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Metaphorical and Analytical Inquiry Into Press Coverage of a National French Menrisky 1 Le voile du journalisme: Metaphorical and analytical inquiry into press coverage of a national French debate _______________________________ A Thesis Presented to The Honors Tutorial College Ohio University _______________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation from The Honors Tutorial College with the degree of Bachelor of Science in Journalism _______________________________ By Alexander Menrisky March 2012 Menrisky 2 This thesis has been approved by The Honors Tutorial College and the Department of Journalism Ohio University _______________________________ Professor Bernhard Debatin Thesis Advisor Professor, Journalism Honors Tutorial College Director of Studies, Journalism _______________________________ Dr. Jeremy Webster Dean, Honors Tutorial College Menrisky 3 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis would not have been possible without the support, assistance, and love from many people who have been a part of my research process and undergraduate career. First, my mother and father, who read every draft along the way. Thanks as well to Aunt Cynthia Walsh, who set the ball rolling for my research in France, and to Ted Lazo, who allowed it to continue. Thanks of course to Anna Topaloff and André Gerin as well for their help in my research, and to Annie Sugier, who helped get my interviews in place. Above all, thanks to Professor Bernhard Debatin, without whose help this thesis would have been impossible to complete. No professor has been as cooperative with my eccentric work habits, early deluges of results, and overreaching attempts, especially where graduate school applications were involved. Thank you, as always, for your guiding hand over the course of these four years. This project would not have been possible without the generous funding and support received from the Provost’s Undergraduate Research Fund and Dean Jeremy Webster and the Honors Tutorial College Dean’s Discretionary Fund. Menrisky 4 ABSTRACT In April 2011, a law went into effect in France that would no longer allow Muslim women to don the full veil in any public location. News coverage of the event was heavy, in the French press and internationally. American coverage of the issue was widespread across a number of partisan papers and Web sites. Throughout the coverage, journalists used a number of linguistic devices to convey the debate in terms appropriate to their audiences. This thesis examines the language used by these journalists to cover the ban of the full-face veil in France, particularly metaphorical language. Through a variety of theoretical approaches, this thesis studies the metaphors, valence, and framing of articles from a sample of French and American publications in order to determine ways in which the two samples present news. The ban in France serves as a constant tying these articles together, and allows for a comparison of news reportage styles between the two populations. The project finds that the French sample as a whole approaches its news writing on a more neutral level, where the American sample uses more inflammatory language. In addition, it reveals ways in which these two countries view international debates through the press. Menrisky 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction ..............................................................................................................8 Part 1: Literature Review .......................................................................................10 Chapter I: The Definition of Laïcité.........................................................................10 Tolerance........................................................................................................11 “Cultural Community” and the Relationship between the French Press and Laïcité ................................................................................................14 Comparisons with the American First Amendment.......................................18 Laïcité and Versions of the Ban in Other Countries ......................................19 Chapter II: Muslim Women and the Veil ................................................................22 The Hijab, Niqab, and Burqa, and Their Significance ..................................22 Religious Freedom and the Veil Contested in Europe ...................................26 The Role of Colonialism ................................................................................29 Women Fighting Women ...............................................................................33 Chapter III: Laïcité and the Ban in France: A Chronology .....................................36 The Law of 1905 and the Separation of Church and State ............................36 World War II and Sixty Years of Immigration ..............................................37 The Creil Affair and the Stasi Commission ...................................................39 The Law of 2004 ............................................................................................43 Chapter IV: The Law of 2010 and Its Discussion ....................................................47 Part 2: Research and Conclusions ..........................................................................51 Chapter V: Methodology ..........................................................................................51 Menrisky 6 Metaphor Theory ...........................................................................................51 Metaphor and Orientalist Discourse in Journalism ........................................56 Research Questions ........................................................................................58 Sample............................................................................................................61 Metaphor Analysis .........................................................................................64 Valence Analysis ...........................................................................................67 Framing Analysis ...........................................................................................70 Chapter VI: Discussion of Findings and Results .....................................................72 Metaphor Analysis .........................................................................................72 The Ban as Aggressor or Defender ................................................................82 Valence of Topic ............................................................................................85 Valence of Tone .............................................................................................87 Relationship of Metaphors to Valence ...........................................................92 Framing Analysis ...........................................................................................93 Chapter VII: Conclusions and Further Questions ....................................................99 Metaphor Analysis .........................................................................................99 Valence of Topic ............................................................................................101 Valence of Tone .............................................................................................102 Framing Analysis ...........................................................................................104 Testimony from France ..................................................................................105 Summary of Major Findings ..........................................................................108 Limitations .....................................................................................................109 Menrisky 7 Questions for Further Research .....................................................................110 Bibliography .............................................................................................................113 Appendix A: Bibliography of Articles from Sample ................................................126 Appendix B: Valence Ratings across Samples .........................................................152 Tables and Charts Table 1: Metaphors sorted by metaphor ....................................................................73 Table 2: Metaphors sorted by subject .......................................................................79 Table 3: The ban as aggressor or defender in the total sample .................................82 Table 4: The ban as aggressor or defender in the American sample.........................83 Table 5: The ban as aggressor or defender in the French sample .............................84 Table 6: Topic valence distribution by sample .........................................................85 Table 7: Tone valence distribution by sample ..........................................................88 Table 8: Percentages of neutral scores versus more radical scores in tone valence in the American and French samples .................................................................91 Table 9: Frames within total, American, and French samples ..................................96 Menrisky 8 INTRODUCTION In July of 2010, the French legislature approved a ban on a full veil in all public settings; the law was met with both heavy support and criticism on the part of foreign nations and religious and feminist groups within France as well as the U.S. The law was in part an extension of earlier legislation in 2004 that banned the veil in
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