National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
RESORTS & RECREATION
MENU an Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route
Contents The Atlantic Shore: Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic, and Cape May Counties Methodology
Chapter 1 Early Resorts
Chapter 2 Railroad Resorts
Chapter 3 Religious Resorts
Chapter 4 The Boardwalk
Chapter 5 Roads and Roadside Attractions
Chapter 6 Resort Development in the Twentieth Century
Appendix A Existing Documentation
Bibliography
Sarah Allaback, Editor Chuck Milliken, Layout, Design, & Contributing Editor
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/index.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:32 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation
1995
The Sandy Hook Foundation, Inc. and National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route Mauricetown, New Jersey
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/index.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/index.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:32 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Table of Contents)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
MENU CONTENTS
COVER
Contents Cover photograph: Beach Avenue, Cape May, NJ. "As early as 1915, parking at beach areas was beginning to be a problem. In the background Methodology is "Pavilion No. 1' Pier. This picture was taken from the Stockton Bath House area, revealing a full spectrum of summer afternoon seaside attire." Chapter 1 Courtesy May County Historical and Genealogical Society. Early Resorts LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Chapter 2 Railroad Resorts METHODOLOGY
Chapter 3 CHAPTER I: Early Resorts Religious Resorts CHAPTER II: Railroad Resorts Chapter 4 The Boardwalk CHAPTER III: Religious Resorts Chapter 5 Roads and Roadside CHAPTER IV: The Boardwalk Attractions CHAPTER V: Roads and Roadside Attractions Chapter 6 Resort Development CHAPTER VI: Resort Development in the Twentieth Century in the Twentieth Century APPENDIX A: Existing Documentation
Appendix A BIBLIOGRAPHY Existing Documentation
Bibliography LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Frontispiece. New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route. The Jersey Shore region studied in 1991-3. Provided by NPS-DSC.
Figure 1. "The Beach at Long Branch." Appleton's Journal of Literature, Science and Art. 21 Aug. 1869. supplement. Library of Congress.
Figure 2. Rates of Railroad Fare. The New Jersey Coast and Pines. 1889.
Figure 3. Detail Map of Tucker's Island. Records of the Office of the Chief Engineer. Map. 1839. Library of Congress.
Figure 4. Map of Tucker's & Long Branch Islands. Historical and http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:58 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Table of Contents)
Biological Atlas. 1878
Figure 5. Tuckerton Mill Site. West Main Street & Water Street. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS NJ-1030-2)
Figure 6. "Harvey Cedars, Long Beach, Below Barnegat Light." Harper's Monthly. 1878.
Figure 7. "A Ship Ashore!" Harper's Monthly. February, 1878.
Figure 8. Harvey Cedars Bible Conference, Long Beach Island. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS No. NJ-1143-1)
Figure 9. Wide-wheeled Beach Carriages crossing the Marsh. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Magazine. 22 August 1857.
Figure 10. Mount Vernon Hotel Fire, Cape May. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 20 September 1856.
Figure 11. John B. McCreary House, Cape May. Library of Congress.
Figure 12. Steamboat Landing, Long Branch. Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 23 August 1879.
Figure 13. Church of the Seven Presidents, Long Branch. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS NJ-1083-2)
Figure 14. Shadow Lawn. Summer Capitol, Long Branch, NJ. postcard. Sarah Allaback. ca 1916
Figure 15. "On the Bluff at Long Branch." Winslow Homer. Appleton's Journal. 21 August 1869
Figure 16. Murray Guggenheim House, Long Branch. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS No. NJ-i 178)
Figure 17. Bathing at Long Branch—"Oh, Ain't it Cold." Every Saturday. 26 Aug. 1871. Library of Congress.
Figure 18. Atlantic City Bathing Pavilions. On the Beach, Atlantic City, NJ. Library of Congress. ca 1904.
Figure 19. Map of the Railroads of New Jersey. 1887. Hagley Museum and Library.
Figure 20. Ocean Avenue after arrival of Evening Train. Long Branch. Harper's Monthly. 1876.
Figure 21. View of Broadway, South Amboy. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS NJ-1001-1)
Figure 22. Plan of Atlantic City. 1877. Winterthur Museum and Library.
Figure 23. United States Hotel, Atlantic City. Historical and Biographical Atlas. 1878.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:58 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Table of Contents)
Figure 24. Chalfonte Hotel, Atlantic City. Boardwalk Elevation. Library of Congress. (HABS no: NJ-869)
Figure 25. Marlborough, Blenheim & Dennis Hotels, Atlantic City (aerial) Historic American Buildings Survey. Library of Congress. (HABS no. NJ-976)
Figure 26. Notice of lot sales, Sea Isle City. 1883 plan, C.K. Landis.
Figure 27. "Greetings from Sea Isle City, N.J." Sarah Allaback. postcard.
Figure 28. "West Creek." Harper's Monthly. 1878.
Figure 29. Tuckerton Railroad Schedule. Time Table. 1874 No reference
Figure 30. Spring Lake Beach Plan, Monmouth County. Historical & Biographical Atlas. 1878.
Figure 31. Boardwalk, Point Pleasant Beach. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS NJ-1012-2)
Figure 32. Elmer Cottage, Bay Head. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS NJ-1099-1)
Figure 33. Wood shingled houses, Lavallette. Alfred Holden
Figure 34. Neptune House. Ocean Beach. Historical and Biographical Atlas. 1878.
Figure 35. Central Railroad of New Jersey label. Blue Comet. Hagley Museum and Library.
Figure 36. Holy Innocents Episcopal Church, Beach Haven. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1102-1)
Figure 37. Pharo House, Beach Haven. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1103-1)
Figure 38. Viking Village, Barnegat Light. Alfred Holden
Figure 39. Shore Resort Bus Service. Sun Fun in New Jersey ca., 1927. Cape May County Historical and Genealogical Society.
Figure 40. Tuckerton Quaker Meeting House. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no: NJ-1118-2)
Figure 41. "Tent Life." Life at the Seashore. 1880.
Figure 42. Cottages, Camp Meeting Grounds. South Seaville. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1049-2)
Figure 43. Auditorium, Camp Meeting Grounds. South Seaville. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1049-A-1)
Figure 44. "Services on the Beach, Ocean Grove." Harper's Monthly.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:58 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Table of Contents)
1876.
Figure 45. Ocean Grove Tents. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1007-9)
Figure 46. Street Plan., Ocean Grove. Hist. repro. No reference.
Figure 47. Great Auditorium and Ocean Pathway, Ocean Grove. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1007-A-1)
Figure 48. Great Auditorium interior, organ. Hist. repro. Postcard. No reference.
Figure 49. Ocean Grove and Wesley Lake. Up and Down the Beach. 1988. June Methot.
Figure 50. Asbury Park. Up and Down the Beach. 1988. June Methot.
Figure 51. Convention Hall and Boardwalk. Asbury Park. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS 1175-2)
Figure 52. Steinbach Department Store, Asbury Park. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1076-1)
Figure 53. Cottage Camp Meeting Grounds, Island Heights. (David Ames OC-11.1)
Figure 54. Yacht Club, Island Heights. (David Ames OC-10.1)
Figure 55. "On the Highlands." Picturesque America, Vol. I. D. Appleton & Company, NY. 1872.
Figure 56. White Crystal Diner, Atlantic Highlands. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1078-1)
Figure 57. "Bird's-eye View of Sea Grove. From the Ocean. 1876." Scheyichbi and the Strand.
Figure 58. St. Peter's-by-the-Sea Episcopal Church, Cape May Point. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1114-3)
Figure 59. Map of Cape May Point. Sanborn Fire Insurance Map Co. 1890. Library of Congress.
Figure 60. Seaside Park Hotel. ca 1880. Up & Down the Beach. June Methot.
Figure 61. Boardwalk & Beach, Asbury Park. ca 1905. Library of Congress. (LC-D401-18704)
Figure 62. The Boardwalk Parade, Atlantic City. ca. 1890-1906. Library of Congress. (LC-D4-18552)
Figure 63. Heinz Pier from lighthouse, Atlantic City. 1890. Atlantic County Historical Society.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:58 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Table of Contents)
Figure 64. Young's Residence, Million Dollar Pier, Atlantic City. ca 1900-1910. Library of Congress. (LC-D4-71405)
Figure 65. Epicycloidal Wheel, Atlantic City. 1870. Atlantic County Historical Society.
Figure 66. Rolling Chairs, Atlantic City. ca. 1905. Library of Congress. (LC-D4-18548)
Figure 67. "I could stay in Atlantic City forever" on card in woman's hand. Library of Congress. (LC-D4 18-30947)
Figure 68. Virginia Avenue/Boardwalk, Atlantic City. 1896. Atlantic County Historical Society.
Figure 69. "Atlantic City Auditorium and Convention Hall by Night." postcard. Allaback.
Figure 70. Atlantic City Convention Hall. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1130-4)
Figure 71. Carousel, Seaside Heights. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. OC-14.1 David Ames)
Figure 72. "Freeman's Amusement Center Beach," Seaside Heights. postcard. Allaback.
Figure 73. North Beach Pavilion, Spring Lake. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1010)
Figure 74. Belmar Fishing Club. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1079)
Figure 75. Ocean City beachfront, "before the fire." Library of Congress (Prints & Photographs Division)
Figure 76. Hotel Flanders, Ocean City. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1116)
Figure 77. Keansburg Boardwalk. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1177-2)
Figure 78. Polarine Roadmap of New Jersey. ca. 1920. Hagley Museum & Library.
Figure 79. Horse drawn carriage. "The President's Turn-out" ca. 1876 Harpers Monthly p. 490
Figure 80. "Birdseye Map" of Margate & environs w/ mileage. 1925. Library of Congress.
Figure 81. The Jersey Waggon, Jersey Waggon Jaunts, 1926.
Figure 82. Long Beach Boulevard, 1914. The Lure of Longbeach. 1914.
Figure 83. Garden State Parkway, view of curve & trees. Philip Correll. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:58 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Table of Contents)
Figure 84. Garden State Parkway Toll Booth. Correll.
Figure 85. Lucy the Margate Elephant. Historic American Buildings Survey. HABS (NJ-816-5)
Figure 86. Windmill Ice Cream, Long Branch. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1003-1)
Figure 87. Bayville Dinosaur. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1019-1)
Figure 88. Mustache Bill's Diner, Long Beach Island. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. OC-8.1 David Ames)
Figure 89. Brick Plaza, Bricktown. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1107-1)
Figure 90. Sherborne Farm. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1106-1)
Figure 91. Little Egg Harbor Yacht Club. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1105-1)
Figure 92. Wanamaker Hall, Island Heights. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1144)
Figure 93. Wanamaker Commercial Club Girls, Island Heights. postcard. Allaback.
Figure 94. Admiral Farragut Academy, Pine Beach. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1160-1)
Figure 95. Royal Pines Hotel, Pinewald. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1101-
Figure 96. "Sun Fun in New Jersey." advertisement. Library of Congress. ca. 1920s.
Figure 97. "Just a Hop, Skip and a Jump to Wildwood." advertisement. Cape May County Historical and Genealogical Society.
Figure 98. Boardwalk by Night, Wildwood-by-the-Sea. postcard. Allaback.
Figure 99. El Ray Motel/Caribbean Hotel. Historic American Buildings Survey. (HABS no. NJ-1189-1)
Figure 100. Atlantic City casinos: Trump Taj Mahal. 1994. Chuck Milliken.
Figure 101. Asbury Park Boardwalk & Casino. Hist. reproduction. postcard. No reference.
Figure 102. Asbury Park Boardwalk. 1991. Holden.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:58 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Table of Contents)
Figure 103. Horse Racing, Monmouth Park. ca. 1870s. The New Jersey Coast and Pines.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Resorts & Recreation an Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route: The Atlantic Shore— Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic, and Cape May Counties / Sarah Allaback, editor; Charles C. Milliken, layout, design, & contributing editor.
p. cm. Includes bibliography.
1. Coastal Heritage Trail Route (N.J.)—History. 2. Resorts —New Jersey—Coastal Heritage Trail Route—History. I. Allaback, Sarah, 1965- . II. Milliken, Charles C., 1949- . III. United States. National Park Service. New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route.
F142.N48R47 1995 974.9' 00946-dc20
95-42434 CIP
Publication of this book was assisted by a grant from the New Jersey Historical Commission.
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/contents.htm[11/15/2013 2:48:58 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Methodology and Acknowledgements)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
MENU
Contents
Methodology
Chapter 1 Early Resorts
Chapter 2 Railroad Resorts
Chapter 3 Religious Resorts
Chapter 4 The Boardwalk
Chapter 5 Roads and Roadside Attractions
Chapter 6 Resort Development in the Twentieth Century
Appendix A Existing Documentation
Bibliography
Frontispiece. New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route, 1993. Map compiled by NPS, Denver Service Center. (click on image for an enlargement in a new window)
METHODOLOGY and ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
During the summer of 1991, the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER), a division of the National Park Service (NPS), commenced its research on the Atlantic Coast areas within the designated New Jersey Coastal Heritage
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/methodology.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:02 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Methodology and Acknowledgements)
Trail Route (Frontispiece, above). Three HABS historians were assigned to the project—covering an area stretching 275 miles from Perth Amboy and Sandy Hook, south to Cape May and east of the Garden State Parkway, which lies within Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic, and Cape May counties.
Initially, this project was intended to consider a variety of themes and resource types previously studied in the "Delsea" area, and serve as a companion document to the book, Historic Themes and Resources within the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail, Southern New Jersey and the Delaware Bay: Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem Counties (1991). As fieldwork and research progressed, however, the theme of recreation and resorts clearly surfaced as the outstanding motive for development of this coastal strip—within which transportation, religion, architecture, and industry are all subservient themes. Beach-based tourism has been the attraction of this area throughout its history.
Unlike the relatively undeveloped wetland-dominated South Jersey and Delaware Bay counties, the Atlantic shore portion of the Trail consists of a string of communities that are generally quiet except for the summer months, when they are more densely populated; the northernmost area is more urban and industrial-based than elsewhere along the Atlantic portion of the trail. The most popular summertime destinations are the long, narrow, barrier islands that lie off the mainland, with their beach, boardwalk, commercial strips, and guest accommodations from cottages to motels. The extent of the territory and the diversity of growth between Cape May and Perth Amboy make countywide generalizations impossible, but the number of towns—of more than 100, approximately forty were documented—surveyed in the three-month period of fieldwork demanded broad thematic treatment. By writing individual town histories focusing on early settlement, growth through local industry, improvements in transportation, and significant social and geographic variation, HABS historians attempted to provide both a basic, historical overview and more detailed information unique to each locality (See Appendix A for available town and site histories). As the town histories illustrate, improvements in transportation brought more people to the shore, expanded markets for coastal products, and created new destinations for an emerging leisure class. The relationship among these themes became increasingly apparent as work on the project progressed.
Over a three-month period, HABS historians visited regional sites, performed fieldwork, and took photographs. Local historians and directors of historical societies were consulted for guidance in site selection and archival research. The Monmouth and Ocean County "sites inventories" supplied valuable background information. While primary source material such as Gustav Kobbe's The Jersey Coast and Pines (1889), Edwin Salter's A History of Monmouth and Ocean Counties (1890) and H. C. Woolman and T. H Rose's Historical and Biographical Atlas (1878) offered nineteenth-century observations, secondary sources were more useful for examining broader patterns of settlement and growth within each county. The New Jersey collections at Monmouth College, the Monmouth Historical Society, Ocean County Library, and the Ocean County Historical Society provided both historical and contemporary accounts of Jersey shore life. Similar collections at the Cape May and Atlantic County historical
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/methodology.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:02 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Methodology and Acknowledgements)
societies proved equally useful. Magazines, brochures, and newspaper articles from these archives allowed historians to include more personal information about the lives of people and buildings. Such records were invaluable in discussing attitudes toward local preservation, urban development, and other factors influencing the contemporary built environment.
This survey phase was followed up in summer 1992 with more intensive research on a small number of significant and representative sites exemplifying the unique cultural heritage of the Jersey shore. Individual reports were written, for instance, on sporting clubs, convention centers, bathing pavilions, and hotels. In addition to architectural and physical descriptions of these structures, the reports explore the social context in which they functioned. Both the town histories and the building reports written over the past two summers have been incorporated into the following history, prepared in summer 1993. This study focuses on the growth and development of a resort industry that remains a dynamic part of New Jersey's economy and a significant cultural experience in the twentieth century.
HABS historian Sara Amy Leach supervised the HABS research work on the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route, Janet C. Wolf, Project Director. The Trail in its entirety falls under the geographic jurisdiction of the new NPS-Northeast Field Area, Marie Rust, Director. The summer 1991 historian field team consisted of supervisor Sarah Allaback (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), Alfred Holden (University of Vermont), and Camille Gatza (North Carolina). During the summer of 1992, the team included field historian Alison Isenberg (University of Pennsylvania), and historian-editor Elizabeth May (American Institute of Architects-Washington, D.C., chapter), who worked in HABS's Washington office. David Ames (University of Delaware) and HABS photographer Jack E. Boucher shot the large-format photographs. All the written data has been consolidated and incorporated into this volume, edited by Sarah Allaback during the summer of 1993, Marty Taylor in spring of 1995, and compiled for layout, design, and final edit by New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route, Chief of Interpretation Chuck Milliken, in the spring and summer of 1995.
Special thanks go to all the historical societies, libraries, and individuals along the "Jersey Shore" who provided assistance and advice to the various historians over the four years of this project. Thanks also to three out-of- state institutions, the Library of Congress, the Henry Francis DuPont Winterthur Museum, Garden and Library, and the Hagley Museum and Library.
Other books in this series:
Kim Sebold and Sara Amy Leach, Historic Themes and Resources within the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail, Southern New Jersey and the Delaware Bay: Cape May, Cumberland, and Salem Counties, 1991.
Kim Sebold, From Marsh to Farm: The Landscape Transformation of Coastal New Jersey, 1992.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/methodology.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:02 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Methodology and Acknowledgements)
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/methodology.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/methodology.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:02 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
CHAPTER I: MENU Early Resorts
The first resorts in America were modeled after the popular English health Contents spas at Bath, Buxton, Scarborough, and other locations renowned for Methodology healthful waters. Elite society traveled to mineral springs in search of "a cure" and, by the late eighteenth century, such resorts had become social Chapter 1 meeting places as much as retreats for the invalid. American destinations— Early Resorts Newport, Rhode Island, Bristol, Pennsylvania, and Saratoga Springs, New York—advertised the benefits of mineral water and temperate climate Chapter 2 while providing activities for heathy vacationers. [1] Coastal resorts gained Railroad Resorts in popularity at the turn of the nineteenth century, when improved Chapter 3 steamboat, sloop, and stagecoach connections enabled a wider class of Religious Resorts people to travel from the city to seashore. Guidebooks advised that the Jersey Shore was part of a well-established resort industry, by the end of Chapter 4 the Civil War. In 1868, vacation planners could consult The Book of the The Boardwalk Summer Resorts to determine which destinations corresponded with their desires and budgets. First-time vacationers might choose Long Branch, Chapter 5 Saratoga, or the White Mountains, "the three great summer resorts of the Roads and Roadside country." [2] Guests of the best hotels at Niagara, Long Branch, (Fig. 1) Attractions Newport, or Cape May could expect to spend $50 per week. Chapter 6 Resort Development in the Twentieth Century
Appendix A Existing Documentation
Bibliography
Figure 1. "The Beach at Long Branch." Appleton's Journal. 1869.
When it was initially advertised in 1824, marketers of Coney Island, New
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
York, promoted sea bathing as a tonic after a hard day's work, but the railroad soon brought a different class of excursionists lured by more exciting promises. [3] On the Jersey Shore, Atlantic City was the first of several resort cities created in anticipation of the crowds of middle class vacationers who would arrive by railroad. During the last decades of the nineteenth century, railroad companies began to publish their own promotional descriptions and illustrations, including train schedules and information on accommodations. Gustav Kobbe's The Jersey Coast and Pines (1889) printed New York and Long Branch Railroad schedules, (Fig. 2) and William Balch's Cape May to Atlantic City (1883) was published by the passenger department of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. In the margins of his "summer notebook," Balch provides railroad routes, trolley car exchange points, and ticket prices.
The rise of automobile transportation changed patterns of tourist travel, affecting the economic, and therefore, the physical condition of once-popular resorts. Governor Alfred E. Driscoll in his Fifth Annual Message to the Legislature on January 8, 1952, declared: "There is an urgent need for additional parkways, freeways, and turnpikes to carry the commerce of our State and nation, to permit our citizens to travel more easily back and forth between their homes and businesses, for recreation and, equally important, to achieve greater highway safety ... I recommend that there be created within the State Highway Department, as an integral part thereof, an Authority to finish the Garden State Parkway Figure 2. Rates of Railroad Fare. The Jersey Coast and [as it was called by then] Pines. 1889. promptly as a revenue- financed facility." [4] Rather than spend the entire season at the shore, motorists preferred to tour the coast on shorter trips or enjoy a day by the sea. As the tradition of summering declined, many of the seasidee activities—sea bathing, carriage races acrss the beach, and trolley rides—also became old-fashioned. In an effort to survive, Jersey Shore resorts have attempted to draw year-round populations by building such all-weather attractions as casinos, convention http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
centers, and retirement communities. While some cities, such as Cape May, capitalize on their Victorian heritage, all have been forced to concede to the demands of the automobile.
Tucker's Island
Cape May and Long Branch may claim precedence as the "first Jersey shore resort," but nineteenth-century historians considered Tucker's Beach (Fig. 3) the earliest resort in the area. According to Woolman and Rose, publishers of an 1878 atlas, "it is supposed that Reuben Tucker's house on Short Beach was the very first and oldest house on the coast of New Jersey that was opened for the entertainment of health and pleasure seekers." [5] Tucker acquired the property at the southernmost part of Long Beach, known as Short Beach, sometime between 1725 and 1765. His popular boardinghouse for sportsmen was described as "a one-story house with a hipped roof and front piazza, standing 500' from the shore" and "elevated on a heap of sand and shells." [6] Fishermen and game-bird hunters from Philadelphia took stagecoaches to Tuckerton and then sailed to the beach. After his death, Tucker's wife supervised the business, which continued to operate as "Mammy Tucker's Inn."
Figure 3. Detail Map of Tuckers Island. Records of the Office of the Chief of Engineers, Library of Congress, 1839.
Around the turn of the nineteenth century, wave-action separated the beach from the "mainland" forming a four-mile island. Because of its harbor location and proximity to Long Beach (Fig. 4), Tuckerton became the mainland stop for visitors traveling to Tucker's Island and Beach Haven. "In the early days of the summer boardinghouses on Long and Tucker's beaches, city boarders to these houses by the sea, reached Tuckerton by the stages, and then embarked in sailboats for the beaches." [7] When the
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
Pennsylvania Railroad completed its bridge across the bay to Long Beach, Tuckerton was annexed from the main line. Baymen solved their transportation problem by navigating the abandoned tracks in "Clamtown Sailcars," railroad flatcars rigged with masts and sails. [8]
Figure 4. Map of Tuckers and Long Branch Islands. Historical and Biographical Atlas of the New Jersey Coast. 1878.
During the mid nineteenth century, the Little Egg Harbor lighthouse began guiding ships into the bay. By 1866, a lifesaving station was also constructed. As the area's popularity spread, more houses were built along the Little Egg Harbor shore to supply the growing number of sportsmen with food and entertainment. The island itself supported two hotels (the Columbian and the St. Albans), several cottages, and a schoolhouse. To attract potential tourists, promoters of the beach briefly experimented Figure 5. Tuckerton Mill Site. West Main Street and Water Street, HABS No. NJ-1030-2. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
with more alluring names such as St. Albans-by- the-Sea and Sea Haven. Beginning in 1917, the island was buffeted by a series of damaging storms. A new inlet created by a 1920 gale eroded the shore and threatened homes. Over the next seven years, occupants of the island were forced to evacuate; only the lightkeeper and his family remained to witness the island's gradual submersion. The "first Jersey shore resort" disappeared completely under the ocean in 1938. Today, the town of Tuckerton (Fig. 5) attracts tourists seeking antiques, but retains little of its resort past and only the memory of an island beach that once drew nineteenth-century visitors from their urban neighborhoods.
Long Beach Island
In his account of the Jersey Shore's early history, Philadelphia annalist John Fanning Watson considers Long and Tucker's beaches the earliest coastal destinations.
We think Long Beach and Tucker's Beach, in point of earliest attraction as a seashore resort for Philadelphians, must claim the precedence. They had their visitors and admirers long before Squan or Deal or even Long Branch itself had got their several fame. To those who chiefly desire to restore languid frames and to find their nerves new braced and firmer strung, nothing can equal the invigorating surf and genial air. [9]
Despite Watson's nineteenth-century opinions on health, the first visitors were probably attracted by the resort's reputation for good hunting and fishing (Fig. 6). One early eighteenth-century settler, whaler Aaron Inman, purchased land in "Great Swamp" near the present town of Surf City and built a home on the bay side of the island. He and his three sons watched for whales from a crow's nest rigged up on a pole facing the ocean. Harvey Cedars was a center for the industry up to the American Revolution, when whaling was no longer profitable. [10]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
Figure 6. Harvey Cedars, Long Beach, below Barnegat Light, Harper's Monthly, February 1878.
Although Philadelphians were visiting Tucker's Beach during the revolution, the first boardinghouse on the main part of the island did not open until 1815. Seven years after Joseph Horner opened the house, he sold the business to a group of Philadelphia investors who remodeled it into a "first-class seaside hotel." [11] The popularity of the Philadelphia Company House motivated others to "open increased accommodations to the public, by the creation of a new resort, two miles further up the beach, known as Beach Haven." [12]
Inspired by Horner's successful enterprise, a group of Burlington County farmers formed the Great Swamp Long Beach Company and built a similar hotel at Great Swamp, now Surf City, between Barnegat and Central avenues. The Mansion of Health, completed in 1822 and later nicknamed "Buzby's Place," was "furnished in the best manner for the convenience and comfort of visitors, and the natural advantages over any other on the sea coast" were numerous. [13] An account written the following year describes it as a "large house 120' long, and about one-tenth of a mile from the sea, well kept, and supported by a goodly number of inmates." [14] Despite the resort's instant popularity as a rugged, healthful location, the building was in poor condition within thirty years. In 1847, Capt. Sammy Perrine opened a competing hotel, the Harvey Cedars.
Within a few years, Harvey Cedars was vying for business with two other sizable boarding hotels on the island—the Mansion of Health and Bond's Long Beach House (previously the Philadelphia Company House). [15] Wealthy men savored the frontier experience of these hotels, enjoying the luxuries of fresh seafood, waterfowl, and liquor, while sportgunning and courting the rugged life. The public dance hall on the south side of the hotel contributed to Harvey Cedars' continuing popularity. "Uncle Sam" Perrine,
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
a well-known fiddler, supplied the music for dances (Fig. 7) held in the dance hall south of the hotel. [16] Perrine was later the captain of the first life-saving station on the shore.
Figure 7. A Ship Ashore!" Harper's Monthly. February, 1878.
When Capt. Isaac Jennings purchased Harvey Cedars in the mid 1880s, he and his wife improved services to compete with the more refined hotels springing up on Long Beach Island. But, the Harvey Cedars Hotel was always a little different. Mrs. Jenning's brother, David White, decorated the grounds with beach wreckage so it resembled a maritime junkyard. After Jennings' death, Billy Thompson, "Duke of Gloucester," expanded the building and added an elaborate pressed-tin dining room. With its more sophisticated external appearance, the hotel hoped to compete for the recreational trade Thompson expected would reach Long Beach by railroad. The development of the Beach Haven area proved to be too much for Harvey Cedars, however, and the newly renovated hotel closed in 1903. [17] At the bankruptcy sale in 1912, the hotel's losses included: "all personal property belonging to Harvey Cedars Beach Company including furniture, carpets, rugs, silverware of every kind and description now in the Hotel or on the premises excepting glassware, chinaware, table linens and bed linens and except the stock of wines and liquors." [18] The building has been occupied by the Harvey Cedars Bible Conference (Fig. 8) since 1941.
Before the establishment of life-saving stations in the 1870s, early hotels like Harvey Cedars often functioned as temporary shelters for shipwreck victims. Capt. Thomas
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 1)
Bond maintained a government house of refuge on his Long Beach House property. [19] Another house of refuge built at Harvey Cedars was later moved down the bay to Beach Haven and remodeled as the Hotel DeCrab. In the 1870s, the houses of refuge were replaced by six life-saving stations, each equipped with trained crews and Francis Life Cars. The Figure 8. Harvey Cedars Bible Conference, Long Beach crews and their families Island. HABS No. NJ-1143-1. settled near the improved stations located at Barnegat City, Loveladies, Harvey Cedars, Ship Bottom, the Terrace, and Holgate, two miles south of the Tucker's Island station. In 1915, the federal government combined the Life Saving Service and the Revenue Cutter Service to form the U.S. Coast Guard.
Before the Life Saving Service established its assistance network along the shore, Barnegat Lighthouse guided ships navigating the Atlantic waters. The original lighthouse of 1836 was replaced by the present structure in 1858. Lieutenant George Meade's contemporary report on the light's condition stressed that "it forms, in connection with Fire Island Light, on the other side, the true mouth to the great commercial harbor of New York." [20] The 1858 concrete-washed brick tower stands more than 180' high and is equipped with a lens made of 1,024 prisms. Although the light's duties have been assumed by a lightship moored in the bay, the lighthouse continues to serve a symbolic function, now as part of Barnegat Lighthouse State Park.
Continued >>>
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap1.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:04 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
CHAPTER II: MENU Railroad Resorts
Contents
Methodology
Chapter 1 Early Resorts
Chapter 2 Railroad Resorts
Chapter 3 Religious Resorts
Chapter 4 The Boardwalk
Chapter 5 Roads and Roadside Attractions
Chapter 6 Resort Development in the Twentieth Century
Appendix A Existing Documentation
Bibliography
Figure 19. Map of the Railroads of New Jersey, 1887. Hagley Museum & Library.
The social democratization described by nineteenth-century authors Frederika Bremer and Olive Logan depended on improvements in transportation. Before the railroad provided an inexpensive and easy way to reach the shore, resort vacations were limited to those who could afford travel and hotel accommodations. Long Branch and Cape May, within a sloop or steamboat ride from major cities, attracted wealthy visitors eager to escape the urban intensity of New York, Philadelphia, or Baltimore. The growth of secular resorts like Atlantic City, created by the railroad, was followed by the founding of coastal religious "camps," such as Ocean Grove and Seaville, which also capitalized on sea breezes, seaside
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
locations, and convenient transportation. Beginning in the 1870s, the railroads brought a new type of tourist to Jersey beaches, the "day-tripper" of limited means. As the social composition of the exclusive resorts began to change, new resorts were established to profit from the influx of middle- class tourists. Throughout the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the railroad created a tourism industry (Fig. 20) that supplemented the local, primarily maritime-based economies of the small towns along shore and bay. In other areas, particularly the Barnegat Peninsula and the neighborhood around Toms River, trains provided the incentive for extensive land speculation. That the resulting new towns catered to a middle-class, suburban population was reflected in the proliferation of comparatively cheap cottages and boardwalk amusements.
Figure 20 Ocean Avenue After Arrival of Evening Train Long Branch Harper's Monthly, 1876.
Traveling from his Camden home to Atlantic City in 1879, Walt Whitman observed the New Jersey landscape from a window on the Camden and Atlantic Railroad:
What a place (is it not indeed the main place?) the railroad plays in modern democratic civilization! How indirectly, but surely, and beyond all other influences to-day in America, it thaws, ploughs up, prepares, and even fructifies the fallows of unnumbered counties and towns!—the tough sward of morals and manners of the low average (nine-tenths) of our vulgar humanity! Silently and surely and on a scale as large and genuine as Nature's, it sets in motion every indirect and many direct means of making a really substantial community— beginning at the bottom, subsoiling as it were—bringing information and light into dark places opening up trade, markets, purchases, newspapers, fashions, visitors, etc. [1]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
Whitman's thoughts show how quickly the railroad influenced American life, transforming both the physical and social environment as it pushed across the country. Only twenty-five years before Whitman's observation, the first Camden and Atlantic train roared into a city created for its arrival; twenty-five years later, the automobile would begin to further "democratize" the shore. The similarity between Bremer's thoughts on the social leveling force of the sea and Whitman's description of rail travel describe a shore resort community—and attitudes toward it—that evolved in response to the "iron horse."
Early Railroads
In the 1830s, when shore visitors were still traveling by steamboat and stagecoach, the first New Jersey railroads began to transport goods across the state. Because of its proximity to New York, the Bayshore region (the northern coast between the Raritan and Sandy Hook bays) was a principal point for the transhipment of goods to and from the interior. South Amboy (Fig. 21) was strategically located on a canal route, an ideal terminus for the Camden and Amboy Railroad upon its completion in 1834. Reportedly "the first steam-powered railroad to operate successfully in the United States," [2] the track ran from Camden to the bay. By 1840, the Camden and Amboy owned the Philadelphia and Trenton Railway and had made arrangements with the New Jersey Railroad Company to facilitate the first New York-to-Philadelphia rail connection. [3]
Figure 21. View of Broadway, South Amboy. HABS No, NJ-1001-1.
At mid century, the Camden and Amboy Company was notorious for its control over rail transportation in the "state of Camden and Amboy." When the New Jersey Central and the Philadelphia and Reading connected to
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
form a competing route between New York and Philadelphia, the two companies entered into a bitter court dispute. The ensuing media battle outraged the public, causing the state to pass a law allowing all railroads to use the tracks. [4] This decision resulted in the creation of the single longest line along the shore, the Delaware and Raritan Bay Railroad; it stretched from Port Monmouth to Camden County, passing through Red Bank, Eatontown and Lakewood, intersecting with the Camden and Atlantic at Winslow Junction. A spur from Eatontown reached Long Branch in 1860 as the railroad pushed its way south. The tracks, constructed to reach valuable Monmouth County marl deposits, were occupied by the New Jersey and Southern Railroad in the 1870s. After extending its line through Vineland and Bridgeton into the Delaware Bay region, the company suffered from financial problems and was forced into a dependent relationship with the Central Railroad of New Jersey. [5]
Atlantic City
The Camden and Atlantic Railroad obtained a charter for the first rail service to the shore in 1852, before Atlantic City was anything more than a speculator's dream. When Dr. Jonathan Pitney began exploring Absecon Island in the 1830-40s, a single boardinghouse accommodated the area's few adventurous visitors. The climate and location of the land inspired Dr. Pitney to envision a bathing village for wealthy Philadelphians, a scheme encouraged by glass and iron manufacturers as well as railroad investors, who demanded efficient local transportation routes. In 1853, Camden and Atlantic Railroad engineer Richard Osborne laid out city streets, creating a fully planned "paper" city (Fig. 22) by 1854. [6]
Within a year, the Camden and Atlantic Railroad brought a select group of 600 news and businessmen to the United States Hotel, and Atlantic City began its physical and metaphoric growth as a choice resort. The brand- new city thrived on the imagery of excess and pleasure. In his plan of "the first, most popular, most heath-giving and most inviting watering place," Osborne incorporated a sense of nationalism along with an unspoken faith in the city's future prominence. The streets extending from the beach to the inland marshes were named after states, while those running parallel to the ocean took the names of the seven seas. [7]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
Figure 22. Plan of Atlantic City, 1877. Winterthur Museum & Library.
The promise of the railroad inspired entrepreneurs like Thomas Bedloe to build accommodations for thousands of expected guests. Lured by the potential of Osborne's "first" and "most popular" resort, Bedloe came from Philadelphia in 1852 and began constructing the Bedloe House, a hotel he completed in time to greet the first railroad passengers. The history of the United States Hotel, destination of the special inaugural train, illustrates the speculative nature of such early investments. The hotel's first owners, Michener and Neleigh, spent too much on accommodations for the anticipated crowds and were forced to sell the building after only two years. The business fell into the hands of its builders, Philadelphia lumber merchants Brown and Woelepper. Although the hotel required a new Atlantic Avenue wing in the early 1860s, by 1892 the property had passed to "John S. Davis and Elwood Jones, who divided the land into cottage sites and moved the hotel to the Pacific Avenue side of the square. This section was afterwards razed and the land sold as building lots." [8]
The wealth and prominence of the first Victorian hotels is made graphically clear by drawings in Woolman and Rose's 1878 Historical and Biographical Atlas of the New Jersey Coast. In addition to picturing the United States Hotel (Fig. 23), guaranteed notoriety through its connection with the railroad, Woolman depicts the Colonnade House, Haddon House, Seaside House, Germantown Cottage, and several private residences. The city's reputation as a retreat for invalids, with "the proverbial dryness of the atmosphere, and the health invigorating sea breezes is considered by some to rival Florida." [9] Hotels like the Haddon House offered covered porches with views up and down the beach, as well as special basement and parlor heaters providing year-round climate control. Placed in a central location, the hotels were within walking distance of the railroad depot, post office, city hall, and a hot and cold seawater bathing establishment. The Seaside House at the end of Pennsylvania Avenue seemed to sit right on the beach. [10]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
Figure 23. United States Hotel, Atlantic City. Historical and Biographical Atlas. 1878.
The population of Atlantic City increased dramatically between 1855, when the year-round population was estimated at 250, and the turn of the century, when over 27,000 lived in the resort city. [11] The demand for accommodations was satisfied by the construction of new hotels with hundreds of rooms and the expansion of popular older buildings. The Hotel Dennis grew from a two-room summer house in 1860 to a twenty-two- room lodge in 1867, and a 150-room hotel in 1892. The Chalfonte underwent a similar metamorphosis; the Victorian house built in 1868 was remodeled throughout the century, and emerged, in 1904, as Atlantic City's first iron frame hotel. Shortly after Philadelphia architect Addison Hutton enlarged the Chalfonte (Fig. 24), fellow Philadelphian, William L. Price, embarked on an equally ambitious scheme. Price combined two previously existing buildings, the Marlborough House and the Blenheim House, to form the impressive Marlborough-Blenheim. When it was rebuilt in 1906, the Marlborough-Blenheim (Fig. 25) claimed a place in history as the first hotel in the world composed of reinforced concrete. Thomas Edison, inventor of the new construction method, oversaw the concrete pouring. [12] The hotel was the first to offer private baths in every room—with hot and cold saltwater on tap—modern conveniences it hid behind a dreamlike exterior facade suggesting Far Eastern influence. A reporter for the New Cosmopolis did not know quite how to explain the Marlborough- Blenheim's captivating personality.
If Coleridge, in Kubla Khan, or Poe, the Doman of Arnheim, had described such a fantastic structure we should have understood, for they are men of imagination. The architecture might be Byzantine. It suggests St. Marco's at Venice, St. Sophia at Constantinople, or a Hindu Palace, with its crouching dome, its operatic facade and its two dominating monoliths
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
with blunt tops. [13]
In 1979, a year after legalized gambling offered hope for urban renewal, the hotel was destroyed to make room for casinos.
Figure 24. The Chalfonte Hotel, Atlantic City. Boardwalk Elevation. Library of Congress.
From its early planning stages, Atlantic City evolved from the need for an efficient transportation system. Increased traffic led to the construction of a second rail line to Camden in 1877; the Philadelphia and Atlantic City's Narrow Gauge was laid down in only ninety-eight days. The West Jersey and Atlantic Railroad Company built tracks connecting Atlantic City with Newfield in 1880. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, tracks stretched across the entire length of the island, linking Atlantic City with the communities of Margate, Ventnor, and Longport. The railroads also operated steamboats from Longport at the extreme south end of the island, to Ocean City and Somers Point. By 1897, the West Jersey route and parts of the South Jersey Pennsylvania lines merged to form the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad Company, owned by the Pennsylvania company. [14]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
Figure 25. Marlborough, Blenheim and Dennis, Hotels, Atlantic City. Library of Congress. HABS No. NJ-976.
South Shore
The Cape May and Millville Railroad provided inland visitors with the luxury of rail service to beach resorts in 1863. Beginning in 1879, the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad took charge of the Camden and Millville and began working its way up and down the shore. Two years after the Seven Mile Beach Company established Avalon, the company granted the West Jersey Railroad the right to lay tracks the entire length of the island, connecting to the Cape May main line. The tracks were extended into Stone Harbor three years later. [15] By then, the Avalon Hotel, located near Townsend Inlet at the north end of the city, had already been open for a season. The hotel and twelve cottages were the product of the Public railroad's demand for token "model homes" demonstrating projected development. [16]
As early as 1888, just a year http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
after its founding, Avalon attracted "excursions" to its newly opened beaches. The train arrived at the beach and picnic groves of Peermont with thirteen coaches carrying 700 Figure 26. Notice of Lot Sales, Sea Isle City. 1883. excursionists from Philadelphia. During the summer season, the daily excursion train always had two engines and about twelve cars. On the weekends, trains with fifteen to seventeen cars, pulled by two or three engines, came into the island's five stations and unloaded 4,000 to 5,000 revelers at Avalon's picnic groves, beaches, and rustic dunes. Speculators often bought and sold lots during such excursions. [17]
Just above Avalon, the stretch of land that would become Sea Isle City awaited the arrival of the West Jersey and Seashore Railroad. The island was relatively unpopulated, with only a few "beach houses," two lifesaving stations, and a lighthouse, before speculators encouraged further building. Charles Landis, founder of Vineland, Cumberland County, purchased Ludlam Island in 1880 and began planning Sea Isle City. He envisioned a town patterned after Venice, complete with canals and classical statuary, accentuating the community's maritime setting. [18] Although Landis' plan was never realized, the Sea Isle City Improvement Company was able to attract a substantial population. An 1881 map of "Sea Isle City, Ludlam Island, New Jersey" advertising 5,405 surveyed lots (Fig. 26), shows that most of the beachfront property, and even inland lots along Railroad
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
Avenue had already been purchased. [19]
The Ocean City Railroad Company provided the first rail service to Sea Isle in 1882 with its 4.8-mile spur from the West Jersey Railroad's main Cape May line. During the 1890s, the Ocean City Railroad Company was absorbed by the West Jersey and Seashore and the South Jersey Railroad, which offered service from Philadelphia through Winslow Junction. Chief engineer H. Farrand's report on the property suggested a profitable future.
With proper railroad facilities, and lots offered at a reasonable price, I do not see why this place should not become as great a resort as Atlantic City, by reason of its proximity to Philadelphia, and the character of the beach . . . The West Jersey Railroad can make the same time to Sea Isle City from Philadelphia, as to Atlantic City. [20]
Though Sea Isle never reached Atlantic City proportions, the proliferation of local hotels throughout the 1880s-1890s illustrates a significant resort trade (Fig. 27). One of the earliest, the Excursion House, was built by the Landis' company in 1882. Complete with stores, a skating rink, and public second-floor terrace, the Excursion House formed the social center of the growing town. By 1889, the Continental Hotel assumed this role, at least in terms of size and fashion. One of the largest hotels on the shore, the Continental's five stories were reached by the only steam-operated elevator in Cape May County. [21] An 1897 history of the area reported thirty hotels, all with electricity and good water. [22] According to one historian, Sea Isle City was the first shore resort to provide "Excursion Houses" for itinerant "Shoobies," visitors who arrived for the day with lunches packed in shoe boxes. Like the famous Excursion House Hotel, these "grandstands facing the beach" provided places for various social events and spectacles, such as horse racing. [23] Beginning in 1905, Sea Isle City residents could join the newly formed Sea Isle Yacht and Motor Club. [24] A decade later, the trolley line running parallel to the sea became a wide avenue, extending through Strathmere to Ocean City on the north and to Avalon on the south.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 2)
Figure 27. "Greetings from Sea Isle City." Postcard. ca. 1942. Allaback.
The West Jersey Railroad's decision to connect Sea Isle City with Ocean City in 1884 resulted in the development of the northern section of the island. Though the city of Strathmere was not officially named until 1912, its history as a resort dates back to the 1870s. The Whelen Hotel was built in 1871 to house Pennsylvania Railroad workers and adventurous fishermen. [25] Then known as Corson's Inlet, the area was called Whale Beach when the first boardwalk was constructed in 1911. Throughout the twentieth century, both Sea Isle City and Strathmere have suffered from the effects of coastal storms. Sea Isle's recoveries from the three severe storms between 1944 and 1962 earned it the nickname "the city that refuses to quit." [26] A 1911 hurricane washed away the foundations of homes and flooded most of the island, reminding late season residents of the constant threat to their resort-based economy.
Continued >>>
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap2.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:07 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
CHAPTER III: MENU Religious Resorts
Since the seventeenth century, religion has played a significant role in Contents populating and popularizing the Jersey Shore. Although the resorts founded Methodology by religious groups are no longer limited to a single denomination, most retain some aspects of their religious heritage. The "missionaries" Chapter 1 responsible for establishing shore retreats left behind specially designed Early Resorts urban plans; social life was organized around a meeting house or auditorium, and urban development occured naturally, an extension of a Chapter 2 growing community. Although these shore resorts profited from the new Railroad Resorts railroads, they did not rely on them for a population. The result was often a Chapter 3 homogeneous community, both in terms of residents and urban design. In Religious Resorts contrast, the developers who planned speculative resorts were more concerned with selling their lots than producing a strong town identity or a Chapter 4 neighborhood of like-minded residents. Both types of resorts profited from The Boardwalk the shore's natural resources and its proximity to major cities.
Chapter 5 Whether they came to spread religion or simply brought it with them, Roads and Roadside eighteenth-century shore settlers contributed to the development of seaside Attractions resorts. Long before tourism became a business, Quakers from Burlington Chapter 6 arrived at the shore to establish a meeting in Little Egg Harbor. The Resort construction of a meeting house (Fig. 40) and mill—the future town of Development in the Tuckerton—extended the Quaker's network of meetings from South Jersey Twentieth Century across the state. Quakers from Barnegat who built a similar meeting place in 1767 considered themselves part of the Tuckerton meeting. Early shore Appendix A towns were also founded by religious groups that did not remain in the Existing area. The first religious society in Ocean County, the Rogerine Baptists, Documentation settled Waretown in 1737. The group lived there for eleven years before Bibliography returning to Morris County. According to tradition, Waretown was named after Abraham Waeir, a member of the Rogerines who remained behind, built a mill, and became a successful businessman. [1] At least one eighteenth-century religious sect traces its origins to the shore; Murray Grove is the "birthplace of Universalism in America" and the home of the historic Potter church. Today, the Universalist and Unitarian Retreat and Conference Center, established in the early 1800s, encompasses more than 260 acres. Although not among the earliest religious denominations to reach the shore, Methodists, Presbyterians, and Baptists were the most active settlers. The tradition of camp meetings led these groups to establish permanent resort cities at scenic coastal locations.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
Figure 40. Quaker Meeting House. Tuckerton.
Methodist Camps
Encouraged by the growth of industry and railroads after the Civil War, the Methodists responded to the growth of popular vacation cities along the Jersey Shore with their own summer retreat. The competition was intense, as "scores of camp meeting associations were established by clergymen and laymen to provide an affordable, controlled alternative (Fig. 41) to rich resorts such as Newport, Cape May, Saratoga Springs, and Long Branch, and to middleclass secular playgrounds such as Atlantic City and Coney Island." [2] By the middle of the nineteenth century, the camp meeting had become a central part of the Methodist's religious experience; a book of regulations defined the social and architectural form of the meetings, which were becoming permanent settlements rather than ephemeral occasions. With the camp at Martha's Vineyard as a flourishing example of Methodist religious unity, those responsible for extending the ministry into New Jersey had every reason to expect success. The railroad was opening up the shore at the height of religious revivalism, and camps quickly became small cities.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
Figure 41. "Tent Life." Life at the Seashore, 1880.
South Seaville
The legacy of Methodist camp meeting resorts in New Jersey began with the founding of South Seaville Meeting in 1863-64. Tucked deep in the pines, inland of what is now Sea Isle City, settlement of this area dates to the construction of the King's Highway in the early 1800s, Farms and lumbering camps were scattered throughout the region in 1860, when the Cape May and Millville Railroad laid down tracks through the forest. A significant railroad stop, South Seaville offered stagecoach transportation to the more populated town of Beesley's Point near Great Egg Harbor. The economy profited from bay industries; clams were harvested locally, while Chesapeake Bay oysters prospered in special beds before being shipped to Philadelphia as "Cape May Salts." [3]
The founding of the camp meeting transformed South Seaville from a prosperous maritime community to a destination of religious pilgrimage. According to tradition, the first camp meetings were held "under the leafy canopy of oak trees." Between 1865 and 1874, Methodist campers gathered at the Cape May County Agricultural Fairgrounds. [4] Common to every meeting was the ephemeral character of the assemblage, a seasonal occasion for the faithful to commune in a natural setting. In 1875 the camp was permanently established as the "South Jersey Camp Meeting Association located at Seaville Station, Cape May County, NJ." The founders drew an ambitious plan, with hundreds of numbered lots grouped in rectangular blocks and arranged around parks. The streets, named for past Methodist bishops, ran parallel to a central park where benches and a platform formed the main meeting ground. These more permanent structures (Fig. 42) retained much of the camp's earlier transient feeling. Buyers were expected to build a canvas or frame structure on the land
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
within one year. Most of the cottages were simple, two-story, balloon- frame dwellings with open porches and gingerbread trim. Often resembling tents themselves, they offered no protection during the cold winter months. Those who chose not to purchase property usually rented canvas tents, ranging in price from $5 for small "A" tents, to $15 for 12' x 16' wall tents. [5] By 1877, ninety cottages had been built and sixty tents pitched. These were assembled around a central meeting place, a 20'-square pavilion with three board-and-batten walls and an open front facing the seating area. Behind the pavilion was an office with preacher's accommodations. In an 1877 director's meeting, association vice president J. Milton Townsend suggested the construction of housing for summer visitors. A boardinghouse was completed in 1881 and a kitchen added the next year. In 1892, an additional room was attached to the rear of the building. The main room of the barnlike structure is still used as a dining facility. [6]
Figure 42. Cottages, Lamp Meeting Grounds. South Seaville. HABS No. NJ-1049-2.
By 1890, the meeting required a more permanent auditorium building (Fig. 43). "The Prayer Meeting Tabernacle" was "moved in front of the pavilion and enlarged to make an auditorium 60' long and 54' wide." A huge gable roof covered both wood-frame structures, but all sides were left open. [7] Itself a kind of canopy, the plain white front of the building is inscribed with a fanciful inscription proclaiming "Seaville and Salvation" beneath the trees. Today, a variety of original cottages remain, including several two- story, two-room balloon-frame cottages with corner pegs, as well as larger steep-roofed dwellings with Gothic windows and Victorian gingerbread detailing. Some cottages have open porches and side wings that imitate the earlier tents with their canvas flaps propped open for air. The visitor entering the South Seaville meeting today passes modern all-weather homes before approaching the older section of the camp. Equipped with electrical wiring and other modern conveniences, the Seaville meeting remains a forest retreat Methodists enjoy each season. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
Figure 43. Auditorium. Camp Meeting Grounds. South Seaville, HABS No. NJ- 1049-A-1.
Ocean Grove
Ocean Grove, the first religious resort established on the Jersey Shore, was also founded in the 1860s during the post Civil War revival of Christian enthusiasm for rustic camps. Methodist ministers chose land that offered the combined benefits of healthful seashore and sheltering pine trees only six miles south of famous Long Branch. The one square mile that Ocean Grove sits on—between the Atlantic, Route 71 and the New Jersey Transit commuter rail line—was primeval dune, scrub, and trees until after the Civil War. "America was emerging from a period of rapid change," concludes one scholar, and Ocean Grove (Fig. 44) was an attempt by a dissatisfied group, the upper middle class, to create a stable, spiritual, homogeneous environment. [8]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
Figure 44. "Services on the Beach, Ocean Grove." Harper's Monthly. 1876.
According to a recent history published by the Camp Meeting Association, the Ocean Grove meeting was originally conceived by ten families who experienced "rest and religious fellowship on the land that is now known as Founders Park." [9] The Ocean Grove Camp Meeting Association, a group of thirteen ministers and thirteen was citizens, organized in 1869 to collectively govern the settlement. After receiving a charter from the New Jersey legislature, the association sponsored the first camp gathering during the summer of 1870.
The spirit of Ocean Grove resided in its summer meetings, which were held in August for ten to fourteen days, and often drew more than 10,000 people. That first summer, preachers assembled in "an octagon capable of seating seventy-five ministers," while the congregation sat on plank benches under a grove of trees. [10] The Association founders recalled the beauty of a frame structure covered with tree boughs built to shelter the congregation—the predecessor of the great auditorium. Under the leadership of the Camp Meeting Association, the town grew in accordance with a strict code of rules. Dancing, card-playing, alcohol, tobacco, and driving on Sundays were forbidden.
Rather than selling lots, the church leased property for ninety-nine year terms with the option to renew, ostensibly "to maintain control over the character of the population." [11] The tents were the first structures to appear around an open, octagonal tabernacle. [12] With at least reasonable assurance of tenure, many families elected to build. By 1875 there were 600 tents, 400 cottages, and seventy-nine hotels and boardinghouses. [13] Today, about 100 tents remain in Ocean Grove. Early postcards show tents with striped canopies and khaki canvas, remarkably similar to those found there in the 1990s (Fig. 45) [14] "Tents consist of three parts: a front canopy or shirt, a main part which attaches to a wooden structure, and a fly sheet which fits over the tent itself." [15] Tent design is regulated by the Camp Meeting Association, which has maintained an arrangement for tent fabrication with a local awning manufacturer for sixty-three years. [16]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
The tents are evidence of the extent to which Ocean Grove's physical and cultural characteristics—neighborliness, use of porches, and narrow intimate streets—have created a secure urban environment, where eyes on the street, rather than police or high-intensity streetlights, provide security. As one observer reflected, "People feel safe enough around here to live behind a wall of canvas." [17]
Figure 45. Tents. Ocean Grove. HABS No. NJ-1007-9.
The city's growth was spurred by the extension of the New York and Long Branch Railroad, which provided quick access from New York and Philadelphia after 1875. Ocean Grove's street plan, (Fig. 46) intentionally dense to foster a sense of community, [18] was laid down by local civil engineer Frederick Kennedy and his son Isaac, [19] who would later design Asbury Park. The plan required the buildings on the two blocks closest to the shore to be gradually set back as they approached the ocean, thus opening up the view, catching summer breezes, and making the approach to the sea appear shorter. An embodiment of Ocean Grove's moral rectitude, the physical environment was kept in excellent condition. The association supervised a number of municipal services including street upkeep, sewage disposal, and police and fire departments. [20]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
Figure 46. Street Plan. Ocean Grove.
Despite the solemn, sober demeanor suggested by the social laws regulating life in Ocean Grove, the town also displayed a playful side, particularly in its architecture. Ocean Grove buildings seem to jump from the pages of contemporary pattembooks like those of influential tastemaker Andrew Jackson Downing and later designers such as Samuel Sloan, George Everston Woodward, and A.J. Bicknell. Small lots precluded full realization of Downing's ideal of romantic country villas in pastoral settings as advocated in Cottage Residences, but picturesque carpenter-Gothic and Stick-style rural cottages adapted well to Ocean Grove's narrow streets and occasional broad boulevards. [21] Cottages had narrow facades, extensive porches, and details that not only reflected the Gothic Revival style of the time but were also appropriately church-like, with pointed windows and extensive wood scrollwork. While many buildings have been altered and such details removed, others remain largely intact, such as the row of cottages and hotels on the north side of Ocean Pathway, which leads from the Great Auditorium to the beach.
The Great Auditorium (Fig. 47), erected in ninety-two days in 1894, is a tremendous wood-frame edifice supported by bridge-like iron trusses laid on stone foundations. Originally constructed without nails, these and other minor changes have since crept into the structure. The building remains largely unchanged from its original design, however, even to a lighting system that celebrated the newly invented incandescent lamp by using clear bulbs boldly unadorned in rows along the vast wood-panelled ceiling. Known for its fine acoustics, the auditorium has attracted the noted and the celebrated during its century of use, and remains the focus of cultural life in Ocean Grove. Classical and popular music concerts featuring such groups as the Tommy Dorsey Orchestra and Patti Page are held in the auditorium; it features a 1907 Hope Jones organ that simulates numerous orchestral sounds and instruments. [22] A certain amount of religious showmanship exists in otherwise sober Ocean Grove, where an illuminated cross was added to the auditorium tower and where, at Sunday services, a giant electric American flag sign can undulate with rows of flashing lights.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
The electric signs on each side of the huge room, advising "Holiness to the Lord" on the left, and "So be ye holy" on the right, appear unchanged from postcards dating back to the 1930s (Fig. 48). In August 1950, one visitor wrote on a postcard of the auditorium, "We went to this place for church Sunday . . . It seats 10,000 and I guess there were at least 9,000 there." [23] Among those who have spoken or performed at the Great Auditorium are presidents Theodore Roosevelt, Ulysses Grant, and Richard Nixon, opera great Enrico Caruso, and evangelist Billy Sunday, who appeared in summer 1916. [24]
Figure 47. Great Auditorium and Ocean Pathway, Ocean Grove. HABS No. NJ-1007- A-1.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 3)
Figure 48. Interior of the Great Auditorium. Ocean Grove. Postcard.
Ocean Grove is one of the most physically and culturally intact communities on the Jersey Shore today. The town's preservation has been assisted by the community's long tradition as a religious retreat and seasonal resort, which prevented the common patterns of investment and redevelopment that would have destroyed old buildings and patterns of living long ago. As one commentator observed in 1991, "To the outsider, Ocean Grove seems stuck in a time warp and appears not to have changed much since it was founded." [25] Another observed, "unspoiled by mass development, Ocean Grove is a walk-in museum." [26] Today, Ocean Grove appears more authentically Victorian than many of the seaside resorts that have been consciously restored to an earlier time.
Continued >>>
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap3.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:10 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
CHAPTER IV: MENU The Boardwalk
Although the first and most renowned of its kind on the shore, the Atlantic Contents City boardwalk is hardly representative of a typical New Jersey boardwalk. Methodology Most shore communities have built some sort of raised wooden walk running parallel to an "ocean drive," (Fig. 61) but the majority of these are Chapter 1 without extensive amusements or concessions. Along the north shore from Early Resorts Ocean Grove to Spring Lake, the pedestrian walk is occasionally broken by a building; only a few communities, such as Point Pleasant and Seaside Chapter 2 Heights, make boardwalk amusements a central feature of their cities. Railroad Resorts When an Atlantic City type atmosphere is absent, the importance of the Chapter 3 boardwalk as a recreational and social space seems to increase. Such Religious Resorts "community" boardwalks combine the experience of a rapidly moving bikepath with that of a more private park. Research on the history of Chapter 4 American resorts, particularly Coney Island and Atlantic City, has not The Boardwalk resulted in a comprehensive study of the boardwalk. A thorough history of this urban form that considers social and economic functions in the context Chapter 5 of hotels, casinos, and amusement piers remains to be written. Roads and Roadside Attractions
Chapter 6 Resort Development in the Twentieth Century
Appendix A Existing Documentation
Bibliography
Figure 61. Boardwalk and beach, Asbury Park ca. 1905. Library of Congress.
Atlantic City: the First Boardwalk
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
Written accounts of Atlantic City from the 1920s-30s describe a boardwalk more similar to a modern strip development than a pedestrian walk. As wide as a four-lane highway, the boardwalk was a collection of flashy signs, lights, and products that must have seemed particularly urban during the first years of the automobile (Fig. 62). Today, the boardwalk has become sedentary in comparison to its fast-paced gambling casinos and offers fewer shops than the local mall. The Garden State Parkway, since 1956 the main route along the shore, has done away with roads and roadside structures by separating itself from this consumer world with a dense screen of trees. The roadside architecture of the Parkway is solely tollbooths punctuated by exit signs. Our present-day nostalgia for nineteenth-century whimsy encompasses both boardwalk and roadside, the exotic place and the path to it, which together represent much that has been sacrificed in exchange for lower costs and increased efficiency.
Figure 62. Boardwalk Parade, Atlantic City. ca 1890-1906. Library of Congress.
Despite its earliest origins as a health retreat, Atlantic City's resort-based economy necessitated a wide variety of year-round attractions. The Atlantic City boardwalk, which has in many ways defined the character and success of the resort, did not originate as a purely commercial endeavor. [1] Atlantic City itself, on the other hand, was a commercial development from its conception—the joint creation of a Philadelphia-based railroad and land company. [2] The boardwalk, touted as the first of its kind, was the combined effort of hotel proprietor Jacob Keim and railroad conductor Alexander Boardman. Both were concerned with keeping sand off floors and furniture in hotel rooms and railroad cars. In June 1870, just two months after they presented the city council with a petition demanding a "footwalk," a mile-long street was constructed of boards "1-1/2" thick, nailed to joists set crosswise, 2' apart, built in sections, said to have been 12' long. [3] The boardwalk's sectional design allowed it to be moved away from threatening storm tides and packed up for the winter. Although the ordinance required that buildings be set back 30' from the walk, by 1880, when a second replacement boardwalk was completed, commercial buildings were permitted within 10'. According to the 1883 city directory, http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
there "were fifty-two bathhouses renting rooms and swim suits, four small hotels, four guest cottages, two piers, fifteen restaurants, and many stores." [4]
The city built the second boardwalk, measuring 14' wide, but still with boards running lengthwise and still not elevated substantially above the sand. Boardwalk buildings, now permitted within 10' of the walkway (bathhouses 15'), were raised above the walk to accommodate high water. A major winter storm in January 1884 led to the construction of a more substantial boardwalk the following summer. Raised 5' above the sand and 20' wide, this third boardwalk was designed of crosswise boards. Businesses occupied both sides of the boardwalk, often enclosing the walkway. Despite the new height of the walk, the city neglected to include railings. The Atlantic Review reported in August 1885 that, "Nearly every day somebody falls off the boardwalk. In nearly every instance, the parties have been flirting." Yet another hurricane in September 1889 caused enough damage on the boardwalk to require complete reconstruction. This time the city began the long process of acquiring a 60' right of way from the state legislature to lay out a public street. The boardwalk's fourth reincarnation in May 1890 was now 24' wide and 10' high, with crosswise boards and substantial railings. Measures were taken to prevent most building on the ocean side, but it was almost a decade before all the businesses conformed to these new policies.
Atlantic City's success can be measured by the wear and tear on the boards. The need for another new promenade corresponded to a significant population increase, from 13,055 in 1890 to 46,150 in 1910. [5] The fifth and final boardwalk used property easements to complete construction by 1896. During the early 1900s, the boardwalk was extended along the eight- mile shoreline of the island, linking the new communities of Margate and Ventnor with their more renowned neighbor. The 40' wide walk had steel pilings, girders and railings. Any piers were required to be more than 1,000' long. Over the years, the fifth walk has undergone several changes; the city encased the steel pilings in concrete in 1903, extended portions in 1907, added runways to accommodate rolling chairs in 1914, and introduced a herringbone pattern in 1916. [6]
From the boardwalk's first decades of commercial use, entrepreneurs stretched their imaginations to devise new and creative ways of attracting trade and publicity. The first amusement pier was constructed in 1882 with, "the aim being to occupy little space on the boardwalk, yet to pack as much amusement behind the entrances as was physically possible." [7] The sea destroyed at least one pier as early as 1881 and another the next year. Soon the city council was more worried about the damage done to its seacoast by commercial development than the effects of storms. In 1884, the city gained control over the beach area through a special "Beach Park Act" with limitations restricting the lengths of piers. Finally, laws were enacted prohibiting all new development on the ocean side, while tacitly encouraging development across the walk. [8] Throughout the deliberations, the established piers continued to collect and display the exotic and extravagant. Applegate's Pier opened in 1884, providing music and vaudeville, a picnic area, a parking lot for baby carriages, and an ice water fountain. The 1886 Iron Pier began by offering stage shows, but in 1898 it was sold to H.J. Heinz and Company and became the famous Heinz
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
Pier (Fig. 63). This pier established permanent displays of the company's products, and gave away free samples. After opening in 1898, the Steel Pier entertained crowds with moving pictures and orchestra concerts, while hosting national conventions and commercial exhibits.
Figure 63. Heinz Pier, 1890. Atlantic County Historical Society.
A 1928 account of the six piers—the Heinz, Garden, Steel, Steeplechase, Central, and Million Dollar—described self contained environments resembling large hotels out on the water. "They furnish concerts by famous bands, motion pictures, vaudeville, minstrels, dancing, deep-sea net hauls, and just the still and far-out watching of the waves and the moon. They also house many large conventions." [9] Pier owners tried to outdo one another in extravagance and showmanship. The 2,000' long Steel Pier entertained its public with girls on horseback who dove off 45' heights. Before 1906, Capt. John Young had spent a fortune on the Million Dollar Pier (Fig. 64) located at One Atlantic Ocean, also the address of his own three-story home. Young's Pier offered an aquarium, ballroom, and twice- daily fish haul. Today, the ballroom and the Captain's Italian villa and sculpture garden have been replaced by Ocean One, a contemporary mall with three levels of arcade amusements, shops, and restaurants. [10]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
Figure 64. Young's Residence on Million Dollar Pier ca. 1900-1910. Library of Congress.
By 1900, Atlantic City had become so commercialized that even the experience of the ocean and other "natural" recreations were packaged and produced. Examining turn-of-the-century Atlantic City, Charles Funnell asserts that the ocean was essentially an unfamiliar and frightening place, a frontier or wilderness. The amusements, on the other hand, were urban in character, as was the press of the crowds. [11] The WPA Guide to New Jersey found the city to be "a glittering monument to the national talent for wholesale amusement," adding that "natural considerations are subordinated to one of the most fascinating man-made shows playing to capacity audiences anywhere in the world." [12]
WPA Guide writers stressed the centrality of the boardwalk to the Atlantic City experience—"Atlantic City is an amusement factory, operated on the straight-line, mass-production pattern. The belt is the boardwalk along which each specialist adds his bit to assemble the finished product, the departing visitor, sated, tanned, and bedecked with souvenirs." The same authors sought out the decorum of the boardwalk's commercial strip, claiming, "Architecturally the motifs are mixed, but functionally they unite in presenting a glittering, luxurious front." These writers highlighted the permanent displays of national advertisers, as well as the classy shops of the hotels' first floors. [13]
The 1928 New Jersey Chamber of Commerce compared Atlantic City's boardwalk to "the gayest thoroughfares of the world." On the boardwalk, "The vivacity and modernity of scene and action allure the eye of every visitor, and Atlantic City is encompassed by a constant holiday atmosphere." Even the chamber's attempts to play up the boardwalk's maritime dimensions paid tribute to commerce. "Unique among world institutions of this kind, the boardwalk is described as analogous to the deck of an immense ocean liner, for the impression of being far out at sea is enhanced by the many 'steamer decks' with their 'steamer chairs' at the second-story level, all overlooking boardwalk and ocean. Exhibits of merchandise and manufactured products line the miles of boardwalk. They http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
are maintained for national advertising purposes, since people come here from everywhere." [14]
By 1878, when Harper's magazine authors wrote "Along Our Shore," the urban development of the city seemed proportional to the ever-increasing collection of spectacles lining the boardwalk. "The hotels, saloons, restaurants, and boarding cottages of all sizes are innumerable; and along the beach, which is semicircular, there are photograph galleries, peep shows, marionette theaters, conjuring booths, circuses, machines for trying the weight, lungs or muscles of the inquisitive, swings, merry-go rounds, and all the Various sideshows which reap the penny harvest of holiday crowds." [15] The early versions of the Ferris wheel that arrived in the 1870s were accompanied by merry-go-rounds and track rides resembling roller coasters. [16] Issac N. Forrester built his "Epicycloidal Wheel," (Fig. 65) four huge wheels set at right angles and each carrying eight gondolas for two people, near the Seaview Excursion House in 1872. [17] In 1887, LaMarcus Adna Thompson and James J. Griffith constructed the first scenic railway on the boardwalk, the success of which would manifest itself in their New York based business, L.A. Thompson Scenic Railway Company. The scenic railway was considered the most exciting amusement of its time and customers were encouraged to "Ride it just for fun." [18] The Excursion House advertised "the Mt. Washington Toboggan slide" around 1889, four years before another ride combining wheel and rail was promoted in the Daily Union. The reporter describes how "the passengers will shoot down a toboggan slide to a groove in the large wheel, be taken up, and "whirled around five minutes." [19]
Figure 65. Epicycloidel Wheel, ca. 1870. Atlantic County Historical Society.
While some indulged in the excitement of mechanical amusements, others preferred tranquil rides along the boardwalk in rolling chairs (Fig. 66). After several years of renting wheelchairs to invalid vacationers from his http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
hardware store at 1702 Atlantic Avenue, William Hayday realized he could market the rolling chair for public boardwalk transportation. Since 1887, when Hayday sent his first commercial wicker chairs rolling down the walk, the rides have been an Atlantic City tradition.
Figure 66. Rolling Chairs, Atlantic City. ca. 1905. Library of Congress
At the height of their popularity, in the 1920s, only the hotels employed more workers than the rolling-chair service. Though business declined during World War II, the pastime made a comeback beginning in 1948, when the Blue Chair Company introduced a line of motorized vehicles made of sheet steel. The Shill Rolling Chair Company purchased these in 1955, and created a new version with a traditional wicker body in place of the steel hull. The new combination satisfied customers' desire for nostalgia and fascination with technological innovation, two cravings liberally indulged in Atlantic City, while virtually wiping out the manually pushed rolling chair. The traditional human-powered chair experienced a revival in 1984; Larry Belfer began offering rides from the closed Apollo Theater at New York Avenue and the Boardwalk. [20] For those seeking a more expedient trip, a thirteen-passenger jitney runs up and down Pacific Avenue and provides service to the marina district casinos. [21]
Salt-water taffy, indisputably one of the most famous edible boardwalk commodities, was popularized by David Bradley in the early 1880s and epitomizes the image of romantic seaside vacations. Joseph Fralinger made his fortune by packaging the candy in souvenir boxes.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
With his taffy profits, Fralinger constructed a theater for a trained- horse show, "Bartholomew's Equine Paradox." When the show went on the road in 1892, Fralinger remodeled the building to house the Academy of Music, the boardwalk's first real theater. [22] After further alterations in 1908, the building became Nixon's Apollo Figure 67. "I could stay in Atlantic City forever" on card Theater. [23] Fralinger's in woman's hand. Library of Congress. distinctive, elongated taffy is still sold in special boxes advertising, among other scenes, the picturesque beauty of Atlantic City at sunset.
Picture postcards were also popular Atlantic City souvenirs for sale along the boardwalk (Fig. 67). According to one story, the wife of local printer Carl Voelker traveled to Germany in 1895 and brought back the European idea. Her husband marketed the postcard as an advertising tool for Atlantic City hotels. [24] Soon "view cards," purchased at boardwalk shops, such as Hubin's Big Post Card Store, became a required form of documenting the vacation experience. [25] As today, early postcards depicted a range of scenes from simple views of significant buildings to parodies of local characters.
What kinds of people visited Atlantic City to enjoy the boardwalk, hotels, and amusement piers? Charles Funnell questions the "myth" that Atlantic City was a posh destination attracting American elites, prior to a supposed decline in the 1930s. Closely associated with this myth is the belief, promoted by early publicists, that Atlantic City encouraged unusual social mixing. An 1885 tourist guide claimed that on the Boardwalk, "such a conglomeration of all classes of society cannot be seen in any other seaside resort in the world." [26] (Fig. 68) The WPA Guide to 1930s New Jersey conveyed a similar sense of turmoil with the observation, "Here Somebodies tumble over other Somebodies and over Nobodies as well." [27]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
Figure 68. Virginia Avenue/boardwalk, ca 1890. Atlantic County Historical Society.
Funnell reaches two significant conclusions about the nature of Atlantic City visitors from 1875 to 1910 which challenge these assumptions. First he argues that the "bluebloods," society's elites, did not visit Atlantic City in significant numbers. Funnell distinguishes between "high society" and the "nouveau bourgeois." Using hotel registers, the social register, and newspapers, Funnell determines that the latter group was not repelled by the resort's garishness and commercialism. Second, he finds that Atlantic City appealed primarily to the lower middle class, the "lower white-collar" worker. The seaside resort offered the illusion of mobility, status, and interaction with the upper classes. Atlantic City invited the fulfillment of social aspirations, perhaps best symbolized by the popular boardwalk rolling chair. For a minimal sum, one could ride along the boardwalk, propelled by another person of lower status—usually an African-American —and enjoy the accompanying sense of privilege. In Funnell's analysis, Atlantic City was less about social mixing than about the marketing of genteel class ideals. He points out that different parts of the boardwalk were geared toward different classes of visitor groups, a fact also noted in the 1885 guide. [28]
Class segregation was equally apparent in the workforce staffing boardwalk hotels, restaurants, and businesses. Herbert Foster has documented that the vast majority of the recreation industry's workforce was black—95 percent by 1900. From 1905 to 1925, 95 percent of the hotel workforce was African-American, although a few hotels, such as the Traymore, never hired black waiters. Foster convincingly argues that the significance of black labor in building Atlantic City's success can hardly be underestimated. In 1915, blacks comprised 27 percent of Atlantic City's permanent population. At the turn of the century, whites expressed concern over the numbers of blacks in the city and the opportunities for racial mixing. African-Americans did lose ground during the early decades of the twentieth century, experiencing displacement by whites and increasing segregation; by 1932, only four or five hotels still employed black waiters. During the same years, the residential ghetto (consolidated by 1905) http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 4)
offered business opportunities to blacks and was the home of numerous organizations. The new school segregation opened up teaching positions to African-Americans. [29]
Racial segregation was a fact of life on the Atlantic City boardwalk. Although black servants had more freedom of movement, black tourists and hotel-recreation employees were restricted to a particular bathing area and excluded from many of the pavilions. The WPA Guide recorded that "By tacit understanding the Negroes frequent certain portions of the beach at certain hours," and mentions separate city tennis courts for blacks. [30] African-Americans sat in the balconies of the theaters and movie houses that permitted them access. Customarily, black tourists were encouraged to visit the resort at the beginning or end of the season, and if possible, off- season. Such advice was distributed through manuals like The Negro Travele'r Green Book, a listing of hotels open to black travelers organized by city and state. Readers who followed the book's instructions would avoid "encountering embarrassing situations." [31] The federal government also issued a "Directory of Negro Hotels and Guest Houses" (1941), with seven possibilities in Atlantic City and options in nine other shore resorts. [32]
The Depression hit Atlantic City hard. By the mid 1930s, the city was putting forward proposals to redesign the resort for a more wealthy clientele. The city's first slum-clearance and housing project was dedicated in 1937. By 1940, the year-round population began to decline. The federal government kept Atlantic City's businesses alive during World War II by using the resort as an Army Air Force training base; forty-seven of the biggest hotels were filled in this manner, and 500,000 servicemen received training at the base. The grand old hotels would never regain the prestige they had briefly enjoyed. Transportation innovations—namely the rise of the automobile and the construction of the first auto bridge to the city in 1926—contributed to the changing vacation preferences of Americans. According to Funnell, the railroad had encouraged people to recreate in "clusters"; now individuals had the freedom to travel where and when they chose. Atlantic City's biggest population loss occurred between 1960 and 1970, when almost one-third of the city's white population left. The casino gambling trade has brought a resurgence in the boardwalk's popularity, but the longer-term implications of this industry on the Atlantic City community are ambiguous at best.
Continued >>>
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap4.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:13 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
CHAPTER V: MENU Roads and Roadside Attractions
Contents In the mind of the modern Methodology traveler, the New Jersey shore is more likely to recall images of Chapter 1 frozen custard and seaside Early Resorts amusements than the region's Chapter 2 early history. But sprinkled Railroad Resorts among billboards for fast-food and shore attractions are visual Chapter 3 reminders of the area's first Religious Resorts inhabitants—the Lenape Indians. The Native Americans' cultural Chapter 4 legacy has been commemorated The Boardwalk through commercialization. Chapter 5 Lenni Lenape Plaza, King Roads and Roadside Nummy Trail, a picture of Attractions Indian Tom's head representing Tom's River, and other Chapter 6 references along busy roads and Resort in urban communities remind Development in the modern visitors of the earliest Twentieth Century shore tourists. The Indians' trails Appendix A cleared the way for some of the Existing first roads across the state; paths Documentation connecting bayside "landings" with settlements eventually Bibliography continued "along the line of the shore from one dwelling to another, or later, from one Figure 78. Polarine Road Map of New Jersey, hamlet to another." [1] By 1716, ca. 1920. Hagley Museum & Library. (click on the popular route had become image for an enlargement in a new window) the Main Shore Road (U.S. Route 9). Later in the century, this road would string together a chain of small shore towns stretching from Cape May to Toms River (Fig. 78).
Modern motorists traveling along Route 9 might find it easy to identify with seventeenth-century merchants, baymen, and Quaker preachers who traveled by "Jersey" wagon. The Main Shore Road became a major thoroughfare for the baymen from Egg Harbor, Barnegat, and Absecon hauling their loads of oysters, fish, and clams to the Delaware River, sometimes as far as Philadelphia. After establishing the village of
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Tuckerton, ca. 1704, Quaker settlers from Upper Burlington also profited from the shore's natural resources. Long before the revolution, the Quaker port of Tuckerton furnished distant inland and foreign communities with the products of forest and sea. "The chief occupation of the inhabitants, then, was fishing, fowling, ship-building, manufacturing lumber, such as pine and cedar boards, rails and shingles, which were shipped coastwise to the cities and direct to the West Indies." [2] Prosperous merchants and travelers to monthly meetings, the Quakers made frequent use of the Main Shore Road.
The first road in Atlantic County—the Old Shore Road from Nacote Creek to Somers Point—provided access to settlements on the Mullica and Egg Harbor rivers. Although the date of construction is uncertain, one source claims the road was laid out in 1716 and re-designed by Burlington engineers fifteen years later. Ferries across the creek probably existed before the Old Shore Road connected with Somers Ferry, between Beasley's Point and Somers Point, in 1865. [3] About thirty years after the improved shore route was completed, a road was built along the Tuckahoe River from "Daniel Ingerson's landing (later Tuckahoe, then Corbin City), to Widow Smith's Mills (now Hunters Mills)." A series of smaller roads were laid in the developing area, often linking mills and docks. [4] The old White Horse Pike, constructed from 1797 to 1821, and the completion of the road from Buena to Pleasantville and Absecon in 1817, established the basis for the Atlantic County highway system. [5]
Stages and Steamers
As more people arrived, the most popular trails became the roads later incorporated into stage routes (Fig. 79). The first stage line, established early in the eighteenth century, developed along the Amboy-Burlington Road. Gradually, commerce increased between the two cities, and "stage boats" ran to New York and Philadelphia. In 1729, trade between Perth Amboy and Burlington was regular enough to require a stage wagon at the ferry. [6] The Philadelphia American Weekly Mercury promoted the new line, publishing the nation's first advertisement of a public transportation system in 1733. [7] Twenty years later, the line between New York and Perth Amboy was by "stage wagon and steam boat," a predecessor of the more numerous and efficient stage-steam connections organized in the nineteenth century. Before the new steamboat "with a fine commodious cabin and a teatable," visitors endured the tortures of springless "Jersey" wagons. [8] Though competition soon developed for quicker service between inland Jersey cities, New York, and Philadelphia, the first local shore line was not in service until after 1750. A stage ran between Cooper's Ferry and the bay near Sandy Hook each week, serving the residents of Mount Holly, Middletown, and Shrewsbury. Cape May was connected with Bridgeton in 1771, and lines existed between Cooper's Ferry and Great Egg Harbor two years later. [9]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Figure 79. Horse drawn carriage, "The President's Turn-out" ca. 1876. Harpers Monthly.
With the development of regular stage lines came an increased demand for stopping points along the way. Taverns and inns, sometimes the only public buildings for miles, often doubled as post offices. Ebenezer Tucker, for example, conducted much of Tuckerton's business from the Union Inn, a stage stop, post office, and customhouse. Many of the taverns along such routes as Main Shore Road were enlarged when the railroad brought tourists to the area. In Monmouth County, the Highlands Hotel was situated in a strategic location near the bridge over the Shrewsbury River, where it attracted both land and water traffic. The renowned Atlantic County tavern, once called Veal's tavern and later known as Campbell's, became the intersecting point of several roads established between 1803 and 1817. Though the building burned down in 1963, the Buena intersection attests to its continuing use as a popular crossroad. [10]
Little was done to improve roads until the turn of the nineteenth century, when the state began financing turnpike construction, particularly along the Raritan Bay. In the 1840s, plank roads were built between Freehold and Keyport, passing through Matawan, as well as from Freehold to Howell and from Middletown to Port Monmouth. The planks on county turnpikes were later replaced by a cheaper gravel surfacing. [11] The more industrial north led the way in road construction, and by 1857, Monmouth County had established turnpikes from Red Bank to Shrewsbury, and from Shrewsbury to Tinton Falls and Colts Neck. Toll roads were not established without complaint, however. In 1870, the Monmouth Democrat argued for the abolition of all turnpikes because the number of stops, particularly along the road to Long Branch, was more annoying than the toll charge. The author claimed that turnpikes had "fallen into the hands of individuals who are interested only as to their own profits, and care nothing for the accommodation of the public. They get all they can, but give nothing back." [12] In 1895, the New Jersey General Assembly passed the State Aid Road Law, requiring the improvement and maintenance of public roads. Other laws enacted over the next few years opened up turnpikes for free travel.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Early in the nineteenth century, the Union Stage line connected with steam boats on the Delaware River, forming "the Union Stage and Steamboat line." During the 1820s, the Union boats traveled up the Delaware to Trenton, and stages ran between New Brunswick and Hoboken, New Brunswick and Trenton, and Trenton and Philadelphia. [13] Philadelphians could take a two-day sloop trip to Cape May as early as 1815. The regular steamer service operating in the 1820s attracted vacationers from Baltimore and southern cities. A decade later, overnight trips were offered from Baltimore to Cape May aboard the Railroad Evening Line. [14] Though travelers made the trip to Long Branch by horseback or carriage in the 1790s, the journey was slow and difficult before steam and stage. By 1825, steamboats chugged up the Delaware to Bordentown, where stages waited to carry passengers to Long Branch, passing through Allentown, Smithburg, Freehold, Colts Neck, and Eatontown on the way to the popular resort. In 1848, stages were meeting the railroad at Hightstown and carrying passengers to Long Branch with even greater speed. Another steam and stage partnership operated from New York to Sandy Hook, where passengers were picked up at the dock by "odd, wide-wheeled beach wagons" and taken "on the slow hot drive down the sea-island to the resort. Sixty stagecoaches were frequently lined up to convey passengers down the beach road to Long Branch." [15]
In 1894, the Camden and Atlantic Railroad operated a steamboat system across the Great Egg Harbor Inlet connecting with their five-mile trolley line to Longport. Tourists could depart from Longport docks and cross the harbor on the steamboats Avalon, Longport, or Somers Point. When the Camden and Atlantic merged with the West Jersey to become the West Jersey and Seashore in 1896, steamboats regularly traveled between Absecon Inlet and Stone Harbor. Over the next few years, new vessels, the Ocean City and the Wildwood, were added to the fleet. Despite the need for more frequent trips, steamboat service had disappeared by 1919, victim of Atlantic City and Shore trolleys and a highway linking Longport, Somers Point, and Ocean City. [16]
Automobile Culture
Thirty-five years after Walt Whitman praised the railroad as a democratic means of transportation, George B. Somerville criticized it for the same reason. "Trains are too democratic in these days and too many people, merely because they are able to purchase transportation, are permitted to ride. For seclusion and for comfort, the motor car is the thing, and today the tourist to the sea sits restfully back against the deeply upholstered cushions while the chauffeur peers ahead." [17] As Somerville's description suggests, the first automobiles brought a new load of cultural baggage—the concept of touring or motoring—along with their wealthy owners. The Asbury Park paper wrote of groups touring the shore in "tally-ho" autos; in 1904, seventeen people spent the day on the road, traveling from Ocean Grove through Belmar, Point Pleasant, and Allaire. Newspapers also published stories on long car tours, including the new two-hour-and- fifteen-minute record run from Philadelphia to Atlantic City. [18] (Fig. 80) Resorts capitalized on the automobile craze by hosting special social events, such as the Elkwood Park races in Long Branch, and the
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
"Sociability Run" from Philadelphia to Atlantic City. [19] By 1916, the sport was so popular that a special brand of tourist was associated with touring. Before the automobile, guests installed themselves in one place for the summer; with the advent of vehicular travel these stable visitors were replaced by "a steady stream of transient guests, which comes and departs in motor cars after a brief stop. This new type of patron is even more profitable than the old, but he is a less certain quantity than the former vacationist." [20] As Alfred Heston's Jersey Wagon Jaunts illustrates, the symbolic, nationalistic role of the automobile took on regional significance along the shore (Fig. 81). The traditional horse-drawn "oyster" cart now referred to a much more powerful vehicle.
Grandfather was trying out his new car—his six-cylinder Jersey Waggon [sic], on the wheels of which he had painted his insignia, the colors of New Jersey, the hub in deep blue against a delicate shade of pink. The rims of the wheels were buff. In that way grandfather displayed the colors of New Jersey—dark blue, light eggbuff and pale pink. [21]
Figure 80. "Birds Eye" view of Margate City & environs. ca 1925. Library of Congress.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Figure 81. Jersey Waggon, Jersey Waggon Jaunts, 1926.
New Jersey established the nation's first state highway department in 1891, two years before the creation of a Federal Bureau of Public Roads. [22] By 1917, a report by the chairman of the New Jersey State Highway Commission documented the establishment of the highway system. The report outlines the evolution of road development beginning with the creation of a motor-vehicle department in 1906, and concluding with a list of routes criss-crossing the state. Route 4 from Perth Amboy to New Gretna, Route 5 from Hightstown to Asbury Park, and Route 14 from Egg Harbor City to Cape May were particularly important shore roads. [23] The introduction to the report emphasizes the growth of a state highway system motivated by public needs. If before 1906 the traveler was "satisfied with a short strip of highway radiating from a market town or from a rail or water depot, today he is insistently clamoring for a Federal Highway System uniformly good throughout its entire mileage, and completely, uniformly and currently maintained in excellent Shape during all seasons of the year." [24]
In 1913, in Beach Haven, anticipating the opening of the automobile causeway the following year, Frederick Ostendorff began building a garage at the corner of Pearl Street and Bay Avenue. The largest garage on the East Coast, Ostendorff s accommodated 200 cars. [25] The functional, warehouse-like space represented a new type of architecture built to house the automobile; it welcomed the first auto bridge to Long Beach Island, completed June 20, 1914. Every driver traveling over the new causeway on opening day received a copy of George Somerville's The Lure of Long Beach, published by the Long Beach Board of Trade. Twenty-two years later, in his book of the same title, Charles Edgar Nash added to the mythology surrounding "the wide, sun-steeped, snow-white beach and the ocean's surfy, slow, deep, mellow voice, full of mystery and awe." [26] Clubs catering to the rising number of visitors arriving by car were built at Spray Beach, Beach Haven Terrace, and Harvey Cedars. By the 1930s, the http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Long Beach Island Chamber of Commerce predicted that "the building of the bridge at the northern end of the island" would "assure a building boom to this community." [27] The proposed bridge was never completed, but the automobile did assure increased urban development, one by-product of automobile culture that would transform the nation.
Over the next twenty years, the Beach Haven North Development Company, which financed the Ostendorff garage, also built the Ockonickon Hotel, a train station, a movie theater, and neighborhoods of Cape Cod style houses. [28] Described in 1914 as "progressive" and alert to the advancement of the times, Beach Haven had a "huge gas plant," "the purest of water," and the aforementioned "largest motor car garage on the seacoast of New Jersey." [29] By 1930, the board of trade could extol "stores of all descriptions and a moving-picture theater, with up-to-date 'talkie' equipment, and remarkably wide streets and avenues that are graveled (Fig. 82) [to] impress one with the freedom of space." [30] The possibility of affordable automobiles for large numbers of Americans drew attention away from railroads to highways.
Figure 82. Long Beach Boulevard, ca. 1914. The Lure of Longbeach.
After the Federal Highway Act passed in 1921, the U.S. Bureau of Public Roads constructed 200,000 miles of roads nationwide. Six years later, the New Jersey Highway Department planned a $175 million highway system with forty-five new routes linking New York, New Jersey, Philadelphia, and the Jersey Shore. Despite the new plan, the Depression and World War II slowed building and, by the late 1940s, New Jersey was suffering from over-crowded highways with traffic seven times the national average. [31] In 1948, Governor Alfred E. Driscoll "offered a proposal to the legislature to finance the necessary roads by means of a bond issue by a quasi- governmental authority." [32] As a result, the New Jersey Turnpike Authority opened the state's first superhighway in four sections between http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
November 5, 1951, and January 15, 1952. By 1989, the 118-mile New Jersey Turnpike, stretching from the Delaware Memorial Bridge to New York, was "the busiest toll road in the nation." [33]
The success of the Turnpike, with its governing "authority," set the precedent for the Garden State Parkway (Fig. 83 & 84), a road of far greater importance to the shore. Construction on the 173-mile toll road began in the mid 1940s and stretched across eleven counties, from Montvale to Cape May City. [34] The operation and maintenance of the Parkway came under the New Jersey Highway Authority established early in 1952. The gently undulating Parkway with its modest landscape provides relief from the tight network of smaller highways clustered closer to the ocean. In celebration of the Parkway's first ten years, the New York Times devoted a thirty-two-page advertisement section, "The Autobiography of a Parkway," to its history. Pictures of the Barnegat Light, lush forests, and family roadside gatherings describe the Parkway as a significant part of the vacation experience:
Figure 83. Garden State Parkway, view of curve & trees. Philip Correll
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Figure 84. Garden State Parkway Toll Booth. Correll
The Garden State Parkway is more than a way of getting someplace quickly. It is a scenic tour in itself. Bordered by nature at its finest, the parkway provides the motorist with inviting public areas and historic attractions. For example, the 300-year-old American holly tree at upper left—New Jersey's oldest and largest—is bathed in flood lights at night in honor of the state's tercentenary. It's located in the parkway's dividing island at Palermo in Cape May County. [35]
Thirty years later, the Parkway still makes broad cultural claims. Winding its way through a greensward only occasionally marred by glimpses of commercial strip malls and industrial sand mines, the parkway is an oasis amid the confusion of shore traffic. The toll booths advertise ethnic festivals and classical music concerts among other events. Sporting the Parkway colors—caution yellow and forest green—toll collectors remind motorists they are "never alone on the parkway." When traveling off the Parkway, motorists can depend on finding "trailblazers," the green roadsigns "scientifically selected for increased visibility," to steer them in the right direction. [36]
Roadside Architecture
Along with the new roads designed for automobile travel came new types of buildings to service the motorist and new ways of attracting his or her attention. The reputation of the shore as an exotic setting for outrageous behavior was constructed in the late nineteenth century; as Atlantic City began building its boardwalk amusements, "Lucy the Margate Elephant" (Fig. 85) epitomized the bizarre in shore accommodations. Businesses profited from roadside advertising. In the 1930s, the Renault Winery of
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Little Egg Harbor constructed giant champagne bottles in New Gretna and along the White Horse Pike near the outskirts of Hammonton and Egg Harbor City. A windmill restaurant in Long Branch (Fig. 86) and fanciful signs like the "Route 9 Cowboy" became important landmarks along the main shore route. The shore's "larger than life" image of 1920s-30s is preserved in several extant examples of roadside architecture, since adapted for a variety of uses. The giant wood-frame log that once advertised tourists' "log cabins" in Medford later served as a hot dog stand and jewelry store on Long Beach Island. The green metal dinosaur outside Kim Carpeting and Linoleum (Fig. 87) was also moved from a previous site to its present location in Bayville. By preserving such examples of "pop" architecture, businesses along the shore also preserve nostalgia for a simpler, more whimsical past.
Figure 85. Lucy the Margate Elephant. HABS No. NJ-816-5.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Figure 86. Windmill Ice Cream, Long Branch. HABS No. NJ-1003-1.
Figure 87. Bayville Dinosaur. HABS No. NJ-1019-1.
Perhaps the most impressive example of outrageous shore architecture, "Lucy the Margate Elephant," arrived when the railroad still provided the most efficient route to the shore. The 65' tall elephant was constructed in 1882 as part of a Philadelphia speculator's scheme to attract land buyers to Atlantic City. Lucy's inventor, James Lafferty, took out a patent to cover "this and all buildings in the shape of birds, animals and fishes." Equipped
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
with his official patent, Lafferty constructed two other elephant hotels, a Coney Island version contemporary with Lucy and a Cape May elephant completed by 1885. [37] Both were destroyed before the end of the century. Today a National Historic Landmark, Lucy stands 50' from her original location, restored and open to the public. [38]
The national craving for roadside nostalgia is also preserved in a handful of local diners that continue to offer travelers cheap and convenient "road food." The Forked River Diner on Route 9, the Monmouth Queen Diner in Asbury Park, and the Neptune Diner on Routes 33 and 35 were built by the New Jersey-based Kullman Company in the 1960s. The Kullman Company, one of four diner manufacturers still operating, had gained a reputation for the "all-encompassing look" of their diners twenty years earlier. [39] More recently, the company has cashed in on the revival of interest in roadside culture by building the first new diners based on historical models.
Diners were largely prefabricated building units whose forms, features, and materials vary by manufacturer—of which there were more than 60 in all. Long, narrow, compact modules with banded windows, the diner's form was modeled after the train car, heralding the speed and transience of travel, while facilitating the practical need to deliver them far and wide (Fig. 88).
Figure 88. Mustache Bill's Diner, Long Beach Island. HABS No. OC-8.1 Ames.
Jerry O'Mahony Inc. was one of the first producers of diners, beginning in 1913 in Bayonne, and ending in Elizabeth, NJ, in 1965. His first barrel- roofed model sold for $1,900, and sales peaked in 1928 with 184 diners selling for $1.5 million. Along the Jersey Shore, O'Mahony models could be found in Manahawkin (Bay Avenue Diner) and Bayville (Dickert's Diner, ca. 1950).
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
The buildings' nomenclature changed from "lunch car" or "dining car" to "diner" in 1923-24, about the same time that their settings shifted from populated urban areas such as factory and retail sites where operators catered to workforces, to locations alongside the growing network of highways to attract traveling motorists. While the earliest dining cars resembled wheel-less wagons serving mostly male walk-up customers, the 1920s introduced full-length indoor counters with stools, wood and ceramic-covered walls, built-in refrigerators and stove-grills, and dessert displays; the 1930s generation of diners glistened with the cleaner sophistication of improved materials-stainless steel, glass block, and formica; and from World War II into the 1960s, these gave way again to wood-grain paneling, plastic laminates, and a cozier Colonial and Mediterranean aesthetic.
Among the extant examples of these are the 1958 Deepwater Diner, a truck stop on state road 130 in Deepwater, [40] and the Salem Oak Diner, a 1954 model, both in the vicinity of the Delaware River. The Salem Oak boasts an outstanding neon leaf atop the stainless-steel box inspired by the historic Salem oak tree directly across state road 49 where a treaty between John Fenwick and the Lenape Indians purportedly was signed. Inside, patrons sit in sections fittingly named the Acorn Room and Nut House. The current owners of the Salem Oak are second generation diner operators. The first generation family initially ran an O'Mahony lunch car in the 1920s before buying this Silk City with money won at the race track. [41] Other diners along the important east-west state road 49 route included Pier 13 Steak Joynt [sic] in Pennsville, and the present Angie's Bridgeton Grille in Bridgeton, the latter also a Silk City.
No amount of nostalgia can alter the reality of recent roadside "architecture"—the endless strip development (Fig. 89) that characterizes many areas of New Jersey and elsewhere. Like other shore communities that have grown too quickly, Brick Township could be said to suffer from an overabundance of highways and a lack of urban vision. Entering Brick Township from the Parkway, motorists are immediately confronted with the municipal complex and branch library on one side of Route 549 and the high school and post office on the other. The absence of pedestrian paths prevents walking from place to place. By 1976, Brick was "a township in search of an identity," better known for the Laurelton traffic circle than for historic Butcher Forge. Residents describe the township populations as "pockets of people" who lack the "established, historic downtown" or "hub" necessary in any healthy community. [42] As the strategic position of the municipal complex illustrates, the area relies heavily on the Parkway for freedom from traffic congestion.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 5)
Figure 89. Brick Plaza, Bricktown. HABS No. NJ-1107-1.
The 1959 Brick Township chamber of commerce guide features an aerial view of the Laurelton traffic circle. [43] The WPA built the circle in 1936 and named it after Laurelton Farms, the once-famous "largest poultry farm in the state." [44] Although contemporary residents were proud of the modern engineering that made "Circle City" the "central hub of the state," the highway section could not meet modern traffic demands. In the 1980s, the New Jersey Department of Transportation spent more than $2 million improving the outdated circle. [45]
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap5.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:16 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
CHAPTER VI: MENU Resort Development in the Twentieth Century Contents Camps and Clubs Methodology
Chapter 1 Early twentieth-century urban development changed the social construction Early Resorts of shore resorts as well as the physical landscape. The trip from city to resort became an easy "commute" rather than an arduous journey; newly Chapter 2 designed resorts advertised recreational features and the benefits of Railroad Resorts residential communities within easy reach of the city. Architects and designers from New York and Philadelphia who followed wealthy clients Chapter 3 to the resorts brought the latest ideas about urban planning and the kinds of Religious Resorts facilities that should be provided for new communities. Inspired by the City Chapter 4 Beautiful movement and memories of the 1893 Chicago Centennial The Boardwalk Exhibition, towns such as Spring Lake, Island Heights, and Beach Haven established yacht clubs, tennis clubs, and other recreational facilities. The Chapter 5 wealthy summer residents who commissioned such buildings had their own Roads and Roadside expectations about social life on the shore. Most came from New York and Attractions Philadelphia themselves, where they belonged to the appropriate urban social organizations. Over the years, the membership of resort clubs has Chapter 6 become less exclusive, reflecting the varied population of the shore Resort Development in the communities. In many cases, the remaining club buildings recall lifestyles Twentieth Century of wealth and prestige in towns that have since become middle and working class. Appendix A Existing Documentation Sherborne Farm: "White House of New Jersey"
Bibliography The shore's natural resources and plentiful wildlife attracted some of the first visitors to Tucker's Island and Cape May. By the middle of the nineteenth century, the hunting and fishing industries were promoted in books by Charles Hallock, including The Sportsman's Gazetteer and General Guide (1883) among others. Hallock gave sportsmen railroad directions from New York and Philadelphia. Those traveling to Beach Haven were advised to take the New Jersey and Southern Railroad by way of the Sandy Hook and Long Branch, and connect at Whitings for the train to Tuckerton. Once on the island, they would enjoy excellent yachting, fine sea bathing, plentiful weakfish, and a variety of wading birds. [1] During the middle decades of the nineteenth century, three hotels on Long Beach Island catered to the needs and desires of urban sportsmen—Harvey Cedars Hotel, Bond's Long Beach House, and the Mansion of Health. [2] Such boarding hotels offered rustic accommodations to men who desired a frontier-like experience. Money was a requirement for such wilderness http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
excursions—the proper clothing, gun, dog, transportation, and lodging were essential elements of the urban sportsman's vacation.
By the early 1890s, a direct train connection ended Long Beach Island's isolation and developers began constructing large, elegant "cottages," particularly in the Beach Haven area. Advances in shotgun technology since the Civil War increased the popularity of recreational sport gunning. Gunners chose to stay in the newly organized gun clubs that provided them with necessary facilities and bayside access, rather than in old-fashioned hotels. The club form of organization was also more suitable for communities that had begun to establish permanent summer residences.
When architect Thomas Sherborne, Jr., designed his Victorian house in the 1870s, he could not have known that "Sherborne Farm" would become a famous Long Beach Island landmark (Fig. 90). The evolution of the property into a sportsmen's retreat should be understood in the context of newly founded sporting hotels and gun clubs throughout the region. [3] During the 1910s and 1920s, Charles W. Beck hosted friends who came to the island on hunting expeditions; three rooms on the third floor of the farm were designated for guests, and other rooms could be mustered as needed. These regular visits earned the home the nickname of "Liberty Hall" (after the adjacent street) and "White House of New Jersey." Numerous photographs have survived of shooting parties with their kill and of men playing musical instruments at the farm. Beck was an officer of the Beach Haven Gun Club, founded shortly after the turn of the century by Philadelphian John Dickerson.
Figure 90. Sherburne Farm, Long Beach Island. HABS No. NJ-1106-1.
The history of the farm and its social circle illustrates Beach Haven's dependency on Philadelphia during these early decades of the twentieth century. Shooting, socializing, and music characterized the male http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
recreational experience of Sherborne Farm, an extension of professional life that rarely included women. The men relished the contrast between their activities and the "predominantly feminine 'rocking chair fleets' on the hotel and cottage porches." [4] That the 1870s farmhouse was built by an architect emphasizes the irony of Philadelphia's elite seeking expensive vacations in artificially primitive settings. The local, year-round residents lived in smaller, impermanent homes which have not survived. Although the club expanded to include yachting in 1907, it suffered a decline in patronage when the Baldwin Hotel opened winterized rooms for gunners.
Little Egg Harbor Yacht Club
The July 1912 Beach Haven Times reported that the founders of Little Egg Harbor Yacht Club (Fig. 91) were primarily "prominent Philadelphia business and professional men who are interested in Beach Haven and have their summer homes here." [5] Instantly popular, the new club attracted forty-five members in two weeks, and shortly established a ladies' auxiliary. During the course of meetings in the Hotel Baldwin—one of Beach Haven's grand hotels—the founders formed a building committee to design their own facility. [6] The committee hired Camden architects Moffet and Stewart and engaged local builder William Butler to erect the structure on landfill from the dredging of the Liberty Thoroughfare.
Figure 91. Little Egg Yacht Club. HABS No. NJ-1105-1.
In August 1916, members held their first recorded meeting in the clubhouse. [7] Of the ninety-seven senior and twenty-one junior members on the 1920 club roster, a majority were from Philadelphia, West Philadelphia, Chestnut Hill, Germantown, Bryn Mawr, and Overbrook, although local towns were also represented. The obituary of founder Morton Gibbons-Neff, recorded in a September 1964 Beach Haven Times, http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
provides a sense of these men's institutional affiliations. A resident of Narberth, Pennsylvania, Gibbons-Neff had been an independent insurance broker, president of Poor Richards' Club, and director of the Franklin Institute, Union League, and the Merion Cricket Club. Apparently many other Little Egg Harbor Yacht Club members belonged to the Merion Cricket Club, a connection that is still discernible today.
In its early years, the club participated in power-boat, cat-boat, and sneak- box races. Associations with the region's other yacht clubs were formed almost immediately; the first annual cruise to the Island Heights Yacht Club was held August 1, 1914. In 1933, the club decided to form a summer camp, which has since become the principal summer program. The Little Egg Harbor Yacht Club originally operated from June to the first week of September. During the off-season, boats were stored in Ostendorff's Garage, the famous garage that served as the club's early meeting place. [8] Younger members would return to Beach Haven on spring weekends from prep school and college to prepare their boats. The Little Egg Harbor Yacht Club now accommodates activities year-round.
The Wanamaker Camp
The history of the Wanamaker Camp (Fig. 92) at Island Heights offers insight into the summer camp movement at the turn of the century, corporate paternalism, and social concern over the education of urban, working-class young people. The camp was an experiment in communal living that incorporated current theories on health and relied on military models. An innovator in the development of department stores and mass retail sales, John Wanamaker founded the John Wanamaker Commercial Institute (JWCI) in 1896 as a vocational and non-vocational training program for his young employees. [9] The Institute's goals were clearly outlined in its 1915 yearbook, "The purpose of the institute is to enable its students, while earning a livelihood, to obtain, by textbooks, lectures, drills and schools of daily opportunity, such personal development and practical and technical education in the arts and sciences of commerce and trade as will equip them to fill honorable positions in life and increase personal earning power." Each young person spent approximately five to seven hours of work per week in the classroom—supposedly compensating for education missed in the years before child labor laws. Instructors divided the students into three groups: junior boys (age 14-16), senior boys (age 16-18), and girls. In the 1915 commencement exercises for the seniors, one speaker pointed out, "In all the work the teachers aim to correlate the material so as to make it serve purposes in the stores." The theory was that a practical application would both hold the students' attention and support the store's interests. [10]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
Figure 92. Wanamaker Hall, Island Heights. HABS No. NJ-1144-1.
Two years after founding the Commercial Institute, Wanamaker purchased bayfront land in Island Heights for a summer camp. Island Heights offered convenient rail transportation to both Philadelphia and New York, the sites of Wanamaker's major stores. The town's Methodist origins gave it a wholesome reputation, especially compared with the "decadence" of popular secular shore resorts. For the first four years of the camp, 1900-04, the employees lived in canvas tents. In 1904, the original barracks were constructed to provide protection during the occasionally wet summers. [11] Now boarded up and covered with asbestos shingles, the headquarter's house, complete with battlements giving it a military aspect, was once the center of the Wanamaker retreat. The camp had two-week sessions for boys, and in 1907, girl employees spent their first two-week vacation at Island Heights. Junior cadets (boys) were required to attend camp if they were employed prior to May 1 of the same year; those employed prior to January 1st received one week's pay; those who had attended two consecutive camps received two weeks' pay; and four consecutive years earned three weeks' pay. [12] The cadets, as institute attendees were known, continued to live in army tents after the barracks' construction, although in 1914, wood platforms were added to increase their comfort. [13]
From its beginnings, the camp followed an essentially military organization, with daily dress parades, military bands, and formation marches (Fig. 93). World War I reinforced this military inclination, and from 1910 to 1920, an officers' training camp was held at the barracks. Early newspaper articles report that the town enjoyed the drills and dress parades. On one unusual Sunday in August 1910, the newspaper claimed that 2,000 attended the cadets' dress parade. [14] The John Wanamaker Commercial Institute bands regularly performed at the Island Heights Yacht Club and at other clubs and local events. [15] Many early
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
photographs show the cadets marching and performing in formation, carrying flags and wood guns. Despite its regimented schedule—the battalions and companies, officers, and cadets—the camp also provided relaxed and informal waterfront activities like swimming and boating.
Figure 93. Wanamaker Commercial Club Girls. Postcard. Allaback
In 1909, Wanamaker founded the Meadowbrook Club, an athletic-oriented club that complemented the more academic orientation of the Institute. Meadowbrook's 1920 yearbook explained, "Here is just the problem of to- day as it exists in the Wanamaker store; the problem of how to keep the intellectual boy and girl from becoming physically flabby and of how to keep the athletic employee from becoming intellectually flabby." [16] This emphasis on physical development also drew impetus from World War I, when the nation's draft revealed that many young men were "deficient physically." [17] Wanamaker's constructed a complete athletic facility on the roof of the Philadelphia store and used an athletic field at the corner of 23rd and Market streets. The club competed regularly against high schools, colleges, and other athletic clubs. [18]
The 1914 daily routine conveys a sense of the camp's military-style schedule. Twenty-nine calls during the day marked the parameters of waking, eating, exercise, clean-up, military drills, playing, and sleeping. The "Record of Daily Happenings" humanizes this rigid description by mentioning the competitions and prizes, visitors' days, special parades, concerts, speeches, and sailing parties. Whereas the boys' camp is more consistently referred to as a "military camp," the girl employees are frequently described as vacationers with chaperons. Some records suggest similarities between the boys' and girls' camps—such as marching in military formations. One former female cadet, employed by the store from 1926-36, recalled "drilling and marching either with wood guns or playing our instruments. Our uniforms were either dark blue with white trimming—
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
or our dress uniform, which we frequently wore at camp, of white with blue. One of our trips yearly at camp was to go over to Seaside Heights to march and play our instruments in the yearly baby parade." She wrote of the athletic endeavors as well as the marching and drilling formations. [19]
"Suburbs of New York and Philadelphia"
When the Philadelphia and Long Branch Railroad met the New York and Long Branch in 1881, the area south of Toms River was open for development. However, significant building did not occur until twentieth- century land speculators and their corporate sponsors planned vacation communities along the river. The original developers promoted their new resorts' proximity to New York and Philadelphia. In the past, women and children were frequently sent to summer homes by the seaside while men remained at jobs in the cities. Land speculators promoted convenient transportation that would allow working fathers to escape from the city for weekend reunions with their families.
Today, the small towns surrounding Toms River are defined by connecting highways. A central traffic artery, Route 9, connects the communities with the southern shore, while the river forms a common northern boundary. According to the Ocean County Observer, "for most people, South Toms River begins where Main Street in Toms River. . . (Route 166), crosses the Toms River and heads toward Route 530." The surrounding towns of Ocean Gate, Pine Beach, and Beachwood are perceived as part of the single region of South Toms River, all dependant on the municipal and commercial services of the nearby county seat.
Pine Beach
The Methodists who set up camp in Island Heights late in the nineteenth century were not concerned with the real estate market. But when Philadelphian Robert Horter visited the area in 1908, he saw the potential value of the land at the railroad crossing known as Island Heights Junction. Within a year, Horter and his financial backer, George Kelly, surveyed the land, mapped the streets, and loaded the prospective customers onto trains. The Pine Beach Improvement Company sold 109 lots the first year. Building continued at a frantic pace until 1912, when demand began to level out significantly. By then, Kelly had already completed the Pine Beach Inn, a seventy-five-room hotel that became part of the Admiral Farragut Academy in 1933 (Fig. 94). During the boom years, LeRoy Hutchinson built the Pine Beach Chapel, a Queen Anne, Shingle-style church. Five years later, Hutchinson completed the Pine Beach Yacht Club, a building he replaced with an expanded two-story version in 1921. [20] The local architect was also responsible for much of the residential development concentrated along Midland and Henley streets within the founder's grid plan. When it was incorporated in 1925, Pine Beach consisted of "about 120 houses (80 percent summer occupied), two stores, Winterling's gas station, Pine Beach Inn, Pine Beach Chapel, [and] Pine Beach Yacht Club." [21]
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Chapter 6)
Figure 94. Admiral Farragut Academy, Pine Beach. HABS No. NJ-1160-1.
The establishment of the Admiral Farragut Academy, the first American naval preparatory school, brought unexpected distinction to Pine Beach. After searching the East Coast from Florida to Maine, school founders decided to remodel the empty Pine Beach Inn into a dormitory and classrooms. Only three acres when it was founded in 1933, the campus had spread over twenty-eight acres and included eight buildings by 1975. The academy is incorporated into a residential neighborhood oriented toward the river. Within walking distance of both chapel and docks, the school marks a decisive break in the regular pattern of houses and pines. It closed in 1994.
Continued >>>
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/chap6.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:19 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
APPENDIX A: MENU Existing Documentation
More comprehensive information about the buildings and localities Contents discussed in the text may be available from the National Park Service or Methodology the New Jersey State Historic Preservation Office. If the site has been documented by the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic Chapter 1 American Engineering Record (HABS/HAER), it is available from that Early Resorts collection in the Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Divis ion, Washington, D.C. Nomination forms for designated National Historic Chapter 2 Landmarks (NHLs) and sites listed in the National Register of Historic Railroad Resorts Places (NR) are available from the state. Sites are organized by county; Chapter 3 a "HABS/HAER" number and "NR" or "NHL" indicate the availablity Religious Resorts of that data.
Chapter 4 The Boardwalk Atlantic County
Chapter 5 Absecon Lighthouse, HABS No. NJ-734, NR, Atlantic City Roads and Roadside All-War Memorial, HABS No. NJ-1128, Atlantic City Attractions Atlantic City Boardwalk, HABS No. NJ-1161, Atlantic City Atlantic City Convention Hall, HABS No. NJ-1130, NHL, Atlantic City Chapter 6 Resort Development Blenheim Hotel, HABS No. NJ-864, Atlantic City in the Twentieth Brigantine Inn, HABS No. NJ-1171, Brigantine Century Chalfonte Hotel, HABS No. NJ-869, Atlantic City Clark, Adrial, House, HABS No. NJ-645, Port Republic Appendix A Claridge Hotel (Claridge Casino Hotel), HABS No. NJ-1170, Atlantic Existing City Documentation City Hall, HABS No. NJ-815, Atlantic City Church of the Ascension, HABS No. NJ-1129, Atlantic City Bibliography Daniel Doughty House, HABS No. NJ-1125, Absecon Dennis Hotel, HABS No. NJ-862, Atlantic City Fire Station No. 4, HABS No. NJ-1168, Atlantic City Franklin Inn & Store, HABS No. NJ-663, Port Republic Hoffman House, The, HABS No. NJ-925, Atlantic City Johnson, Joseph, House, HABS No. NJ-728, Port Republic Jonathan Pitney House, HABS No. NJ-1126, Absecon Leeds, Japhet, House, HABS No. NJ-399, Leeds Point Lucy the Margate Elephant, HABS No. NJ-8 16, NHL, Margate City Marlborough Hotel, HABS No. NJ-863, Atlantic City Marlborough, Blenheim and Dennis Hotels (aerial views), HABS No. NJ-976, Atlantic City Mays Landing Presbyterian Church, HABS No. NJ-S 16, NR, Mays Landing
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
Methodist Meetinghouse, HABS No. NJ-662, Absecon Seaside Hotel, HABS No. NJ-938, Atlantic City Shelburne Hotel, HABS No. NJ-929, NR, Atlantic City Smith Homestead, HABS No. NJ-280, Smithville Smithville Inn, HABS No. NJ-1172, Smithville Somers Mansion, HABS No. NJ-281, NR, Somers Point Steel Pier, HABS No. NJ-64, Atlantic City Studebaker Dealership, HABS No. NJ-1131, Pleasantville Sun Gallery Bridge, HABS No. NJ-975, Atlantic City Town of Absecon, HABS No. NJ-1038 Town of Atlantic City, HABS No. NJ-1033 Town of Brigantine, HABS No. NJ-1032 Town of Leeds Point, HABS No. NJ-1037 Town of Linwood (Town of Leedsville), HABS No. NJ-1039 Town of Longport, HABS No. NJ-1034 Town of Margate City, HABS No. NJ-1064 Town of Northfield (Town of Bakersville), HABS No. NJ-1041 Town of Pleasantville, HABS No. NJ-1040 Town of Port Republic (Town of Wrangleboro), HABS No. NJ-1036 Town of Somers Point, HABS No. NJ-1042 Wells Fargo Guard Services Building, HABS No. NJ-1127, Atlantic City 7223-27 Ventnor Avenue (Commercial), HABS No. NJ-1169, Ventnor City Ventnor Twin Theater, HABS No. NJ-1124, Ventnor City
Burlington County
St. Pauls United Methodist Church, HABS No. NJ-1132, New Gretna Towns of New Gretna and Bass River, HABS No. NJ-103 1
Cape May County
Atlantic Terrace House, HABS No. NJ-846, NR, Cape May Avalon Life Saving Station, HABS No. NJ-1109, Avalon Bailey, Julius A., House, HABS No. NJ-598, NR, Cape May Beach Avenue (901-31) Houses, HABS No. NJ-412, NR, Cape May Beach Avenue (937) House, HABS No. NJ-417, NR, Cape May Beach Avenue (1001) House, HABS No. NJ-462, NR, Cape May Boyd, George W. House, HABS No. NJ-847, NR, Cape May Broadway (10) House, HABS No. NJ-573, NR, Cape May Broadway (12) House, HABS No. NJ-575, NR, Cape May Cape Island Baptist Church, Franklin St., HABS No. NJ-848, Cape May Cape Island Baptist Church, Columbia Ave., HABS No. NJ-593, NR, Cape May Cape Island Marina, HABS No. NJ-570, NR, Cape May Cape Island Presbyterian Church, HABS No. NJ-742, NR, Cape May Cape May Buildings, HABS No. NJ-919, NR, Cape May Cape May Firehouse, HABS No. NJ-621, NR, Cape May Cape May Point Lighthouse, HABS No. NJ-912, NR, Cape May Point Caribbean Motel, HABS No. NJ-1186, Wildwood Crest
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
Carroll Villa, HABS No. NJ-849, NR, Cape May Chalfonte Hotel, HABS No. NJ-743, NR, Cape May Chalfonte Hotel, Cottages, HABS No. NJ-743-A, NR, Cape May Christopher Ludlam House, HABS No. NJ-1206, South Dennis Vicinity Coast Guard Station, HABS No. NJ-450, Cape May Coast Guard Station, HABS No. NJ-1183, Wildwood Cold Springs Presbyterian Church, HABS No. NJ-270, NR, Cold Springs Colonial Hotel, HABS No. NJ-850, NR, Cape May Congress Hall, HABS No. NJ-744, NR, Cape May Congress Street (208) House, HABS No. NJ-581, NR, Cape May Congress Street (210) House, HABS No. NJ-586, NR, Cape May Decatur Street (132) House, HABS No. NJ-590, NR, Cape May Denizot House, HABS No. NJ-577, NR, Cape May Ebb Tide Motel, HABS No. NJ-1185, Wildwood El Ray Motel, HABS No. NJ-1189, Wildwood Evans, Joseph R., Cottage, HABS No. NJ-893, NR, Cape May Evening Star Villa, HABS No. NJ-578, NR, Cape May Ferguson, Charles, House, HABS No. NJ-587, NR, Cape May First United Methodist Church, HABS No. NJ-1110, Cape May Court House Flanders Hotel, HABS No. NJ-1116, Ocean City Fryer's Cottage, HABS No. NJ-860, NR, Cape May Gallagher, Christopher, House, HABS No. NJ-905, NR, Cape May Hall, Joseph, Cottage, HABS No. NJ-894, NR, Cape May Herzberg Family Cottage, HABS No. NJ-895, NR, Cape May Hildreth, George, House, HABS No. NJ-8 5 1, NR, Cape May Hughes Street (511) House, HABS No. NJ-594, NR, Cape May Hughes Street (605) Store & Residence, HABS No. NJ-550, NR, Cape May Hunt, Dr. Henry F., House, HABS No. NJ-898, NR, Cape May Huntington House, HABS No. NJ-573, NR, Cape May Jackson's Clubhouse, HABS No. NJ-748, NR, Cape May John Holmes House (Cape May County Historical Museum), HABS No. NJ-1113, Cape May Courthouse Johnson, Eldridge, House, HABS No. NJ-853, NR, Cape May Joseph Falkenburg House (Addendum), HABS No. NJ-756, South Dennis Kearny Avenue (817) House, HABS No. NJ-394, NR, Cape May Kearny Avenue (815) House, HABS No. NJ-407, NR, Cape May Knight, Edward C., Cottage, HABS No. NJ-892, NR, Cape May Knoll's Resort Motel, HABS No. NJ-1184, Wildwood Lafayette Hotel, HABS No. NJ-745, NR, Cape May Lewis, Joseph, House, HABS No. NJ-854, NR, Cape May Ludlam, S.R. House, HABS No. NJ-386, NR, Cape May Macomber Hotel, HABS No. NJ-852, NR, Cape May Madison Street (200), HABS No. NJ-909, NR, Cape May McConnell, John, House, HABS No. NJ-857, NR, Cape May McCreary, John B., House, HABS No. NJ-855, NR, Cape May McCreary, Kate, House, HABS No. NJ-S 10, NR, Cape May Morning Star Villa, HABS No. NJ-538, NR, Cape May Neafie-Levy House, HABS No. NJ-896, NR, Cape May New Asbury Methodist Meeting House, HABS No. NJ-1111, Cape May Court House http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
New Jersey Avenue (1120) House, HABS No. NJ-908, NR, Cape May New Jersey Trust and Safe Deposit Company, HABS No. NJ-856, NR, Cape May Ocean Street (102) House, HABS No. NJ-S 88, NR, Cape May Ocean Street (107) House, HABS No. NJ-567, NR, Cape May Old Courthouse Building, HABS No. NJ-1112, Cape May Court House Physick, Emlen, House, HABS No. NJ-746, NR, Cape May Pumping Station, HABS No. NJ-910, NR, Cape May St. John's Church, HABS No. NJ-858, NR, Cape May St. Mary's Roman Catholic Church, HABS No. NJ-933, NR, Cape May St. Peter's by the Sea Episcopal Church, HABS No. NJ-1114, Cape May Point Schellinger, Jeremiah, House, HABS No. NJ-747, NR, Cape May Seaside House, HABS No. NJ-572, NR, Cape May Sewell House, HABS No. NJ-932, NR, Cape May Shoreham Hotel (St. Mary's by the Sea), HABS No. NJ-1115, Cape May Point South Seaville Methodist Camp Meeting Grounds, HABS No. NJ-1049, South Seaville South Seaville Methodist Camp Meeting Grounds, Auditorium, HABS No. NJ-1049-A, South Seaville South Seaville Methodist Camp Meeting Grounds, Cottage No. 60, HABS No. NJ-1049-B, South Seaville South Seaville Methodist Camp Meeting Grounds, Cottage No. 87, HABS No. NJ-1049-C, South Seaville State Route 50 Bascule Bridge, HABS No. NJ-89, Tuckahoe Vicinity Stites, Benjamin, House, HABS No. NJ-750, NR, Cape May Stockton College, HABS No. NJ-859, NR, Cape May Stockton Manor, HABS No. NJ-599, NR, Cape May Thomas Ludham House, HABS No. NJ-1205, South Dennis Vicinity Town of Avalon, HABS No. NJ-1045 Town of Beesley's Point, HABS No. NJ-1048 Town of Cape May City, HABS No. NJ-1053 Town of Cape May Court House, HABS No. NJ-1052 Town of Cape May Point (Town of Sea Grove), HABS No. NJ-1054 Town of Ocean City, HABS No. NJ-103 5 Town of Sea Isle City, HABS No. NJ-1044 Town of Stone Harbor, HABS No. NJ-1046 Town of Strathmere, HABS No. NJ-1043 Towns of Swainton & Clermont, HABS No. NJ-1050 Town of Wildwood, HABS No. NJ-1047 Townsend, William S. House, HABS No. NJ-753, NR, Cape May Townsend, William S. House, HABS No. NJ-753-A, NR, Cape May Trinity Union School, HABS No. NJ-1181, South Dennis Wales, Thomas Roger, House, HABS No. NJ-926, NR, Cape May Ware, J. Stratton, House, HABS No. NJ-897, NR, Cape May Ware, Lambert, Drug Store, HABS No. NJ-566, NR, Cape May Way, Judge, House, HABS No. NJ-465, NR, Cape May Weightman, William Jr., House, HABS No. NJ-549, NR, Cape May Windsor Hotel, HABS No. NJ-749, NR, Cape May
Monmouth County
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
Allen Homestead, HABS No. NJ-228, NR, Shrewsbury Asbury Park Casino, HABS No. NJ-1176, Asbury Park Asbury Park Casino, Carousel, HABS No. NJ-1176-A, Asbury Park Asbury Park Convention Hall, HABS No. NJ-1175, NR, Asbury Park Atlantic Avenue (6) Hotel, HABS No. NJ-1088, Ocean Grove Bayshore Communities, HABS No. NJ-1001, Keansburg Vicinity Beach Road (13) House, HABS No. NJ-1087, Monmouth Beach Belmar Boardwalk, Men's Bathroom, HABS No. NJ-1080-A, Belmar Belmar Boardwalk, Ladies' Bathroom, HABS No. NJ-1080-B, Belmar Belmar Fishing Club, HABS No. NJ-1079, Belmar Berkeley-Carteret Hotel, HABS No. NJ-1174, Asbury Park Burrowes Mansion (Addendum), HABS No. NJ-198, NR, Matawan Christ Episcopal Church, HABS No. NJ-325, NR, Shrewsbury Church of the Presidents (Long Branch Historical Museum), HABS No. NJ-1083, NR, Long Branch Congregation Brothers of Israel Synagogue, HABS No. NJ-924, Long Branch Essex and Sussex Hotel, HABS No. NJ-1199, Spring Lake First Presbyterian Church, HABS No. NJ-1179, Matawan Fort Monmouth, HABS No. NJ-41, Asbury Park Fortune, T. Thomas, House, HABS No. NJ-877, NR, NHL, Red Bank Friends Meetinghouse, HABS No. NJ-568, Shrewsbury Grand Avenue (705) Commercial Building, HABS No. NJ-1077, Asbury Park Grant, Ulysses S., Cottage, HABS No. NJ-884, Long Branch Ice House, HABS No. NJ-1086, Monmouth Beach Island Beach State Park, HABS No. NJ-1071, Seaside Park Vicinity Keansburg Amusement Park, HABS No. NJ-1177, Keansburg Life Saving Station, Original, HABS No. NJ-42, Highlands Main Street (226) House, HABS No. NJ-1084, Matawan Matawan Passenger Railroad Station, HABS No. NJ-873, NR, Matawan Molly Pitcher Inn, HABS No. NJ-1091, Red Bank Monmouth Beach Bathing Pavilion, HABS No. NJ-1180, Monmouth Beach Murray Guggenheim House, HABS No. NJ-1178, NR, Long Branch Normandy Inn, HABS No. NJ-1085, Monmouth Beach Ocean Avenue (709) House, HABS No. NJ-1081, Bradley Beach Ocean Boulevard (198) House, HABS No. NJ-1173, Atlantic Highlands Ocean Boulevard (248) House, HABS No. NJ-1082, Deal Palace Amusements, HABS No. NJ-1075, Asbury Park Reservation Building No. 2, HABS No. NJ-883-A, Long Branch Reservation Building No. 5, HABS No. NJ-883-B, Long Branch Reservation, The (Site Map), HABS No. NJ-883, Long Branch Sandy Hook at Gateway National Recreation Area, HABS No. NJ-999, Highlands Vicinity Sandy Hook Lighthouse, HABS No. NJ-326, NR, NHL, Highlands Vicinity Shadow Lawn (Monmouth College), HABS No. NJ-1188, NHL, Long Branch Spring Lake Bathing Pavilion-North, HABS No. NJ-1092, Spring Lake Spring Lake Bathing Pavilion-South, HABS No. NJ-1093, Spring Lake Steinbach Department Store, HABS No. NJ-1076, NR, Asbury Park Towns of Allenhurst and Loch Arbour, HABS No. NJ-1005, Allenhurst Town of Asbury Park, HABS No. NJ-1006 http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
Town of Avon-by-the-Sea, HABS No. NJ-1069 Towns of Belmar and South Belmar, HABS No. NJ-1009 Town of Bradley Beach, HABS No. NJ-1008 Town of Deal, HABS No. NJ-1004 Town of Long Branch, HABS No. NJ-1003 Town of Ocean Grove, HABS No. NJ-1007, NR Town of Ocean Grove, Centennial Cottage, HABS No. NJ-1007-B Town of Ocean Grove, Great Auditorium, HABS No. NJ-1007-A Town of Red Bank, HABS No. NJ-1002 Town of Sea Bright (Town of Nauvoo), HABS No. NJ-1000 Towns of Sea Girt, Manasquan, and Brielle, HABS No. NJ-lOll Town of Spring Lake, HABS No. NJ-1010 White Crystal Diner, HABS No. NJ-1078, Atlantic Highlands
Ocean County
Admiral Farragut Academy, HABS No. NJ-1160, Pine Beach American Telephone and Telegraph Building, HABS No. NJ-1134, Ocean Gate Arbutus Lodge (House), HABS No. NJ-1201, Island Heights Baptist Church (Stafford Township Historical Society), HABS No. NJ- 1148, NR, Manahawkin Barnegat Lifesaving Station, HABS No. NJ-1094, Barnegat Barnegat Lighthouse, HABS No. NJ-43, NR, Barnegat Light Barnegat Peninsula Communities, HABS No. NJ-1013, Seaside Heights Vicinity Bayville Town Hall, HABS No. NJ-1100, Bayville Birdville, HABS No. NJ-1140, South Toms River Brick Plaza, HABS No. NJ-1107, Brick Vicinity Brick Township Region, HABS No. NJ-1015, Cedarwood Park Vicinity Cedar Bridge Tavern, HABS No. NJ-41, Cedar Bridge Cranberry Sorting House, HABS No. NJ-1121, Waretown Dentzel/Looff Carousel, HABS No. NJ-1141, Seaside Heights Double Trouble State Park, HABS No. NJ-1021, NR, Beachwood Vicinity Dugan House, HABS No. NJ-1122, Waretown East Bay Avenue (595) House, HABS No. NJ-1097, Barnegat Elmer Cottage, HABS No. NJ-1099, Bay Head First National Bank of Barnegat, HABS No. NJ-1095, Barnegat Forked River Game Farm (Woodmansee Estate), HABS No. NJ-1200, Forked River Forked River Game Farm, Gatehouse, HABS No. NJ-1200-A, Forked River Forked River House (Blodgett House), HABS No. NJ-1108, Forked River Harvey Cedars Hotel (Harvey Cedars Bible Conference Center), HABS No. NJ-1143, Harvey Cedars Holy Innocents Episcopal Church, HABS No. NJ-1102, Beach Haven Isaac Jennings House, HABS No. NJ-1139, Seaside Park Island Queen House, HABS No. NJ-1145, Island Heights John English House, HABS No. NJ-1146, Island Heights Lippencott-Falkinburg House (Barnegat Historical Society Museum), HABS No. NJ-1096, Barnegat
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
Little Egg Harbor Yacht Club, HABS No. NJ-1105, Beach Haven The Log, HABS No. NJ-1104, Beach Haven Long Beach Island Region, HABS No. NJ-10 14, Surf City Vicinity Manahawkin Station, HABS No. NJ-1150, Manahawkin Maris-Stella Sisters of Charity Convent Station, HABS No. NJ-1142, Harvey Cedars New Jersey Avenue (112) House, HABS No. NJ-1137, Point Pleasant Old Stone Store, HABS No. NJ-1149, Manahawkin Ocean County Courthouse, HABS No. NJ-1117, NR, Toms River Osborn Farmhouse, HABS No. NJ-1167, Herbertsville Pettitt Barn, HABS No. NJ-1060, Bricktown Pharo House, HABS No. NJ-1103, Beach Haven Pine Beach Chapel, HABS No. NJ-1136, Pine Beach Point Pleasant Hardware Company, HABS No. NJ-1138, Point Pleasant Potter, Thomas, House, HABS No. NJ-840, Lanoka Harbor Quaker Meeting House, HABS No. NJ-1098, Barnegat Quaker Meeting House, HABS No. NJ-1118, Tuckerton Royal Pines Hotel (Bayview Convalescent Center), HABS No., NJ- 1101, Bayville Schoolhouse, HABS No. NJ-1135, Parkertown Schoolhouse (Municipal Building), HABS No. NJ-1123, West Creek Sherborne Farm, HABS No. NJ-1106, Beach Haven Stafford Avenue Bridge, HAER No. NJ-87, Manahawkin Town of Barnegat, HABS No. NJ-1025 Town of Bayville, HABS No. NJ-10 19 Towns of Cedar Run and Mayetta, HABS No. NJ-1027 Town of Forked River, HABS No. NJ-1023 Town of Island Heights, HABS No. NJ-1018 Towns of Lanoka Harbor and Murray Grove, HABS No. NJ-1022 Town of Manahawkin, HABS No. NJ-1026 Town of Parkertown, HABS No. NJ-1029 Town of Pinewald, HABS No. NJ-1020 Towns of Point Pleasant and Point Pleasant Beach, HABS No. NJ-1012 Town of South Toms River, HABS No. NJ-1017 Town of Toms River, HABS No. NJ-1016 Town of Tuckerton, HABS No. NJ-1030 Town of Waretown, HABS No. NJ-1024 Towns of West Creek and Staffordville, HABS No. NJ-1028 Tuckerton Emporium, HABS No. NJ 1120, Tuckerton Tuckerton Library, HABS No. NJ-1119, Tuckerton Union Church of Lavallette (Inter-denominational), HABS No. NJ-1147, Lavallette Unitarian Church, HABS No. NJ-1133, Murray Grove Wanamaker Hall, HABS No. NJ-1144, Island Heights West Creek United Methodist Church, HABS No. NJ-1190, West Creek
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Appendix A)
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/appa.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:20 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
MENU BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Contents Alexander, Robert Crozer. Ho! For Cape Island!. Cape May, NJ: By the author, 1956. Methodology
Chapter 1 Along the Shore and in the Foothills, Central Railroad of New Jersey. Early Resorts New York: The Nation Press, 1910.
Chapter 2 Atlantic County Cultural and Heritage Commission. Atlantic County Railroad Resorts Past and Present. Mays Landing, NJ: By the author, 1976.
Chapter 3 Bailey, Shirley and Jim Parkhurst. Early South Jersey Amusement Religious Resorts Parks. Millville, NJ: South Jersey Publishing Co., 1979.
Chapter 4 Balche, William Ralston. Cape May to Atlantic City, A Summer The Boardwalk Notebook. Philadelphia: Passenger Department, Pennsylvania Railroad Chapter 5 Co., 1883. Roads and Roadside Attractions Barber, John, and Henry Howe. Historical Collections of the State of New Jersey. New York: S. Tuttle, 1846. Chapter 6 Resort Development Barrett, Richmond. Good Old Summer Days. Boston: Houghton Mifflin in the Twentieth Co., 1952. Century Beck, Henry Charlton. More Forgotten Towns of Southern New Jersey. Appendix A E. P. Dutton & Co., 1937; reprint, New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Existing University Press, 1963. Documentation
Bibliography Beitel, Herbert M. and Vance C. Enck. Cape May County: A Pictorial History. Norfolk, VA: Donning Company, 1988.
Blackman, Leah. History of Little Egg Township. 1879; reprint, Tuckerton, NJ: Great John Mathis Foundation Inc., 1963.
Boyer, George F. Wildwood-Middle of the Island. Egg Harbor City, NJ: Laureate Press, 1976.
______, and J. Pearson Cunningham. Cape May County Story. Avalon, NJ: Avalon Publishing Co., 1975.
Brady, Maxine. The Monopoly Book. New York: David McKay Co., 1974.
Bryant, William Cullen. Picturesque America, Vol. 1. New York: D.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
Appleton & Company, 1872.
Brydon, James W., ed. Highlands New Jersey: 1900-1975. Highlands, NJ: Borough of Highlands, 1975.
Butler, Frank M. The Book of the Boardwalk and The Atlantic City Story. Atlantic City, NJ: Haines and Co., 1952.
Butler, William, ed. Beachwood Borough Directory and Who's Who, 1924. New York: Blanchard Press, 1924.
Cain, Tim. Peck's Beach: A Pictorial History of Ocean City. New Jersey. Harvey Cedars, NJ: Down the Shore Publishing and the Sandpaper Inc., 1988.
Central Railroad Of New Jersey. Travellers and Tourists Guide to the Seashore, Lakes, and Mountains. New York: The Republic Press, n.d.
Cervetto, Jack, Sr. A Brief History of Stafford Township. Tercentenary Committee, 1964.
Condit, Carl W. American Building Art: the Twentieth Century. New York: Oxford University Press, 1961.
Cranmer, H. Jerome. New Jersey in the Automobile Age. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand, 1964.
Cunningham, John T. New Jersey: America's Main Road. Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Co., 1976.
______. The New Jersey Shore. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1958.
Davis, Ed. Atlantic City Diary-A Century of Memories. Egg Harbor City, NJ: Laureate Press, 1980.
Dos Passos, John. Nineteen Nineteen. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1946.
Dunbar, Seymour. A History of Travel in America, Vol. 1. Indianapolis, IN: The Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1915.
Eisenberg, Lee, and Vicki Gold Levi. Atlantic City: 125 Years of Ocean Madness. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc., 1979.
Ellis, Franklin. History of Monmouth County, New Jersey. Philadelphia: R. T. Peck & Co., 1885; reprint, Shrewsbury, NJ, 1974.
Ewing, Agnew R. A Brief History of Avalon. n.p., n.d.
Ewing, Sarah W., and McMullin, Robert. Along Absecon Creek. Bridgeton, NJ: COWAN Printing, 1965.
Federal Writers' Project of the Works Progress Administration. The WPA Guide to 1930s New Jersey. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1986. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
______. Matawan: 1836-1936. Newark: State of New Jersey Works Progress Administration, 1936.
______. New Jersey: A Guide to its Present and Past. New York: Public Library of Newark and New Jersey Guild Associates, Viking Press, 1939.
______. Stories of New Jersey. New York: M. Barrows and Co., 1938.
Fischer, William. Biographical Cyclopaedia of Ocean County. Philadelphia: A. D. Smith and Co., 1899.
Fleming, Thomas. New Jersey: A Bicentennial History. New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1977.
Fodor's. Vacations on the Jersey Shore. New York: Fodor's Travel Publications, 1991.
Fried, Frederick. A Pictorial History of the Carousel. New York: A. S. Barnes and Co., 1964.
Funnell, Charles E. By the Beautiful Sea: The Rise and High Times of That Great American Resort, Atlantic City. 2d ed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
Gillespie, Angus Kress. Looking for America on the New Jersey Turnpike. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1989.
Gladulich, Richard M. By Rail to the Boardwalk. Glendale: Trans- Anglo Books, 1986.
Glosque, Lucille. Berkeley Township: The First 100 Years. n.p.: Berkeley Township Centennial Commission, 1975.
Gordon, Thomas F. Gazetteer of the State of New Jersey. Trenton, NJ: Daniel Fenton, 1834; reprint, Cottonport, LA: Polyanthos, 1973.
Guter, Robert P. and Janet W. Foster. Building by the Book. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1992.
Gutman, Richard. American Diner, Then and Now. New York: Harper Collins, 1993.
Hall, John F. The Daily Union History of Atlantic City and County. New Jersey. Atlantic City, NJ: Daily Union Printing Co., 1900.
Hallock, Charles. The Sportsman's Gazetteer and General Guide. New York: Orange Judd Company, 1883.
Heatley, Stanley. Pine Beach Yesterdays. Ocean County, NJ: Borough of Pine Beach, 1975.
Heston, Alfred M. Jersey Waggon Jaunts. Camden, NJ: Atlantic County Historical Society, 1926. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
______. South Jersey: A History. 1664-1924. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., Inc., 1924.
History of Monmouth County. New Jersey. Vol. 1, (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1922), 334.
Hunton, Gail and Jennifer Boyd. A Home Renovator's Guide for Historic Ocean Grove. Ocean Grove, NJ: Ocean Grove Home Owners Association, Ocean Grove Chamber of Commerce, 1989.
Hunton, Gail, and James McCabe. Monmouth County Historic Sites Inventory Summary Report. Lincroft, NJ: Monmouth County Parks System, 1990.
______Monmouth County Historic Sites Inventory Summary Report. Freehold, NJ: Office of New Jersey Heritage, Monmouth County Park System, and Monmouth County Historical Association, 1991.
Kane, Joseph Nathan. Famous First Facts. New York: H. W. Wilson Co., 1981.
Kennedy, Steele M., ed. New Jersey Almanac 1964-65. Trenton, NJ: Trenton Evening Times, 1963.
Kobbe, Gustav. The New Jersey Coast and Pines. Short Hills, NJ: By the author, 1889; reprint, Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1977.
Kramer, Frederick A. Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines. Ambler, PA: Crusader Press, 1980.
Kuhlman, Gladys J. A History of Linwood, New Jersey. Linwood, NJ: n.p., 1965.
LaBonte, Dick. In Old Bay Head. Bay Head, NJ: n.p., 1986.
Lane, Wheaton J. From Indian Trail to Iron Horse: Travel and Transportation in New Jersey. 1620-1860. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1939.
Lee, Harold. A History of Ocean City New Jersey. 1965; reprint, Ocean City, NJ: Friends of the Ocean City Historical Museum, 1986.
Leonard, Thomas H. From Indian Trail to Electric Rail. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Atlantic Highlands Journal, 1923.
Lewis, Sinclair. Elmer Gantry. New York: Harcourt Brace and Co., 1927.
Lloyd, John Bailey. Eighteen Miles of History on Long Beach Island. Surf City, NJ: Down the Shore Publishing and the Sandpaper Inc., 1986.
______. Six Miles At Sea. Harvey Cedars, NJ: Down the Shore Publishing and the Sandpaper, Inc., 1990.
Ludington, Townsend, ed. The Fourteenth Chronicle: Letters and Diaries http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
of John Dos Passos. Boston: Gambit, 1973.
Lynes, Russell. The Tastemakers. New York: Grosset and Dunlap, 1954.
Manasquan. New Jersey. Manasquan, NJ: Manasquan Chamber of Commerce, 1962.
Mangels, William F. The Outdoor Amusement Industry. New York: Vantage Press, 1952.
Marsh, Dave. Glory Days. New York: Pantheon Books, 1987.
McGorty, Kevin et al. Ocean County Historic Sites Survey. Toms River, NJ: Ocean County Cultural and Heritage Commission, 1981.
McMahon, William. Historic South Jersey Towns. Atlantic City, NJ: Press Publishing Co., 1964.
______. South Jersey Towns: History and Legend. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973.
Methot, June. Up and Down the Beach. Navesink, NJ: Whip Publishers, 1988.
Nash, Charles Edgar. The Lure of Long Beach. Long Beach Board of Trade, 1936.
The Negro Traveler's Green Book. New York: Victor H. Green and Co., 1958.
Nelson, William, ed. The New Jersey Coast in Three Centuries. New York: Lewes Publishing Co., 1902.
The New Jersey Almanac 1964-65. Upper Montclair, NJ: New Jersey Almanac, Inc., 1963.
New Jersey Chamber of Commerce. New Jersey--Life. Industries and Resources of a Great State. Newark, NJ: New Jersey Chamber of Commerce, 1928.
New Jersey Life. Industries and Resources of a Great State. New Jersey Chamber of Commerce, 1929.
O'Brien, Rosemary. Monmouth Beach. Monmouth Beach, NJ: Plunkett Press, 1975.
Panes, Brenda. "Ocean Grove: A Planned Leisure Environment," in Paul Stellhorn, ed., Planned and Utopian Experiments: Four New Jersey Towns. Trenton, NJ: New Jersey Historical Commission, 1980.
Pupils of the Stone Harbor School. A History of Stone Harbor. New Jersey. Stone Harbor, NJ: n.p., 1926.
Ruddy, Walter, ed. Long Beach Journal. Glen Rock, NJ: W. and J. Ruddy, 1976.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
Salter, Edwin. A History of Monmouth and Ocean Counties. Bayonne, NJ: E. Gardner and Son, 1890; reprint, Toms River, NJ: Ocean County Historical Society, n.d.
Santelli, Robert. The Jersey Shore: A Travel and Pleasure Guide. Charlotte, NC: Fast and McMillan Publishers, 1986.
Savell, J. Howard. Bicentennial History of Pleasantville. 1776-1976. n.p., n.d.
Sawn, Walter M. Sea Isle City, New Jersey: A History. Sea Isle City, NJ: n.p., 1964.
Schoettle, William. Bay Head: 1879-1911. Bay Head, NJ: n.p, 1966.
Smith, Samuel Steele. Sandy Hook and the Land of the Navesink. Monmouth Beach, NJ: Philip Freneau Press, 1963.
Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606- 1968. Trenton, NJ: Bureau of Geology and Topography, 1969.
Somerville, George. The Lure of Long Beach. The Long Beach Board of Trade, 1914; reprint, Harvey Cedars, NJ: Down the Shore Publishing, 1987.
Staff, Frank. The Picture Postcard and Its Origins. London: Lutterworth Press, 1979.
Studley, Miriam V. Historic New Jersey Through Visitors Eyes. Vol. 18. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964.
Sullivan, Audrey and Doris Young. A Time to Remember: A History of New Jersey Methodists' First Camp Meeting. South Seaville, New Jersey, 1864-1988. South Seaville, NJ: South Seaville Camp Meeting Association, Inc., 1988.
Sweetser, Charles H. Book of the Summer Resorts. New York: Evening Mail Office, 1868.
Tales of the Jersey Cape. Cape May, NJ: Cape May County Chamber of Commerce, n.d.
Thomas, George E. and Carl Doebley. Cape May: Queen of the Seaside Resorts, Its History and Architecture. London: Associated University Presses, 1976.
Ulyat, William C. Life at the Seashore. Princeton, NJ: McGinness and Runyan, 1880.
U.S. Department of the Interior. "A Directory of Negro Hotels and Guest Houses." Washington, D.C.: U.S. Travel Bureau, 1941.
Van Benthuysen, Robert, and Audrey Wilson. Monmouth County: A Pictorial History. Norfolk, VA: Donning Co., 1983.
Wanamaker, John. Golden Book of the Wanamaker Stores, Jubilee Year http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
1861-1911. Philadelphia: John Wanamaker, ca. 1911-13.
Wenzel, Jeanne M., ed. A History of Lavallette 1887-1977. Lavallette, NJ: Bicentennial Celebration Committee, 1977.
Wheeler, Edward. Scheyichbi and the Strand. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1986.
Willis, Laura Lavinia, and L. Dow Balliet, eds. Early History of Atlantic County, New Jersey. Atlantic County Historical Society, 1915.
Wilson, Harold F. The Jersey Shore, 3 vols. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Co., 1953.
______. The Story of the Jersey Shore. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Co., 1964.
Wood, Don. The Unique New York and Long Branch. New York: By the author, 1958.
Woodward, E. M. History of Burlington and Mercer Counties. Philadelphia: Everts and Peck, 1883.
Woolman, H. C. and T. F. Rose. Historical and Biographical Atlas of the New Jersey Coast. Philadelphia: Woolman and Rose, 1878; reprint, Toms River, NJ: Ocean County Historical Society, 1985.
Wortman, C. Byron. The First Fifty: A Biographical History of Seaside Heights, New Jersey. Seaside Heights, NJ: n.p., 1963.
Writers' Program, New Jersey. Entertaining a Nation: The Career of Long Branch. Long Branch, NJ: n.p., 1940.
Young, Eugene V. The Story of Galloway Township. Galloway Township Bicentennial Committee, n.d.
Articles
"Allenhurst to mark 75th Anniversary." Asbury Park Press. 17 April 1972, n.p.
Angott, Eleanor. "History of Brick Township, Chapter 1." Qcean County Observer, 16 January 1964, 28.
______. "Lavallette Boasts Number of Architectural and Historical Sites." The Review (Seaside Heights, NJ) 5 August 1982, 16.
______. "Mantoloking Structures Recorded for Eligibility as Historic Sites." The Review (Seaside Heights, NJ) 29 July 1982, n.p.
______. "Several Landmarks Listed for Ortley-Beach, Ocean Beach." The Review (Seaside Heights, NJ), 19 August 1982, n.p.
______. "375 structures in Island Heights Nominated for Register of
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
Historic Places." The Review (Seaside Heights. NJ), 2 September 1982, n.p.
Asbury Park Press. 30 May 1930, n.p.
Atkins, Lori T. "Historian Finds Self in the Past: Point Pleasant is Revealed in Archives." Asbury Park Press, 15 August 1991, Cl.
"Autobiography of a Parkway." The New York Times, 2 August 1964, 21.
"Automobile Touring." Newark Sunday Call, 15 March 1911, n.p.
Babbage, Joan. "Shoreline Legacy." Newark Sunday Star Ledger, 21 May 1989, Section 2.
Beach Haven Times. 13 July 1912, n.p.
"Beachwood Born of Give-away Lots." Asbury Park Press, 1 July 1990, AA2.
Bloom, Peter. "Lavallette's Fifty Years of Progress." Ocean County Review. Supplement, 30 July 1937, 18.
"Bottleneck dates to the 20s." Asbury Park Press, 5 December 1971, n.p.
Brandon, Donald. "Finds Historic Tiles in Birdville." New Jersey Courier, 20 March 1969, 2-3.
Carmona, Katherine C. "Tales and Legends of Upper Township and Its Villages." South Jersey Magazine 18, Spring 1989, 9-16.
"Clamtown Sailcar Rushed Clams to Market." Tuckerton Chronicle, 25 April 1968, n.p.
The Coast Advertiser. 30 May, 30 June, 1930, n.p.
Cohen, Lee. "West Creek Shows Little Development." Asbury Park Press, 10 December 1989, n.p.
______. "Parkertown's Growth Slowed by Lack of Services." Asbury Park Press, 11 June 1989, G10.
______Asbury Park Press, 29 October 1989, n.p.
______. "Three Small Towns That Differ In Very Big Ways." Asbury Park Press, 9 July 1978, G2.
Colrick, Patricia and Philomena Motzel. "Historical Notes on Our Bathing Pavilions." Spring Lake Historical Society Newsletter 12, n.d., n.p.
Cook, J. A. "Long Beach History." Beach Haven Times. 9 November 1937, n.p.
Cook, W. George. "Railroad Steamboats on the Great Egg Harbor Inlet."
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
West Jersey Rails (Conshohocken, PA: Crusader Printing, 1983), 9-14.
Coxey, William J. "The Blue Comet." West Jersey Rails. Conshohocken, PA: Crusader Printing, 1983.
Coyle, Gretchen. The Little Egg Beater. 3 July 1992, n.p.
Crotti, Nancy. "Life in Ocean Grove slower-paced, friendly." Asbury Park Press, 31 July 1988, n.p.
Deady, Tim. "The Royal Pines, A Grand Oasis in the Pine Barrens." Heritage 76, 20 June 1976.
Del Prete, Debra. "Historic Brick." Coast. January/February 1989, 16.
DeSantis, Donald. "U.S. Life Saving Service in Avalon (1895-1913)." The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 8, 1984, 281-283.
"Durant Residence at Deal Cost Half-Million, Was Qnce Home of Rothschild, and was Considered French Masterpiece." Asbury Park Press, 11 February 1940.
Durnell, James. "Deal Borough Developed by Standard Oil Magnate." Daily Record, 1 June 1971.
Duvoisin, Marc. "Crowded Together, They Find Ocean Beach Soothing." Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 August 1982, 4B.
"End of the Line for 'Mansion.'" The Sandpaper, 13 June 1990, 2.
"The Era of the Trolley." Asbury Park Press, 10 May 1970, n.p.
"Farewell from Sea Bright--The Surfboat is Gone." Unidentified newspaper, 7 May 1953, n.p., Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
Figdore, Sherry. "All-year Appeal Growing." Asbury Park Press, n.d., Hi.
Flint, Richard W. "Meet Me in Dreamland: the Early Development of Amusement Parks in America." Nineteenth Century 8, 1982, 100-101.
Golden, Carl R. "Welcome to Monmouth Beach, Where the River Meets the Sea." New York Times, 10 June 1979, n.p.
"Grand Hotel--1875 Style." Ocean County Review. Supplement. Seaside Park's 75th Anniversary (Seaside Heights, NJ), 1973, 16A. Qcean County Historical Society collection.
Gude, Philip. "Bayville's Famed Dinosaur has 'Roamed' for Decades." The Ocean County Reporter, 12 March 1975, n.p.
Herbert, John W. "The Establishment of the New Jersey State Highway System." New Jersey State Research 5, June 1918, 77-83.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
The High School Review. 3, February 1916, n.p.
Hill, Corinne Murphy. "The History of Bay Head." Coast Magazine, December 1989, 31.
"History of Point Pleasant Beach." Coast Magazine, December 1989, 29.
"History: Seaside Park up to 1910." Seaside Park's Sunshine News, December 1948, 2.
"Illustrious Guests of Bygone Eras May Whisper Hope at Peninsula House Ball." n.d., n.p.
"In 1890." Then-and-Now Photographs, Asbury Park Press, 29 July 1974.
Johnson, Cathy. "The History and Establishment of Stone Harbor." The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 8, 1985, 353- 354.
Kadeg, David. "Lavallette--90 in 1977." The Review (Seaside Heights, NJ), 12 February 1976, 7420.
Katell, Barbara. "Hoping to Save RR Station." The Register, 11 September 1979.
Kelly, Denis J. "All Roads Lead To Brick," 23 December 1980, 20.
Kiely, Eugene. "A place Society can call home." Ocean County Observer, 4 March 1984.
King, M. Peryl. "The Carousel." Shore Heritage Newsletter 13, Summer 1991, n.p.
Kirkbride, "New Jersey Directory of 1850" in Atlantic County Historical Society Yearbook 9, October 1980, n.p.
Krewson, David. "The Beginning of a Traffic Nightmare." Town News 10 June 1987, 2B.
"Landmark." Photo and cutline, Asbury Park Press, n.d. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
"Long Beach Island Holds Special Attractions for Many Vacationers." Trenton Sunday Times Advertiser, 31 August 1958, 1-2.
"Long Beach Island Rich in Sea Lore." Unknown newspaper, n.d., n.p. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
MacDonald, Gerald H. "A Brief History of Railroads on Ludlam's Beach." The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 8, 1982, 129-133.
Maloney, E. Burke. "Conservatoire at Deal Once Well Known Gaming Casino." Asbury Park Press 18 August 1974, n.p.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
McConville, James A. "Ocean Grove: God's Square Mile of Health and Happiness." The Bridge: A Magazine for Alumni and Friends of Brookdale Community College, Spring 1991, 12.
Midway, An Illustrated Magazine of Amusement Resorts and Attractions 1, December 1905, 12.
Miller, Pauline. "Brick was a Seafaring Community." Unknown newspaper, n.d. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
Moore, Kirk. "Trapped." Asbury Park Press, 30 October 1988, n.p.
Moore, Wendeline. "Recollections of Old Swainton." The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 8, 1981, 42.
"The Movies--A Historical Past." Ocean County Review. Supplement. Seaside Park's 75th Anniversary (Toms River, NJ), n.d., 4A. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
"My First Experience in Avalon." The Cape May County Magazine of History and Genealogy 7, 1978, 482-486.
Nash, Charles Edgar. Series of articles. Beach Haven Times, 1979-1980.
The New Jersey Courier, 28 July 1904 and 26 August 1909.
Norland, Rod. "Seaside Heights Bursts at the Seams." Philadelphia Inquirer, 29 July 1973, 1J.
"Ocean County Group Visit Many Points of Interest During Tour." Ocean County Sun, 19 May 1933, n.p.
Ocean County Sun, 20 August 1970, n.p. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
"Ocean Grovers Founded Belmar." Unidentified newspaper clipping, n.d., n.p. Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
Oldham, Al. "The Last of the Great 19th Century Hotels." Harvey Cedars Bible Conference: Living History on Long Beach Island. Newsletter, 1991.
"100 Years of Boardwalk Rolling Chairs--1884 to 1984." Atlantic County Historical Society 10, October 1984, 11-18.
"One Way to Start a Friendship." Lavallette Centennial Supplement, Ocean County Review, 27 August 1987, A10.
"Only Yesterday." Asbury Park Press, 10 March 1974, n.p.
"Paper's Stunt Built Beachwood." Asbury Park Press, 17 September 1962, n.p.
Parker, Charles A. "Ocean Grove, New Jersey: Queen of the Victorian Methodist Camp Meeting Resorts." n.p., n.d.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
"Pavilion Tiles Tell Intriguing Tale of Spring Lake Yesteryear." Herald Extra, 16 August 1989, B 1.
Pike, Helen. "The 'Townhouse Town' Faces Construction Ban." Asbury Park Press, 1 November 1981, n.p.
"Plumber Recalls Allenhurst When Houses Were Few." Asbury Park Press, 20 August 1961, n.p.
Rideing, William H. "Along Our Jersey Shore." Harper's New Monthly Magazine Vol. LVI, December 1877, to May, 1878, 336.
"Route 9 Dinosaur Repaired After Losing Head in Crash." Asbury Park Press, 12 August 1988, n.p.
"The Royal Pines." Pinewald, NJ: Pinewald Medical Center, n.d., n.p.
Ruth, Kim. "New Jersey's Lighthouses." New Jersey Outdoors. November/December 1983, n.p. The Sandpaper 16, 31 July 1991, n.p. Bishop Collection, Ocean County Library.
"Sea Bright Skiff Brought Back to Borough Shores." Daily Register, December 1975, n.p.
"Sea Isle City, Ludlam Island, New Jersey." South Jersey Magazine 19, Summer 1990, 30-35.
Simmonds Fred. "Brick: A Township in Search of an Identity." Asbury Park Press 5 December 1976, D3.
"Then & Now." Asbury Park Press, 26 October 1980, n.p.
"Thinly Scattered Residents Became Stafford Township." New Jersey Courier, 16 June 1966, n.p.
"Thomas Bond Pioneered Life Saving, Helped Open Up Island." Beach Haven Times, 19 June 1963, 4-D.???
"Township Mobilizes To Meet Recent Growing Pains, Stimulate Economy." Ocean County Sun Supplement, 9 August 1962, n.p.
"Turnpikes." Monmouth Democrat. 22 September 1870, n.p.
Unidentified articles. 21 July 1904 and 11 August 1910. Clipping file, collection of Marilyn Kralik.
"Various Names Adopted and Changed in Succession Before Name Belmar Adopted in 1889." Asbury Park Press, 1 August 1968, 10A.
Villamor, Erlinda. "Deal: Where Wealth Wears Many Faces." Asbury Park Press, 27 July 1980, n.p.
Walsh, Edward. "Parkway Paved for Brick's Growth." Asbury Park Press, 2 March 1986, Hi.
______. "Monmouth Beach Knows Two Faces of the Atlantic." Asbury http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
Park Press, 10 August 1986, H1.
______. "Years Change Deal, But its Wealth Remains." Asbury Park Press (Asbury Park, NJ), ca. 1989.
Watson, John Fanning. Annals of Philadelphia of the Olden Time, in "End of the Line for 'Mansion.'" The Sandpaper, 13 June 1990, 2.
"When Land was Worth $5 per Acre: Brief History of Beautiful Sea Bright of Today." Long Branch Record, 6 September 1901, n.p.
Williams, Carol. "Railroad Altered Life on the Island." Asbury Park Press, 22 June 1986, A37.
"Wrecker Ends Sea Bright Landmark's Role as Hotel." The Daily Record, 11 January 1973, n.p.
Youmans, Rich. "The Diamond Jubilee of Seaside Heights." Coast, July 1988, 7.
Zahl, Harold A. "Tales of Yesteryear. . .In Case You Have Forgotten." Unidentified magazine article, Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
Zinis, Judith. "Spring Lake: Splendor On the Shore." Washington Post, 25 September 1988, E1-E2.
Unpublished Sources
Allenhurst: From Lake to Ocean. New York: Coast Land Co., Andrew H. Kellogg Press, n.d.
Andrews, Earle W. Asbury Park Beach Front Improvement Report. New York: n.p., 1945.
Angott, Eleanor. Manuscript for "Anniversary Supplement--Seaside History." Ocean County Review (Ocean County, NJ), n.d. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
______. "Early Inhabitants and Owners." Unedited text for Ocean County Review (Toms River, NJ), n.d. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
______. "Seaside Heights History." Notes, 1982, Ocean County Historical Society collection.
"Atlantic County Business Directory, 1850," Atlantic County Historical Society Yearbook 9, October 1980.
The Atlantic County Historical Society Yearbook 10, October 1985, 59- 62.
"Automobile Races, Long Branch, N.J." Postcard, 1906. New Jersey Collection, Monmouth College Library, Long Branch, NJ.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
"Avenue of Tents, Ocean Grove N.J." Postcard. n.p., n.d. Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
"Barnegat Bay Resorts." Asbury Park, NJ: Schuyler Press, 1920.
Bayshore: Rediscovering its Future. Exhibition catalog. Lincroft, NJ: Monmouth Museum, 1989.
Belmar Fishing Club Memorabilia Book. Belmar, NJ. Belmar Fishing Club collection.
"Borough of Belmar." Belmar, NJ: Belmar Chamber of Commerce, n.d. Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
Boucher, Jack E. Atlantic City's Historic Absecon Lighthouse. Somers Point, NJ: Atlantic County Historical Society, 1964.
______. Lucy the Margate Elephant. New Jersey: Laureate Press, 1970.
Bradley, James A. Three Ways of Telling the History of Asbury Park. Asbury Park, NJ: M., W., and C. Pennypacker, 1887.
"Bricksburg Land and Improvement Company." Brochure, n.d. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
"A Brief History of Ocean Grove, a National Historic Site." Ocean Grove, NJ: Ocean Grove Camp Meeting Association, n.d.
Brooks, Ida, M. Letter to Ms. Gilian, n.d. Collection of Marilyn Kralick.
Buchman, Florence. Union Beach 1925-1990. Will Hayes Foundation, 1990.
Burbank, Blanche R. "Brigantine Beach." Atlantic County Historical Society Yearbook, 143-144.
Burgess, George, and Miles Kennedy. Centennial History of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company Philadelphia: Pennsylvania Railroad Co., 1949.
Burk and McFetridge. A Complete Guide to Atlantic City. Philadelphia: n.p., 1885.
Chamber of Commerce of Brick Township, 1957 Official Guide. Point Pleasant, NJ: Kronowitt-Howard Company, 1957.
"Congress Hall: 1991 rates and Information." Cape May, NJ: n.p., 1991.
Cripps, Andy. "Back to the 50's Trolley Tour Returns to the Wildwoods for Summer of 1992." Press release, Mid-Atlantic Center for the Arts, 14 January 1992.
Deed Book 393, Ocean County Clerk's Office, 449.
"Developing an Ocean Front: Big Strip of Belmar's Ocean Front Being http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
Improved." Unidentified newspaper clipping, n.p., 29 July 1908. Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
Eid, Joseph. Trolleys to the Fountain. By the Author, n.d.
"Essex & Sussex Hotel." Postcard. Point Pleasant: American Post Card Co., n.d.
Foster, Herbert James. "The Urban Experience of Blacks in Atlantic City, New Jersey: 1850-1915." Ph.D. dissertation. Rutgers University, 1981.
"The Great Auditorium Organ." Brochure. Ocean Grove Camp Meeting Association, n.d.
"A Great Name in American Racing, Then and Now." Oceanport, NJ: Monmouth Park Jockey Club, 1956.
"Greetings from Asbury Park and Ocean Grove, N.J." Souvenir folder. Chicago: Curt Teich & Co., Publishers, 1938.
"Historic Reproduction of Cape May." West Jersey Railroad Co., 1877; reprint, Cape May, NJ: Robert W. Elwell, 1988, n.p.
"Historic Tour Guide of Brick Township, New Jersey." Brick Township, NJ: Brick Township Historical Society, n.d.
"History of Bradley Beach," in 75th Diamond Jubilee: Boro of Bradley Beach New Jersey. Bradley Beach, NJ: Board of Commissioners, 1968.
"Island Heights, An Architectural Introduction." Island Heights Cultural and Heritage Association, 1981.
The John Wanamaker Commercial Institute 1915. Philadelphia: The Wanamaker Store, 1915.
Karasik, Gary. New Brunswick and Middlesex County. Northridge, NJ: New Brunswick Chamber of Commerce, Windsor Publications, 1986.
Lamping, Jack. "The Life and Times of Ebenezer Tucker." Ocean County, NJ: Ocean County Bicentennial Monograph, 1975.
"Long Beach Island, New Jersey." Brochure. Long Beach Island Chamber of Commerce, 1930.
"Love Nostalgia? Go Back to the 50s." Wildwood Free-Time Calendar, n.p., 27 June 1991, 13B.
Mayo, Bertram Chapman. "The Greatest Subscription Premium Ever Offered and the Reason Why." New York: New York Tribune, 1915.
Meadowbrook Club Yearbook 1920. Philadelphia: The Wanamaker Store, 1920.
Mease, Floyd. "Memories of Bygone Days, Ocean Gate, New Jersey." By the author, 1985. http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
"Mind and Body: How They are Developed at the Wanamaker Store." Philadelphia: The Wanamaker Store, 1920.
"Moon Reach by Radar." News release. Bradley Beach, NJ: Headquarters, Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories, 25 January 1946.
Moreland, Floyd L. "The Carousel: A Piece of American History at the Jersey Shore." Seaside Heights, NJ: By the author, 1989.
Moreland, Floyd L. "A 'Trolley Park'; a Carousel; Another Carousel; and Finally New Jersey's Finest Family Amusement Town." Unpublished manuscript., n.d.
"Murray Grove, Birthplace of Universalism in America."Brochure. Murray Grove Association, 1914.
National Register of Historic Places. Nominations for: Atlantic City Convention Hall, Atlantic County; Spring Lake, Monmouth County. Washington D.C.: National Park Service, n.d.
"New Jersey Transit Guide to the New Jersey Shore." New Jersey Transit, ca. 1991.
"New Jersey Turnpikes Index." Mimeographed Index, n.p., 1921. New Jersey State Library collection, Trenton, NJ.
"New Pavilion, Ocean Grove, N.J." New York: Valentine & Sons Publishing Co., n.d. Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
"News from Your Store at the Shore." Asbury Park: Steinbach Kresge Co., 4 August 1937.
"A 1901 Industrial Directory." Atlantic County Historical Society Yearbook., October 1988, 26-27.
1991 Summer Pops Concert Series. Program, n.p.: Garden State Theater Organ Society, 1991.
Nunn, Roy. "The Goldschmidt Wireless of Tuckerton, New Jersey." MA/PhD Thesis, Albright College, 1967.
"The Ocean County Courthouse Complex, 1850-1990." Toms River, NJ: Ocean County Cultural and Heritage Commission, 1990.
Ocean Grove: A Capsule History. Neptune, NJ: Department of Public Information, 1971.
The Ocean Grove Story. Ocean Grove, NJ: Ocean Grove Hotel Association, n.d.
"Plan of the Ocean Grove Camp Ground, Monmouth Co., N.J." Deal, NJ: F.H. Kennedy & Son, Civil Engineers and Surveyors, n.d., Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation (Bibliography)
Pryer, Arthur. "Asbury Park, its Future Assured," and "The Musical Mecca." Asbury Park: Where the Country Meets the Sea. Asbury Park, NJ: Asbury Park Board of Trade, 1910.
"Royal Pines Pinewald Medical Center." Brochure, n.p. n.d. Ocean County Historical Society collection.
"Seaside Heights. Town of Perpetual Pleasure." Brochure. Seaside Heights, NJ: Board of Trade, 1933.
Selby, William E., et al. "Borough of Allenhurst Congratulates Ocean Township on its Centennial." Allenhurst, NJ: n.p., n.d.
75th Diamond Jubilee: Boro of Bradley Beach New Jersey. Bradley Beach, NJ: Board of Commissioners, 1968.
"Some points of Interest Regarding the Evans Site, Belmar N.J." Unsigned manuscript, n.d. Monmouth College Library collection, Long Branch, NJ.
Springsteen, Bruce. "It's Hard to be a Saint in the City." Lyrics. Greetings from Asbury Park. N.J. New York: CBS Records, 1972.
Stafford Township: A Pictorial Review, n.p., n.d., 21.
The Story of the Early Parkway. Based on an account written by Milton Levy, Public Relations Director, GSP Authority, 1954 to 1972, 1959, 5.
"Thirty-ninth Annual Report of the Ocean Grove Camp-Meeting Association." Ocean Grove Times, 1908.
Walnut, A. Jerome. "Barnegat Lighthouse." Barnegat Light, NJ: The Barnegat Light Historical Museum, n.d.
Weinstein, Stephen F. "The Nickel Empire: Coney Island and the Creation of Urban Seaside Resorts in the United States." Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1984.
Wrege, Charles D. Spring Lake, A Resort of Elegance in Monmouth County, New Jersey. Spring Lake, NJ: Spring Lake Bicentennial History Committee, 1976.
York, Frank Scott. "The Honorable James A. Bradley," in 75th Diamond Jubilee: Boro of Bradley Beach New Jersey. Bradley Beach, NJ: Board of Commissioners, 1968.
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/bibliography.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:22 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation
RESORTS & RECREATION
An Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Heritage Trail Route
RESORTS & RECREATION
MENU an Historic Theme Study of the New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route
Contents The Atlantic Shore: Middlesex, Monmouth, Ocean, Burlington, Atlantic, and Cape May Counties Methodology
Chapter 1 Early Resorts
Chapter 2 Railroad Resorts
Chapter 3 Religious Resorts
Chapter 4 The Boardwalk
Chapter 5 Roads and Roadside Attractions
Chapter 6 Resort Development in the Twentieth Century
Appendix A Existing Documentation
Bibliography
Sarah Allaback, Editor Chuck Milliken, Layout, Design, & Contributing Editor
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/index.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:23 PM] National Park Service: Resorts and Recreation
1995
The Sandy Hook Foundation, Inc. and National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior New Jersey Coastal Heritage Trail Route Mauricetown, New Jersey
History | Links to the Past | National Park Service | Search | Contact Top
Last Modified: Mon, Jan 10 2005 10:00:00 pm PDT http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/index.htm
http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/index.htm[11/15/2013 2:49:23 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig0.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:24 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig0.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:24 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig1.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:25 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig2.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:26 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig3.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:26 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig4.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:27 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig5.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:27 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig6.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:28 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig7.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:28 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig8.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:28 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig9.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:29 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig10.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:29 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig11.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:30 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig12.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:30 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig13.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:31 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig14.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:34 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig15.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:35 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig16.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:35 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig17.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:38 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig18.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:38 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig19.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:39 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig20.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:39 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig21.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:40 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig22.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:40 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig23.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:41 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig24.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:41 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig25.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:42 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig26.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:42 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig27.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:43 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig28.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:43 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig29.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:44 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig30.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:44 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig31.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:44 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig32.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:45 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig33.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:45 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig34.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:46 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig35.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:46 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig36.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:47 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig37.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:47 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig38.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:49 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig39.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:50 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig40.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:50 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig41.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:51 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig42.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:51 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig43.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:51 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig44.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:52 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig45.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:52 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig46.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:53 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig47.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:53 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig48.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:54 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig49.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:54 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig50.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:55 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig51.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:55 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig52.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:56 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig53.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:59 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig54.jpg[11/15/2013 2:49:59 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig55.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:00 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig56.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:00 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig57.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:01 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig58.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:01 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig59.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:03 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig60.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:03 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig61.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:03 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig62.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:04 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig63.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:04 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig64.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:05 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig65.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:05 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig66.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:06 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig67.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:06 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig69.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:07 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig70.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:07 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig71.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:08 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig72.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:08 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig73.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:09 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig74.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:09 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig75.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:10 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig76.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:10 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig77.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:10 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig78.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:11 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig78.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:11 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig79.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:12 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig80.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:13 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig81.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:13 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig82.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:14 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig83.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:14 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig84.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:15 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig85.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:15 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig86.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:15 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig87.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:16 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig88.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:16 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig89.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:17 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig90.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:17 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig91.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:18 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig92.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:18 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig93.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:18 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig94.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:19 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig95.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:19 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig96.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:20 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig97.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:21 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig98.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:21 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig99.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:22 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig100.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:22 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig101.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:23 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig102.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:23 PM] http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/nj1/images/fig103.jpg[11/15/2013 2:50:23 PM]