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SUBTRANSMISSION REDUCTION for VOLTAGE INSTABILITY ANALYSIS James D

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SUBTRANSMISSION REDUCTION for VOLTAGE INSTABILITY ANALYSIS James D IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON APPLIED SUPERCONDUCTIVITY, VOL. 3, NO.l, MARCH 1993 349 SUBTRANSMISSION REDUCTION FOR VOLTAGE INSTABILITY ANALYSIS James D. McCalley, Member John F. Dorsey, Sr Member Georgia Institute of Technology James F. Luini, Fellow R. Peter Mackin, Member Gerardo H. Molina Pacific Gas and Electric Company ABS TRACT In this paper we specifically describe In this paper, we present a new method for creating power the subtransmission reduction problem and how it differs flow subtransmission equivalents to be used in voltage instabil- from other more traditional reduction problems, ity analysis. We present the motivating reasons for perform- the effects of the PDCI outage and why accurate subtrans- ing subtransmission reduction, and we show how the subtrans- mission representation in PG&E’s system is necessary, mission reduction problem differs from more traditional reduc- the new subtransmission reduction method and the asso- tion problems. Criteria for an acceptably reduced subtrans- ciated software developed, and mission system are stated, and Pacific Gas and Electric Com- pany’s (PG&E’s) reduction method is presented which utilizes the testing done to validate the new method. the program LODRED (from the EPRI Dynamic Equivalenc- ing Reduction Software) to perform load bus elimination and a 2 TERMINOLOGY new program called GALRED to perform generator bus aggre- For purposes of reduction, a network may be divided into the gation. Unlike most reduction methods, this method produces following three sub-systems: equivalents that are independent of base case voltages and flows and consequently highly accurate for voltage instabilty analysis. The study system: the portion of the network to be re- Validation of the new method is performed using a 71% reduced tained. For the subtransmission reduction problem, the model (29% of its original size) of PG&E’s transmission system study system is the high voltage system (230 to 500 kV) to simulate bipole outage of the Pacific DC Intertie. The external system: the portion of the system to be re- duced. For the subtransmission reduction problem, the ex- KEYWORDS: Subtransmission, network reduction, voltage ternal system is the subtransmission system (60, 70, and inst ability. 115 kV). Although the subtransmission system is com- monly thought of as being “internal” to the transmission grid of a utility, we use the term “external” here to remain 1 INTRODUCTION in keeping with the network reduction literature. In this paper, we present a new method for creating power The boundary system: the portion of the external system flow subtransmission equivalents to be used in voltage insta- that is retained to connect the study system with the re- bility analysis. This new method was originally motivated by mainder of the external system. In most cases, the bound- the need to create more accurate power flow models to assess a ary system consists of the low voltage buses of transformers potential voltage instability problem in Pacific Gas & Electric connecting the high voltage system to the low voltage sys- Company’s (PG&E) system resulting from loss of the Pacific tem. However, other subtransmission buses may also be DC Intertie (PDCI). However, the resulting models may also retained and consequently serve as boundary buses. be used to more accurately assess any voltage instability or 3 THE SUBTRANSMISSION REDUCTION thermal overload problem on the high voltage system typically PROBLEM analyzed by power flow simulation. In the past, many utilities have used simple methods for rep- Bulk transmission analysis of many disturbances in the West- resenting subtransmission systems in bulk transmission anal- ern Systems Coordinating Council’s (WSCC) system, including ysis. Two related developments in the power industry have bipole outage of the PDCI, requires that most of the entire high made some of these methods obsolete. First, the increase in voltage grid be modeled. To reduce computation time, simplify non-utility generation, much of which is connected to the sub- data management, and use less computer memory, most mem- transmission system, gives subtransmission systems more volt- ber systems represent the effects of their subtransmission system age control and other dynamic characteristics. Second, the in- using reduced equivalent models. crease in wheeling and subsequent decrease in transmission ca- A reduction problem more traditional than subtransmission pacity margin, attributable to a more competitive environment, system reduction is that of reducing networks normally at the require that models exhibit higher accuracy for determining sys- same voltage level as the study system and interconnected with tem behavior so that transmission can be utilized safely and the study system via tie lines. We refer to this type of reduc- most economically [I]. tion problem as tie-line reduction. Subtransmission system re- duction differs from tie-line reduction in that the former allows only limited expansion of the boundary system to form a buffer zone. Because tie-line interconnections are normally few (from 1 to perhaps 9 or lo), tie-line reduction may always be pushed 92 WM 129-7 PWRS A paper recommended and approved further and further away from the study system by enlarging by the IEEE Power System Engineering Committee of the boundary system with little increase in model size. For the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation example, a 1 bus per connection enlargement of the boundary at the IEEE/PES 1992 Winter Meeting, New York, New system for a 2 tie-line system requires that model size increase York, January 26 - 30, 1992. Manuscript submitted August 28, 1991; made available for printing by only 2 buses. Boundary network enlargement can therefore December 31, 1991. allow relatively inaccurate tie-line reduction methods to be used without dramatically affecting study system accuracy. In con- trast, subtransmission systems are typically interconnected with 0885-8950/93$03.00 0 1992 IEEE different parts of the system between Grizzly substation and Table Mountain substation. Even with these remedial mea sues, PG&E’s 500 kV system (PACI plus COTP) experiences a large instantaneous power surge which can remain up to 20% above the pre-disturbance level until automatic generation con- trol (AGC) operates to reduce the high flows. These high flows dramatically depress voltages throughout PG&E’s high voltage and subtransmission systems which can result in voltage insta bility problems, especially when pre-disturbance PDCI, PACI, t f’ and COTP flows are heavy. - Assuming the system survives the initial transient following a PDCI bipole outage, it is most susceptible to voltage insta- -7 -rYWN /F bility problems for l to 3 minutes after the disturbance. This ROUND UT is because load tap changers (LTCs) act to restore distribution E voltages and consequently loadings are brought back to their pre-disturbance levels during this time interval. PG&E and v-D,, Bonneville Power Administration (BPA) engineers have devel- oped a study procedure to analyze system response during the YOUNTAIN 1 to 3 minute time period following a PDCI outage [2]. This FOUR CORNERS procedure involves using a power flow program to simulate the disturbance. Although the LTCs are not modeled, constant MVA load characteristics for all loads allows simulation of ‘worst case’ behavior of the LTCs. Other appropriate inputs are made 6 WFORNIA to the program to account for the effects of remedial actions Figure 1: Simplied Representation of the WSCC Grid. and generator frequency control. The margin, i.e., the prox- imity to voltage instability, is determined by drawing a Q-V the study system at many different points. A 1 bus per con- curve for each post-disturbance power flow case. This curve is nection enlargement of the boundary system may require that drawn by modeling a fictitious synchronous condenser at the the model size increase by 30 or 40 buses. Therefore, increasing most voltage-sensitive bus to find reactive requirements for dif- the boundary system can cause a prohibitive amount of model ferent voltages at that bus. The ‘nose’ of the resulting Q-V size increase and cannot be used to effectively relieve inaccura- curve represents the point of voltage instability. The horizontal cies in the equivalent. This distinction requires a high degree of ‘distance’ of the nose to the zero-MVAR vertical axis, measured accuracy in the method used for subtransmission reduction. in MVARS, is therefore an indicator of the proximity to voltage instability. Figure 8 at the end of this paper shows examples of 4 THE PDCI OUTAGE these curves. PG&E’s subtransmission system can heavily influence the re- PG&E’s desire to increase the accuracy of its subtransmission sults of this outage for two reasons: equivalents was originally motivated by a need to determine maximum allowable simultaneous transfers on the Pacific DC a The subtransmission system is a large reactive resource Intertie (PDCI) and the Pacific AC Intertie (PACI). These flows due to the substantial amount of generation connected to are limited by a voltage instability problem caused by bipole it. outage of the PDCI. Simulation of this outage has become a a Portions of the subtransmission network are in parallel benchmark at PG&E for assessing power flow model accuracy with the PACI and therefore carry some of the additional because of its severity in terms of increased flows and decreased power injected into PG&E’s system from the PDCI outage. voltages throughout the system. Power flow models that are accurate for this outage are assumed accurate for other less 5 PG&E CRITERIA FOR SUBTRANSMISSION severe outages. In this section, we describe the PDCI outage REDUCTION and how it is analyzed. The PDCI, rated at 3100 MW, f500 kV, presently operates Criteria used at PG&E for an acceptably reduced subtrans- in parallel with the PACI, rated at 3200 MW, 500 kV. Also, mission system are: there is another AC intertie under construction, the California- Oregon Transmission Project (COTP), that would increase the 1.
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