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3. Obloha a Súhvezdia

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3. Obloha a Súhvezdia Po západe Slnka – zoznámenie sa s nočnou oblohou Mgr. Patrik Čechvala [email protected] Univerzita tretieho veku, 10:00, 24.10.2019 Čo môžeme vidieť na oblohe? Zdroj: Stellarium Koľko hviezd je možné vidieť voľným okom? Tisíce, Státisíce, Milióny, Miliardy, Trilióny, Kvadrilióny, Nekonečno, ...? Zdroj: Wikipedia Ako sa zorientovať? - Svetové strany – juh, západ, východ, sever - Ako určiť svetové strany? Zdroj: Wikipedia http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-2552530/The- mystery-North-Star-Astronomers-baffled-Polaris-getting- BRIGHTER.html Kde sa s uhlami stretávame? Prečo o tom hovoríme? Azimut - Obyčajne v astronómii je zvyk azimut A merať od juhu (geografického) smerom k západu - Od severu (0°) – východ (90°), juh (180°), západ (270°) - Od juhu (0°) – západ (90°), sever (180°), východ (270°) Kde sa s uhlami stretávame? Prečo o tom hovoríme? - Jednotlivé objekty, ktoré vidíme na oblohe sú v skutočnosti rôzne ďaleko - My na oblohe však tieto vzdialenosti priamo nevieme vnímať - Objekty sa nám zobrazujú na myslenú sféru - Pre túto sféru nemá zmysel merať vzdialenosti objektov na nej vo vzdialenostiach ale v uhloch – hovoríme o tzv. uhlových vzdialenostiach - Hovoriť takisto môžeme aj o rozmeroch jedného objektu tzv. uhlová veľkosť - V uhloch zadávame súradnice objektov na oblohe - Z dôsledných pozorovaní je možné určiť/vypočítať súradnice objektu dopredu (pre konkrétny čas) – takéto súradnice následne nazývame tzv. efemeridy - Podľa týchto súradníc následne vieme namieriť teleskop na oblohu tak, aby sme mali objekt v poli ďalekohľadu 21.6.2019 La Laguna, Tenerife História Aratos (-270) – zmienka v básni (45 súhv.) Eratostenes – 42 Hipparchos – katalóg 1080 hviezd = 49 súhvezdí Gaius Plinius (29-79) – 1600 hviezd = 79 skupín Klaudios Ptolemaios (Megale syntaxis) – 48 súhvezdí (21 sev., 15 juž., 12 zodiak) Almagest – arabský preklad Megale syntaxis (stredovek) antické súhvezdia sa nezachovali...snaha rekon. Albrech Durer 1515 (rytina), kresby Durera v neskorších dielach Bayera, Flamsteeda, Argelandera, Heisa. Klaudios Ptolemaios Zdroj: Wikipedia (85 – 165 n. l.) - Zhrnul vtedajšie astronomické poznatky v diele Almagest - Priklonil sa ku geocentrickému modelu - Vytvoril tabuľky pre výpočet pozícii nebeských objektov - Zostavil hviezdny katalóg - Najjasnejšie hviezdy zoskupil do obrazcov – súhvezdí - popísal 48 súhvezdí, ktoré sa stali základom súčasného systému súhvezdí História 1525 Alfonz X kastílsky prikázal kresť, žid. a arabským astronómom zostaviť atlas – Alfonzínske tabuľky (len rekonštrukcia Almagestu – arabské názvy hviezd) 1602 Tycho de Brahe – katalóg 46 súhvezdí (777 hviezd) 1603 Johann Bayer (Uranometria) – 48 súhvedzí + 12 z južnej oblohy Novovek – nové súhvezdia 1624 Jakob Bartsch (Planisphaerium Stellarum) 1627 Johannes Kepler (Rudolfínske tabuľky), A. Royer História 1679 Edmund Halley (Catalogue of southern stars) 1690 Ján Hevelius (Prodromus Astronomiae) – nové s. 1752 Abbe Nicolas Louis de La Caille (Memoires, Coelum Stelliferum) – 14 nových južných súhvezdí 1711 – 1792 Pierre Le Monnier a Joseph Jerome La Lande 1800 Johann Bode (Uranografia) – posledných 9 nových s. 19. storočie – chaos v súhvezdiach (rozpory) - Neskôr až v novoveku (od 17. st.) sa začala opäť rozvíjať astronómia - Začala sa katalogizovať a objavovať južná obloha - Postupne sa zavádzali nové súhvezdia - Častokrát to nebolo medzinárodne dohodnuté a tak vznikali rozdiely a zmätok v súhvezdiach - 1930 – Medzinárodná astronomická únia IAU – obloha rozdelená na 88 súhvezdí - Každý kúsok oblohy patrí nejakému súhvezdiu – nejedná sa iba o samotný obrazec, Eugène Delporte – Délimination scientifique des constellations - 1922 – IAU – zavedená 3 – písmenková skratka pre súhvezdia (skratka z latinského mena v genitíve) - Najjasnejšie hviezdy v súhvezdí sa označujú písmenom gréckej abecedy a skratkou súhvezdia – napr. α Cyg je Deneb Zdroj: IAU Mytológia Zvieratník jarné (Baran, Býk, Blíženci), letné (Rak, Lev, Panna), jesenné (Váhy, Škorpión, Strelec), zimné (Kozorožec, Vodnár, Ryby). V deň jarnej rovn. je Slnko v znamení Barana (súhvezdie Ryby ☺ ), a pod. Kedy je teda Slnko v jednotlivých súhvezdiach? súhvezdie (SK) lat. v skutočnosti vstupuje znamenie Strelec Sagittarius 18.12.2017 - 22.11. - 21.12. Kozorožec Capricornus 19.1.2018 - 22.12. - 19.1. Vodnár Aquarius 16.2.2018 - 20.1. - 18.2. Ryby Pisces 12.3.2018 - 19.2. - 20.3 Baran Aries 19.4.2018 - 21.3. - 19.4. Býk Taurus 14.5.2018 - 20.4. - 20.5. 13! Blíženci Gemini 21.6.2018 - 21.5. - 20.6. Rak Cancer 21.7.2018 - 21.6. - 22.7. Lev Leo 10.8.2018 - 23.7. - 22.8 Panna Virgo 17.9.2018 - 23.8. - 22.9. Váhy Libra 31.10.2018 - 23.9. - 22.10 Škorpión Scorpius 23.11.2018 - 23.10. - 21.11. Hadonos Ophiuchus 30.11.2018 - Strelec Sagittarius 18.12.2018 - Zdroj: http://earthsky.org/astronomy- essentials/dates-of-suns-entry-into-each- constellation-of-the-zodiac Označenie Súhvezdia – latinské názvy, značky (3 písmená) Preklad do každého jazyka – individuálny Menšie asterizmy – alignementy (Hyády, Plejády, Jasličky, Jóbová truhla, Kozliatka, ...) Označenie hviezd v súhvezdiach: Jasné hviezdy – pomenovanie (arabský pôvod, latinský p.) niekedy neštandartizované (Almach=Almaach=Almak=Alamak) Označenie Viac názvov pre 1 hviezdu (Mirfak=Algenib=Alcheb, Alkaid=Benetnasch, Gemma=Alphecca, Polárka=Alrucaba=Cynosura, ...) Niektoré majú rovnaké názvy (Algenib Per a Peg) Bayerov systém grécke písmeno + lat. genitív názvu súhvezdia väčšinou od najjasnejšej - - - - nasledujú malé lat. písmená, veľké lat. písmená (po Q) Alpha Persei, h Persei, ... Označenie Flamsteedov systém Číslice – podľa rastúcej rektascenzie v danom súhvezdí Efekt precesie – niektoré dnes nesedia... 51 Pegasi, 61 Cygni, ... (iba severná obloha) Pozorovanie Uránu ako hviezdy – 34 Tauri ☺ Pomenovanie premenných hviezd Ak nemajú B.p. – R až Z, RR – RZ, ZZ, AA – QZ, V335, V336, .. Napr. R Coronae Borealis, YZ Ceti, V603 Aquilae, .. Označenie Katalógové názvy: Henry Draper C. (HD 19,24), podľa rastúcej rektascenzie, 1-225300, rozšírené po 359083 (1949) pre epochu 1900.0 Smithsonian Astr. Obs. (SAO), podľa 18 stupn. pásov v rektascenzii... Bonner Durchmusterung, Cordoba D. (BD, CD) ADS (17180 dvojhviezd), Gliese (hviezdy do 20pc), HIP (Hipparcos), ... Označenie Názvy podľa osôb: Barnardova hviezda, Besselova h, (61 Cyg), Cor Caroli, Kapteynova h., Luytenova h., Van Maanenova h., komerčné pomenovanie hviezd = Mytológia Skupina starých bohov Súvis s Diom (Býk, Labuť, Vodnár, Povozník) Veľká a Malá medvedica, Pastier, Vlk, Orol, Blíženci, Panna, Váhy, Ryby, Južná ryba, Páv, Hadonos, Had, Kozorožec, Delfín, Líška, Lýra, Severná koruna, Vlasy Bereniky, Južná koruna, Oltár, Trojuholník Mytológia Herkulova skupina Herakles (Herkules, Lev, Hydra, Rak, Pohár, Havran, Centaurus, Šíp, Eridanus, Drak, Baran, Kompas, Korma, Kýl, Plachty) Perzeova skupina Perzeus, Pegas, Androméda, Koník, Veľryba, Cefeus, Kassiopeia. Mytológia Oriónová skupina Orion, Malý a Veľký pes, Zajac, Škorpión Skupina zvieracích súhvezdí 17. storočie Bayer (Vodný had, Mečiar, Lietajúca ryba, Rajka, Fénix, Páv, Tukan, Chameleón, Žeriav, Holubica) Hevelius (Malý lev, Poľovné psy, Jednorožec, Jašterica) Bartsch (Mucha, Žirafa) + Indián, Južný trojuholník (B), Sextant (H.), Južný kríž (R.) Mytológia La Caillova skupina pol. 18. storočia (technický pokrok) – Ďalekohľad, Hodiny, Kružidlo, Mikroskop, Oktant, Pravítko, Sieť, Pec, Výveva, Maliar, Rydlo, Sochár, Stolový vrch Zvieratník ekliptika cez 13 súhvezdí, Hipparchos rozdelil na 12 rovnakých častí po 30° , podľa polohy slnka (precesia zmenila...) Cirkumpolárne súhvezdia UMa UMi Dra Cep Cas Cam Ursa Major 3. Najväčšie súhvezdie (Kallisto, Lykaon, Artemis, Zeus, Héra, Arkás) Ursa Minor a Draco Ládón – strážca stromu, Hesperidky, Graie, Gorgony, Thoosa Cassiopeia a Cepheus Jarná obloha Leo Lup LMi Vir Sex Lib Hya Com Ant Cvn Crt Boo Crv CrB Cen Leo Eurystheos, Heracles – lev pre Egypťanov Hydra Lerne v Argolide, Rak, Hydra, Iolaos, Ifikles Centaurus Tesália v Arkádii Peiritos Hippodameia Virgo Ištar/ Eset (Isis)/ Astraia/ Erigona, dcéra Ikaria Bootes Arkas/ pastier/ pohonič býkov UMa Letná obloha Her Cap Oph Aql Ser Equ Sct Del CrA Sge Sco Vul Mic Lyr Sgr Cyg Hercules Ophiuchus Asklépios Apollon a Koronis Scorpius zabil Oriona/ Faethon Capricornus Pan Delphinus Spevák Arion Cygnus Zeus dcéra Tésea Polydeukes Helena Jesená obloha Peg Gru Lac Phe And Hor Tri For Psc Cet Aqr Ari PsA Per Scl Pegasus Aquarius Pisces Perseus Akrisios Danae ostrov Serif Polydektes Zimná obloha Tau Pyx Eri Lep Cae Ori Col Gem CMi Aur CMa Mon Pup Lyn Vel Cnc Taurus Canis Major Orion Gemini U nás nevychádzajúce súhvezdia Deklinácia < - 42° Crux, Circinus, Norma, Triangulum australe, Telescopium, Pavo, Indus, Hydrus, Tucana, Dorado, Reticulum, Mensa, Pictor, Volans, Carina, Chameleon, Musca, Apus, Octans, Ďakujem za pozornosť.
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