant stream o f visitors has amply justified the outlay. feet. A search of the re- ascent .is by an easy grade-6 feet in 100-and wliereThe tbe VIEW FROM INDIAN HEAD, LOOKING SLEEPING GIANT." TOWARD " cords showed these lands road runs along steep declivities safety walls are built, and EAST ROCK PARK, NEW HAVEN. to be owned by 12 different parties, whom, however, every precaution has been taken to guard against misbRps. few ofowners , Mr. John H. C. bad erected buildings. One of the land Vistas have been opened througb the forest at favorable BY HOVEY, park once meant a royal or manorial inclosure, kept in W. Bishop, donated 50 acres for park purposes. Yale Col- points, eacb affordinga different outlook on the meadows, A ther par ies gave smaller its natural state for the preservation of game. It was for lege also gave about 23 acres, and o t rivers, valleys, and vi}lages. Just before reaching the sum­ the aristocracy ; and the common people had access, if at all, r""====�=�=��--=-""'-'-"""''''''''''==O-;; mit the road suddenly turns witb a bold sweep, as repre- only by favor or by stealtb. Ramparts and castles werc not sented by the artist, bringing before tbe spectator, in one in harmony with pleasure grounds peasants. 'l'bemaxim wide panorama, the diversified scenes of which he has had was that " the common law does fornot encourage matter of only glimpses while making the ascent. Mount Carmel re­ pleasure, which brings no profit to tbe Commonwealth." poses on the north, 760 feet high, and slopes away in a Hyde Park was opened for overcrowded London by Charles long ridge, called, from a local fancy, "'rhe Sleeping Giant," I. about two bundred and fifty years ago, and the act was and the Hanging Hills of Meriden bound the horizon in not imitated for a long period. Paris, with gay promenades, another direction. The red brickyards and wbite steeples avenues, and gardens, had no real park of its until, in of North Haven are visible on left; while on the rigbt own the 1852, the famous Bois de Boulogne, was changed from a I the pretty village of Montowese nestles at the foot of royal hunting ground to a play-ground, and passed from tbe Peter's Rock. Farms, market gardens, and pleasant cot- crown to the people. Parks bave now multiplied on the tages are in the foreground; and beyond them the silvery Continent, and are among the most striking objects to which Quinnipiac winds its way amid the countless haystacks of the tourist's attention is directed. �=.If = the Hamden meadows. The early American colonists met nature daily in her wild­ Indian Head is crowned by a natural grove of great eRt moods, yet showed their wisdom by laying out. a green in beauty, wbich represents the chieftain's scalp lock. Be­ .every village and preserving public squares in the cities, the tween this and the precipitous brow of the hill is a fine finest example being the Boston Common. At a later day esplanade, from whicb incumbrances have been cleared there was rivalry as ornamental cemeteries. Moud away. Immediately before us are the singular " ox-bows " Auburn was consecratedto in 1831 ; and then came Laurel Hill, of Mill River, cut from tbe meadows as it meanders under Green wood, and many another tasteful spot made attractive, bridges, and amid warehouses and wharves to the broad aside from sacred associations. People visited tbese places harbor with its forest of masts. for fresh air, and to see the grass and flowers, so unlike the On the left. beyond Snake Rock, appear the shining shell walls of brick and slone amid which they daily lived. I'oads and embowered homes of Fair Haven, and along the Gradually. however, the green mounds mUltiplied, monu­ farther shore of the Quinnipiac rise tbe Fair Haven Heights, mental stones gl i stened at every turn, and the environment crowned by elegant mansions, the finest of them built by became better fitted for serious meditation than for light­ retired oyster merchants. From no point does one get a bet­ hearted recreation. ter bird's eye view of the entire configuration of East Rock Meanwbile the cities grew iu size, the country seemed Park tban from the crest of these heights. These attractive further off, its wildness was shorn away in the interests of suburbs have lately been annexed to New Haven. The older manu facture- and agriculture, public squares were only portion of the city, with its stately buildings, its churcbes, . breathing holes, and cemeteries but poor play-grounds; and lnd its college of world-wide fame, its long rows of shadow· then, atout thirty years ago, the people began to cry out for ing elms, its factories and net work of railways, mny be parks-a cry. it has heen said, tbat is "a protest against ;een on the right ; while heyond are the villas around Savin civilization itself; the voice of the natural man refusing to Rock-that delightful seaside resort! And from these be made into an artificial being." The answ�r to this popu­ ;harming shores the blue water stretches away to the gray lar demand may be seen in Central Park, in New York; ;oast of Long Island, easily discernible on any fair day. Fairmount, in Philadelphia; .Druid Park, in Baltimore ; Eden Indian Head, which is 310 feet bigh, is separated a Park, ifl Cincinnati, and many other places of public pleas­ Jeep valley from East Rock, 350 feet above tbe sea, andby the ure near the large cities, botb at the East and at the West ; oftiest peak of the range. Next summer a road is to be and, grandest of all, the vast National Parks of the Yosemite, VIEW FROM INDIAN HEAD, LOOKING TOWARD constructed leading down into this valley by a circuitous Mariposa, and Yellowstone. NEW HAVEN. way ; but till that is done the prudent visitor will prefer to The fact that the more busy people are, the more they feel lots. Individuals subscribed money to purchase the remain­ descend as.he came, and approach East Rock either by View the need of pleasant places' to be idle in, has been nowhere der, and the city bas ap propriated $30.000 to the same object, Street or by the wooden bIidge near Cold Springs, leading more strongly exbibited than lately in Connecticut-that besides pledging an annual appropriation of $6,000 for im­ from Orange Street. The rugged face of the huge rock shows busy hive manifold industries. Several causes have con­ provements. Thus by gi ft or lly purchase the city now o:wns to advantage from almost any poin t of view ; but the loca- of tributed, during the last decacle, to promote rural improve­ nearly one-half of tbe 370 ment. acres that are to be se­ "How to Beautify and Build Up our Country Towns," cured. The remainder was the title of a chapter in Secretary Northrop's report for will be had in due time. 1869, followed by appeals for tree planting, systematic for­ The park can be entered estry, and the adornment of spots rich in natural charms or from several points. The historical associations. western portion is accessi­ in Governor Hubbard called attention to the same subject in ble from Orange street and an anllual message, taking as his text the gift to the town of Wbitney avenue. It con­ Haddam. by members of the Field family, in 1878, two tains groves, lawns, and of extensive tracts of land laid out in walks and drives by Mr. meadows, and is intersect­ Olmsted, the landscape gardener. At about the same time ed by Mi l River, flowing Roseland Park, in 'Woodstock, was planned by Mr. H. C. from Lakel Whitney down Bowen, whose aim it is to open to the public, in 1884, sixty to the bay. The acreage acres arranged in the most tasteful order possible. More suitable for use might be than fifty associations for ruml improvement have been greatly increased by a sys­ formed in the State, witb marked an admirable results. tem of dikes, or other New Haven has long been proud ofd its handsome Green, means of drying the salt laid out in 1638, as well as of other squares, and of the mag­ meadows. As matters nificent elms lining all its streets and gaining for itthe name now are, the ltide, twiCe a of the Elm City. The people thus favored were slow in day. sweeps over a con­ waking up to tbe need of any extended park. Wben, at siderable part of them. last, they did so, several plans had ad vocates; a favorite one A good driveway al­ heing for a sea-side park, similar to the beautiful one at ready exists ent ire Bridgeport. After numerous petitions, hearings, and delibe­ around the park, makingI y rations the East Rock Park was established, tbe charter a circuit of about four being secured from the legiRlatllre early in 1880. When tbe miles. Fair country roads plans of the commissioners are completed the natural features enter the precincts from this trnly remarkable locality being improved by art, no the Hamden side. A bri- EAST ROCK--VIEW FROM BRIDGE. of OBANGE STREET

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC tion here selected for a sketch is in the vicinity of this old A quicker Atlantic Passage. In mpa yi g engraving is the p'lancher St,�! the acco n n a or under bridge. The base of the hill is concealed by a talus of The steamer Alas�a, of the Guion line, has again beaten part of the cornice of the roof of a hOURe. This projecting debris, above which rises tbe colonnad e of basaltic pillars, leaning the record. Shc sailed from Queenstown eight minutes be· por io n of the roof is built. hollow, and the plancher is per t ­ at an angle of 23°, and reminding one of the Palisades of the fore twelve on the morning of May 14, and passed Saudy forated around the entire building with holes or or Hud on, to which they are geologically related. Hook bar at 11 :40 A.M., May 21. Allowing for difference the plancher may be made two boards laid sideslots, by b s" ide, s An old road winds up through the gorge to a quarry, of time, the voyage occu pied 7 days 4 hours minute The with an aperture or space betweenof tbem. The aperture or whence for many years materials have been obtained for the daily distances were 428, 408, 419, 403, 423,12 410, ands. 381 perforations are usually screened from view and shielded n n s most of ou es in ity, t fou datio of the h s the c as well as for m ile�. On May 2 the Alaska completed the rUll to Queens from he driving snow by means of a moultiing having the the Belgian and Telford pavements laid along the principal - upper rear corner rabbeted, thereby giving an L·shaped termi­ streets. Leaving the heaps of stone and sbanties of the na ion to the o pening in the plancher. Through this aper quarrymen, the road leads up to the summit, where stands turet cold air is let into the upper part of the house, under­ "Stewart's Castle,"· the uncouth residence of the eccentric the roof, along the under side of the eaves. individual who still owns the Rock, guarding it by dog and To obtain an ontlet the heated air and cause a good gun, and only permitting the curious who may intrude upon current, the outer or endfor are perforated with slots or his domain to look from the brink of the tall cliffon the ol s which let the currentrafters·of heated air enter the en payment of ten cents. The fee is small, .and tbe view is h e , g, finds ' exit at the peak th roud gorh beyond question tbe the State; but the conditions tgablehe ho lcoes rnice,in the whpl encenche r,it already referred to. By the sim­ spoi l it for any excepfinestt the inmost philosopbi cal minds. The p a h us ' , le a o e can be kept cool so proprietor refuses to sell, that $100, 000 would be no tbatmeans th snow described will melt the roofthereon of only d uring a rise of tem­ ' inducement to him to partsa ying acres, productive only in peraturee outside of the house, and cannot therefore freeze at sprouts and paving stones withaddi nhisg tha t if the commissioners the edge of the roof and bank up. The current of air pass­ condemn his lands he will; defend his rights by the ables ing along under the roof can be greatly increased, and the legal counsel to be had in the country. The public are im·t cellar or space between the house and the ground thoroughly patien to enjoy the unrivaled scenery, and willing to pay ventilated, removing dead a ir and preventing dampness in a fair t price for th e place ; and the owner may hear some this way. The upper inside corners of the sills are beveled at thing about the right of eminent domain before the year is i ntervals, for ing which allow the air from the l, over. Absurd as it may be, the man is actually b ui ding cellar to ascendm be wpassaeen ges,the lath an d plaster ou side steamboat on his premises; ha ing never read," asl a com'a sheathing to tbe topt of the wall of house, andwhere the it pat sses " v his du u ro gh p ng nd joins thethe cur rent under the missioner remarks, " of Robiuson Crusoe and g o th u o eni s, a roof. i ng fr tide l v have served- t; I"� III n st r c i p,whe re a plate is used as a support for the These bold rocks, r i aloft om e el co u t ons as landmarks ever sinces the Dutch adventurers coasted, along rafters tbe openings are made in the plate ; but it is pre­ , p, hither from the New Netherlands, n early 250 yea s ago. fen'ed to connect the tops of the st.udding by means of inside They called the locality "Red Mount," from ther ruddy n tsi b d Fig. 3,) on which the rafters are de­ a d ou de oar s, 8, face of the rocks, and the name, in tbe m odified form of signed to be rested The opening between these boards Red Rock, still adheres to a bluff at the head of the affords a larg-e and . free passage for the air. whose base a marine railway now lies wherehar­ in An additional beneficial effect of tbe construct on is found i bor,colonial at times the seals were wont to play. in the rooms next the roof, these being rendercd cool and An uns cc s� t pt w d t later d y, pleasant in the heat of summer and preferable as sleeping u e ful a t m a ma e, a a a to change the name of Easte Rock sto " Sassacu , in honor of apartments the rooms below. The various apartments of to tbe Indian chieftain of that ilk and to calls " West Rock the house may be ventilated through the devices described, "Regicide," in memory of the illus, tri ous fugitives who long suitable register openings being provided leading into the dwel t there in the Judges Professor Baldwin spaee between the studs behind the p aster. passes up " ' Cave." u h p n s l e nThe ail' rds, findsthese names in HilllJOuse s dramas : thro g the o en g in the plate or betw the boa 8, at ' the top of tbe wall.i If the wall is plas eree d than MAP EAST PARK. " See how the guardian giants tower, OF c n , t no ghigherd ve h I ROCK this point, a horizontal box 01' o duit 10, arran e o r t e their aspects with the hour is Changing I town in 7 d ays and 26 minutes after leav n g Sandy Hook. openin s, as shown in Fig. and connected with the There Sassacus in shade or glow, i g p, 2, with the noon or while with snow, This was the faste t time ever made in c rossin g tbe ocean. openi n gs. so that the draught coming up between the studs Hot s . Dark in t.he dawn, at evening red, but is so no longer. On the return trip the Alaska reached which co ufine the room ven ilation passes into the box, and t Or rolling vapors round his head. Fastnet (June 6) in 6 days 19 hours and 25 minutes from is con veyed through an opening in the end rafter into the In the soft West, as aay declines, Sandy Hook. This is tw o hours better than her previous end cornice of the building h nce passe out through The Regicidf'. his shines; w e it rival, , s on the sky, " best " eastward passage to tlIe same oint. the ventilating openings in the plancheI'. In this construc­ Whose noble outline p ven t l n Draws and detains enamored eye." ... fe, .. tion it will be seen that the side wall i atio does not th' join the roof current until the cornice is reached, so that the NEW VENTILATING SYSTEM. Seated on any peak in Rock Park, on a summ r s day We give an engraving of i m pro em nt in the construd­ warm air from the rooms cannot neutralize the effect of the East e ' , oue may enjoy not only poetic but geologic musings, a he tion of buildings for an v e and for pre­ cool current from the cornice under the roof, alt h ough the s the purpose regards tile jut ing caps and proud cliffs, the meadows an d nting snow from melting on theof upper ventilatiQll part of the house; latter is improved thereby. If the house is plastered in the t ve the mOUlltains. By the aid of a glass Mount Holyoke, 82 for cooling the upper a artments, and or v n ating the garret portion as high as the roof ties, the box or air con­ ' e til miles distant., may be seen ; and we leal'll, from Professor cellar or lower portion. p ( i pla e is c d u t, 10, is c d W, cons ru ted Dana, t at all the l'C gion be ween was once covered by the The invention consists in a novel arrangement of perforated next the lath andabove plaster the b yties, means and aof fin ae, partiti on, thet fiue estuary hof t e Connecticut,t whose main s ream leading from the openings, at the top of the h t was afterward diverted to another channel, side wall to the conduit. p,T is ill1provement leaving only the Quin n ipiac as its represent· was recently patented by Mr.h P. Ea on , o ative. This change was due to the ancient erup­ Springville, Erie county, N. Y. G. t f tirins that left relics these long ridges of trap .. 4.1 .. from 100 1,200as h h , to feet g , skirted by sandstone A Remarkable Gas Well. walls, hardened or crumbled,i as the case m ay be, n h by the intense heat to which were once ex­ The well fi is ed in April last by the Niagara Oil Company in Washington county Pa. , is one posed. The surfac is scoredtbey by glacier marks, of tbe greatest, ga,sers of modern drill, ing days. even to the tops of etlIe hig hest hills showing that , Th e sands found were not regular, nor as ex.. the entire region was wrapped in a glacier pected, neither did they appeal' to be oil· bearing. blanket. When this came to be removed it was six months' with the drill, changed into a plow that strewed the valleys with After a struggle a d p h 2,200 feet i bowlders and excavated basins, one of which e t of was reached, when a ve n gas s struck whic;h h w Lake Saltonstall, is 107 feet deep, though its sur', of wa t re the tools clear out of the hole, and more than fifty feet above face is but 10 feet above the level of the adjacent the top of the derrick. The strength of the gas Sound! Other basins are now filled to the brim can be imagined when it is known that the tools with peat that has been pierced in places for 65 weigh 800 pounds. All work was then feet without striking the bottom. out of tahouthe ques tion, as the gas made such a roar­ At one time the region was lifted as much as ing noise that the drillers had to go away from 200 feet above its present level; and then great the well fully 300 yards before being able to river beds were cut in what is now the fioor of make themselves understood. The company the Sound, emptyi ng mighty olumes of fresh have expended already more than $20,000, and water into he Atlantic hrou hv mouths, 'one t have nothing to show for their money but leases at the Race and the othert in gPectwooni c Bay. The of 60,000 acres of land and tbe great gas blow r. charts of the United States Coast Survey will The well is eigh t miles north of Washingtoen enable one to trace, by the soundings, the course , Pa., in Mt. Pleasant Township. It is just twenty­ of those ancient rivers; and artesian well�, sunk two miles from Pittsburg, and may be utilized in their chann el bri ng from below the brine an , by tbe latter city in case tbe supply does not be· abundant supply of frebh water which is in daily come exhausted use ! soon. -Petroleum Age. An elevation of 50 feet would ------.... �.�..------seve portion of the Soun d from the westernr the ; eastern s a w is thought to e the one of BRASS te m h tle, b largest 100 feet would lay bare four-fifths of its bed; and evAer made ha j-ust been fini hed by the Eaton, . s s one of 200 would dry it up all the way from Cole & Burnham Co., 58 Joh n St, New York. It Greenwich to New London. These facts explain is of cast. brass 4 9 in. in length, the bell ha ing how it happen� that massive bowlders, like those a diameter of 20, ft.in. Its weight is 400 lb., andv i s of 1,000 tons weight that form the Judges ave value $500. Th e supply pipe is in. t EATON'S VENTILATING SY STEM. ou West Rock, also lie along the sandhi' lls C of goes to a large steam saw mill4 inin diameter. Canada, Long Island ;'and they hint possib l Itwhere it is to be employed, with a system at the tbat by some gentle lift of the i ity p t give th d nce or slotted plancher and erfora ed end rafters, and in the of signals, to orders to e lumbermen at a ista , earth's crust. hereafter, that fa mous island may become again what it formerl connection therewith of air passages extending upward be­ and to summon the widely scattered e m ployes in case y of was, the soutbern shore of New England: tween tbe and plaster and the out.side sheathing. . lath fire.

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Is Man the Highest Animal 1* MISCELLANEOUS INVENT-' city. A box of suitable size is provided with a cover l8NB.- The measure of ZOO]9gical rank is the specialization ex­ Step Co r vehicles. wbich consists of glass set in a frame hinged to hibited by all the organs, taken collectively. Specialization· box. The binges are fitted with stop lugs that allow thethe Mr. Asa Owen, of Tennessee, McDonough county, may be exaggerated in one or several organs, without the K. cover to be opened to a right angled position, llutno further, has patented an improvement in seats, end gates, and stepsTIL , animal therefore attaining as a whole a high rank. This is and a brace that is pi voted to the box is then faised against of vehicles, by which increased facility .an d safety are the case in man. The measure of specialization is afforded tbe frame, and it is securely held in position. A slide is afforded passengers in getting in and out while they by embryology, whicb sbows in earlier stages the simplicity fitted for vertical movement in a socket piece at the iront of are less liable to be soiled by mud. The device may be and uniformity of structure, which in later stages is re­ the box, and may be adjusted to any height desired, where operated by the driver witbout releasing his hold of the placed by complexity. The human body preserves several it is retained by a set screw. The box is placed on a suit­ lines. It is quite clearly shown in the annexed cut. important embryonic features. In man we find three series able stand with the cover raised, and the eyepiece The body of the vehicle is provided with an end gate, of higb differentiations, namely : in the brain, in the changes adjusted aceording to the distance of the object. The pivoted to the rear portions of the sides of the body in induced by or accompanying the upright position , and third, operator theu closing one eye, applies the other to the eye­ such a manner that it will open downward, but will be in the apposibility of the thumbs to the otber digits. These piece, and then traces the outlines of the object seen through restrained from moving back beyond a vertical position are the principal, though of course not strictly the only the glass, on its inner surface, with a soft lead pencil. By when it is open. A seat of any desired kind is con­ characteristics of man, which show that he is more special­ tracing afterward on the outside of the glass with a copying nected with the end gate at ized than any other animal. In other respects he shows a liquid all the lines already marked on the inside, and plac­ rigbt angles to the latter, . still more striking inferiority. It is of course a familiar ing a dampened drawing paper over these lines and rubbing transversely, and held at a observation that his senses are less acute than those of many slightly with the hand over the back of the paper, a correct proper distance by means of animal&:-he has neitber tbe keen vision of the falcon, nor perspective sketcll from nature appears on tbe paper. frames that have the same scent of tbe dog. He is equally inferior in many the delicate center of motion as the gate, structural features. His teeth are of a low mammalian Detachable Handle for Teacups, etc. and move with it. When type, as is shown both by bis dental formula and by the Among the recently patented novelties we find a detach­ the end gate is thrown down presence of cusps upon the crowns of the teeth, a peculiarity able handle for teacups, invented by Mr. John W. Davis, of the seat occupies the position of the lower mammalia, entirely lost in the horse, the ele­ Marion, Marion county, S. The handle may be ora strip of a step, aud is used for get­ C. phant, and many other " brutes. " His limbs show a simi­ or narrow plate of spring metal; but it is preferred to make it ting into or out of the wagon ; but when the gate is closed lar inferiority, since they are little modified, preserving even of a single piece spring wire, which may be plated with the seat is in position for use as a seat. Wben in tbis posi­ of the ful! number of five digits, and in respect of tbese mem­ gold, silver, or nickel, if desired. The handle is made of two tion tbe end frames of the seat rest on cleats placed on bllrs man stands therefore . very low, lower than the cow strands to give it sufficient width to prevent turning side· the sides of the wagon body. Hinged to the under side and the pig. He plants the whole sole of bis foot upon ways on the cup. Tbe handle is bent so that the prongs of tbe swinging seat is a step that, bears npon the bot­ the ground, yet none except the lower mammalia, to­ that pass over the edge and inside the cup extend out­ tom of the wagon body wben tbe seat is closed, but gether with man and his immediate congeners, are planti­ wardly from each other at their ends to prevent the handle when the seat is thrown back the step is turned down over grade. So too with his stomach, wbich is so simple as com­ from turning laterally on tbe cup. These prongs and the its edge and comes near to tbe ground. This gate and seat pared with that of a ruminant, and indeed is of about the handle on the outside of the cup are formed so that when can be opened and closed by means of a combination of same grade as that of the carnivora. It makes, however, a the thickness of the cup is passed between them, the rods and levers attacbed to a lever placed in reach of the still more forcible impression to learn that the humau face, elasticity of the metal of the handle will cause it to be held driver, and coutrolled by him. which we admire when withdrawn under high intellectual with sufficient firmness for safe handling of the vessel a forehead, perhaps the most remarkable of all the indices An Ejector for Oi l Wells. and its contents. This handle is cheap, ornamental, and is durable, and gives to plain cups all the adv'antages of those that point out man's inferiority. In the mammalian embryo An improved device for raising oil from oil well'!:;, for that bave permanent handles, and at less expense, and they tbe face is formed under tbe fore brain or cerebral hemi­ which a patent bas been granted to William Robbins, of are not liable to be broken off. spheres. In our faces the fmtal disposition is perma­ New York city, is shown in the accompanyingO. engraving, nently retained, with changes, which when greatest are still in which B is a pipe extending downward to or near the oil Protection... to.. Inventors... inconsiderable. In quadrupeds tbe facial region acquires a in tbe well, and is provided at its lower end with a check In the Senate, May Mr. Call submitted the following prominent development leading to tbe specialization of the valve, and its upper end extending to an oil receiving tank. resolution, which was19, ordered to lie on the table and be jaws and ·surronnding parts, which brings the face to a con­ A is a tube entering the pipe, B, throngh which tbe oil is printed: dition much higher than that of the fmtns. Hence the pro­ raisep, at or near its upper Resolved, That the just exercise of the power granted to jecting snout is a higher structure tban the retreating human end, and extends down to Congress Section 8, Article 1, of the Constitution, "To face. These facts have long been familiar to anatomists, near the bottom of the promote thein progress of science and useful arts, by securing but I am not aware that the inferiority of the human to the pipe, and at this point is for limited time to authors and inventors the exclusi ve right brute countenance has heretofore been considered a scientific bent so as to extend up­ to their respective writings and discoveries, " requires such conclusion by any one. Yet that inferiority is incontroverti· ward for a short distance, amendment of the laws as will secure to the people of all the ble and almost sel f-evident. leaving the end of tbe States and Territories, witbout prejudice because of any con­ The preceding statements render it clear to the reason tube ash t distance 0 r ditions of poverty, equal rights and eqnal opportunity in that man is not in all respects tbe highest animal-and that above the bend and fac­ the beneficialuse of their inventions and discoveries, and to it is a prejudice of ignorance tbat assumes that tbe special­ ing upward. The upper e compensation for the time, labor, skill, and ization of the brain marks man as above aIt animals in the end of this tube is con­ reasonabl applied and expended in making and improving zoological system. It does give him a supremacy byhis greater nected with an air com­ knowledge such inventions. pawer of self-maintenance in the struggle of the world, but pressor or a reservoir for t it is referred to the Committee on Patents to consid!'r that has nothing whatever to do with his morphological compressed air, whereby Tha the subject, and to report bill to tbe Senate which shall rank. There is nothing in morphology tbat anywise justi­ air under pressure will be a of patents, or for the com­ fies assigning, as is actually done, an almost infinitely greater forced through the tube provide eitber for an extension at the period of its success­ systematic value to the specialization of the brain and a and emitted from its lower mencement of the life of a patent a royalty on such specialization of the limbs, stomacb, teeth, face, etc. , hence end. This compressed air ful introduction into public use, or for it impossible to call man even the highest mammal. It is forces the oil in tbe pipe, B, upward and out of its upper invention diminishing graduallv, and with the amount real­ is ized [rom it, or otherwise provid ng relief protection wh�re also doubtful whether mammals would be regarded as th e end, thus creating a vacuum at the lower end of the pipe i 01' highest class of the animal kingdom, were they not our and causing the check valve to be raised and oil to pass in new and useful inventions have been, or sball be made by ived them nearest relatives. Let us beware of claiming to be the head to fill the vacuum. This ejector has an advantage over persons whose poverty an d limited means have depr of organic creation, since the Carnivora and Ungulata are in other ejectors in the fact that it may be placed in tbe pipe of the beneficial use of the right to the said in vention, or from the same ; many respects higher than we. I believe that it is just as of the well the same as a sucker rod, and requires no from obtaining a reasonable compensation st ex­ unscientific to call any one animal species the highest, as to changes in lower or pumping section before it is applied. also providing adequate protection to tbe people again pitcb upon any one plant to stand at the head of tbe vegeta­ cessive charges or vexatious suits, or against the exclusive ble kingdom.-O. "lfinot. Button Hole Att.achment Co r Se'\vlng Macblnes. right to inventions, as an oppressive monopoly. S. .. f.I " Mr. Jobn K. Harris, of Springfield, Clarke county, has It might be useful in this connection to have an antboritative Cures Co r Baldness. patented an improvement in the button hole attachment0., for definition of "oppressive monopoly," as applied to patent The Ohemists' Jo urnal says : Dr. Xavier Landerer, of sewing machines, for whicb he was granted a patent Septem­ rights. Seeing that tbe inventor takes from the public no­ Athens; bas again been so obliging as to send us some notes ber 6, 1881, No. 246.764. The general method o� making a tbing which it previously enjoyed, but simply offersfor a con­ from the cradle of pharmacy. button hole therein described is make a series of short sideration something new, something which may be declined Numberless remedies for baldness of French, English, stitches in the cloth, upon one sideto of the center line, and and dispensed with if tbe price is excessive, the phrase, " the German, and American origin stock our markets, but none, then, after shifting the clotb laterally at the end of this line, use of the exclusive right to inventors as an oppressive mo­ according to Dr. Landerer, equal in efficiency the following, to reverse tbe feed and make another series of stitches on the nopoly," seems to us to be simply a contradiction in terms. which he has used and prescribed for mauy years past. other side of the center line, which line is then cut open to Prepare a tincture of tbe cups of the Quercus (lJgilops, ...... form the button hole. But in this metbod of working a Immigration and Wages. whicb are known in commerce as valonia, and digest with button hole the ends are not stayed or tied as substantially Discussing the enormous ability of this country in pro­ it powdered cloves and cinnamon. Make a tincture by as band-worked holes, and they are more liable to tear. In the viding occupation for larger and larger bodies of laborers digesting tbe leaves of the LaUT1tS o o is in acid wine, improved attachmeut, uy means without risk of a surfeit in tbe labor market, the Boston and mix the two together. Before applapyingll n this remedy the of properly arranged devices of Oommercial ul ti points out that while the populalion of skin of the head sbould be well washed with a decoction of B le 1J, which we are unable to give a the United States has increased nearly 25,000,000 since 1860, saponaria root (Saponal'ia levantica), to cure any exanthema full description in our limited about 6,000, 000 of the number being immigrants, the diver­ pithyriatis whicb may be present. Instead of pomatum or space the . cloth when it is sity of our industries, made possible by a protective tariff, hair oil, laurel oil should be used, tbis being the usual bair stitched along the line to tbe has absorbed the increase witb ease, and bas not been satis- - oil in vogue among the ladies of the East. Dr. Landerer end of the button hole, is carried fied. This iR evident from the fact that while the cost of the calls this remedy for baldness alexitriclwn, or hair preserver. forward and backward across necessaries life, both food and clothing, is no higher, and ... j .. .. of Simultaneous Telel!;rapbic and Telephonic Messages. the end of the hole either in straight or curved hnes as may in most cases, is lower now than then (excepting, of course, 'l'heFr ench Minister of Posts and Telegraphs is reported be desired, making a perfect stay or tie for the end of tbe certain brief abnormal periods), wages in both agricuitural to have received in Paris, from Bruss�ls, May 21, a telegram hole. Also, by a proper manipnlation of the devices, a good and manufacturing pursuits are every where higher, and a of 53 words, and a telephonic dispatch of 119 words, simul­ substantial eyelet button bole, such as is required in heavy good deal higber. The wages of woolen mill operatives taneously over one wire. The system employed is tbe dis­ woolen goods, may be made, and also a single eyelet may be average 40 per cent higher in 1882 than in 1860 ; those of covery of Mr. Vau Kisselberghe, Director of tbe Belgian worked without the parallel portion the button hole. The cotton mill operatives about 35 per cent higher ; of me­ Meteorological Bureau. It is said that tbe practical advantages device is shown in the accompanyingof engraving. chanics in wood and iron about twenty-five per cent higber. of . this invention are estimated by the Frencb and Belgian Farmers in the west are getting more for tbeir produce than Governments as of the utmost importance. The distance Perspective Delineator. they did in 1860, although the consumer pays less now than from Brussels to Paris is about 200 miles. An invention - by wbicb accurate perspective drawings tben� this i� due to the improvements in and decrease in the Read before the American Association for the Advancement of Sci­ can be rapidly and conveniently made, has recently been cost of transportation. Wages paid farmers are about ence,* Cincinnati meeting, August, patented by Mr. Girard M. Perk Van Lith, of New York per cent higher now t\lell, by 30 IP81. tha!).

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JUNE 17, 1882.] Ititutifit �tutritau. electrically from tbe public time station, or otherwise kept then immediately bore t in perfect a�eement. wire, the one for the liquiu Seventh---TLe Th e Patent Bill now before th e Senate. adoption of the system in the United States to admit air. Pour out the and Canada would, exclusive of Newfoundland and Alaska, and cut carefully round the the Editor of the Scientific American : To have the effect of reducing the standards of time to four. remove it, and the whole of thl It is said that a portion, at least, of the Senate Committee These four standards, precisely one hour apart, would gov­ delicate needle·shaped, amber-lI� on Patents will report adversely on the H. R. bill No. 6,018 h ern the time of the whole country, each would have the sim­ _ Here, then, are two substances, of w -which aims to deprive patentees of remedy against " the plest possible relation to the other, and all would have ance and properties, both possessing in conlll. user of any patented article or device that has been purchased equally simple relations to the other standards of the world. of crystallizing, but with each there is a den,,,, for a valuable consideration in the op'm market "-but that Fi nally-It is proposed to have only one series of hours Further experiment and observation teach us that tht the measure will, nevertheless, probably pass the Senate iu the day, extending from midnight to midnight, and num­ of a crystal is as characteristic of a body as any other , under the same pressure which got it through the House. bering from 1 to 24 without interruption, to number tbe perty it possesses. In the next paper the writer proposes to Different opinions seem to be entertained of the working of hours between midnight and noou (1 to 12) precisely as at give further directions for the preparation of crystals, and this measure, should it become a law. To the " Granger " present, and to denote the hours between noon and midnight hopes to add sketches of crystals as viewed by the micro­ and kindred organizations that have been instrumental in its by letters of the alphabet. scope.- Jag o, in Kn owledge. origination and passage. and whose political influence it is The society adopted resolutions requesting Congress to W. .. 4'� .. intended to propitiate, it is supposed to seem the embodi­ take the initiative step toward establiHhing a time system on General J. G. Barnard. ment of legislative wisdom. These worthy citizens who are the basis of tbis scheme, by endeavoriug to establish a prime Brevet Major-General John Gross Barnard, Corps of Engi­ u accustomed to exact the last penny for the usufr cts of their meridian which shall be commou to all nations. neers, S. A., died at Detroit, Mich., May 14. He was special skill or industry may, possibly, not find the provision U. .... t .. .. born at Sheffield, Mass., May 19, 1815. He was graduated The Iron Mountain at Duranlro, Mexico. as plain sailing as they anticipate. For example, even ad­ at the Military Academy 1833. He served as captain in mitting that the clause codicils all previous legislation which The Iron Mountaiu at Durango, Mexico, is described by the Mexicau war. wasin a member of the Tebuantepec it contravenes, can the law be made to operate retrospect­ Mr. John Birkbine, of Philadelphia, engineer of the com­ Survey Commission,He in 1850, assisting in the preparation of the ively ? Can Congress abridge franchises already granted? pany formed to develop its riches, as a hill one mile long, a firstfull report to the government concerningthe Isthmus. See 4,884 Revised Statutes. Will then the contemplated third of a mile wide, aud from fonr to six hundred feet in 1854 he was in charge of the construction of the fortificationsIn statute-in eff ect-create two classes of patents, viz. , those height above the plateau. The surface of the mountain ex­ at San Francisco, aud in 1855-56 he was superintendent of granted before and tbose granted after its paRsage? Will it posing ore so as to be classified as good mining land aggre­ the Military Academy. From 1856 to 1861 he was in charge or not be held conformable to the constitutional clause which gates over 10,OOlJ,000 square feet. There are indications that of the fortifications of New York Harbor. He was present says, "Congress shall have power . to promote the the deposit exteuds beneath the level of the plateau. Mr. at the firstbattle of Bull Run as chief engineer on General progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited Birkbine says th&t he spent cousiderable time in examining 1861, McDowell's staff. In the same year, lIe was made a times to authors and inventors the EXCLUSIVE RIGHT to their the mountaiu ; and though most of the surface shows on'! he brigadier-general of volunteer3. General Barnard directed respective writings and diEcoveries." does not agree with those who pronounce the mountaiu a the siege operations of the Army of the Potomac during the For advocates of " the progress of science and useful arts," solid mass of ore. He is rather inclined to think that the Peninsular campaign, and was afterward placed in charge whether inventors or not, the occasion seems opportune to mountain is formed of one or more immense veins of specu­ of the defenses of Washington. In 1864-65 he served with memorialize Congress, and, if need arise, the Executive, lar iron ore, standing nearly vertical, tbe fragments of which General Grant as chief engineer of the armies in the field, against precipitate action. Fairness and public expediency bave, by the actiou of the elements for ages, been thrown and was present at the surrender of Geueral Lee. He was alike demand that the creators of conveniencies and their down to form the slopes the mountain as a talus; but the made a brevet colonel in the regular army in 1862, lieu­ of representatives be given a hearing in comm ittee. extent of this detrItal ore is too great to permit of locating tenant-colonel of engineers in 1863, brevet major-general of GEORGE KNIGHT. any foot or hauging walls. volunteers in 1864, and brevet major-general in the regular H. Cincinnati, June 6, 1882. An analysis of au average of twenty-seven samples of ore army and colonel of engineers in 1865. 0. , .. ' ,. . from various parts of the mountain showed : After the war General Barnard served as senior member Clearing the Channel ot· th e Mississippi. Magnetic oxide of iron...... •••.•• ...•..•.• ...... of the Board of Engineers and as a member of the Lighthouse Ferric oxide ...... •..•.•.•. ••....••• ..•....• ••• ..• 77'5712'071 To the Editor of the Scientijic American : Board. He was placed on the retired list iu January, 1881. Mang-anic oxide...... • .••..••...... •. ••. .• .••. 0'113 have read in your issue of the an article signed General Barnard was a member and original corporator Titanic ac d ...... •• . ••.••.•••...... •...... • 0'710 I 3d, i of •• Rufus Porter," iu rt'lation to clearing the channel of the Lime 5'050 the National Academy of Sciences, and was an active mem­ Mississippi River by means of one thousand miles of endless Magnesia ...... •...... •... 0'364 ber of several other scientific societies. He received the de­

...... • 0'212 chains, run by as many windmills in mile sections, which Sulphnric a�id.... . gree of A.M. from the University of Alabama in 1838, and . . . . . Phosphoric acid...... 3'041 he states would uot cost over one milliou five hundred thou­ Loss on ignition-water, etc ...... 1'984 the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 1864. General sand dollars. vV ould it not be a far cheaper plan for the " ...... Barnard was a contributor to many standard pUblications, Silica ..... ' ...... 7 '760 government to suhsidize the lHississippi River steamers, etc. , Alumina, etc., undetermined ...... 1'124 and one of the associate editors of "Johnson's Cycloprodia." to drag disk chains after them when going down stream, and Among his principal publications are the following : "The 100'000 in tbat way keeping the sedimentary deposits constantly agi­ Phenomeua of the Gyroscope Analytically Examined " (1858), Metaliic ...... •...•...... 55'800 tated, or in a iroll � "Notes ou Sea Coast Defense " (1861), "Reports of the Eu­ state of semi-solution which following vessels Manganese ...... '.' ...... ••...... 0'079 would work over a wider range, and serving the desired pur­ Sulphur ...... 0'085 gineer and Artillery Operations of tbe Army of the

PhosphofllS ...... •...... •...... pose a much better way, and moreover cORting nothing . . 1'328 Potomac " (1863), in conjuuction with General W. Barry, Phosphorus in 100 parts iron...... •...... 2'379 for theh maintenauce of machiuery, mauual labor, etc. ? Chief of Artillery ; "Report on the Defenses of WF. ashing­ It strikes the writer, ill his humble opinion, to be the most Selected samples, representing about seven-tenths of the ton " (1871), "Report on the Fabrication of Iron for Defen­ fEl1tsible way, costing little for experiment, with the proba- area of the mountain, yielded nearly 63 per cent of iron. sive Purposes " (1871), made in conjunction with General bility of good results. S. P. C. ... �.J • G. Wright and Colonel P. S. Michie ; "The North Sea CanaH.l Coal-Breaking with Lillle. Richmond, Va. , June 4, 1882. of Holland aud Improvement of Navigation from Rotterdam Two or three years ago, a Scotch inventor devised a sys­ to the Sea," "Problems of Rotary Motion Presented by the tem compressed-air blasting for use in coal-mines, where '.I' ime Co r the World. Gyroscope, the Precession of the Equinoxes and the Pendu­ standard the out-flowof of gas made the use of powder-blasts hazardous. At one of the sessions of the American Society of Civil lum " (1872). At a recent meeting of the Irou and Steel Institute a much Engineers in Washington, May 17, a report on standard time simpler mode of obviatiug the use of powder was described • fe, " was presented by Mr. Sanford Fleming, chairman of a com­ Atkinson's Pro cess Co r Zinc SheathIng oC Iron by a Mr. Mosley. In this system, the steam generated by mittee appointed to investigate the subject at a meeting of Vessels. the contact of water with caustic lime is the explosive the society in Moutreal last year. The process consists iu fittingthi n zinc sheets, of about the agent. After the cartridge of caustic lillie is placed in the In respouse to the request of the society, at its meeting in size of ordinary shell plates, over the bare shell, the attach­ shot-hole and tamped, water is forced in by a small force­ January, tbe committee has submitted to a large number of ment being by solder applied first to spots prepared by an pump, and the coal is broken by slow pressure of the persons directly interested in the matter, the following scheme electro-dynamo macbine ou the shell of the vessel, and then steam. The system is said to be rapidthe in its operation, and for the establishment of a prime meridian, and a uniform over the same spots when the sheathing has been fitted. entirely safe. Holes are perforated in the sheathing a little less than the standard of time, with a series of questions to which replies ...... were requested. To the�e questions some hundreds of replies Crystals. diameter of, but made to correspond with, tbe prepared spots on the shell, which are spaced every way about eight or nine were returned, 97 per cent of tbe writers approving of the Most of the metals assume, under certain conditions, a 92 inches apart-and the application of solder after the sheath­ scheme, aud per cent favoring a Ilumbering of the hours crystalline form, and those particularly which are found ing has been fittedresults in the fusion the outer and inner from 1 to 24 cousecutively. native occur frequently as crystals. The Latrobe nugget, at layers of solder, aud, con�equently,of the zinc sheathing The scheme under discussion proposes : present in the Natural History Museum, is magnificent between. The landing edges and laps of the several strakes First-To establisb one universal 'standard time, common instance of crystals of gold. consists of naa tural goldeu of zinc plates are soldered throughout, the whole presenting to all peoples throughout the world, for the use of railwa ys, cubes, welded, as it were, togetherIt in one mass. Among the a surface smoother thau the most carefully sheathed wooden telegraphs, and steamboats, for the purposes of trade and metals, bismuth is remarkable for its teudency to crystallize, ship, and not much behind iron vessels with thdr finishing commerce, for general scieutific observations, and for every and by following the directions given, a crystalline mass of coat of anti-fouling paint. The strong galvanic action inci­ ordinary local purpose. bismuth is readily obtaiued. Take about a quarter of a dent to the conjunction of iron and zinc is matter of common Second-It is proposed that staudard time everywhere pound of the commercial metal and 'm elt it either in a small kuowledge, and although the utilization of this knowledge shall be hased on the one unit measure of time denoted by clean iron ladle or over a Bunsen lamp in a porcelain cruci­ the diurnal revolution of the earth as determined by the ble ; when quite melted, set the ladle or crucible on a cold for the purpose of ship coating is not wholly new, the man. ner in which it is done by Mr. Atkinson's process removes mean solar passage at one particular meridian to be selected metal surface. Let it remain perfectly still, and watch the almost entirely the objeetions to itR acioption from au econo­ as a time zero. bismuth carefully, until it is seen to solidify round the mic as well as a praetical shipbuilder's poiut of view. The Third-The time zero to coincide with the initial or prime edges, then quickly pOllr out the metal still remaining liquid, waste of the zinc, while not inconveniently rapid, is constant meridian to be common to all nations for computing terres­ and you have the whole of the interior lined with more or and effective as throwing off all species of fouling. One of trial longitude. less perfect cubical crystals of bismuth. There is one strik­ the vessels already ftted with zinc has been docked at iuter·· Fo urth-The time zero and prime meridian of the world ing peculiarity about these crystals, however. They arc vals, and the state of the sbeathed portion of the bottom has to be established with the concurrence of civilized nations but skeleton crystals; the lines forming the edges of the been found invariably to be cleau and in every respect satis­ generally. cubes are there, but there is a depression in each face of the factory ; while it has been observed that a streak of the bare Fift k--For the purpose of regulating time everywhere it is crystal evidently not as yet filled up. The grow.th of the shell above the sheathing, which had been submerged, is proposed that the unit measure, determined as above, shall crystal was arrested by pouring out tbe still liquid metal, always thickly incrustated with barnacles and other species be divided.into 24 equal parts, and that these parts shall be and there we have not only shown us the shape bismuth of fouling. The result of the application of tbe process in defined by standard time meridians estahlished around the crystals, but also the manner in which the crystalof gr ows. the present instance will be regarded with interest. 'globe, 15° longitude, or one hour distant from each other. For purposes of comparison, try now to make sulphur of .,., .. Sirth-It is proposed that standard time shall be deter­ crystals. To do this, melt down roll sulphur in the ladle or mined and disseminated nnder gtl.vernmenta,l authority ; that crucible, using, however, a very gentle heat, and REMOYAL SNOW IN PETERSBURG.-The not pro­ THE OF ST. snow time signal statious be established at important centers for longing it beyond the point at which the whole of the sul­ is thrown iuto pits, which are located at convenie'n t points the purpose of disseminat.ing correct time with precision, phur is melted ; allow to cool in tbe same manner as with of the city. It is melted in these by and runs o ff and that all the railway !\.nd local public clocks be controlled bismuth, wait until a crust has formed over the surface, and by suitable steam, into the river channels.

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC $titufifit �tUtrintu. on an ighty-horse power rolling mill e ngine with one fill­ NOVEL FIRE ESCAPE. JCK. form of nut lock recently ing. ande the same size cup on a l ocomotive for fifteen hun. We give an engraving of a new fire escape which. in case . • of Pittsburg. Pa. This dred miles, in each case giving perfect lubri n of fire, can be ery readily attached to the window sill from l!l, � v channel bar having boles for We understand these cups ha ve been well tried and have the inside of the b uilding, furnishing a ladder for the de­ of the bolts, and provided wi h proved reliable and effective in l u bricating locomotives, sta­ scent of the inmates, and it may be applied to all forms of te tionary ellgines, and other killds of machinery, AS which slide in the slots and pr ­ using very window sills. mg by being held in contact with little oil, but supplying enough to thoroughly lubri ate the The invention consists of forked metal plate, to which c a J wedges as in Fig. 1, or by bend­ surfaces. the rope ladder is attached. and a c amp plate which comes l ...� bar as in Fig. 2. n appl ing this nut lock, Further information may be obtained by addressing the against the inside of the window sill, the two plates being I y plates and bolts are placed in position and the nuts Bryant Manufacturing Company, 230 South Sl. , Philadel­ connected together by a screw-threaded bar carrying a ..•u rned d o wn upon the slotted pl ate A, until the parts phia, Pa . clamping wheel, which may be readily turned for clamping . are clamped together with th e required pressure. plates to the window sill. A b ock is used in connection . l The grooved blocks, B, are then moved along in the slots : IfIanuCacture of' Milk Sugar. th.eWIth the clampmg plates and screw rod when the escape is The enormous quantity of cheese manufactured in thj,; I country, for export as well as home consumption, leads us to ask why we should be under the necessity of importing milk sugar. Those who may be engaged in makIng the lat­ tpr, or intending to embark therein, will be interested to learn of the latest improvements in that line. In the evaporation of whey, from which the cheese has been removed, a considerable portio of the sugar of milk is n lost through convergion into uncrystallizable lactose by the ac­ tion of the acid in the whey. Engling, therefore, recommends a with fine i the neutralization of the cid chalk, aud then after it t o one-half, he a lows it to settle. The clear I l elivaporquid isating aft erward decanted or drawn off from the precipi- I I tate, which consists of albumen and phosphate of lime, and I evaporated still further. :I The sugar separates from the fi adh r puri ed solution in e ent I scales and crusts; upon a f urther evaporation of the mother liquor a second crop of cr st ls is obtained. The thick y a that r emains can be dialyzed and more sugar obt liquidi d. I , a ne i From 100 quarts of RUmmel' whey eight of refined milk sugar can be o b a Ih.ro first, : I t ined. he wh ey is f zen and the i If t crusts of ice that. form are removed from time to time, a i strong solution of milk sugar can be obtained in a com para .. . tively short time, which is purer than that obtained by BERRYHILL'S IMPROVED NUT LOCK. evaporation. because the fat albumen. and salts are for the NEW FIRE ESCAPE. greater part intermixed with. the ice, iving it the appear- o teh b ar, ".... un t'l th ey t ouc th e 'de s or corners tlIe . " O A I SI 0 ' ' ' g' f· h f' ! anee f th 8ca es w th d end tlC 1 ar kmgs. ' to be attached to a sloping window sill, so as to elevate the nuts, then the blocks. B, are secured in posi tion by bending 0 III . . � . 1 t � kmgrI u . . . In an e xpe en , m ma ml lk gar way. 10 escape and give it a level bearing. ward a bnng. nm III / the bar, A. m at (FIg. ()"'), so as to a notch . B tins • • . • • ers fIw b f U lan ld .. d l'tI 0 ley, 200':) grammes of The upper end of the fork is provided with handles. to formed In Its lUner surface mto contact WIth the corner of ' ycare 11 dl'.mg, yw Hnow- w hIt illl'lk sug r wh'lC I ls b etter t lan Cllal mann'� facilitate climbing out of the window and steppi ng upon the sliding block. T his par icular form is especiall adapt ed � . l � t �; . fI. S y result s ' hICh were 272 kI los f sugar 1Oo lIters of the ladder. to square nuts. Where he agonal nuts are employed the w . ' . 0 ro m. . whey. alth ough It was the wlll ter whey, whIch IS poorer in It will be seen that this escape, when attached the win bl oe k Bs. . are hIe d' pacex b we d ges, b (FI' g 1). h'lC h ­ m . W to I y sugar. dow sill, is perfectly safe and secure, and will in n o manner press the blocks against the nuts and hold them s ecurely ...... mar the window sill, so that no repairs will be needed in in place, and b is held in its place by bending the upper An Ancient RODlan Colu fo und in Illinois. case the fire is put out. Besides these ad vantages, the de­ part of the slotted bar backward over the wedge. vice is light strong, and cheap ill con struction, and when - f ng l hich forms farmer in Cass county, IiI., picked up on his farm In Fig. 3 is shown a r e en orci r . w a ' a ; A not in use can be stowed away in very s mall s pace. r i-l j t h lai d.by and curious bronze coin, which F. Snyder sent to Prof. part of the a oin , and is eld in p ace a chain, e, Dr. J. Further information in regard to tllis use ful inventioll the bolts which clamp all together. F. F. Hilder, of St. Louis, who writes about it as follows may be obtained by ad d ressing tbe inventor and patentee The blor:ks are inserted in the bar when manufact.ured, to the Kansas Oity Review .- , Helen M. Decker, 113 ast 14th St , New York city. k g t e w le very simple in practical operation. pon identified coin . ma in h ho E U examination I it as a of Antiochus For further information in reg.ard to this nvention ad- IV. , surnamea Epiphanes. one of the kings of Syria, of the ...... i dress the inven tor Mr. Albert Berryhill, Pitts burg, Pa. family of the i::leleucidre, who reigned from 175 B.C. to 164 The Lead Keel oC the Wenonah. , ..... B. C., and who is mention ed in the B ible (first book o f t r W n ona -----....._ t-+-• ....- Mac- A t wenty- one ton lead keel for th e new cu te e h Poisonous Bullets. a . chapter 1, verse 10) a Pi c bees s !t cruel persecutor of the was cast by Mr. Henry epgrass, in Brookl n . May 1 6. y A Ger-man journal refers to a discovery made by a M. Jews. The process employed is thought to have been an improve- of t w o - d ex c e f I a g t rt - h e Gros, aris, which tends to hro some light n the com The coin bears on one si e f1 finely e ut d head o thc I ment ou that used in c stin he thi y t re ton keel of the P plaints which were made (but not seriously n quired into) in . and on the bverse a s itting figure of J piter, beaJ'i g not iced some w eeks s nce. � .o �. � . du s I of o � g m l y and I Bedouin, fo sti g there wei re two POtR s m ring the Franco-German war, as to the u e pois ned III hIS ex tended ht halld a H a l figure of Ictor , 1lI! In the rmer ca n re t g on the I'I V bullets by the combatants on both sides. M. Gros explains his left a wand or scepter, with an inscription in ancient ! top of brick furnaces ; in this one there was but one pot, and that the construction of the modern breech- oading that was entirely inclosed in the brickwork, so as to arms causes the bullet to convey with it a lportion econo mize heat. The pot was obl ong in shape, about of the hydrocyanic acid which the expl osion of the 8 feet in length. 2 fe et in width, and 2� feet in powder has caused to·be accumulated in the barrel. depth. In the side of this and close to the bottom Even if poisoning to a mortal extent does not take were two poles three-eighths of an inch in diameter-. place, it is remarked that the healing of wounds is Leading from these were t wo iron trough s reaching t mould, w f the underneath materially retarded by this circums ance. to the hich was ormed on ----- ... -. side of the oak keel, which was turned bottom up- NEW OIL CUP. ward alongside of the three furnaces. The keel was The illustration shows the Bryant seH-feeding oil 55 feet in length; the mould extended for 30 feet cup in perspective, in section, and as applied to the along its center. In the previous casting the m olten cross·head and ways of an engine. A steel spiral lead, as it ran into the mould was cooled to prevent , spring presses at its upper end against a cup piece. its scorching the wood, by the addit ion of cold lead ; having a socket and set screw to regulate the pres- in this one the lead was put in first, the mould being s te s y so as m t sure, while the lower end of it i fas ned on a me filled with ix tons laid loosel , to per i the tallic disk attached to a thick circular piece of felt, liquid metal to freely flow through The wooden resting on the bottom of the cup and directly over keel was also laid with a slight in cit.ine so that its the small hole in the s tem, through which the ne- lower end should fill first. The firel s in, the t hree cessary quantity of oil escapes when the machinery furnaces were lighted at noon with about fifteen tons to which the cup is attach ed is in motion. The of lead fn the pot. As the mass melted additional pressure o f t he spring upon the disk prevents all pigs of were thrown in, and at 4 o'clock liye escape of oil when the machinery is idle, but the coals werelead thro wn on top of the melting lead and a slightest motion of the journal produces a vibration bright fire was kindled on its surface to counteract in the spring, by means of which the pressure on the effect of the cold wind. At 5 :30 there were the felt is released and oil is permitted to escape twenty tons of lead in the pot in a liquid state. through the fel t in proportion to the speed of the Then Mr. Piepgrass, stationing bis men at the lower m ch ner . oiling too freely, more pressure is end of the mould, partially withdrew the bar from a i y If put upon the spring by means of the set screw the hole nearest to this end and permitted the stream it. and not enough oil escapes, the pres- of lead to flow as more lead was put in at the top . :!urebove is r ed if u top of the mould at .• uced in the same way. Once adjusted, As the liq id metal reached the no matter at what v ariable speed the m achin ery its lower end the attendant workman spiked on the may run, the lubricator will feed in exact proportion THE BRYANT OIL CUP. covers of plank, rep ating the process until the iron e to it. trough was reached ; then Mr. Piepgrass stopped the We are informed that not a drop of oil is wasted and the Greek characters-BAsILEOS ANTIOCHOU. EPIPHANOUS. and flow from this hole and withdrawing the other sufered the , I outside of bearings. as well as the floors and walls, are kept anoth er word. partly defaced, which belie ved to be NIKE- . lead to flow and fill tbe other When the mould free from oil or greaRe. PHOROU; the translation of which is: IKi ng Antiochus, Epi- been entirely filled there was lendeft . of the whole quantityhad of 'f he cup has been fully tested i n machinery running from phanes (Illustrious). the Victorious. When found it was very t wenty-five tons three and a half tons in the pot and a half thirty revolutions to thirty-three h un dred revolutions a min- much blackened and corroded from long expOSUI'e, but when ton �utside. The lead remaining will be cast in moulds to ute, and. it i s stated, with entire satisraction in all cases. A cleaned it appeared in a finest ate of preservation and but fit the frames of the yach t. which will have, additio to in n cup holding three ounces of oil has been in use for six weeks little worn. her lead keel, twenty tons of ballast inside.

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC JUNE 17, 1882.] . J citutific �mtrinlu. THE KUSU AT TIlE BERLIN AQUARIUM. The kusu of the Berlin Aquari m was soon tamed, is than the acid itself. The apparatus required consists only FOX The whole group of animals of the order of always peaceabli.and gentle ; but uit is difficult to decide of a wooden cask, which is to be filledwith the derive their names, as is well known, from a p ouMarsupialiach whether its amiability does not proceed fro stupidity. niacalliquor a small gas or with liquidweak man ammo·ure. in the lower part of the abdomen, a broad fold ofsit uatedskin, m A definite qufranomtit y of the reageworks,nt ad ded, and the mix­ ..•I •• is which is of the greatest importance for the existence and sub· ture is allowed to stand for half a day, when the ammonia sistence of tbe young of these animals. Habits or Field Crickets. will be found completely fixed. The sesquicarbonate and The pouched animals are born naked, blind, deaf, and One morning after a rainy n ight, as I was passing along hydrosulphite of ammonia contained in liquid manures, with stumpy legs, and are so helpless that it s impossible, the highwa , I n oticed one of our common field crickets when they come nto c ntact with sulphate of alumina, are even with the greatest care, to bring up the littli e creatures working at ay kernel of corn that had dropped from some brought to the statei of osoluble sulphate of ammonia, w hile artificially. farmer's wagon while on the wa to market. The rain had the hydrate of alumina precipitate , and carries down with s was a puzzle for a longtime how the young were placed softened the grain ; and after watchy ing the insect some time, it the impurities of the liquid. Duringthe operation car­ in Itthe pouch, but it has heen found that the mother takes I found it was eating the germ of the softened kernel ; I bonicall acid and sulphureted hydrogen are, of course, disen­ the little ones up with her mouth, as a cat does her k ittens, wa ched patiently until the cricket seemed to have satisfied gaged in considerable quantity, mixed with other gases, t and places them in the pl"Otecting covering. In this pouch its hunger, and found the germ had all been eaten away. which render it advisable that the vessel sbould be well seal · are the nipples, which the ittle i mper ect animal would not Early in the fall them in cornfields eating the ed, and provided with an oxide of iron purifying shelf, be able to find if the mothelr did not imf mediately press them crowns of kernels Ior found ears that had blown to the grouno, whenever the process is carrieo on near inhabited buildings. to it. something I had always hefore attributed to mice. After standing for o e hour th e supernatant- fluid contain­ The little animal remains in this ponch f r several months The same insect has annoyed farmers considerably in ing the mays m be decas nted without distUTbing the developing, and finall reaches out its heado to look around another manner. Much of the harvesting is done with self­ precipitate,ammonia as the density of the latter contin ally increases. the world. y binding harvesting machines, u ing cord for binding. Judge When it is ntended to prepare hydrochlorateu of ammonia Many weeks pass before it ventures to for ake its warm, of the surprise and chagrin of thes farmer when on drawing there is use di as a reagent a double chloride of calcium and well furnished little house. Finally it takes s the great step, in his stacks of grain, to find instead of compact bound iron. This salt is very Rimply obtained by treating powdered and moves about for the first time in the open ail', bu at the sheaves a mass of unbound grain, the bands of cord alum in a flask containing hydr chloric acid. At.tb e end of t only o

THE FOX KUSU IN THE BERLIN AQUARIUM.

least noise it returns in haste to its motber's pouch, from having been cut in many places by the crickets. Also 24 h ours t.he iron wiil be dissolved, aud the liquid will be a which it again looks forth when the imaginary danger is noticed numbers of our common black bli ter beetle (Epi­I very acid chloride of iron. This liquid is tben poured into past. cauta pennsylvanica) denuding the ears of corns of the silk a flask containing pieces of lime; and 24 hour later the s The fox kusu (Phalangista vulpina) is a cli bing before the kernel had been fecundated , there y either par­ double chloride formed will be ready to mix with tbe liquid m h pouched animal, and resembles the squirrel. The length of tially or w holly destroying the ear. I have manure, or gas liquor. The sesquicarbonate of ammonia also found Dia­ the body is 60 centimeters, of the tail 40 centimeters. brotica jossata, Lec. , which usual l feeds npon the pollen of dec mposed, soluble hydrochlorate of ammonia is for edis, The y the upper side is brownish gray, with markings of the flowers of the compositre, varying its bill of fare by eat­ ando carbonate of lime precipitates. The hydro ulphatem of color of s pale red ; the under yellow, the back and tail black. ing the pollen of corn. relative, longicornis, ammonia is eonverted into sulphide of iron, which l ikewise sidea is h l n Say, a Its near D. The tail is used for gr sping and o di g firmly to objects, which I fe r is to be the future pest of the cornfield, I precipitates, leaving the hydrochl orate of ammonia in solu­ and appears to be an indispensable organ . found feeding upon both silk and kernel ; one individual had tion. After a few hours' rest this may also be easil decanted. It climbs and leaps l ike the squirrel, but the squirrel far excavated nearly the whole n terior of a kernel, a d was Either of these soluti ns of ammonia salts ma y y concen­ i n surpasse it in i telligence. Like most of the representatives still at work, being so far advanced into the int rior as to trated by evaporationo in trays heated by the spent hega es from s n � of this order, the fox kusu ' sbows a certain want of leave only the tip of its abdomen visible. I had s pposed . s a furnace mental capa ity evident in its motions and in its cap· the in sect relied upon the fl owers of thistle and someu of the .... J .. ture by day.c If; itthis is puis rsued it soon gives up the flight and co positre for its f ood, but now think were all of these m hangs with its tail to a bran ch, from which it may be easily taken away it would finda bundant sustenance in t he corn­ Iron in Io_a. taken. It has been ascertained that the continual gaze of field it elf.-F. We bster, in Amer. Na tumlist. Tbe pr m s ng discoveries of coal in Iowa have been fol­ s M. i the hunter wearies the ani al, and in a measure blinds and lowed by onot lei ss promising discoveries of iron ore. A large m ...... bewilders it, so that it finally falls down helpless. deposit, coveri g more than four hundred acres, and h avin g The fox kusu ilihabits Anstralia and Tasmania, lives Sulpbate of Anunollia Manufacture on a Small Scale. a depth of twon hundred feet or ore, reported the Lan· .. m is in the forests, and leads a nocturnal life Its nourishment By a process invented by M. Hennebutte, liquor contain ­ sing Ridge, Allamakee county, about eighty miles north of in consists ainly of vegetahles, but it likes eggs and young ing however ·weak and small in quantity, is said Dubuque. The Trade Jo urnal, of the last· ace m ammonia, named pl , birds. to be rendered profitable as a ource s lp ate. says tbat the ore is a hematite, like tbe ore of Salisbury a�d It is much hunted by the natives for its flesb, which is re­ In this process common alum scake is ofuse ammoniad, which u h C is an im· Kent, in nnecticut . The qualit of the ore is pronounced o y pulsive to others. The skin is some vaiue, is o e · pure sulphate of alumina, obtained by treating clay with oil excellent by practical iron workers. The same region of and s m times seen in the market. of vitriol. This substance is m ore conveniently handled already noted for its lead mines. is

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC RECENT INVENTIONS, ring or band, of proper size, and beveled fittingsnu gly paste box without brenking or damaging any parts of the 011 Well Baller. fOf to and around the edge of the stone, and is �ided with cramps mould is greatly facilitated, is shown in the annexed cut, Oil wells are cased low enough to shut off all water from on its edge, which being turned down over the edge of the and is the invention of Mr. Elias Leak, of Tren on, Mercer the well, and then the water inclosed in the c sing is bailed stone, it is securely held. Between two of the cramps is an county, N. The mandrel, A, has a roundedt moulding a J. out until but a few feet remain. This water, with the eye for the ear loop, the eye being level with the edge of the surface oE the same size and shape of the cavity of the paste reciprocating motion of the drill, causes the rock to be stone. It will be seen that with this setting the back of the box that is to be made, and this mandrel is provided worked into a thin mud, which is bailed out with a bailer, stone shows as well the front, and the stone itself is dis­ tubular handle projecti g down from its bottom surface.with a then more water is again poured into the well, and the drill played to the best adas vantage, and the setting is suborrlinate The middle part of then rounded moulding surface of the and bailer are operated in turn. A bailer is an iron tube to it. mandrel is formed by removable plate fits in a recess from fifteen to twenty feet long, with bail on its upper in the rounded part ofa the mandrel, the roundedtbat surface of a end to tie the line to, by which it is raised and lowered, it has Improved Butter Case. the plate and of the mandrel bein g flush. A handle projects a valve and valve seat at its lower end, and is made of light The wooden cases in general use for packi g and trans­ downward from the lower surface of the plate through the iron, to make the weight as little as possible. The valve porting butter are objectionable on account of nthe taint they tubular handle of the mandrel. A ring provided with an seat, as ordinarily constructed, is a simple ring, from one to impa t to the contents, and because of the loss by soakage annular groove in its upper an d inner edge fits closely two inches deep, insertf'd in and riveted to the end of the or absorptionr of the butter by the wood, leaving a space be­ around �he lower edge of the mandrel an d is detachable tube, and when the valve gets stuck in tl,e bottom of the tween the ease and the butter, and exposing it to the influ­ from it, and the width of the ring is such that it fills the well the holes tear out, and the valve is left in the well. ence of air and bad odors. An inexpensive, light, and dura­ between the lower edge of the mandrel and The bailer being open at the top, if then the water in the ble package for containing and preserving butter fresh and theannul lowerar sp edgeace of the die. When the die is placed to­ well is of greater depth than the length of the .bailer fills in sweet for any length of time, and in which the finest grades gether properly and theon boxter is moulded, the box is removed from the top instead the bottom, and ordinarily the valve of butter may be put summer and kept for winter use, by first removing the top die, then press the mandrel up­ is so ight that the waterof forces it up before it reaches the bas been lately patentedin by Mr. K. Ha mlin, Phila­ ward by the handle, and the moulded box, the mandrel, thickert fluid in the bottom, and· it is not at once removed.. delphia, Pa., and is iIlnstrated JohnFig. 5 in the annexedof cut. and the ring leave the outer die. Then the removable plate An improved bailer, that overcomes these objections, has The package consists of woodenin box of suitable size con­ is pressed upward by its handle, when the moulded box been patented by Mr. William H. Birge, of Franklin, Ven­ taining an inner box of asheet tin or galvanized sheet iron, be removed from When the ring is removedwill ango county, an d is shown in Fig. 1 of the annexed cut. that fitssnugly within the box. A cast iron ring, to which from the neck of thethe mandritel. will lJe fonnd that the box is Pa. , The bailer has its top nearly closed, which prevents the in­ the tin box is wldered. rests upon the upper edge of the perfect. box gres� of water. The valve seat is a short metallic tube of box, and is formed wilh tips projecting upon the sides of the same exterior diameter throughout, but its internal the box, through which screws are inserted to retain it in Jointed Harveste.· Heel. diameter is reduced at the bottom by an annular shonlder. place, and it has also formed upon it slotted lugs for secur­ We give herewith an engraving which illustrates an im­ The thin portion of the valve seat is of much greater portion ing the cover. The cover is formed of wood, and is lined proved jointed reel for harvesters, lately patented by Mr. than the shoulder portion, and is driven up into the bailer with tin, and on its upper surface has strengthening cleats Frederick Kanne, of Waterville, La Sueur count.y, Mi n. body so that their edges are flush with each other, and is that project over the lugs on the box, and are slotted and F. fro n a is the platform of a harvester, providerl at its nt edge secured. by two or more sets of rivets, thus making a seat carry screw bolts which, when in place, pass into nuts with fingers and cutters of any of the well know n construc­ that cannot be torn out. The valve is of the common style, placed beneath the lugs of the box. 'J'heu nder side of the tions. b is the horizontal shaft of a reel that is jou naled and is witlIin the body of the bailer fitted to close upon cover has packing ring made of suitable material and a vertical reel post, secnred t its lower end to ther plat­ the body of the valve seat, and is securedaud on the upper end covered witha paraffine, that rests on the metal rim of the formin near its front edge and ata the driver's side. The reel of a screw bolt that projects downward, and has at its outer box. The insi e of the metallic box is ined with slides of is unsupported by a post on the grain side of the harvester, end head tbat is of sufficient weight to hold the valve to tin that are coverd ed with paraffine, and arel also faced with and is provided with central gudgeon at this end, to which its seata until theJJead stril.es the bottom of the a metallica hook is secured, to the upper end well, when the thin mud passes in and is of which a cord is attached that extends over r ised to the surface. pulley in tile upper end of an inclined a bracea attached the platform, and provided Combined Slate Cleaner and Pencil with a weight toby which the end of the reel Holder. shaft is supported". At the driver's end the combinerl water receptacle and sponge reel shaft is provided with grooved cam, A holder is shown in Fig. 2. It is so constructed and the cam is provided wita h an eccentr c that it may be attached to a pencil, the object hole for the.passage of the reel shaft, and iis being to provide a cleanly, convenient, and also provided with a lever secured to its closed n inexpensive article for use in clea ing slates, face on the driver's side, by which the dri ver The metal water receptacle is made of suitable in his seat, and while the machine is in motion, size and form, he thimble shape being pre­ can, by raising lowering the lever, give t or ferred. The pencil clamp is attached to or more or less pitch to the cam and to the joints is r formed with the thimble, and a short tube of the reel. The reel shaft p ovided with �plit lengthwise to form spring tongues.. and reel arms, and each arm at itsis outer end has fitted witha sliding ring, by which the tongues ·attached to it by crank levers a slat or are clamped on the end of the pencil. A cork beater. These beaterbell s are so connected to is fitted into the open end of the water holder the cam on the reel shaft by rods and rollers tightly, an d to the outer end of the cork is that in the revolution of the reel in the usual

secured a sponge by a staple, and in the side manner the beaters will seize the uncut grain of the water holder there is small orifice, Birge's Well Bailer.-2. Metcalf's Slate Cleaner and Pencil Holder.-3. Hyslop's Horseshoe Nail. and raise it up on the pl tfo m, raising lodged 1. Oil · a through which the water will aescape in drops 4. Smith'. Jewelry Setting.-5. Cuse.-6. Leak's Mould for Paste Boxes. grain. windy days, whenr the grain leans Hamlin's Butter 7. Fo rnier's Bread Box.-S. Kanne's Harvester Reel.-9. Netzger's Suspender On when the holder is shaken, but not otherwise. u from the platform, the reel will reach over Strap.-10. Dental Plugger.-l1. Richmond's Dental Drill. The device is very' convenient as a slate Rbi's the heads of the grain and move it back to the i cutter bars. This reel will not force the cleaner, and serves as a penc l holder. The point of the pencil may be put in the clamp I for . protection muslin that has been previously saturated with a solution of grain over the platform, because the beaters are tipped by when not in use, and the device serves to prevent the borax. The muslin on the slides absorbs the brine liberated the motion of the cam and lift themselves out of the cut pencil from rolling off the desk. The above device has been during packing, and the anti-acid and antiseptic properties grain on the platform slowly and gradually. H. n the f patented by Mr. William Uetcalf, of Brooklyn, Ki gs of borax retard and prevent the ormation acid from Suspender Strap. .county, N. Y. which the rancidity of bntter comes. A sheofet of paper coated witb paraffine is placed over the opening of tlle case, An ingenious and very serviceable suspender strap, pa­ Method ot· Making Shoe Nalls. and on this the packing ring and lid are placed and sqrewed. tented by Augnsta Netzger, of New York city, is shown in To furnish nails that will curve back in linching, for c down tightly. Fig. 9 of the accompanying engraving. The suspenders fastening the sales of boots and shoes and that can be made are p ovided at their lower ends with a button loop, and Bread Box. lighter thnn nails made in the ordinary way, is the object their upperr ends are attached by a leather or other suitable of the recently patented invention of Mr. oh n Hyslop, Jr. , of Among the recently patented inventions is a novel and fastening to a ring in the usual manner. The straps are J A-bington, Plymouth county, Mass. The in vention is shown convenient bread receptacle, composed of a box for hold­ made of knotted cords in the following manner. Two or in Fig. The nails are cut from a strip of sheet metal, ing bread and board upon which to cut it and provided more strands of cord are placed parallel with each other o. a of the thickness of the points of the nails, and the width with a knife. It is the invention of Mr. Joseph Foui'nier, of form a core, and at their middle are surrounded by twoto of the length of the nail. The blanks are cut of width at New York city, and is shown in Fig. 7 of the annexed cnt. other cords, that are knotted together every time they have a A the point equal to the thickness of the plate, and the head is is the box, and B is the board upon which the loaf of bread passed around the strand, whereby that portion of the strap of a� width that will furnish sufficient metal to give the is supported while being cut. The box is made of any suit­ forming the loop is formed. Then the ends of the knotted desired size and taper to the nail, and is pressed or upset able size and material. Inside of the box, upon the end strands that are in the inner part of the loop are brought dies, so formed as to grasp the blank from its head to or pieces, are secured end cleats or a triangular l'hape, and together and placed parallal with each other and with the by near its point, and to give the nail a uniform taper from upon the inside of the front board of the box is secured a parallel strands of the loop". The strap will then be formed head to point, and they may be made with or without heads cleat. The end cleats are at such a distance from the front of six strands, but only two in the loop part, which must as desired. The dies are made with one-half of the tapering side as to admit the thickness of the board, B, and the cleat be more pliable than the body. When the strands have cavity in each die, and the blank is pressed width-ways be­ on the front bo�rd is below the upper edge of the board a been folded as above described the remaining outer strands tween them, so that the width decreases while the thickness distance equal the width of the board, making a secure the knotted cords are passed around the six strands to increases until the cavity is filled. The dies are adapted to place in which tbe board can be placed. To facilitate the odirectlyf above their place of uniting, and, as before, every be used in an ordinary nail machine. Nails, as ordinarily withdrawal of the board, the ends of are rounded so that time they pass around they are knotted, and in this way the it made, when they are driven agains the iroll bottom of a they will not bend, as would be the case if they were left strap is formed from the loop to the upper end of the strap. t last, bend to one side at a right angle, and the clinch has square. Upon the inner side of the board is secured block Two such straps are united and attached to the ring, a as little strength ; but these nails being round, or nearly so, that is adapted to receive and hold the bread knife. To he shown: The cords can be of different colors and different t curve back upon themselves, forming a clinch of great box is hinged a cover provided .with a slotted metal strip, styles of knotting, and be very ornamental, and will be very strength, and the nails being made of uniform taper, will which moves a pin secured to the inside of the end of the durable. not work forward, but form a secure ancl ·reliable fastening. box, and thaton holds the cover from tipping too far back Dental Plugger whe it is opened, and when the cover is closed the strip •• New Jewelry Setting. movesn down toward the bottom of the box so as not to in­ . Mr... Edward Ebi, of Cedar Rapids, county, Iowa, Linn We find among the recent patents an ingenious setting for terfere with the closing of. the cover. has pat.ented an improved dental mallet for compressing the diamond earrings, invented by Mr. Harrison B. Smith, of . metals used in filling teeth. It is shown in Fig. of the 10 New York city. The object of his invention is to obtain Making Porcelain and China Paste. Boxes. annexed engraving. A solid plunger is contained in a tubn­ light appearance the settings tand to display the stones to An invention , by which the removing of the moulding lilr casing that is provided with two longitudinal slots d n ine dies a mandrel clay mould hi a through which pins pass into the plunger, t.he purpose the best v tag . The setting tl1e stone a narrow nd or c n a a of is from a of a po rcelain for of

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 17, JUNE . 1882.]. 'ettuttfte �tUtritau. JJI Ufll.cture oC Grcen Tea In Ind1a� of about 67,600 square guiding it and holding it in the casing, and a spiral spring is � The Aral , says Lenz, has a surface interposed between the top of the plunger and the top of A correspt;\1.'aent of the indian Te a says : meters. The Amu-Darja brings to it three times as much water the casing. This casing is adapted to slide in a casing, E, .. Manufacture can be commenced Gazetteas soon as the leaf is as the Syr-Darja, so that that gives the Amu 50,700 square me­ which is provided at its upper 'end with a split tube for hold­ plucked, but as it is more convenient to manufactUl'e a day's tel's, and the Syr 16,900. It can be said that the Amu brings ing it to a dental hand piece. The inner casing connected plucking at once, the leaf plucked during the day is allowed along as much water as would evaporate from a surface of with a small crank shaft, journaled in the outeris casing, E, to be all night in the leaf shed, spread out from two to four 50,000 square meters in extent. If this river had to fill up a by a pivoted connecting rod.H, A bevel cog wheel is rigidly inches deep, and is constantly turned over to prevent heating. lake of 11,000 or 12,000 square meters in area, as the Sary- ' mounted on the shaft, and engages with a bevel cog .. The manufacturing process is as follows: A large iron Kamysch is estimated by the commission to be, only one­ wheel, mounted on the endH, of a shaft projecting from the karai or pan, 36' diameter by 12' deep, is heated almost red fourth of the water would evaporate, and three-fourths of all upper end of the casing, E. into the rotating part of the hot, and when ready is filled with green leaf, wbich is rapidly the water could flow into the Caspian Sea. Whether the hand piece. A 'short tnbular piece, flanged at top and bot­ turned about to prevent burning, until has become quite Amu would really take its course through the so called bed tom, fitslo osely in the aperture at the lower end of the cas­ soft, and the mass reduced to about half itsit former size. This of the Usboi, or Duden, as the Turks call it, can be better ing, E, and serves to hold a plugger point. When the shaft process takes about three minutes. It is then thrown on the judged of after the completion of the surveys.already under­ of the hand piece is rotated the crank shaft, H, is also ro­ rolling table, and while the next panful is being prepared, taken and quit e far advanced by the Russian government. tated, and the casing containing the plunger is reciprocated, is rolled by the tea makers. As the leaf is perfectly Prof. Lenz is influenced by historical circ umstances to as­ the plunger striking the plugger holder every time it de­ soft and flaccid, the rolling is done in the same time as the sume that the Amu once really did flow into the Caspian Sea. scends. If the dental engine is operated slowly, the impact pttnning takes. If thpre is any sun, the rolled leaf is then The results of the expedition of 1876, '7, and '9, which prove will be gentle; if it is operated rapidly the blows follow thinly spread out in it until it becomes a blackish green and that the slope of the country from Laudon to Usboi is twice each other more rapidly and the impact will be much is very sticky to the touch ; or if cloudy is put in chalnees as great as the actual fall of the river to Aral, and the cir­ greater. over charcoal fires until in the same condition. It is then cumstance that the oasis of Chiwa only takes one-eighth put into smaller iron pans, 25' in diameter by 12" deep, the water of the Amu to irrigate it while the remainderof IlnproveInent in Dental Drills. which are only heated to such a degree that the hand cannot of the water evaporates uselessly in the side arms, in the Mr. Cassius M. Richmond, of New York city, has recently be kept on tbe iron. These pans areabout half filled,and the delta of the river, and in the Ural sea, all these indicate the patented an ingenious tool holder for dental engines, which leaf is kept turning over until it has become quite soft again, correctness of the views of the author above named. is constructed in such a manner that the tools can be readily when it is again roll ed. When the day's batch has all been It may be otherwise as regards the traffic on the newly attached and detached and will be securely held when at­ rolled a second time, the small pans are filled to the brim, procured river. Chiwa and Bucharest have but slight pro. tached. The holder is clearly shown in Fig. 11 of the op­ the heat being gradually lower()d, and 'the leaf is cooked, ductive power, and will scarcely change much, since the in­ posite engraving. A is rod, one end of which is de­ being a constantly turned about as before for about four hours, I crease of population and the attendant production cannot be signed to be connected with the flexible shaft of a dental when it is almost dry to the touch. If a large quantity of the very considerable within the limits of the oasis. A more engine, and the other end is perforated longitudinally, and in two classes of gunpowder are required, it is then screwed np favorable prognosis may be made of the newly watered this perfol'Rtion is placed a rod, B. To the inner part of in bags as desctibed by your correspondent, but this is not I region of the Usboi. If what Abul-Ghazi-Behodu r s ays in this stem is attached a cross pin whose ends project through necessary nor indeed advisable at present, as the gunpowders his description of this region is correct, that in his day, slots in the rod, A, and are attached to a sleeve which slides do not bring the same prices as young hyson and hyson, a when the Amu still flowed through it, it was very fruitful I freely upon this rod. The slots in the rod are made of such quantity of which classes become gunpowder in the screwing. I and densely inhabited , t )1e reclaiming of this strip of desert, a length that the rod, B, can be slid outward so far that its The tea may now be left for weeks in tbe bins before being 1,200 versts wide, will amply repay its cost. end will project beyond the rod, The stem, is held in classed and colore , but we will suppose that the next pro- 1 H. A. B, ? . .. , • , .- place, when pushed inward by a spring catch, the shoulders cess takes place next mornmg. The small pans should be I . . . n t e ro uctl on C S ugars . and St arc h I nan 8. h 0 • of which engage with the sliding sleeve on the rod, A. The heated to the extent of burnmg the haud If kept on the Iron 0 P d .. . PI . Ad. Perrey has made some mter stIllg commuUlcatl n8 to spring catch is fulcrnmed to the rod and its rear end rises for a short time, and about half filled with the tea, which is 'I � . � . the Paris Academy in regard to thiS subJect. from whICh from it, so that the catch can be disengaged from the ring, worked rapidly from side to side until assumes a light appears that the leaves of bea s on the 29th of June on­It E, by pressing the rear end inward. In the end of the greenish tint, which will take about an hourit and a half. ,It � ? I tidned uo trace of any glu oses the five s mples tested. On shank of the tool is a rabbet and a cross groove that corre­ should then be classed, fanned, and picked. Before being . ? III � the 7th of July It made Its appearan e the stems, and sponds with a similar rabbet and cross groove formeo in bagged for market, about the same quantity is put into the . . � m ' stayed them nnbl July 29. From thIS he concludes that the lower end of the'rod, B, the two parts interlocking with pans, heated to the same degree · as before, and is again III glucose is not formed directly from chlorophyl. each other and leaving their outer surfaces flush and smooth. worked rapidly to and fro for about two hours until it has Saccharose, on the othe hand, showed itself in the lea es When the tool and stem have been interlocked and pressed assumed all the bloom it will take-usually a whitish green ; � � constantly from June 29 tIll JUlf 2 . Under g ucoses he inward it will be impossible for the tool to become detached but if the leaf is hard and old when plucked. the color will . . lU­ cln?es whatever reduces Fehling� s s lutlOn �ImmedIately, accidentally, and at the same time the tool will be held turn out yellow green, and will requ ire coloring matter, . � . whIle those which reduce It only after lllvertion are classed firmly, so that it can do good work. usually pounded soapstone. It is in tbis last panning that as saccharose (cane sugar) . ... 4'.'., the coloring matter is put in, but I believe that the Euro- Action oC Alu:m1nUID upon Copper Chloride. peans this district do not use it· unless requested to do so GLUCOSES. SACCHAROSE. -'- Even at common temperatures aluminum reacts briskly in by the native buyers. It is easily detected by taking a Leaves. Stem;.' upon a solution of copper chloride. The products of tbe handful of unadulterated tea and breathing on it, when it June -...... 16 56 ��� 25 90 ...... 0 0 56 reaction are hydrogen, metallic copper, and an aluminum will be found that as the damp dies off the bloom will return, " 29 ...... 38 'July 0 86 34 51 oxychloride, the composition of which varies according to but will entirely disappear in adulterated tea. The tea is 7...... 0 " 15 ' ...... 20 8 the degree of concentration of the copper solution. The then packed hot in 200 lb. bags composed of an inner cloth .. 0 11 6450 ." 29 ...... oxychlQrides seem not to be definite compounds, hut mix­ and an outer gunny bag, and is dispatched in this state to AUl'Ust 13...... 0 Trace.22 30 9 26 ...... 10 14 24 tures in variable proportious of aluminum chloride and oxy­ market. In heating the pans, wood is always used, and it 28 September 11 42 30 chloride. They are non-crystalline, and are easily decom­ is quite as efficient as and mnch cheaper than charcoal. ..."...... 12 _ . . 14 23 ...... posed if heated even in the water bath. The solution of 23 15 42 S7 aluminum oxychloride, like that of ferric oxychloride, is The question is now discussed as to whether the saccharose, The RiveI' AInU OXU8. which is constanly present here, is formed directly or is pro­ precipitated on the addition of sulphuric acid and of certain or duced by a doubling of the starch molecule, something like salts. A single drop sulphuric acid determines a coagu­ East of the Caspian Sea there lies spread mit a vast extent of tM way that Berthelot represented as its possible constitu· lum of aluminic hydrate so abundant that the whole liquid of country of which the rest of the world knows but little, is solidified. The hydrate obta;ined is sparingly soluble in nor knows that little well. Tbrough it there flows a mighty tion. C,.H" On + C.BuO. + H,O = 3({'CIIH,oO.) + H,O. snlphuric acid, and is probably not ordinary alumina, but river, which appears to have the power of changing its direc­ Cane sugar. Glucose. I:ltarch. S an isomeric modification. Among the salts which throw tion now and then at will, leaving its bed and resuming it According to this a small quantity of glncose mllstapp ear down alumina from its oxychloride are sodium, ammonium, without asking permission of the Czar. Since Russia has in the leaves momentarily at least. Millot conc;ludes from potassium, zinc, copper. magnesium, and irou sulphates. obtained possession of the countries bordering the Caspian this observed absence of glucose that saccharose is formed the contrary, potassium, ammonium, copper, and barinm Sea on the east, more attention has been directed toward the directly from its elements by the cell power. Glucose, on chlOn orides, potassium bromide and iodide, ammonium and old bed of the Oxus (or Amu), with the intention of trying the other hand, is in all plants (beans, oats, and Indian corn), potassium nitrate do not precipitate aluminum oxychloride, to induce the river to return to its old channel. The matter and always in the presence of saccharose, and therefore is to ev en.at a boil.-Dr. To mmasi. did not seem to make any real progress until 1880, when a be considered as the p�uct of its dehydration. D. dam broke "away near Chiwa, and the river again went in The presence of a small quantity of starch in the cells Depho8phorlzatlon oC Iron. quest of its old bed from this place onward toward Old-Ur­ might be due to a secondary reaction between the saccharose At a recent meeting of the Society of Arts a paper was gendsch. Hence arose the question whether this stream and the glucose. This, which is a matter secondary im­ read by Sid Gilchrist Thomas and Percy C. Gilchrist, on the could not be turned again into the river instead of emptying portance in the leaves, becomes a primaryof reaction in the manufacture of steel and ingot iron from phosphoric pig where it does. survey of the Oxus, led by Petrnsse­ seed; on entering the seed or grain the gl ucose disappears, iron. The authors, after stating that nearly nine-tenths of witsch, from ChiwaA. down, yielded encouraging results. while the saccharose continues there. The two kinds of the iron ores of Europe were so phosphoric as to produce a According to his report the river is navigable from Chiwa sugar combine, molecule with molecule, and form starch . pig iron unfit for steel making without a process of dephos­ for vessels of small draught, and the quantity of water is A small portion of the glucose is used up in the formation phorizatjon, showed that by the new lime process perfect considerable, about like that of the VolgR. at Symbi1"sk, of starch. At germination the starch breaks up into dex­ dephosphorization was produced, so that the steel made from and would suffice to make it navigable all the way to the trine and glucose. phospboric pig was actually purer than that made from Caspian Sea. Saccharose then appears to play the essential part in plants, hematite iron. 'They then instituted a comparison between The descent to the Sea of Sary-Kamysch, in the south­ for it is formed directly, while gl ucose and starch are made the basic Bessemer process and the puddling process, point­ western part of the basin of the Aral, is all that is needed, from it. ing out that the former process was peculiarly adapted to the and there is no danger of its filling up witb sand, because' If this is true it is hardly likely that if the synthesis of cane manufacture of soft weldable steel, having all the character­ the current caused by the fall is able to keep out the sand. sugar is ever accomplished the sugar will not be made either istics of puddled iron, with considerably greater strength, It is very probable that the stream had two courses through from starch or glucose; and should some ingenious chemical elasticity, and ductility. It was stated that this soft, bllsic, the oasis of Chiwa ; at present there are three. Of these the investigator succeed in making starch artificially from glu­ Bessemer steel could be made for some shillings a ton les@ two northernmost flow into the Sary-Kamysch, while the cose and saccharose, which seems probable, it would be of than ordinary puddled iron, while an economy of seven southern one loses itself in the desert. commission appoint­ no practical or economical use, though of theoretical inter-. shillings a ton was gained in its subsequent treatment by the ed to examine this region reported thaAt this sea was situated est. Some other source for artificial s accharose must be smaller loss which it undergoes in rolling. The authors 15 meters below the level the Caspian Sea. This gave rise sought instead of starch and de-xirine. What that source is stated that nearly half a million tons a year of the new de­ to doubts as to the possibilityof of conducting the Amu River has never yet been even indicated, so far as we are aware, phosphorized metal were now being made; and that on the through this sea, for it was thought that the river would not bnt carbonic acid ought to be one the elements employed Oontinent works were erecting having a capacity of a further be able to fillup this basin of 11,000 or 12,000 square meters, . in some of its innumerable transfoofrmation s. half mil1ion tons,a year, while in England the new special and that a large portion of the water must be lost by evapo­ works erecting had only a capacity of under 200,000 tons a tion, so that there would be none left to enter the Caspian ...... year. The paper concluded . by querying 'the . wisdom . of Sea. Dr. Lenz, St. Petersburg, in a communication to There is annually manufactured on the Mississippi' River allowing continental iron masters to push so far .ahead of the Globus, opposesof this view, shows that after filling and its tributaries about 1,500,000,000 feet of white pine ' us in the production of this new ingot iron ; which was not up this basin the river Al:IlU would.and .still be able to bring a lumber, with its proportionate ac!:ompaniment of shingle�, ' only cheaper, but immensely superior puddled iron. considerable -water to the Caspian Sea. laths, and pickets. to

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC [JUNE 17, 1882. "T. New, John St., New York. has sold and applied handles are liable to e injured. How will. the battery I Find a good toned whistle in nse and study its con- 32 � over flftymillionfeet of his Prepared RooflnJZ,t he major affect them? A. 'NI..:. battery solution used cold will strnction. part being placed upon manufacturing establishments." not injure the handles under ordinary conditions. : The Ol.argeflff In sertion under head One ])ollar -SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. (11) E. G. W. asks hat the theory of this is G. M. as s : a cylinder boiler, elliptical wabble saws, and forW whatis purpose are they a each insertion .. about eight words to line. Agent. Walited.-None but intelligent and energetic (6) k 1. a need apply. Must furnish good recommendations, or no made of brass, diameter 9 ine,hes,Will length 18 inches, to used? A. These are circular saws set at, an angle upon line f01' must be l'eceived at publication offi ce .Adve" tisements not ce will be taken of a plica ion Exclusive territory be heated by means of kerosene lamps, he sufficient to the spindle for the purpose of cutting grooves. For i p t s. as Thursday morning to given. Agent are now making from $10 to a ay. generate enough steam to rnn a donble acting engine, instance an ordinary flaw set upon a spindle, as to eatty as (�ppear in next issue. s d 80 Address. for terms. The Infallible Coin Scale$15 Co .. 267 cylinder, diameter 1V. inches, stroke 3 inches. If not, wabble an eighth of an inch each way from the natural Any person can get from five to forty acres choice Yo c ty. a quarter of an inch Broadway, New rk i please state size required? A. Only about half enough plane of motion, will cnt a groove lan d, with perfect title tree, for trifling services around Improved Skinner Portable Engines. Erie, Pa . boiler. 2. Will brassone -sixteent.h of an inch thickbe wide. the saw is trued up in this position, and all If home ; business select and honorable. Address for ex­ sufficiently strong to stand the pressure? It shonld the teeth bronght np eharp, it will cut a square angled Jas. Hotchkiss, John St., Y. : Send me your A. planatory circular, SECRETARY, Nassau street, F. 84 be one-eighth of an inch thick. 3. What size safety groove. Upon measuring the two axial diameters of York. 84 New free book entitled ., How to KeepN. Boilers Clean," con� taining '.lsefu\ information for steam users & engineers. valve shall use on snch a boiler? A. Three-quarters the saw. it will be found slightly elliptical. Hence its Wanted Superiutendent; a thoroughly capable man I a (Forward above by postal or letter: mention this paper.) to one inch diameter will answer. name. iron com­ who understands the malleable business and is Steel Stamps and Pattern Letters. The best made. J. petent to manage the manufacturing department. State ask : Can give 21 H. B. asks : Will you please tell G. F. an S. you Address .Dorman. German St .. Baltimore. Catalogue free. (7) (12) experience, reference, and salary expected. F. \ \' me howW. I can transfer prints from paper on to metal ? us any data withS. regardd toB. the heating or steam pro­ h Malleable," O. Box 332. Pitt burg Machinery for Light Manufacturing, on .hand and P. s , Pa. A. To transfer fatty ink engraving on metal proceed ducing qualities of petrolenm oils and other liquid built to order. arvin Co .• 139 Center St., a Antomatic Planer, Knife Grinders, best Solid Emery E. E. G & N. Y. as follows: First coat the face of the dampened engrav­ fuels? A. The following table by Professor Rankine heel , a ne to un etc. A ll warranted For Power Economy, Alcott's Turbine, Mt.Holly, N. J. W s JI chi s r Emery Belts, & ing with clear cop8l varnish, made rather thin, and whcn will probably afford the information desired : satisfactory. Address Amer. T'iYistDI ilI Co., sI eredith, Combination Roll and Rubber Co., 27 Barclay St., this has partly dried press it smoothly and firmly into N.H. Wringer Rolls and Moulded Goods Specialties. N. Y. contact with the metal plate, and allow it to remain nntil Nickel Plating.-Sole manufacturers cast nickel an­ Presses Dies (frnit c"ns) Ayar Mach. Wks., Salem,N.J. & dry. Then moisten the back of the engraving, and with odes, pure nickel salts. polishing compositions, etc. Com­ Wood-Working Machinery of Improved De&ign and a moist sponge, a piece of soft rubber, and the fingers. plete outfit for plating, etc. Hanson & Van Winkle, orkmanship. Cordesman. Egan & Cincinnati, O. rub the softened papcr until It has crumbled away, Newark, J., and 92 and 94 Liberty St., New York. W Co., N. Presses Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton, N. leaving nothing but the inked lines adhering to the var­ To indorse promissory note may cost a l arge snm, & J. a nished metal. but to indorse an Esterbrook Pen costs nothing, and is Presses, Dies, rrools for working Sheet Metals, etc. the most natural thing to do after using one. Fruit and other Can 'rools. E. W. Bliss. rooklyn. B N. Y. (8) G. W. T. asks : Which is the best Bostwick's Giant Riding Saw Machine, adv.,page 372. Split Pulleys at low prices, and of same strength an,l and most profitable method 1.of polishing pret.ty coarse appearanc as Whole >p neys . Vocom & ;Ion's ;lhafting brown walnut? I have tried many manners, bnt none Small articles in sheet or cast brass made on can tract. � � . , ork , Drmlrer ll a elphI . a. Send models for estimates to oodr c 66 to 72 W s St., I h d a 1 of them will stand any length of time. For brown , H. C. G i h, I A. Ogden Place. Chicago. Ill. Rupplement Catalogue.-Persons in pnrsnit of infor- walnnt, fill well with shellac varnish and rnb down with Heavy Trimmed Walrus Leather, by the Hide or in mation on any special engineering. mechanical,or scien­ French polish. If a varnish surface is required that subject. can have catalogue of contents of tbe 8c[­ shall be smooth, fillas before with shellac varnish and Wheels, for Polishing Metal. Greene, Tweed & Co .• tific N.Y. ENTIFIO AM Ii;lllCAl\ !;UPPLJi;MI�l\"I' sent to them free. rub down with fine sandpaper. and repeat if a finer snr­ Mortise. Rim, Catch, Sash, and Padlocks. Novel; 'rhe SUPPLli;J\.IE:-\T con a n lengthy articles embracing t i s face is desired, then varnish with copal or other hard unpickable. Patented. Right or Royalty for sale. Box, the whole range of engineering, mechaniCS, and physi­ 1 2, Champaign, Ill. l Co . . drying varnish, and rub down with French polish. 8 ca science. Address Munn & Publishers, New York. 2. Latest Improved Diamond Drills. Send for circnlar How is the bright hard polish on sewing machines ob­ tained? The bright sllrface on sewing machines is C. Bullock Mfg. Co., to Market St., Chicago, IlI. A. to M. SO 88 obtained by nsing the best Japan varnish, drying in OFFICE OF Co., , CITYCHAU KOEY KIL�f.fjRM a &y an oven free from dust at a temperature of about 2250 ROCK FALLS, N. Y., 24, 1882. l GENTLEMEN : In reply to yours of tbe 20th in t. \ Fah. If the work is required to be very smooth, it must s about Jo n ' Asbest09 rooting,we consider it the mo3t be rubbed down with fine sandpaper or ground pumice II. W. h s durable. e«onomical. and. at the same time, fire-proof 1'oof­ stone in water, aecording to the requirements of the t at we have ever used, having had an opportunity in,] h HINTS TO CORRESPONDEN'l'8. work, then pnt on another coat of japan and bake as two year since of test ng its qual ie on a s i fire-proof it s No attention will be paid communications ul)less before. 3. What sort of varnish is applied to cover portion the roofing had then been on \'0 of our mill where accompanied with the full lIame and address of the the transfer pictures, and is th is varnish hardened cold some three years, confiningthe fire to the immediate \vriter. vicinity of the ventilator, over the rotary engine, where or warm. and how many degrees are allowed ? A. The the Names and addresses of correspondents WIll not be t.ransferpictu res should be covered with thin mastic it Originated. Since then we have reconstructed given to inquirers. main portion of the mill and covered it with the Asbes­ varnish. Use a fine fiat camel's hair brush aud brush We renew our request that; correspondents, in referring tos rOOfingin preference to all others. Very tru:y yours. lightly, so as to conceal the overlapping of the mastic CHAU,",CEY KILMER & to former answers or articles, will be kind enough to upon the japan varnis:1. Dry baking at about 1500 SON. by For Sale.-A Beam Engine, condensing; 34 inch cylin­ name the date of the paper and the page. or the number Fah. of the qnestion. der by deveJ op g 300 48 inch stroke; Sickle's cut-off;now in o e power by }<' ly heel. 20 feet diameter by Correspondents whose inquiries do not appear after R. H. F. writes : I have made a large h rs card. w 36 (9) inc face. Can be running at t e Brooklyn City a reasonable time should repeat t.hem. not Lhen pnb­ compound microscope stand, and with a one inch ob­ h seen h If J ell l\:1illing Company, foot of Fulton lished, they may couclude that, for goO(; reasons, the jective have obtained good results. As I either have Flour l\:lills, ew I Street, rooklyn Editor declines them. or can readily make the tools for grinding smaU lenses, I See Bentel,B Margedant. Co. 's adv., page 374. & Persons desiring speciai.in formation which is purely would like to ex,eriment on making smne one-quarter :>teamHammers. Improved Hydraulic Jacks. and Tube of a personal character, and not of general inceresr, inch and one-eighth inch objectives. Can you tell me

x ande . Du geo . Columb .• Ne Yo . shouid remit from to according to the subject, what are the focal lengths of the lenses used, and how E p rs R. d n 24 ia St w rk Diamond Saws. J. Dickinson, 64 Nassan St., N. ,as we cannol. be expect.e,;$1 '$5, to spenll time and lahor to they are combined to make such objectives? A. For Y. obtain such information without remuneration. The Derryman Feed Water Heatcr and Purifier and these objectives you can make all of the front surfaces Any numbers of the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE­ plane, working to the diagram as nearly as possible. eed ump. Patent. See illus. adv., p. 373. F .P I. B. Davis' referred to in these columns may be had at The figures given will not be absolutely correct for all ------50,000 Sawyers wanted. Your full address for Emer­ MENT tid, office. Price cents each. kinds of glass. Select good heavy fiintand good crown (13) E. writes : got a mercury b rome· - of Saws (free). Over 10 Bon's Hand Book 100 illustrations Correspondents sending samples of minerals, etc., glass; mal'e your set of lenses as per diagram, and place tel' someP. eig ht months ago.I The mercury has siance re­ and pages of valuable information . IIow to straighten for examination, should be careful to distinctly mark mained stationary at the same height. By snfficiently saws, etc. & Co., Beaver Falls. Pa. or Emerson. Smith label t11eir specimens as to a,roid errol"iIL their identi­ inclining the instrument the mercruy in the tube rises Eagle Anvils, 10 cents per pound. Fnlly warranted. 80 ncatlOn. to the very top, the air has free access to the mercury For Pat. Si11ety Elevators, Hoisting Engines. Friction in the cistern. The tube has not over a quarter of an inch Clutch Pulleys, Cut-offCoupling. see H'risbie 's ad . p. 372. internal diameter. Perhaps adhesion of the mercury to (1) F . W. asks : 1. Will a sm all glass Gould Eberhardt's Machinists' Tools. See Mv.,p. 372. the glass is he cause of this. What can be done to ren­ & cylinder, say.L-1... four inches in diameter (if speeded up), t der the barometer efficient? A. 'r he mercury will some­ Centrifngal Pumps, 100 to 35,000 gals. permin. See p. 374. answer in bnilding frictional electric m�chine A. It a ? times s/ightlyadhere to barometer tubes of small diame­ Barrel, Key, Hogshead, Stave Mach'y. See adv. p.373. answer in a small way. The small diameter of the will ter by capillary attraction ; this shonld not iuterfere ma­ cylinder will limit the power of the machine whatever For Heavy Punches, ete., see iIlnstrated advertise- terially with its movement, provided that on tipping may be the speed. 2. How is the amalgam prepared for ment of Hi l es &Jones, on page 374. the tnbe the mercury strikes the top with a sharp click, l putting ou cnshions? A. Melt eight parts of zinc and Lehigh Valley Emery and Corundum Wheels are free assuring yon that there is no air in the tube. In some two parts of tin together. Place four parts of mercury cutting-. durable, and safe. Can be adapted to all kinds seasons the range of the baronleter is very slow, and in a wooden ox coated inside with cbalk, and pour into of work. Write for prices, stating sizes of wheels you b will not be easily noticed unless an index is attached it the melted tin and zInc (not too hot). Put the cover use. Lehigh Valley Emery Wheel Co" L ehighton, Pa. and adjnsted at each observation. We would recom­ on the bo and shake viole until the amalgam cools. M ineral Lands Prospected, Artesian Wells Bored, by x, ntly mend you to give it a thorough trial by the index. u ver ze in a mortar, and mix with a little lard. Pa. Diamond Drill Co. 423. Pottsv lle, o 8 p. 3H P l i Box i Pa. e writes : In making a dynamo­ Vertical Engines, varied capacity. See adv., p. 372. W. H. O. writes : 1. Our engine 14x18, (14) E. G. S. electric machine, such as is described in SUPPLEMENT, and U iversal and In- wit(2)h 8 foot drive pulley, with a 3 foot driver onis the main Combined Concentric Eccentric n them in a temporary and anjllstable setting. so that for No. will it answer to make the electro magnet of dependent Jaw Chucks, The Pratt & Whitney o .. Hart- shaft; e ngine now rnns 130 per minute. Which would be 161 , C the quarter inch yon will have the hemispherical front, ford, Conn. the best to get more power, by putting a 6 foot driver on hard cast iron while the bell magnet is made of soft and the second pair about one·sixteenth inch apart, the cast iron? Will it not answer to cast the journal of the For best low price Planer aud Matcner. and latest ' the engine, or one lar.ge enough on the main shaft, and to run 150 per minute? A. Larger on main shaft. 2. second and third pair abont one-eighth inch apart. If bell magnet and the bell magnet in one piece, but have improved Sash, Door, and Bliu-l Machinery, Send for the right kind of glass is'chosen, the lenses well polished the journalrnn in brass? A. Soft iron should be Ilsed • catalo;itueto Rowley Wi liam port, How much more power wouJd we get by running it to & Hermance, l s Pa. and centered, you will only have to make a movement of as in dynamo for both magnet and armature. 2. What The only economical and practical Gas Engine in the 150? My ide" is the 6 foot ou the engine would te the but our en ineer differswi th me. A. The increase one or two of the lenses backward or forward for the i� condensed petroleum or petroleum lllaRs? Can it be OJ to " built b Seh i er . best, g market is the new O Silent, y le ch !inaladjnstment. But if the chromatic aberration is not made by carefully boiling kerosene? A. Yon probably t Pa. S for circnlar. with same pressure wonld be as 130 to 150. 3. W ould it chum Co., Philadelphia. end aberratiOli is oyer or under cor­ S m & not take as much steam by running 150, and the 6 foot correct, or the spberical refer to petroleum H foot," the tarry residue from the Blake's Belt Studs. The strongest and best fastening The correction for color may be driver? A. The increase in quantity of steam required rect. trouble begins. distilling crnde petrolenm. It can not be obtained in for rubber and ieather belts.. Co., N. Y. Greene, Tweed & wcuJd be in same proportion jf doing increased work. made by altering the inner curves of the back pair. and the way you propose. The Porter-Allen High Speed Steam Engine. Sonth- the correction for spherical aberration maybe made by W. work Foundry & Ma h. co.,mo J. M. F. ase state (15) wants to know how to braze c h Ave.,Phil.Pa. ($) altering the inner curves of the middle pair. Of course Was iogton ple a beLd saw soG'. as S.to make a good joint withont bnrning to 40 H. P .. Steam Eugines. See adv. p. 372. how to soften rubberasks and: toWill ha rden you again? the beginner can hardly expect to accomplish all this at 4 It A.. If the saw. The best material for brazing these saws you refer to ordinary or vuicanized rubber, try digestion once. It has taken a long time for professional opticians A. First Class Engine Lathes, 20 inch swing, 8 foot bed, is the silver solder nsed by jewelers. Small coin will in bisulphide of carbon to soften and exposnre to air and mathematicians to bring objectives to their present now ready. C. & Rowland. New Haven, Conn. to answer if yon cannot get the other. Rolled sheet brass F. A.E, harden again. Rubber is nsually moulded before vul· perfection, and there is still room for and expectation For Sale.-BalCimore Nickel Plating Works. Estab is better than copper. If the saw is not too large, use - canizing it, when a moderate heat suffices to soften the of improvement. Co plete boiler lished in 1871. m equipment. including new substance. a blow pipe and oil or alcohol lamp. with wick about eng ne. Address A. Greenleaf & Co., 15 )l ercer St., and i (10) B. & W. write: On several of the loco­ three-quarters of an inch diameter, the same that Baltimore, Md. (4) w rites : I h ave motives of our western railroads, the whistle is ar­ jewelers use, or a Bun,en gas burner. Bind tbe scarfed cnlty withR. W.belt s If.slippi ng. I covered onegrea pnlleyt diffi­with 80 Cope Maxwell M'f'g Co. 's Pump adv., page 353. ranged that when the valve is opened the tone rises ends together with small wire. and pin the saw upJn a & leather, which, as long as it lasted (remained attacbed'. Common Sense Dry Kiln. Adapted to drying of all ma­ clear and bell·like to a high note, and then is made to piece of charcoal or pumice stone, rubbed down fiat worked well. How can make the leather adhere to an terial where kiln, etc., drying bouses are used. See p.358. 1 descend the scale, and die away gradually on a lower on one side, and a depression under the place to be irou pulley without drilling and riveting? A. Try the Supplee Steam Engine. See adv. p. 357. tone than that made at first, and prodncing a very brazed, to let the fiamepass under freely; apply borax fol lowing for fastening leather on the pulley: Steep the weird and stri king effect. Can yon tell us how it is ground to a cream in water, place the solder at the edge Ice Making Machines and Machines for Cooling leather in an infusion of gall nuts; a layer of strong produced? A. These whistles al'e made with a sliding of the scarf, throw the blue point or the flame strongly Breweries, etc. Pictet Artiflcial Ice Co. (Limited), hot glne is spread upon the pnlley, and the leather forci­ N 142 piston inside the bell operated by a lever let in throngh . upon the nnder side eo that the solder may draw throngh Greenwich Street. P. O. ox 8083, ew York city. bly applied on the fiesh side, and allow it to dry nnder B the steam chamber wi th a piilton rod connecting the when it melts. This will make a clean joint and heat Drop Forgings. Billings Spencer Co. See adv., p. 341. the same pressure. Marine glue may also be nsed to & two parts together. The bell mnch longer than the no more than is necessary to accomplish the work. C. Rogers Co .• Norwich, Conn .. Wood Working advantage in a similar manner. h B. & ordinary whistles to make the range of tone to suit, and (16) F. A. W. asks: What can I use to make Machinery of every kind. See adv .• page 342. (5, W. H. G. asks : Which is the best may be adjusted to range a musical third, fifth, or linen, damask, etc., semi·transparent-something that The Sweetland Chuck. See iIlns. adv., p. 342. method for plating cntlery, 1.etc., with tin. by the elec- octave. Also, can you tell us the reqnisites for a good 2. will not stain and can be readily washed from the cloth? Machine Knives for Wood-working Machinery, Book tro-plating process, or by the immersion process, by clear whistle of · medium hig-h pitch. one that will not Try castor oil or water-glas Binders, and Paper Mills . Also manufacturers of Solo­ dipping into the hot metal ? A. See " Tin Plating." be wheezy? A. If yon have steam, the whistles A. •. dry an s Taylor. Stiles Co .•Riegelsvil le,N.J. SUPPLEMENT, No. 310. For such goods m ' Parallel Vise. & the hot dip is made for the trade in the Eastern States are generally (17) K. B. writes : Can you inform us of Elect.ric Lights.-Thomson Houston System of tbe Arc generally preferred if a heavy coating is desired. clear. or may be made so by adjnsting the bell nearer or any better way of preparing leather to make cups for air 2. type. Estimates given and contracts made. 631 Arch,Phil. Can that bright Inster be obtained after the articles are fnrther from the aperture, which can be done by loo$en­ pumps inches diameter) than the following: We soak Pure water furnished Cities, Paper Mills, Laundries, plated with the battery, that the articles have by the ing the nut and tnrning the bell up or down on the the leather(3 in water until it becomes soft. then press it Steam Bollers, etc., by the Multiford System of the immersion method? A. Yes, if the cnrrent has been threaded spindle. The requisite instructions for mak­ into monld and afterwards soak in- neatsfoot oil for •. Newark Filtering Co., Commerce St., properly applied. 3. By the immersion process the ing a whistle could not be given without drawings. several days; but it will get hard, and shrink away from 177 Newark, N. J. j

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC $ cieutifit � tUetican. .. . . l i Payne ...... 258.468 Lamp. coal Oil. J. Dexter...... 258.228 Telegraph. harmonic. Berliner ...... ins de o f the chamber and al ow the a r to escape? Chimney cap. W. H. M. . . E. . 258.356 the i . but Chopper. See Cotton chopper. Lamp. electric. J. McTighe ...... 258.2;0 Telel'(raph lines. support for undergronnd. B. Make yonr cups as before, nse glycerine, with W>; J. . . . [ 'J'. . . . . A. Churn motor. Harris & G reer ...... 258.296 Lamp. electr c arc. R. Moffat�...... �58.24! A t�erbur:v...... 258.210 abont one-third water. to soak the cups. and use gly­ R. . . : : � . . Cider mill. Bard ...... 258.349 Lamp, electrIC arc, SullIvan ...... •...... 258,466 Telegraph. pnntmg, A. Knudson ...... 258 439 cerine as a n icator. If the metal of the cylinder is W. W. . . . M. J. 0 A. . . . . I br Cigarette. H. C. Schieber ...... 258.255 Lamp heating frame. J. W. �lelvin ...... 258.457 Theater stage. C. Needham ...... 258.539 f . . A. . . . . hard the gl cerine may answer yonr pnrpose. If so t . . . Clasp. W. Browne . . ... Lamp safety device. electric. J. Wright...... 258.521 Tile. illuminating. J. K. Ingalls ...... 25�.23·l y ...... 258.364 I . f G. . . J. b l h to use oil or a ...... or common rass. yon may stil ave Lamp. study. A. H. Jones ...... �58.427 Tuy, L. Converse ...... 258,381 Cleaner. See Inue cleaner. . P. . . . i t f i f plnmbago. . n ca or. trial o a small quant ty o pnre Clock. A. E. Hotchkiss ...... 258.4�1 Lantern. tubular. C. Woodbury et al .." ...... 258.520 Toy house or structure. combination, b . . . W. W...... i . . . .. G...... groundI r fineA and mixed with glycerine, may g ve good Clock esca.pement. C. Reinhardt ...... 258,473 Last, darning. A. Cochrane ...... 258.378 Barnes ...... 258.<12 ...... oy. me ...... 258.3B5 esn ts. Clog. J. Cassidy ...... 258.218 Latch. Kaye ...... 258.431 T chanical. T. Wilkins r l . J. . . M...... Clutch and loose pulley. friction. J. Kiug ...... 258.4H5 Latch. carriage door. Gates ...... 258.291 Toy watch. R. Clay ...... 258.280 . W. . J. . (18) P. J. D. asks : Can a regnlar beptagon Clutch mechanism for counter shafting, B. F. Leather. edge blacking powder for. J. H. Garrett. 258.404 Trace trimming machine. H. F. Osborne...... 258.3t 3 ...... Lightning arrester prctector, C. Fitch ...... 258,289 Traction engine, A. Frick ...... 258.401 be inscribed in a circle ? no . please to ive the reason Radford ...... 258.472 If t g . . . fl\ O. . . Is Coke oven. B. Smith ...... : ...... 258.489 Link welding device. P. H. Standish ...... , ...... 258,493 TUbular sectional bOiler. Harding ...... 258.415 wh . there any other poly�on which cannot be W. . T. y ...... Collar fastening. horse. W. Albright ...... 258.342 Lock. See Alarm lock. Nut lOCk. Umbrella. B. Mohr . .'...... 258.245 nsc ed All polygons can be inscribed in c rcle. J...... i rib 1 A. it i Collar folding and curling machinery, S. \V iles? 258,R34 Lock nut. H. Howson ...... 258,422 Valve and operating mechanism. balanced. G. The larger the number of side3, the more complex is 1\ . . . . W. Collar or cuffof celluloid, A. A. Sanborn . . . .. 258,480 Loom buffer, :;\lurray...... • .• . .... 258,46 1 Storer...... 258.500 For the dra i board. divide etc., M. the labor of laying out. Loom shuttle box motion. J. Barker ...... 10.119 Valve indicator, check G. Felthousen ...... 258.398 w ng Colors upon textilefabrlc�', production of blue, H. . E. . t . this;sum 360° bl" he number of sides require and with "'latch splints. machine for utting. (r)L. Hapgood 258,414 Valve mechanism. D. S. Keith ...... �b8.432 d Brunck...... 258.531 c H. .. . h ...... lay off the radial lines of the polygon wit a sector. or Comb. & W. H. Noyes ...... 258.248 Meat, apparatus for dissolving and digesting, S. Vapor burner. Z. Davis ...... 258.3b5 W. t ...... from this sum and the radius. compn e trigonometri­ Cooling and heating apparatus, Tiffany...••... 00 258,505 W. Bowne ...... , ...... 258,359 Vegetable and fruit evaporator, steam, S. .1 . W. cally the chord of the arc of one side. which will be the Cork screw, R. HesseL .. •••...... ••. 258,420 Mechanical movement for churns. E. L. Maran- Lowell...... 258.536 ...... 258.288 Vehicle brake. Welch ...... 258.514 l a ts of the ra ius. For a Corset busk, A. E. Mann...... 0_ ...... 258,310 ville actna length of the side in p r d ...... B. H. . . Coupling. See Rope ronnd-band coupling. Milk boiling vessel. J. Renson ...... 258.475 Vehicle dash board. McKinnon ...... 258,456 heptagon the area=side'X3'6339126; the side=radius . . L. E. . 258.464 Cotton chopper. M. Walden ...... 258,512 See Cider mill. Vehicle shifting rail. J. A. Nisonger ...... the an le at the c nte = 1 ° 25' 42" ; the J. }Iill...... 4 XO'8677; g e r 5 Cotton gin. P. V. Westfall ...... Mitten. H. Witherell ...... 258,337 Vehicle wheel. S. S. Rembert ...... 258, 74 the 258,515 . . angle of the sides upon each other=257° 36" ; ...... 258,207 OS' Cotton 0pener or lapper. W. P. Faulkner...... " 258.397 Mould. SeeO. Fire ki ndler mould. Velocipede. J. Ahlert...... i s angle o f the side with the rad u = ° .. . . . Cotton press. E. L. Morse ...... 258.246 Motor. See Churn motor. Electric motor. Velocipede. J. Lowrey ...... 258,447 128 34' 18". . . M. . Cradle. grain. H. Haralson ...... 258.230 Musical instrument. mechanical, W. Van Ventilator. See vVindowventilator. W. G...... Crane. M. Frisbie ...... 258.403 Dusen ...... 258,508 Vessels. apparatus for unloading. M. Maher ...... 258,237 ...... M ...... Crate. See Fruit or vegetable crate. ustache guard. G. Hall ...... 258.294 Wagon brake, Le Roy &Henson ...... 258,445 P. . . . 258.248 Cultivator tooth. W. D. Stroud...... 258.263 Mustache guard. C. Miller ...... Wagon brake. C. Quast ...... 258.253 [O�'FICIAL.l ...... Cutter. See Box trimming cutter. Ensilage cut- Nut lock, J. Stevens ...... 258.497 Wagon. dumping.F. Bernhart & Ritter ...... 258.357 L...... INDEX OF INVENTIONS ter. Oil can vent. Ferguson ...... 258.224 Wagon jack, V. Phillips ...... 25S.46 T...... J. 9 . Dental plugger. A. J ackson ...... 258,424 Ordnance. breech-loading. S. B. Dean ...... 258.386 Wagon seat seat support. H. Jacobs ...... 258.303 �'OR WHICH . M...... 2 Ore concentrator and separator, ...... 258,332 Wago.n spring, W. V. Kish ...... 258,437 Patent the United States were Dish. covered. A. Conradt ..... " ...... 258. 21 Warne Letters E...... 258,406 Doubling yarn, machine for, A. Yates ...... •...... 258,522 Ores, etc., separator and concentrator for, Wall paper hanging device, W. Geist .... •...... Granttld inof" Week Endill� E. th e Draught equalizer. D. Carr ...... 258.372 Warne ...... 258 ,331 Washboard. A. W. Geise!...... 258.405 . .. " . . . H .... 258.396 Drain pipe. C. Cross ...... 258.222 Oven. Z. Davis ...... 258.384 Washboard plate. metallic. M. . Farnsworth May 23, 1882...... Il...... Drill. See Grain drill. Oven. baker's. T. Harrington ...... 258.416 Washing machine. G. W. Glick ...... 258,409 E CH . . . . . E . . . . A THAT DAT . Ox sho . Sanford ...... 258.321 \Y ater closet. Keith ...... 258.433 BEARING Eaves trough hanger. R. Mallory .....••...... 258.453 S. . h E. e A. . D. AND ['I' ose marke d (r) are reissued patents. Electric motor. L. Daft ...... 258.383 Pan. See Patty pan. \Yateren gine. H. Kauffer...... 258.,33 . P...... Electroplating. apparatus for. A. Brinckmann .... Paper bags, manufacturing. D. Appel...... 258,272 Waterproof clotb. Collins & Converse ...... 258,380 ] 258.214 . Elevator. See Safety elevator. Paper pulp engine. R. Fletcher ...... 25S.399 Waterproof gum from flax. producing, J. Boyd ... 258.277 A printed copy of the specification and drawing of any M. derson_ 258,209 Weather strip and door sill, combined, J. Singer .. 258,486 patent in the annexed list. also of any patent issued Engine. See Paper pulp ennine. Rotary engine. Paper pulp, etc., washer for, An & Patten. Water engine. Wind engine. Patty pan. A. Vuillier ...... 258.511 Wheel. See C ar wheel. Game wheel. Vehicle since 1866. will be furnished from this office for 25 cents. . Ensilage cutter. J. Smith ...... 258.257. 258,258 Pavement. cobblestone and grout. J. Murphy .. .. 253.460 wheel. In ordering please state the Dumber and date of the Y...... 258,254 ...... Envelope fastening. sample. C. Ballard ...... 258.348 Penholder. Schevencll ...... Wheelbarrow. G. M. Shumaker...... ,258.323 patent desired and remit to ::\!unn & Co., 261 Broad­ W. J,. . Evaporator. See Vegetable and fruit evaporator. Pens, writing point for stylograpbic. J. Holland .. 258,299 Wheelbarrow and CUltivator, combined, W. way. corner of Warren Street •. New Yorlr oity. 'Ve W. Fabrics from unrolling, securing rolls or packages Pencil case, J. Holland...... 258.298 Kelly ...... 258,305 also furnish copies of patents granted prior to 1866; . of, S. Holland ...... 258.300 Petroleum. apparatus for rectlfyiDI'(. L. Daul...... 258.28J Whiffietree hook, F. Egl'(ers ...... 258.392 but at increased cost, as the speci.fications not being W...... •...• ..... Fare collector for street cars. W. Andrews . . . 258,271 PhotographiC cameras, focusing attachment for, Wind engine, H. R. Stevens 258,496 printed, must he copied by hand. E...... Faucet, A. N. "T hiting ...... • ..•..••...... �58,540 E. Barker ...... 258.350 Windmill. G. M. Beard ...... 258.852 B...... Fenc machine, barb wire, F. E. Patterson ...... Photographic purposes. head and back rest for. Windmill regulator. Newell ...... 258.462 e . 258.314 J. H. Acid from bones. preparing phosphoriC, Hughes ...... Fence post. J. F. Morrison ...... 258.459 W. S. Laighton ...... 258.443 Window shade. B. L. Goldsmith ...... 258.410 . . . . . & O·Rielly...... 258.423 .. Fence strips. manufacture of barbed. H. Gregg. 258.412 Pianoforte. E. McCammon ...... 258.455 WindOW ventilator. Craig ...... 258.282 S. . . H. H. Adding machine. Winter & Crary ...... 258.5 8 ...... • 1 E'ence. wire. J. Strong...... 258.51)1 Pick. W. L. Blythe...... • ...... 258.276 Wire, etc . machinery for tWisting. Glover & ...... Alarm. See Burglar alarm...... Fence .wire, machine for manufacturing barbed. Picture. chanl'(eable. J. Stockton ...... 258.261 James ...... 258.292 F. W...... Alarm lock. Schade ...... 258.481 ...... W. Putnam et al ...... 258.471 Pillow block. G. K. Orrell ...... 258,312 ' Wool washing machine. F. G. & A. C. Sargent.. 258,322 R. . . . H. . . Amalgamator. M. Jones...... 258, 29 . .. . 4 �' ertilizer bag. Zell ...... 258.524 Pillow'sham frame. J. Knight ...... >< 258,438 Zinc for batteries. H. Brewer...... 258,361 H. R. R. . A. J. A malgamator. H. Train ...... 258.330 C. . . . File sbarpening apparatus. sand blast. E. N . Pipe. See Drain pipe. A nnUnciator board and circuit for telephone ex- Trump al ...... •...... ••.•• 208,506 Pipes. elbow-fitting for drainage. Durham •. 258.391 et C. W. changes, G. Kellogg. - ..- ...... _ . _ 258,234 l!"'iles, manufactUre of, M. Howell, Jr ...... 258,301 Pitcher or ju,g', glass or ea.rthenware, Zimmer. 258.526 DESIGNS. M. A. W. Annunciator. electrical. A L ngen ...... 258.53 ti 7 Firearm. magazine. G. Speucer ...... 258.491 Planter check rower. corn, W. Brown ...258.216 . 258.217 N. G. Bottle, pickle. G. Sanborn...... Awning, A. G. Sahlqvist ...... 258 3 9 . 1 Fire escape. J. R. Koons ...... 258,441 Plow. side hiIJ. lV. Dnrfee ...... 258.288 O. . . .. 12.943 ...... II. Box. H. F. Moeller ...... 12.942 Axle dust cap. T. W. Squires ...... 258.49 . . . . 2 �' ire escape. Nicholson ...... 258.247 Plow. sulky. O. A. Stoneman ...... 258.262 . . . . 1'. A. Carpet, Smith...... 12.945, 12,946 Axles, device for forming shoulders upon vehicle, Fire extinguisher, bottle-breaking, A.M. Granger, 258,293 Post. See Fence post. n...... Chain link. ornamental, Heeley...... 12.939. 12.940 Brammar & Swarts ...... 258.279 . . .. . Fire kindler mould. Burns...... 258.369 Press. See Cotton press. Hay and cotton press. J. . Bag. See Fertilizer bag. J. W. Handkerchief. Doherty & WadL. sworth ...... 12.936 Flower tray. J. Drew ...... 258.389 Printing press cushioning device, J. Brooks ...... 258,363 . . . . 12,U47 Battery cell. H. J. Brewer...... 58.213 Lamp, coach. C. E. rrhompson ...... 2 Flue cleaner. boiler. Jewell ...... 258.426 Protector. See Boot or shoe sole edge protector. . . . H. . . Monument. P. Graham ...... 12,938 Bed bottom. spring. Howe (r) ...... 10.121 F ...... '1'. ly book. EndicotOt ...... 258.393 Lightning arrester protector. L. . . . 1<'. . . . Parasol. W. Brown ...... 12.937 Bed bottom. spring. Ober & Yal'(erlenner ...... 258,249 ...... 258,236 Fodder, c (,rnstalk. Bacon ...... 258.2 3 Pulp moulding machinery. Laraway & Slate A. . M. . . . 7 Ring. C. J. Theuerner...... 12.948 Bed bottom. spring. Sherwood ...... 258.256 Folding table. C. A.F. Van Duzee ...... 258,509 Pulping wood, apparatus for and process of, H. H. L...... Tag. mercha.ndise. S. L. Sayles ...... 12,944 Bedstead. sofa. Samuels...... 25 8 . . .• . 8,47 Fountain. See Ink fountain. Frambach ...... 258.400 . . . :\'1. A. Tenoning muchine, H. Doane ...... 1�.949 Belt idlers, attachment for. B. erritt ...... 24 . . . . �58.275 :.\I 258. 2 Frame. See Lamp heating frame. Pillow-sham Pump. G. F. Bee ee ...... "V. . . b . . . .. 'l'ypp.. font of printing. A. Little ...... 12.941 Bicycle seat spring, White ...... 258,833 J. . frame. Pump. E. Osgood ...... 258.250 . . Bleaching apparatus for. C. E...... yarns, Bennett . 258.355 . . .. air, A. Armor ...... 258,347 Fruit drier. W. Doherty ...... 258.286 Pump, ' SJle Pillow block. C. .. H. . . Block. ' FrUIt gatherer. P. Fadler...... 258.395 Pump and motor, rotary, M. Kidder...... 258,535 .. A. . . \V...... TRADE MARKS. Blouse. child's, C. Link ...... 258,446 Radiator. steanl, Chapman & Brass ...... C. . Fruit or vegetable crate or carrier, G.A. �ochrane, 258,220 258.374 . Blue, manufacture of anthracene, H. Brunck . .. . 258,530 . . . . Furn.ace. See B oiler furnace. Boiler gas furnace. Railway. elevated. A. P. Ingerson ...... 258.302 Baking powder. E. C. & J. W. Crawford ...... �,388 .. Board. See AnnunCiator board. Vehicle dash . . .. Boiler or other furnace. Steam generator Railway frog. J. Staples ...... 258.259 Boots. Greensfelder. Uosenthal Co ...... 9.39� . . . & . .. board. Washboard. .. furnace. Railway rolling stock, Thomas ...... 258.504 Canned fruits, vegetables, G. and fish , Franco-Califor_ Boat. See Center board boat. . Furnace and stack for destroying noxious or Railway switch. S. Scheffier ...... 258.482 nlan Packing Company...... F...... 9.391 ...... Bobbing winder, R. Steiner ...... 258,494 - 258,268 .. poisonouB gases, combined. stevens & Du Railway time and speed pre indicator, J. E. Wells. Chocolate. single vanilla, H. . Pierce ...... 9,408 . . J . Boiler. See Tubular sectional boiler...... time ...... Barry ...... � 258 498 Railway indicator. S. Scheidel! . . . 258.484 Cigars. J. Mag!.. , J...... 9,403 b ...... Boiler furnace, G. Black urn ...... 258,527 ... . 258,3oo . . . Furnaces, apparatus for promoting combus- Reamer. G. J)udley ...... I Cigars, 'faylor...... W...... 9.411 . . the W. . . . Boi: er gas furnace. Zellweger ...... 258 525 .. . . , tion of fuei in. E. J. Mallett. Jr ...... 258.451 Regulator. geeWindmill regulator. Flour, oatmeal, and various mixtures of flour and J...... Boiler furnace. Mallett. . . or other E. Jr 258,450. 258.452 . . 258 387 chair, base, W. . . . J Game wheel. Dennings ...... Rocking & R. McCabe ...... 258,239 I meal. wheaten, graha.m, and buckwheat, . W. . . . . 1\'1. Book stand. revolving. D. T. Koser ...... 2 .442 ...•. . .. . 58 Gate. See Swinging gate. Roiler, harrow, and cultivator, combined, G. M. Cairnes ...... ,...... 9, 385 . . . . . Boot. E. Reed ...... 258.31 : . . . . . 6 Gearing. adjusting, Gordon & Reiss ...... 258.583 Heim ...... 258,418 Leather. shoe. young ...... E...... 9.41 5 .. .. . R,. . Boot or shoe sale edge protector. W. Gordon . . .. 258 228 . . , Glass for use in illuminated windows. Man-q,fac- Rolling mill rail carrier, Clark ...... 258,371 Measuring tapes, Keuffel Esser ...... 9,402 \,� . . . & . . . . Boots and shoes. form for making India"rubber, . turing, Friedrick ...... ,' ...... 258,402 Rope and round-band coupling, Merrill .. . . 258,241 Medical compound for the cure of ingrowing nails. E. W...... A. C. Watkins ...... 258.513 .. . Gleaner and binder. M. G. Hubbard ...... 258.231 Rotary engine. orbital. Hardy ...... 258.534 J. A. Hincks...... 9.393 W. . . . . D. D. . Bottle .topper. F. Praunegger ...... 258.470 . Globe holder. C. Kinney ...... 58.436 Saccharine liquids, self-regulating feeder for. C. MediCinal preparation. D. Jayne & Son ...... to �. 2 . 9,394 9.401 • . Bottles. etc . packing. T. Cockcroft ...... 258.379 ...... Glove fastening. W. Giffo rd ...... 258.408 Mansur ...... 258.454 Medicine. J. Webb ...... 9.4111 . . . F. . . �'. . . Box. See Cartridge box...... Grain and cockle separator, M. L. Herse ...... 258,297 Safe. provision. R. R. Sykes ...... 258,327 Medicines, J. C. & C. Davidson ...... 9.390 P. . Box trimming ctitter. J. F. DeWitt ...... 258 388 C...... Grain and grass seed distributer. Gibboney . 258.4U7 Safety elevator for hatchways •• B. Atwater ..... 258.211 Ointment. M. Pecic...... 9.406 A. F. r. E. Brake. See Car brake. Hydraulic brake. . Vehicle Grain and mineral separator, J. Sternberg...... 258,495 Saw tooth. d.etacbable. E. Brooke ...... 258.362 Paints. Harrison Bros. & Co ...... 9.416 brake. Wagon brake. W. . Grain binder. W. R. Baker...... �58,274 Sawing machine. drag. A. & J. Smith ...... 258.324 Paper. cover. Crocker Manufacturing Company ... . 9.389 ...... J. N. . Brake shoe. J. Denver ...... 258.285 . . 258.287 . . . 9.410 . Grain decorticating apparatus,. W. Ager ..258,339 to 258.341 Scales, barrel. J. Dolph ...... Pickles. Sanborn Pickle Company ...... Bronzing or otherwise ornamenting . . . . paper. etc., Grain drill, S. G. Major ...... _, . .. . 258.449 Scoop, grocer's. C. Roberts ...... 258.476 Ranges and stoves, Wrought Iron Range Company. 9,414 H...... machine for, Leeming ...... 258,309 Grain drills, spring hoe for, J. & Noxon .. . 258,465 Scraper. earth, Chambers ...... 258.373 Sirup for soothing and qnieting children . infant. C. fl\ et al. ., . . '1\ II . . R. W. . . Buckle. W. S. Sponhauer , ...... 258.326 Grain sampler. C. Smith ...... 258.483 Screwdriver. C. Thomas ...... 258.329 Ruth ...... 9.409 . . L...... Bullet patching machine. BorChardt ...... 58,5 .. . . . 2 28 Gnard. See Mustache I'(nard. Seal and tag. Brooks ...... 258.278 Soap. G. E. Marsh & Co ...... 9.404 II. E. J. .. Bung and bnshing for beer harrels. combined. . Halter or bridle. H. Smith ...... 258.325 Separator. See Grain and cockle separator. Grain Soaps. toile!' and other, & Pears ...... 9.4(11 P. �'...... A. F. . Madlener ...... 258,448 Hame. R. Jones ...... 258.430 and mineral separator. Stationary , artistiC, Wallach ...... 9,412 .. IV . . .. . W. . . Burglar alarm...... 258.458 Moran ...... rn . Latta ...... P. . . . Ha e. G ...... 258,414 Sewing machine attachment. J. Snedlker...... 258.4oo Toilet articles. certain. Mtilhens & Kropff...... 9.405 Burner. See Lamp bUrner. Vapor burner. E. . . F. . Hanger. See Eaves trougb banger. Sewing machine needle-threading attachment. Wines. Cbandon & Co ...... 9.386. 9.387 . Burnishing tool, . . . . . F. Pease ...... 258.315 for beating 258.477 ...... Hats. machine up napped • Rnsselr Altmann & Pommer ...... 258.345 Button and .. . . cravat fastener. collar. S. Williams. 258.836 H n D...... M. ay a d cotton press. Burkett ..J.R...... 258.368 Sewiug-machine shuttle. M. D. Andrns ...... 258.34ij Buttons from plastic material, P. . . . English Patents Issued AlDerieans. manufacture of, Hay and straw stacking machine, .T. Q. A. New- Shelf or stand, revolving. Danner ...... 258.283 P. J. . .. 1882. to L. Sylvester ...... 258,502 80m...... 258.467 From May 16. to ;Ylay 26. 1882, inclusive...... 258.46H Shot showcase. C. Palmer . .. . . Calipers. H. Foerster ...... 258.225 Head rest. H. Wooldr,ldge ...... 258.338 Shovel. See Snow shovel.. Alarm clocks, Jerome & Co., New Haven, Conn. . W. . . Cambering machine. W. Cl . ... . ark ...... 258.376 Heater. See Car heater. Shutter fastener. Altemliler ...... 258.SJ4 Bell alarm, E\ N. Cottle, Boston, Mass. C...... Capsule machine, Wood ...... 258,519 Hinge, spring. C. S. Van Wagoner ...... 258.510 Sign or name plate, illuminated, A. B. Keith . . . . 258,304 Boots and shoes. S. K. Hindley. \Yorcester, Mass. A. . . Car brake. A. E. Beattie ...... 258,353 Holder. See Globe holder. Pen holder. Spittoon 1lliding gate, W. White ...... 258.517 Cabinet, sewing machine, O. Fitzgerald. Fairfield,Me. . H. . . Car . . ... brake.J. W. Kenady ...... 258.434 ·holder. Snow shovel. St.ples ...... 258,260 Ceilings. construction of. J. Budd. Boston, Mass. H. W. Car brake. W. C. SctlUltze...... 258,485 Honeycomb foundations. machine for manufac- Spitoon holder, J. Camper...... 258.370 Cotton press. S. B. Steers, New Orleans, La. ar . C brake and coupling. Swenson ...... 258.264 turing. W. C. Pelham ...... 258.251 Spring. See Bicycle seat spring. Darning last., G. A. Cochrane, New York city. N. . . . Car coupling. H. A. Sampsell ...... O. . . 258.320 HOOk. See WhiffietreehOOk. Spring setter. Creagan & Tyler. Jr ...... 258.832 Door fastener, C. A. Crongeyer al .• Detroit, Mich. . . et Car heater...... Ewins & Wiswell ...... 258.394 . Horse blanket fastener. adjustable. E. Brown . 258.215 Stamp mill ore feeder. I. N. Templeton...... 258.503 Dynamo-electric machine, W. A. Sterns New York . . E. et Car railway, M. H. Landers...... 258, 308 Horses fromrunnjng away, device for preventing', Stand. See Book stand. city. al., Car wheel. Washburn ...... 258.266 ...... 258.318 . N. Rothschild ...... Starch settlinl'( tanks. stirrer for, J. J. Tonkin . . . . 258.265 Electric battery. J. Wallace. Ansonia. Conn...... M . . . . B. ars, cable traction for stre H . . . . et. O. . JaWi . .. 258,425 Hydraulic brake, . . .. e . . A. Myers ...... 258,538 Steam g nerator furnace. Candler & Whitehead .. 258.371 Electric motor, J. Kearney. San FranCiSCO, Cal. �CardIng machines, :mech 'V. . . anIsm for operatmg dof- 1 Ice, . . 258.226 . .. ? apparatus for making clear, F. Gergens .. . .. Steel. welding Bessemer. W. IlIock...... 258,358 Engine, rotary, L. Wing, Washington, D. C. T. . . J. fercombs of. H. & A. Stone ...... 258.499 Ice creeper. H Wrin 4 9 I I. . rbert & ...... 258, 1 �tooper. See Bottle stopper. Glove fastener, W. S. Richardson Ill., ewton, )tla.ss. . . . . et N C,trpet stretcher. M. Hawlcy ...... � ...... 258,417 Ice machme. Gergens ...... J. 1 ...... 258.227 Stove attachment, Neilson ...... 258.311 Flour, manufacture of,·W. Warren, Chicago. Il l. .. �. . . . Carpet sweeper. C...... J. . O. Al1en ...... 258.343 Incrustatio!l . . preventive. Kolker ...... 258.235 Stove. hay and straw burning. Teeple ...... 258 328 Lead. manufacture of oxide of. G. T.Lewis. PhHadel- . . . . H. . O. , Oarriage...... W. . child's, ('lose ...... �58...... 219 Incubator, A. Halstead ...... 258.295 Stove or oven door, Alden ...... 258.208 phia. Pa. O...... M. .. Carriage, child's, C. 'V1ttenberg ...... D. K...... 258,270 Indicator. See Railway time. indicator. Valve Stove support. C. Bascom...... 258.351 Link machine, R Evans et aI.. "Tashington, D. H. .. D. C. Carriage side curtain, K. Powers ...... 258.252 indicator. Strainer plate. manufacture of. D. M. Weston . . .. 258,516 Metal planer, Richards, S,ln FranCiSCO, Cal. .J . . J. Carrier. See Rolling min rail carrier. . [nk fountain, Gage ...... _ ...... 2.18,290 Sugar from moladses and sirups, obtaining, Pipes. steam. etc., J. L. I.iee, New York city. A. . . Cart. self- . . C. loading excavating. G. Whitson .. . 258,�69 ... . . Insecticide. G. W. Tucker ...... 258.507 Scheibler...... 258.483 Power wheels, E. W. :\1 errill, Rrooklyn, N. Y. W...... Cartridge box. F. Chillingworth (r) ...... 10.120 Integrating apparatus, C. V. Boys ...... 258,360 Suspender end. W. Smith ...... 258.487 Sewing machine. G. Gowing. Oakland. Cal. Case. . J. . . See Pencil C3.se. Shot showcase. Ironing . . . . machine, W. Hal1 ...... 258,229 Swinging gate, King ...... 258.306 Sewin�' machine, Fisher, San FranCiSCO, Cal • Castings, apparatus for forming muulds for, S. J. L. . G. . . A. A. Jack. See "Va.gon jack. SWinging I'(ate. C. Lamb ...... Shoe uppers. machine for putting together, S. . .. . E. . 258,307 L. Adams ...... <0 ...... 258.206 Journal bearing. N. Griffith...... 258.413 Switch. See Railway switch. Wiegand. Philadelphia. Pa. . . A. . Center board boat...... 258.315 Journal bearing. Reese ...... 258.317 Table. See Folding table. T. J. . .. /' Telegraph apparatus. Knudson, Brooklyn, N...... 258.267 A. A. Y. Cbain. drive, J. Weaver ...... Knitting . . . .. GI·apham machine. C. young ...... �58.523 Tablet. information. E. S. Boynton ...... n. . . 258,529 'felephone apparatus. C. Chinnock. Brooklyn. Chain .. . . 258.411 . E. N. Y. link. H. Gorman ...... Lacing stud lank. Goddu ...... 10.122 . . . 258.532 Target. flyinl'(, Lil'(owsky (rl. Wall paper, apparatus for drJing, S. Warren, al., Chair. See Rocking cbair. L. . G. J. et Lamp burner,b E. L. Bryant ...... •...... 258,365 Telegraph. duplex. C. L. Bnckingham . ... 258,366. 258.367 New York City. Chair S...... 258.354 . attachmen�. Bell Lamp burner. argand. A. R. Conrad ...... 258.281 ...... C. Telegraph. duplex. Jones ...... 258,428 Wuter condnctor. Reber .• Pa. F. W. G. K. et al Pittsburg.

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC AND BEST CHEAPEST. Inside Page, ea h insel'tion cents a line. MAHER & GROSH, c ...... '15 Hac]{ Page, each insertion ...... $ 1.00 line. (About eight words to.a line.) a may head adver tisements at the same rate Si lver Finish. Enpergravings line, by measurement. as the letter PI·esS. .Adver­ tisements must be received at publication Qtfice as early Thursday morning to appear in next issue. as ���,,�· �� ���· �C�O�; '�i,�.���

J. A..(Cincinnati. FA."Y Ohio, U.� S. A.'co .. Exclusive Agents and ImDo�ters for the United States, of the CELE:E:g,.A.TED WESTON DYNAMO·ElECTRIC MACHINE PERIN BAND SAW BLADES, The undersigned,. sole agents for the above machine 8Uper.,o'� to all others quaUty,jln­ WarrantedtInifortnity of tenlper, generalIn for / and dura .. i8h�fIIlit y. PeJ�in Saul three ELECTROPLATING AND ELECTROTYPING, One outwears ol'dinary sawS. refer to all the principal Stove Manufacturers, Nickel pi" c.----' AND FINE GRAY IRON ALSO S EEL and Silver PlJ.tersin the country. Over now in use. 1\ 0 7 CASTINGS E:RNS 1::. FR.2�Sf>EGIAL Are also manufaCltur2T of Pure Nicl{cl1,500 Anodes, I -- I.,.- - flNl S This }"ireproof and indestructible material success .. ALLE� FINITI$>

II Dust,'� PATENT fHEGREATNATIONAL EXHIBI­ 1. Julian Hawthorne's striking serial story now running. 2. Judge 'l'oul'g'ec's ne'\v and gl'ent­ cst story, "Ilot l' ]o"'shal'elll," to be,g-in at once. COLD-ROLLED TION OF ART AND INDUSTRY. S. PHELPS, 3. Serial Stories by E. P. ROE, E. W. M. BAKI':R, and others of national reputation. Sho Adtnission, 25 Cents. 4. rt SHAFTIN o o Storiei, Poems, Articles on Sclence, Art, Literature, and The fact that this sbaftlng has perG cent. .. greater a:an�����,f�;�:f�r fr���';;rr�tio'ii'o e r 75 g �i' �� Politics, by the firstwriters of the land. The regular �the��thu:e���d��;�r;l�d�J�t������ t:I��t :c��g�i��I. bitsand Visi tors. For fnll particulars addre� ssh PORTAI3LE MILL� H. STEWART. Sec'y. departments of The Household, Art of Ado�nment.5. Our We are also the sale manufacturers of the CgLlj�B�tATI£D WM. Society, The Still Hour, Foreign Thought, Book Re­ MUNSON I3ROTHEI�S. a ni S e _ �t� f�:. �� i��II� in� �I�� �� views, etc. 6. Editorial and contributed discussions of U "'CTUI�E:R application��C�,L�f f�� �l��ti�to ���d JONES LAUGHLINS, V1 0l).,\.Si!!�NONES.MlllF hTAc�:J !) 2d and 3d & all current social, literary, and political topics, without Try Street. A venues, Pittsburg, Pa. Itlljle; Ie Corner Lake and Canal Sts., Chicago, regard to sect or party. Tbe Illustrations are �---' m. STEA M P U MPS 7. �"'�\ANI) .� MILL FUI�NISHINGS. 1/1- iIT Stocks of this shafting in store and for sale by drawn and engraved by the best talent in tbe country, �is�i��::llfe°tft gg�� �o-:ier�(Ik���'R ��: Louise Chandler Moulton. Velia Thaxter, ll'rank e H. ��;�t��h�'E�':'°IIC;S��ii��1 ��e�c�i ��g&O!d� � Wm. A. Hammond, President E. H. Magill, President n FOR INFOltllIATION CONCERNING it����R�:�iIa�h���� tat��o��I)r��.�:'tW: EYtrot\� Marlon Harland, Juli1 Dorr, Robert J. Burdette. Prof. HenlS3) Its Value In Agrlculture.-By Dr. JamesMUCK R. Nichols. for $2.00; or with all the back nnmbers from paper of great interest to the farming community. treat­A. tng of: Origin of Muck Deposits and tbeir Age. Difl'er­ tbe beginning (Feb. l5, lSS�) for $3.00. ences in Muck. Pond Mud, etc. M.uck Proper. Chemis­ contains annually orw·thira 'l1U»'e try of Muck Beds. Nitrogen in Muck. Analysis of Muck OUR OONTINENT and Cow Manure and of I.Jiquid Excrement. Muck matter than any Monthly Magazirw-�ti 0T TION lishments, . l Hospitals, patents the principal countries of the world. Of.EVERBy� 6£·SCRIP I C d Storage Warehouses, etc. in an 234 W. 29.ST. &sTEELSPRINGS. NEWYORKCiTY �END FOIl,o ILLUSTRATED DESCRIPTIVE CIRCUI,ARS. CO., Soltcltors of"Pa tents, M AND UNN '" F'O R 261 Broadway. New York. ROOT'l'I B),OWER. BRANCH OFI�ICE Streets, A No.SAL Ii E. -Corner of F SEConlyOND. beenHAND used a short time. In order. PICTET ARTIFICIAL ICE CO. (Limited), and 7th lIas Apply -perfeet P. o. Greenwich St., City, to WM. EESOR '" CO., QinciImatl, 0, Bo� 3083. 142 New York N. Y. Washington, D. C,

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC THE FAJODS 27"810P BEETHOVEN ORGAIS. Suitable for the Parlor, Ohapel, or Sabbath Sohool. BRIEF DESCRIPTION.-- Lodge, Churoh -- A ers at least This combination of Reed-Board �nd Stop Work$450.,.bear in mind, in the BEETHOVEN l2.-a tented. �o other or�n maker dare IS build it. PRIC E.-The price of this Organ, which in· PRIOE �:r:.�.lI:{U 8W,�:AJ;:O::r ONL:;:;; E S90 .: . 00 cludes a music book, organ bench, choice music CASE .-Handsom!i\ Solid Black Walnut, manu. &c. securely packed and delivered board the carS factured so as not to take the dirt or dust. Tho· at Washington, New is on :B :J:..o.A.1!iII'1'. Jersey, ONLY roughly seasoned and kiln dried, so that it wiIl stand T E RMS.�The terms are Net Cash. $90Rem.00.it· the test of any climate, handsome rubbed Varnish tances may be made by Bank Draft, Post Oftlce .IRON REVOLVERS, PERFECTLY BALANCED, finish and polish ; carved and ornamented with ara· Money Order, Registered Lette!:: or EXJlressprepaid. . besque designs in gold, fret music desk, pocket, han· W A RRANT ED.-The BJl;ETHOVEN is war­ Bas Fewer Parts than anyMan otherufac Blower.tur ers, dIes and lamp stands. It is built to last, not for show. ranted for years. Shipped on one year's trial. P. H. & F. M. ROOTS, • ACTI ON.-Containinll' with agreat OONNERSVILLE. IND six TOWNSEND, Gen. Agt.,6 Cortla.nd St. variety of Stop CombinatIOns, enabling the perform. •• B. S. 27 Stops, FACTO .-Corner RaIJroad Ave. and Beatty VOOKE CO., Selling Agts., 6 Cortland ,8Str Deyt,St., er to imitate following the simple instructions & St., Washington, New ergey. Largestin the world. . JAS. BEGGS CO., Selling Agts. Dey Street,ee sent) a French Horn, Violin, Piccolo, Saxaphone, RY J & (by- Running to orders promptly B Full Orchestra. Cello, Church Pipe Organ, and many all :N'E� Y<>:El.-'. other beautiful effects. In addition you have the day and night 1111 SEND FOR PRICED CATALOGUE. regular ordinary Organ at your command. R'Ifthei1J;o �homBeethoven it Organ,�nll after @to Ue"uone year's: con· as fo llows : stant use, does not give you perfect satisfaction in oot tone. t e �\ d 27 STOPS U=���g{a���� f��� ione. every particular, and is in any way not as repre· S-Clarabella.� � i� 16-Clarionet, 8 foot tone. sented in this advertisement, I hereby bind myself &-ManualSitb Bass, 16 foot 17-Voix Celeste, 8 foot tone. to take it back and refund you your money paid in tone. . . IS-VioUna, foot tone. current funds, with legal interest of New Jersey, 5-Bourdon, 16 f'oottone. Vox JubUante,4: and (six per cent.) further agree to pay freight 19- tone.8 charges on the InstI r:umentboth ways, the money to f foot ue. r-�I�fa�=�t�rNr8��::'��Oo�c:, 4° ���frf����n��nee. �=8�2O-����fE!:ir�F:t::qo� � be refunded immediately upon receipt of the in· Organ Knee Stop. strnment at Washington, New Jersey. I further lo-Grandtone. Expressiune, 8 foot 2i-Right23-GrandKnee Stop. agree, if requested, to exchange it for any other l1-French Horn, foot tone. 2,.'i-AutomaticValve Stop. organ piano as shown in my catalogue. 8 l . Or ��{J���;Tremulant. �=r!fft��fe:1���:.r

With grand and thriZli'n(l aooe8sory . and B E LLOWS.combi-Finestnation Treble effects. Rubber, Upright pattern, three bellows combir).ed, with four Steel Springs, with Automatic .Valve Stop, an Ingenious arrangement for preventing an over·supply of air. full Sets Reeds. of tne Celebra· H OW OR DE R-Enclosed fin

AND ORE DELAMATERDELAMATER IRON CO., Proprietors, WORKS BOCKWe manufacture BRE and suppJ,.AKE aSnotice and lowest rates, StoneCRUS and OreHERS. Crnsherscon­ & at sbort c. H. N. taining the Invention described in Letters Patent. Issued to Eli W. Blake. June 15th. 1858 togeth­ AND I PR D TOOLS.N . with NEW AND VALUABLE for which Letters Patent were granted May 11th MACHNEW INISM TS'OVE P A�'TER No. 10 Cortllllldt Street, New York, Y. er 1880. IMPltOVEMENTS. new Illustrated catalogue. S and July 20th, to Mr. S. L. Marsden. All Crushers supplied by us are con8tructed under Send for the superintendence of Marsden. wbo. for the p ... tfifteen years, h ... been connected with GLADWIN IMPROVED the manufacture of BlakeMr. Crushers In this coun,;ry and En�land. Lathes, Planers, Drills, . HAVEN ll.IANU PACTVIUNG&0. FARltEL FOUNDRY AND MACHINE CO .. lUanufrs., Ansouia, Conn. NEW CO., COPELAND BACON, Agents, New YOl·k. �ew navell, OR & Coon. BIT WEEK. $12 day at home easily made. Uostly � A free. a Co., out1it Address TIlDE & Augusta, The Oldest and Largest Manufacturers of the Orlgiual Me. Bit. will bore through all hard. knotty or gummy $12 :woodsThis . TheAU wonnCE will notR. clog. SOx.. ZD "V'Ox.. OANX·T E :u;uhout bei"fl nwithdrawn..a b':fJW1':t��t:, l�2'l. ��\,,����f.N��sto������ �TNOl]LONOON BERRYiY·DRTD ���� �-- A pA EMERY WHOur name 18 staE·mpedELS. in full upon all our PHIL FOR ---- J YR'b:���Jlt�t�w:r ' strui� �.ftEa\"Addre8SN��, NEWIrl�U YORK :BELTING AND PACKING CO.::. CHI!iIIEE�EVER,O:J:.A.X. Tl'oas. . 1V<>'X':J:OE�9 PARK. ROW, NEw YORK. THE BEST BAND SAW LADE ofMA every de8criptlon.CH 121 ChambersINER and ReadeY 8ts., EineryWhee.. . H. lOS AGENCY. , JOHN New York. THE GEORGE all above. PLACE MACHINICRY Owing to the recent great fire in the "World " Buildin", OU1' omce hal!l heen removed

50 % BeforeWATCHMAK buYing, lathes. see the .. WhitcombERS.,'" made by , .. .&MERICA"N Al'CH TOOL CO., Waltham. Mass. SIWEDIN O W FUELSIMPLE'NE.25 INT DEViCE ENG per day Samples worth $5free. ECONOMFICAL Stemwinding Permutation Locks, home. F safes closets, money tills. O desks • CUT For security. at E For Address Co., Portland, Me. l DURABLE MANFGTD BY dn'IIIwers. inside nc. B best A to the very BANK LOCK. Cost little above keyed STINSON & :� BALLI ENGINE CO. ERIE PA �, 10

• MAN UFACTURERS

CLA·RK'S RUBBER WHEELS. �!�U��;O. WIRE BRIDGE SH.. IP R. IG. SING, This Wheel is unrivaled for durallllity, I'AflR ROPE, CABLES, simplicity. and cheapness. dapted for . etc. WITITERBY. RUGG & RICHARDSON'.1Itanufacturers Warehouse and Platform Trucks.A Scales, Tramway Ropes, Champion Barbed Wire, of Patent WOOd WOrking MachlDery every Heavy Casters, and all purposes for which lJi0ARD 1'I�cl1� lJ.S Omee and Workl!l l l 8endfor S Omce and Warehoulre l of Wheels are used. Circular and Price List R ESI tlon. Facilities unsurpassed. formerl,.0()QIl d�. �____»� D ENT . CLARK,WlndsorLocks, ct. � ...;;;.;...;;;.;;.;..;;.,;;;:..;.�. WILUSBABBE, PA. S prlce IIst' l8T ShOp �. �, GlllO.P. LIBEB1'Y ST., NEW YOlK. bf B. lIl>.11� GO" WOI'OtIlWr, �· StIlIltor Ci�"

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC ��======������======�======���-390 :$titutifit, �- -�- =- �r�== ===-�==��- ==T======��======�[JUNE 17, 1882. �tu�tritllU'. Inside Page,2\dtJtrt each insertionl�tmtttt� . cents a line. Paae, eacll . .,...5 COLUMBIAIs what everyBICYCL boy wants andE. Back insertion .. .. a line. (About eight words to.... a" line,) $1.00 SQUARE PA'-CKING, what every . man ought to have. Send 3c.· stamp for illustrated l!Jngravings may heaa aaver'tisements at the same rate catalogue, with price lists and per line, by merumrement, as the lette1' Aaver'­ WITH ELASTIC RUBBER BACK, information. tiRements must be receivea at publicationp1'e8S, offi ce as early For Packing the Piston Rods and full Thur8aay morning to app ea1' in next i8811e. Valve Stems of Steam as Engines Pumps. and THE POPE M'F'G CO., J?..A."I'EN"I'ED J"..A.N"O' ..A.BY :as, :L.9S9. 591' Washington St., Boston, Blass. LITTLE WONDERS. "LAFARGE" l'ORT],AND CEIUEN'I" N"o. aa,2sa. Siiie 'V'iew. En

FIG-. If. MAND & LATHE: .""':::.-. n. PATENTro AUG. II.

Emery Wheels. Represents that of the packing which, when in use, is in contact wltb the Piston Rod, j AlsoTools Shaped for Diamond Carbon Points, B. Th C c part s the part B against the rod with sufficient pressure to be steam tight, and yet L: le g r A. �r';l::!! bt� I� t'j�}�ch';;';f. �3:l�:na:s, J��;r:��� sr�� ;;o��r�1�: i and Paper Ca}(mder Rollers, Drilling, 1;he partU B" is made of s.uccesslve thicknesses of cotton duck, firmly cemented together with an elastic Planing, .:\-Ioulding, Millstone Dressing, lubrlcatlve compound. When In use, the edges of the cotton fabric are brought in contact with the Piston Rod, so and Sawing Stone. that �he wear is very slo,!",and hence the paclting is very duraple. �ts convenience, durabiJity, and satisfactory r workIng must commend It to the favor of EngIneers wherever it is trIed, and lead to its general use. th��� E��:: Wr�el�, irit��� ducing the use of his ��!�POints�n�rn andeg: ' Tools for the above purpose. Numerous com­ posite wheels and new industries have been created where their .• value " has proved incalculable. Send numberJ. of Tool desired, assa In CKIN�ON, Yorl WRIT OF INJUNCTION. 64 N u �tl>eer, New •• SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK.

THE NEW YORK BELTING PACKING ,q{{ POSITIVE ACTION GUARAN.TEED UNDER AND 1!J vs. COMPANY 1i4 Al.l CONDITIONS. EBENEZER SMITH AND ln Eq:wity. ..ret NOWIl.l. ADJUS LIFT WATERTMENT FEET.FOR VARSENDYING FOR DESSTEAMCRIPTIVE PRES CIRCULSUREAR, . MATTHEW GATES. } 25 OFFI CES AND WAREROOMS : PHIl.ADA., THOMPSON STS' NEW YORK, l.IBERTY ST. 12TH. &; 10 THE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES BOSTON, OUVER ST. CHICAGO, MARKET9 ST. 7 84 To AUGUSTA , GA ., FENWICK ST. ST. LOUIS, MO., MARKET the Defendants Ebenezer Smith and Matthew Gates and each of them, their clerk , attorneys,agents, servants, 1026 709 ST. and workmen, GREE'l'ING: s DENVER, COL, FIFTEENTH ST. SAN FRANCISCO, CAl.IFORNIA RICHMOND, VA .,19 4 MAtN ST. 2 ST. WHEREAS, It has been represented to us in our Circuit Oourt of the United States for the Second Oircuit 1419 n r h a i te w n o I �,����� d��i��!'°U\�'; ,1g �� ����t�r��it ;�n;��i::e�� )5�!;� �. 6��ery f��';"i::i�rg�� d ����;:Ji'ld �86�,Rubb'er Packing,;" said Letters Patent being known and distinlluisbed as No. and that yon, the said H. LOW SON & HAYDON'S defenrf,ants,have infringed the rights secured by the aforesaid IJetters Patent, by manufactUring,86,296, making, USing, HARTFORD and selling others Vulcanized Rubber Packing substantially as described in the Letters Patent aforesaid, con­ , trary to theto form of the statute in such case made and provided. Now, THEREFORE, we do strictly COMMAND and Enjoin you the said Ebenezer Smith and Matthew Gates and each you. your clerks, attorneys, agents. servants, andworkmen under the pains and penalties which may fall STEAM BOILER LeaveTOIL no unpleasantET odorSOAP on the Shands, upon 9fyou and each of you. in case of disobedience. that you forthwith desist from making, manufacturing, using, or selling. in violation of said Letters Patent. any Vulcanized Rubber Packing involving or embracing or ma,nu­ The popular kinds are factured in p.urs�anceof or containing tQe invention described and claimed in IJetters Patent ·of- the United 8tates No. viz.: the_ combination with the packing sU!3has t�erei:r:Ispeci fied of an elastic backing or cuahi9n & of vulca ized India-rubber substantially as described and claimed in the said letters patent, further orlUr Inspeotion Insurance this cause.n 86.2961 wnW im R a . i u ELDER FLOWER, IN � LB. BARS, ���r!���t i� 6�ry �¥ �e����\i,°�;\'h� :l'J "ct�; COMPANY. WIT'bof�� June,�t�� l[ti'A.D.��T�ft�e d TURNER, LEE McOLURE, 1882. W. B. FRANKLIN,V. Pres't. J. nr . ULEN, Pres't. & Complaimant'8 SO�lC.tor8. : L. S. : JOSEPH-M- . J. n. PIERCE. Sec'y. DEUEL,Clerk.

29 PARK ROW, NEW YORK.

PAP ER OLD BROWN WINDSOR, IN PACKETS. GENTLEMEN'S Triple Handl{ercllief xtracts, 0 PER An exceedingly invention, without a '['oiletE Water, nIWU�Hm�MENlffQ�o�18X22S SENSIT IVEDOl �; 50 CTS BOSTON GARTER. Roy l Windsor 21-x38 �� which no gentleman'sus�fu) dress is com lete. es- J 200 • g Eau 27)(-!-0 tl25 .. i U g de Cologne, SEND FOR QUOTATIONS FOR OTHER SIZES A LIBERAL DISCOUNT 0 LARGE fi; �Vl�e� ��� ;�;n���Jll�h :no�l rsi'ri�r� USERS THOS HM�COLLIN PHOTOGRAPHIC SUPPLI ES FH ILA PA pensable to one's comfort and neat appear­ Bi\Y.JTAI_tOHKlf·aaS Violet Nursery... Powder, ance to have the stockings litsmoothly about Rose Leaf Powder. the ankle and the slack of the drawers kept LIOUID PAINTS confinedat the knee, all of which the Boston AISBESTOS ROOFING. Garter accomplishes. A�r�jn��.t �O O NGS, e ( ]�l'�I*(� F�� :::j e a ( I Acknowledged to be the F :h��g bR oJ!e��l eo! ga��fe AlSnI>�'I' )� IS' 'EAJUPACK ING, sent by mail, postage prepaid, receiptc;fIf� of; best and most satis­ price. ASA�nEBES'l'OSS'I' O�WI eR l'A Cl{lNG. factor-y Toilet Articles in the world. THE IRHARDIDEST :METALIUM : on ]�EYFUS. ranted. Retail Price, cts. per lb. eal.logue. 92 & 94 10 Send for Liberty St., lIIew York. ''' In. A. HARRIS.T T , CO., l' ROVSixl DENCE minutes, walk I.We (PARKst from station S R . E Original and R.Only of theE ) VOLNEY W. MASON & builder CLUTCHES, and ELEVATORS, FRICTION PULLEYS, FOR HAIUHarris'US-COR l' atentedLISS Improvements, ENGINE PROVIDENCE, R. I. 19W.4tbSt., Cincinnati,O Stevens' Roller Mills, P. JOHN HOLLAND, Qnality a GRADUAL REDUCTION GRAIN. With f" om to H. Manufacturer of all styles of nest Gal OF Pells. Pen and Pencil Cases, Gold 'r oothpicks. etc. Manufactured exclusively Huftiby tlo, 10 1.000 Our pens received the higbest award at Philadelphia • lUJ<'G. Exposition '" for great elasticity and general excellence." 'l' HE JOHN '1' ./iOYE CO. , N. Y. S s "Jd:�J\� ��1��JMd'�I!��:;'���t��fi���'i!;��e�'iree. U tions,S10PHOTOGRAPH ICBECK.O TFITSsema th1 ::IY'i��f�� up. R.&J . Phila.,Pa. torcatalogue. _ OGARDUS'TRlC MIJ.LS-For grlndingUNIVERSAL Bones, Ores, Sand Old CrUCibles,B Fire ClayPATENT Guanos, Oil Cake, Feed,ECCEN. ('orn, FILLER Corn and Cob, Tobacco, Snuff, Sugar, Salts, Roots, . ;m{kINS FillsWHEELER'S the pores of wood PATENT perfectly, WOODso that smooth finish e C b I is obtained with one coat of varnish. Send for Circular. �f�� !'nd �t�1ev������;t tS gr���' Also for Paints..l_ Printers' Inks,iia���gd Paste blacking.:t�: etc. : .,THES TANDARD Most durableSXLXC.A. in the market.TE Sold:J?.A.XllirTS. in Paste, only needing JOHN W. THOMSON;,successor to JAMES BOGAR­ MANUFACTU RED OF" ' thinning with Raw Oil or Turpentine, one gallon pro� DUS, corner of White and Elm Sts" New York. BEST S'l!ElA"M.MEROS!1IJOHNTAL ALVES. j S'BPATENTV tI' tI' JENKlN ducing TWO GALLO:".'SOF PAI�T. Send for sample card ST.NY. .. of colors. BRIDGEPORT WOOD FINISHING 00., 1844. 40 Bleecker Street, New York. ESTABLISHED FromSt e ellb, weight, Ca true tost patterni ofng unequaleds J. C. TODD & S I MONTON, . strengtl

© 1882 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC