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Minnen Memories Vzpomínky Spomienky MINNEN MEMORIES VZPOMÍNKY SPOMIENKY PUBLISHED ON THE OCCASION OF THE “SWEDISH–CZECHOSLOVAK SOLIDARITY 1968-1989” EVENT SFor a considerable part of the 20th century, Czechoslovakia had been controlled tockholm, 27 September 2011 by non-democratic, totalitarian regimes which often did not hesitate to use all kinds of means – including brutal force – against their own people. In Sweden, where many Czechs and Slovaks found new homes, such oppression, be it after 1938, 1948 or 1968, invariably stirred feelings of PRogRAmme solidarity in both political and civic circles and gave rise to numerous concrete gestures of encouragement and support. SwediSh – CzeChoSlovAk The project called “Swedish–Czechoslovak Solidarity 1968-1989” is framed by the last period of communist rule and seeks to contribute to the understanding SolidARiTy 1968-1989 of what was happening in Sweden in reaction to the political situation in then Czechoslovakia. It will culminate by several events held in Stockholm on Stockholm, 27 September 2011 September 27, 2011, including two panel debates and an exhibition. The core idea is to bring together those in Sweden who, in one or another way, expressed their disagreement with the political developments in Czechoslovakia and helped to raise solidarity with, and provide assistance to the pro-democratic movement in the country. Among them were politicians, journalists, diplomats, scholars or artists, along with civic activists; both Swedes and representatives of the Czechoslovak exile. In panel debates, some of these “actors” will be sharing their memories, as well as more general reflections, of that period. And all are invited to write down personal accounts of their activities to be published as a “samizdat” background document for the debates. But while the retrospective is the main focus, the project at the same time seeks to draw some lessons from the past, in particular with view of the current developments in regions like Eastern Europe, Middle East or North Africa. Besides, September 27 will offer several possibilities to meet and mingle, for instance at the exhibition, during the lunch at the Czech Embassy or at the closing reception. And last but not least, it is seen as an opportunity to thank all those who took active part in the above efforts, including those who are no longer among us. Jan Kára, Ambassador of the Czech Republic to Sweden Peter Kmec, Ambassador of Slovakia to Sweden For information about this publication, please contact the Embassy of the Czech Republic in Sweden, Phone: +46 8 440 42 25 or Email: [email protected] The publication is available online on www.mzv.cz/stockholm Production: Embassy of the Czech Republic in Sweden Graphic design and print: West Studios + Urban Print ISBN 978-91-633-9554-3 Second edition Stockholm 2011 5 FOREWORD Jan Kára 7 OLOF PALME Anförande i Malmö den 21 augusti 1968 11 VÁCLAV HAveL 16 BO AbeLIN 19 Per-OLof BERGSTRÖM 24 ALICE MARGARETA CoopeR 28 PETER CURMAN 30 Ľubomír Ďurovič 35 ANDERS FerM 40 KRISTIAN GerNER 44 JANA HEJZLAR 45 HÅKAN HOLMBERG 46 MARIANNE ISAKSSON 47 OLOF KLEBERG 50 PETER LARSSON 55 GuNNAR LASSINANTTI 61 JAN MoSANDER 66 SuZANNE NASH 72 DICK NILSSON 74 THOMAS NYDAHL 76 MorITZ SAARMAN 80 miloslava slavíčková 86 JAROSLAV SUK 89 OTAKAR ŠTORCH 92 UrbAN WESTLING 97T S EN WISTRAND 101 ChrISTER ÅkerLUNDH 105 ANNEX 1 The Charta 77 Foundation by František Janouch 115 ANNEX 2 Programme of the 27 September 2011 event 117 ANNEX 3 The actors MINNEN MEMORIES VZPOMÍNKY SPOMIENKY F OREWORD Jan Kára The idea of organizing an event which is now called “Swedish–Czechoslovak Solidarity 1968-1989” occurred to me shortly after my arrival to Sweden in November 2007, and since then it was gradually taking shape. All around Sweden, beyond obligatory references to ice-hockey or beer or Devil’s Bible, many people whom I was meeting, often in high positions, were vividly recalling “those days” of protests against the Warsaw pact armies invasion to Czechoslovakia in August 1968, or demonstrations in support of the harassed and prisoned dissidents, most notably in connection with the Charta 77. Others were mentioning the Nobel prize for Jaroslav Seifert, awarded in the “Orwelian” year 1984, and yet others contributed with memories of their trips to Czechoslovakia, smuggling there books and journals prohibited by communist regime. I could feel the sense of solidarity even before I learned in more depth about the organized efforts around, for instance, the “Group Listy”, the Östeuropeiska Solidaritetskommittén, or the Charta 77 Foundation. The pieces of mosaic were one by one falling in place, but it was not always a smooth process. Lots of questions were lingering on. How important was this solidarity from the perspective of Swedish politics? And from the perspective of Swedish society? Was it rather spontaneous or politically driven? What was the main driving force? What was the role of Swedish diplomacy? To what extent it was influenced by the immigrants from Czechoslovakia? In more general terms: What was happening in Sweden in reaction to the political situation in then Czechoslovakia? And even: Can we talk about the Swedish– Czechoslovak Solidarity at all? After three years in Sweden I decided to start seeking answers to these questions in a more systematic manner, and in the beginning of 2011 I initiated the preparation of the Swedish–Czechoslovak Solidarity event. For practical reasons, the scope of the exercise was limited by “magic” years 1968 and 1989, even if the roots of solidarity obviously reach much deeper into history. Several of the old time activists were – again – ready to assist, and after some effort and lot of communication we were able to generate a list of more than 100 “actors“ (of course incomplete), those who were “involved”, who – in one or another way – expressed their disagreement with political developments in Czechoslovakia and helped to raise solidarity with, and provide assistance to the pro- democratic movement in the country. Sadly, some of them are no longer among us. The “actors” were not only encouraged to take part in the event on September 27, 2011 and to meet each other again (in many cases after many years), but they were also invited to write down their memories and reflections of the period in focus. And a number of them responded. The result is this volume – an interesting, even fascinating reading of some 20 personal testimonies, complemented by the speech of Olof Palme delivered – 5 – SWEDISh – CZECHOSLOVAK SOLIDARITY 1968-1989 on the evening of 21 August 1968 in Malmö, the message of Václav Havel, the former President of Czechoslovakia and the Czech Republic, and the “historical framing” by professor Kristian Gerner. In this volume, one should not seek all the answers to the above questions. But, without doubt, it helps to expose various facets of the solidarity – and also to show that this solidarity was not always without certain controversy: there were apparently different political underpinnings to various activities, and there were diverging opinions on, for instance, how the Charta 77 Foundation should have been directed and managed. Kristian Gerner in his “historical framing” even makes a point that the Swedish solidarity was not necessarily there, or was rather negligible, at least at the official level. Although he is probably right, it is at the same time clear, especially from the text by Václav Havel, how important was even a tiny act of solidarity for the oppressed people on the other side of the Iron curtain. This solidarity was looming much bigger when seen from Prague’s prison. For Václav Havel, as he points out, Sweden was “an island of hope”, a light in the darkness of the gloomy reality of the “normalized” This solidarity was Czechoslovakia. And one can perhaps add that looming much bigger what Václav Havel could see was naturally only when seen from part of the picture – the Charta 77 Foundation, a lifeline for many dissidents in Czechoslovakia, Prague’s prison. and its most visible face, that of František Janouch. And even if this was the center of the stage, the picture of Swedish–Czechoslovak solidarity was a bit more complex than that. This volume, and the whole Swedish–Czechoslovak Solidarity project is above all meant to express gratitude to all those who unselfishly devoted time and resources to support democracy in that “far away country”, to pay tribute to them and to make sure their efforts are not forgotten. My special thanks go to those who were most actively helping to make the “Solidarity event” a reality. Apart of my distinguished colleague and friend Peter Kmec, the Ambassador of Slovakia to Sweden, these were: Catherine von Heidenstam, Disa Håstad, František Janouch, Olof Kleberg, Gunnar Lassinantti, Ingmar Oldberg, Jiří Pallas, Miloslava Slavíčková and above all Urban Westling. My thanks go also to the colleagues at the Embassy, most notably Beata Sivaková, Jana Šáchová and Simona Hrstková, as well as the Director of the Czech Center, Lucia Åbergh. Of course, the event would not be possible, and this volume would not exist without genuine support from Škoda Sverige and Kreab & Gavin Anderson and other sponsors. Deep thanks to them too. Jan Kára, Ambassador of the Czech Republic to Sweden September 2011 – 6 – MINNEN MEMORIES VZPOMÍNKY SPOMIENKY OLOF PALME Anförande vid manifestationen för Tjeckoslovakien i Malmö den 21 augusti 1968 Folkens 1ängtan efter frihet kan inte nedslås med våld. Den kommer att leva och den kommer till sist att segra. Detta är vad vi framför allt skall säga oss idag när Prag är en stängd stad och Warszawapaktens styrkor invaderar Tjeckoslovakien. Men dagens tragik har en bakgrund i det förflutna. De tjeckiska och slovakiska folkens historia under många hundra år handlar om ett litet folks strävan att värna sin nationella identitet och sin integritet mot omgivande stormakter.
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