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Debian-Referenssi Debian-referenssi Osamu Aoki <osamu\#at\#debian.org> Suomenkielinen käännös: Esko Arajärvi <edu\#at\#iki.fi> ‘Tekijät’ sivulla 253 CVS, to 18.1.2007, 11:54:20 UTC Tiivistelmä Debian-referenssi (http://qref.sourceforge.net/) on tarkoitettu Debian-järjestelmän laajaksi yleiskatsaukseksi ja asennuksen jälkeiseksi käyttöohjeeksi. Se antaa esimerkkejä ko- mentorivikomennoista ja käsittelee monia järjestelmäylläpidon puolia. Dokumentti tarjoaa perusohjeita, vinkkejä ja muuta tietoa mm. Debianin perusajatuksista, järjestelmän asenta- misesta, Debianin pakettienhallintajärjestelmästä, Linux-ytimestä Debianin alla, järjestelmän virittämisestä, yhdyskäytävien rakentamisesta, tekstieditoreista, CVS:stä, ohjelmoinnista ja GnuPG:stä muille kuin kehittäjille. Tekijänoikeuksista Copyright © 2001–2005 by Osamu Aoki <osamu#at#debian.org>. Copyright (Luku 2) © 1996–2001 by Software in the Public Interest. This document may be used under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2 or higher. (http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html) (Tätä dokumenttia saa käyttää GNU GPL -lisenssin version 2 tai uudemman ehtojen mukaisesti. Katso epävirallinen suomen- nos (http://www.turre.com/licenses/gpl_fi.php).) Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this document provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this document under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this document into another lan- guage, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be included in translations approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. i Sisältö 1 Johdanto 1 1.1 Virallinen dokumentti .................................. 1 1.2 Dokumentin käytännöt .................................. 2 1.3 Esimerkkiskriptit ..................................... 2 1.4 Perusasetukset ....................................... 2 1.5 Debian-jakeluiden perusteet ............................... 3 2 Debianin perusteet 5 2.1 Debian-arkistot ...................................... 5 2.1.1 Hakemistorakenteet ............................... 5 2.1.2 Debianin jakeluversiot .............................. 6 2.1.3 stable-jakeluversio ............................... 6 2.1.4 testing-jakeluversio .............................. 7 2.1.5 unstable-jakeluversio ............................. 7 2.1.6 frozen-jakeluversio ............................... 7 2.1.7 Debianin jakeluversioiden koodinimet ..................... 8 2.1.8 Aikaisemmin käytetyt koodinimet. ....................... 8 2.1.9 Koodinimien lähde ................................ 8 2.1.10 pool-hakemisto ................................. 9 2.1.11 Sid-jakelun historiaa ............................... 9 2.1.12 Palvelimelle ladatut paketit incoming/-hakemistossa. ........... 9 2.1.13 Vanhempien pakettien hakeminen ....................... 10 2.1.14 Laitearkkitehtuuriosiot .............................. 10 2.1.15 Lähdekoodi .................................... 10 SISÄLTÖ ii 2.2 Debianin pakettienhallintajärjestelmä ......................... 11 2.2.1 Debian-pakettien yleiskuvaus .......................... 11 2.2.2 Debian-pakettien formaatti ........................... 12 2.2.3 Debianin pakettitiedostojen nimeämiskäytännöt ............... 12 2.2.4 Paikallisten asetusten säilyttäminen ...................... 12 2.2.5 Debianin ylläpitoskriptit ............................. 13 2.2.6 Pakettien prioriteetit ............................... 14 2.2.7 Virtuaaliset paketit ................................ 14 2.2.8 Pakettien riippuvuudet ............................. 15 2.2.9 Riippuvuuden “Pre-Depends” (“esi-riippuvuus”) merkitys ........ 16 2.2.10 Paketin tila ..................................... 16 2.2.11 Pakettien päivittämisen estäminen ....................... 16 2.2.12 Lähdekoodipaketit ................................ 17 2.2.13 Binääripakettien rakentaminen lähdekoodipaketeista ............ 17 2.2.14 Uusien Debian-pakettien teko .......................... 18 2.3 Debian-järjestelmän päivittäminen ........................... 18 2.3.1 dpkg ........................................ 18 2.3.2 APT ......................................... 19 2.3.3 dselect ...................................... 19 2.3.4 Ajossa olevan järjestelmän päivittäminen ................... 19 2.3.5 Ladatut ja pakettivarastossa olevat .deb-tiedostot .............. 19 2.3.6 Päivitysten kirjanpito .............................. 20 2.4 Debianin käynnistysprosessi ............................... 20 2.4.1 init-ohjelma ................................... 20 2.4.2 Järjestelmän ajotasot ............................... 20 2.4.3 Ajotasojen muokkaaminen ........................... 21 2.5 Monimuotoisuuden tukeminen ............................. 21 2.6 Kansainvälistäminen ................................... 22 2.7 Debian ja ydin (kernel) .................................. 22 2.7.1 Ytimen kääntäminen ei-Debian lähdekoodista ................ 22 2.7.2 Työkaluja muokatun kernelin kääntämiseen ................. 23 2.7.3 Erityishuomioita modulien käytöstä ...................... 23 2.7.4 Vanhan ydinpaketin poistaminen ....................... 23 SISÄLTÖ iii 3 Debian System installation hints 25 3.1 General Linux system installation hints ........................ 25 3.1.1 Hardware compatibility basics ......................... 25 3.1.2 Determining a PC’s hardware and chip set .................. 26 3.1.3 Determining a PC’s hardware via Debian ................... 26 3.1.4 Determining a PC’s hardware via other OSs ................. 27 3.1.5 A Lilo myth .................................... 27 3.1.6 GRUB ....................................... 28 3.1.7 Choice of boot floppies .............................. 28 3.1.8 Installation ..................................... 29 3.1.9 Hosts and IP to use for LAN .......................... 29 3.1.10 User accounts ................................... 30 3.1.11 Creating filesystems ............................... 30 3.1.12 DRAM memory guidelines ........................... 33 3.1.13 Swap space .................................... 33 3.2 Bash configuration .................................... 34 3.3 Mouse configuration ................................... 34 3.3.1 PS/2 mice ..................................... 34 3.3.2 USB mice ..................................... 36 3.3.3 Touchpad ..................................... 37 3.4 NFS configuration ..................................... 38 3.5 Samba configuration ................................... 38 3.6 Printer configuration ................................... 39 3.6.1 lpr/lpd ...................................... 39 3.6.2 CUPS™ ...................................... 39 3.7 CRON for desktop PC .................................. 40 3.8 Other host installation hints ............................... 40 3.8.1 Install a few more packages after initial install ................ 40 3.8.2 Modules ...................................... 41 3.8.3 CD-RW basic setup ................................ 41 3.8.4 Large memory and auto power-off ....................... 42 SISÄLTÖ iv 3.8.5 Strange access problems with some websites ................. 42 3.8.6 Dialup PPP configuration ............................ 43 3.8.7 Other configuration files to tweak in /etc/ ................. 43 4 Debian tutorials 45 4.1 Getting started ....................................... 45 4.1.1 Login to a shell prompt as root ......................... 45 4.1.2 Set up minimal newbie environment ...................... 46 4.1.3 Add a user account ................................ 47 4.1.4 Switch between virtual console ......................... 47 4.1.5 How to shut down ................................ 47 4.1.6 Play time ...................................... 48 4.2 Midnight Commander (MC) ............................... 48 4.2.1 Enhance MC .................................... 49 4.2.2 Start MC ...................................... 49 4.2.3 File manager in MC ............................... 49 4.2.4 Command-line tricks in MC ........................... 49 4.2.5 Editor in MC ................................... 50 4.2.6 Viewer in MC ................................... 50 4.2.7 Auto-start features of MC ............................ 51 4.2.8 FTP virtual filesystem of MC .......................... 51 4.3 Unix-like work environment ............................... 51 4.3.1 Special key strokes ................................ 51 4.3.2 Basic Unix commands .............................. 52 4.3.3 The command execution ............................. 56 4.3.4 Simple command ................................. 56 4.3.5 Command execution and environment variable ............... 56 4.3.6 Command search path .............................. 57 4.3.7 Command line options .............................. 57 4.3.8 Shell wildcards .................................. 57 4.3.9 Return value of the command .......................... 58 SISÄLTÖ v 4.3.10 Typical command sequences .......................... 58 4.3.11 Command alias .................................. 60 4.4 Unix-like text processing ................................. 60 4.4.1 Regular expressions ............................... 61 4.4.2 Replacement expressions ............................ 62 4.5 Unix-like filesystem .................................... 63 4.5.1 Unix file basics .................................
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