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Volume 12, 1959
THE ARCT IC CIRCLE THE COMMITTEE 1959 Officers President: Dr. D.C. Rose Vice -Presidents Mr. L.A.C.O. Hunt Secretary: Mr. D. Snowden Treasurer: Mr. J .E. Cleland Publications Secretary: Miss Mary Murphy Editor: Mrs .G.W. Rowley Members Mr. Harvey Blandford Mr. Welland Phipps Mr. J. Cantley Mr. A. Stevenson Mr. F..A. Cate Mr. Fraser Symington L/Cdr. J.P. Croal, R.C.N. Mr. J .5. Tener Miss Moira Dunbar Dr. R. Thorsteinsson W IC K. R. Greenaway, R.C.A.F. Dr. J.S. Willis Mr. T .H. Manning Mr. J. Wyatt Mr. Elijah Menarik CONTENTS VOLUME XlI, 1959 NO.1 Meetings of the Arctic Circle 1 Officers and Committee Members for 1959 Z Research in the Lake Hazen region of northern Ellesmere Island in the International Geophysical Year Z Anthropological work in the Eastern Arctic, 1958 13 Geomorphological studies on Southampton Island, 1958 15 Bird Sanctuaries in Southampton Island 17 Subscriptions for 1959 18 Change of Address 18 Editorial Note 18 NO. Z U.S. Navy airship flight to Ice Island T3 19 Firth River archaeological activities. 1956 and 1958 Z6 A light floatplane operation in the far northern islands, 1958 Z9 Change of Address 31 Editorial Note 31 NO.3 Meetings of the Arctic Circle 3Z The Polar Continental Shelf Project, 1959 3Z Jacobsen-McGill Arctic Research Expedition to Axel Heiberg Island 38 Biological work on Prince of Wales Island in the summer of 1958 40 Geographical Branch Survey in southern Melville Peninsula, 1959 43 Pilot of Arctic Canada 48 Subsc riptions for 1960 50 Change of Address 51 • Editorial Note 51 I NO.4 Meetings of the Arctic Circle 52 Officers and Committee Members for 1960 52 Some factors regarding northern oil and gas 53 Nauyopee. -
The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada
Wilfrid Laurier University Scholars Commons @ Laurier Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) 2017 The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada Matthew Shane Wiseman Wilfrid Laurier University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd Part of the Canadian History Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, and the Military History Commons Recommended Citation Wiseman, Matthew Shane, "The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada" (2017). Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive). 1924. https://scholars.wlu.ca/etd/1924 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by Scholars Commons @ Laurier. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations (Comprehensive) by an authorized administrator of Scholars Commons @ Laurier. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Science of Defence: Security, Research, and the North in Cold War Canada by Matthew Shane Wiseman B.A. (Hons) and B.Ed., Lakehead University, 2009 and 2010 M.A., Lakehead University, 2011 DISSERTATION Submitted to the Department of History in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Degree in Doctor of Philosophy in History Wilfrid Laurier University Waterloo, Ontario, Canada © Matthew Shane Wiseman 2017 Abstract This dissertation examines the development and implementation of federally funded scientific defence research in Canada during the earliest decades of the Cold War. With a particular focus on the creation and subsequent activities of the Defence Research Board (DRB), Canada’s first peacetime military science organization, the history covered here crosses political, social, and environmental themes pertinent to a detailed analysis of defence-related government activity in the Canadian North. -
Northern Skytrails: Perspectives on the Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic from the Pages of the Roundel, 1949-65 Richard Goette and P
Documents on Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security Northern Skytrails Perspectives on the Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic from the Pages of The Roundel, 1949-65 Richard Goette and P. Whitney Lackenbauer Documents on Canadian Arctic Sovereignty and Security (DCASS) ISSN 2368-4569 Series Editors: P. Whitney Lackenbauer Adam Lajeunesse Managing Editor: Ryan Dean Northern Skytrails: Perspectives on the Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic from the Pages of The Roundel, 1949-65 Richard Goette and P. Whitney Lackenbauer DCASS Number 10, 2017 Cover: The Roundel, vol. 1, no.1 (November 1948), front cover. Back cover: The Roundel, vol. 10, no.3 (April 1958), front cover. Centre for Military, Security and Centre on Foreign Policy and Federalism Strategic Studies St. Jerome’s University University of Calgary 290 Westmount Road N. 2500 University Dr. N.W. Waterloo, ON N2L 3G3 Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Tel: 519.884.8110 ext. 28233 Tel: 403.220.4030 www.sju.ca/cfpf www.cmss.ucalgary.ca Arctic Institute of North America University of Calgary 2500 University Drive NW, ES-1040 Calgary, AB T2N 1N4 Tel: 403-220-7515 http://arctic.ucalgary.ca/ Copyright © the authors/editors, 2017 Permission policies are outlined on our website http://cmss.ucalgary.ca/research/arctic-document-series Northern Skytrails: Perspectives on the Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic from the Pages of The Roundel, 1949-65 Richard Goette, Ph.D. and P. Whitney Lackenbauer, Ph.D. Table of Contents Preface: Pioneers of the North (by Wing Commander J. G. Showler) .................... vi Foreword (by Colonel Kelvin P. Truss) ................................................................... -
The Biological Importance of Polynyas in the Canadian Arctic
ARCTIC VOL. 33, NO. 2 (JUNE 1980). P. 303-315 The Biological Importance of Polynyas in the.?, Canadian Arctic IAN STIRLING’ ABSTRACT. Polynyas are areas of open water surrounded by ice. In the Canaeh Arctic, the largest and best known polynya is the North Water. There are also several similar, but smaller, recurring polynyas and shore lead systems. Polynyas appear tobe of critical importance to arcticmarine birds and mammalsfor feeding, reproduction’itnd migration. Despite their obvious biological importance, mostpolynya areas.are threatened by extensive disturbance and possible pollution as a result of propesed offshore petrochemical exploration and year-round shippingwith ice-brewg capability. However, we cannot evaluate what the effects of such disruptions mi&t be becauseto date we have conducted insufficient researchto enable us to haye: a quantitative understanding of the critical ecological processes and balances that magl,k unique to polynya areas. It is essential thatwe rectify the situation because the survival of viable populations or subpopulations of several species of arctic marine birds qnd mammals may depend on polynyas. RftSUMfi. Les polynias sont des zones d‘eau libre dans la banquise. Dans le Canada arctique, le polynia le plus vaste et le mieux connu, est celui de “North Water”. Quelques polynias analogues mais de taille rtduite existent; ils sont periodiques et peuvent 6tre en relation avecle rivage. Les polynias semblent primordiaux aux oiseaux marins arctiques et aux mammiferes, pour leur nourriture, leur reproduction et leur migration. En dtpit de leur importance biologique certaine, la plupart des zones de polynias sont menacees d’une perturbation B grande echelle et d’unepollution possible, consequencedes propositions d’exploration petrochimique en mer et d’une navigation par brise-glaces, tout les long de l’annte. -
PER ARDUA AD ARCTICUM the Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic
PER ARDUA AD ARCTICUM The Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic Edward P. Wood Edited and introduced by P. Whitney Lackenbauer Mulroney Institute of Government Arctic Operational Histories, no. 2 PER ARDUA AD ARCTICUM The Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic © The author/editor 2017 Mulroney Institute St. Francis Xavier University 5005 Chapel Square Antigonish, Nova Scotia, Canada B2G 2W5 LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Per Ardua ad Arcticum: The Royal Canadian Air Force in the A rctic and Sub- Arctic / Edward P. Wood, author / P. Whitney Lackenbauer, editor (Arctic Operational Histories, no. 2) Issued in electronic and print formats ISBN (digital): 978-1-7750774-8-0 ISBN (paper): 978-1-7750774-7-3 1. Canada. Canadian Armed Forces—History--20th century. 2. Aeronautics-- Canada, Northern--History. 3. Air pilots--Canada, Northern. 4. Royal Canadian Air Force--History. 5. Canada, Northern--Strategic aspects. 6. Arctic regions--Strategic aspects. 7. Canada, Northern—History—20th century. I. Edward P. Wood, author II. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney Lackenbauer, editor III. Mulroney Institute of Government, issuing body IV. Per Adua ad Arcticum: The Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic. V. Series: Arctic Operational Histories; no.2 Page design and typesetting by Ryan Dean and P. Whitney Lackenbauer Cover design by P. Whitney Lackenbauer Please consider the environment before printing this e-book PER ARDUA AD ARCTICUM The Royal Canadian Air Force in the Arctic and Sub-Arctic Edward P. Wood Edited and Introduced by P. Whitney Lackenbauer Arctic Operational Histories, no.2 2017 The Arctic Operational Histories The Arctic Operational Histories seeks to provide context and background to Canada’s defence operations and responsibilities in the North by resuscitating important, but forgotten, Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) reports, histories, and defence material from previous generations of Arctic operations. -
Anthology of Arctic Reading: General
Anthology of Arctic Reading: General General Works This miscellaneous section includes works of general interest, some not specifically Polar, works of multiple expeditions, and works dealing with long period of Arctic exploration. Also included in this general section are excerpts from whaling books not associated with individual voyages, and not exclusively polar journeys. Allan, Mea. The Hookers of Kew 1785-1911. London: Michael Joseph, 1967. Joseph Hooker was part of the Erebus and Terror Antarctic expedition led by James Clark Ross, an expedition poorly equipped for scientific investigation p. 113, quotes Hooker himself: Except for some drying paper for plants, I had not a single instrument or book supplied to me as a naturalist—all were given to me by my father. I had, however, the use of Ross’s library, and you may hardly credit it, but it is a fact, that not a single glass bottle was supplied for collecting purposes, empty pickle bottles were all we had, and rum as preservative for the ship’s stores. Anderson, Charles Roberts. Melville in the South Seas. New York: Columbia University Press, 1939. Melville joined the navy in August 1843, and joined the United States in Honolulu in 1844, spending fourteen months on U.S. naval duty between Honolulu and Boston, arriving there in October 1844. p. 358, in Honolulu: The next thirty days were spent preparing for the homeward-bound cruise. A number of men and officers whose terms of service had not expired were transferred to ships that were to remain on the station. Among these were Midshipmen Samuel R. -
The Defence Research Board of Canada, 1947 to 1977
The Defence Research Board of Canada, 1947 to 1977 by Jonathan Turner A thesis submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto © Copyright by Jonathan Turner 2012 The Defence Research Board of Canada, 1947 to 1977 Jonathan Turner Doctor of Philosophy Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology University of Toronto 2012 Abstract The Defence Research Board of Canada existed from 1947 to 1977. It was created because of the successful contribution of scientific management and specific military technologies to victory in the Second World War, and it was dismantled during a period of review and renewal of the government’s science and defence policies. The demise of the Defence Research Board demonstrated the triumph of business and public administration models over scientific management in spite of the successful defence research program. Among the successful projects of the Defence Research Board were satellites, research rockets, hydrofoils, nylon pile clothing, the wind chill factor, the strategic distinction between first and second nuclear strikes, open heart surgery, and blast trials. The strengths of the Defence Research Board were the scientific management practices that united the four Chairmen (Omond Solandt, Hartley Zimmerman, Robert Uffen and Léon L’Heureux) and the bench scientists. Over the course of its existence the Defence Research Board was shaped by six chains of events. 1. Solandt’s ability to recruit veterans from 1947 to 1953, 2. The election of John Diefenbaker and the ensuing conflict between Diefenbaker and civil servants, particularly over nuclear weapons, which led to the Royal Commission on ii Government Organisation and a decade of review of national defence policy (including two White Papers, integration and unification, and the Management Review Group), 3. -
Canada's Arctic Sky Spies: the Director's
Painting by Don Connolly Watching the Russkies, by Don Connolly. CANADA’S ARCTIC SKY SPIES: THEDIRECTOR’SCUT by Sean M. Maloney Introduction Early Exploits: Preparing the Ground n 2007, Russia used two mini-submarines to place a arly Cold War RCAF activity in the Arctic became inter- I Russian flag on the seabed at the North Pole. This operation E twined with several joint Canada-US northern programs was accompanied by a major aerial exercise involving that emerged between 1945 and 1950. In the immediate post-war cruise-missile-firing Tupolev Tu-95 Bear and Tu-160 period, Soviet coercive belligerence on the world stage, coupled Blackjack strategic bombers. Prior to this event, the Canadian with revelations that Moscow was covertly interfering with government had announced that global warming would western governments, led the ABC powers to plan for a Third reduce the extent of ice in the Arctic and open the region for World War. Throughout the late 1940s, all three countries exploitation in the energy sector, and the historical Canadian moved toward joint global war planning, culminating in angst over American access to the Northwest Passage 1948 with a plan called respectively Doublestar (US), was reactivated. Not to be outdone, Denmark initiated a Speedway (UK), and Bullmoose by the Canadians. These territorial challenge to Canada with respect to ownership were not merely military contingency plans – they had the of tiny Hans Island. Therefore, it is ‘back to the future’ for full backing of the foreign affairs departments from each the Canadian Forces (CF) and Arctic operations. nation and it was understood that they constituted the basis for action if necessary. -
Women in Glaciology, a Historical Perspective. J. Glaciol., 56
944 Journal of Glaciology, Vol. 56, No. 200, 2010 Women in glaciology, a historical perspective Christina L. HULBE,1 Weili WANG,2 Simon OMMANNEY3 1Department of Geology, Portland State University, PO Box 751, Portland, Oregon 97207-0751, USA E-mail: [email protected] 2NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Code 614.1, Greenbelt, Maryland 20771, USA 3Emeritus Associate, Scott Polar Research Institute ABSTRACT. Women’s history in glaciology extends as far back in time as the discipline itself, although their contributions to the scientific discourse have for all of that history been constrained by the socio- political contexts of the times. The first Journal of Glaciology paper authored by a woman appeared in 1948, within a year of the founding of the Journal, but it was not until the 1980s that women produced more than a few percent of Journal and Annals of Glaciology papers. Here international perspectives on women’s participation in the sciences are presented in order to establish an economic and socio- political context for stories of women ‘pioneers’ in glaciology and a frame in which to discuss women’s persistent under-representation relative to men. We find that the experiences of individual glaciologists mirror women’s experiences in higher education and the sciences as a whole. The existence of both positive and negative trends in women’s participation in the sciences suggests caution in the interpretation of recent positive trends for women’s participation in glaciology. 1. HISTORICAL CONTEXT women’s participation both waxes and wanes due to 1.1. Histories of women in science identifiable economic and social forcings. -
Arctic Ice Islands 69
Photo: R.C.A.F. Fig. 1. The shelf ice on thenorth coast of Ellesmere Island, with DisraeliBay upper right, and Ward Hunt Islandat its mouth, 16 July 1950. 3 p ARCTICICE ISLANDS --*e L. S. Koenig, K. R. Greenaway, Moira Dunbar, and G. Hattersley-Smith Introduction T THE First Alaskan ScienceConference, held inWashington, D.C. in November 1950, the work of the U.S.A.F. in discovering and following theA movement of exceptionally large massesof ice in the Arctic Ocean was firstmade public. The largest of these massesis some 300 square miles1 in area, and because of their size andstability theywere first referred to as “floating islands” and later as “ice islands”. From the air ice islands are readily distinguished from the pack ice by theirhomogeneous appearance and strikingly regular surface pattern. Their surfacelooks ridged or rolling, with wideintervening troughs. The ridges, or rolls, are as much as half a mile and more from crest to crest, and are roughly parallel,running from oneedge of the island tothe other. There is often some indication of a drainagesystem with small streams cutting across the large troughs. Most striking of allis the ability of the islands to keep their shapeover a period of years,which suggests greatthickness and hardness. Ordinary packice, by contrast,breaks and reforms continually under the influence of pressure, and althoughparticularly heavy floes mayremain substantially unchanged for several years they cannot be distinguished from the surrounding floes which they closely resemble. The ice islands can be divided into two groups: a few large islands which are drifting in the Arctic Ocean and a number of smaller islands which have found their way into the channels of the Canadian Archipelago. -
Twentieth Century Marine Climatic Change in the Northwest Atlantic and Subarctic Regions
NAFO Sci. Coun. Studies, 5: 7-15 Twentieth Century Marine Climatic Change in the Northwest Atlantic and Subarctic Regions M. J. Dunbar Institute of Oceanography, McGill University 3620 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2 Abstract Recorded marine climatic changes in Greenland, Iceland and the subarctic and Atlantic regions of eastern Canada are reviewed and compared. All regions show a rapid rise in temperature, strongest at the surface, from 1920 onwards. The peak temperatures in eastern Canadian waters occurred about 1950, some 10-20 years later than in Greenland and Iceland. A second peak occurred during the late 1950's to 1960 in Greenland and Iceland, but this was less marked in the Canadian region. The present trend is uncertain, but the general pattern on the longer (interglacial) time scale indicares a downward trend. The range of variation in temperature for all regions was, on the average, about 20 to 2.50 C. Introduction recent or present manmade changes. The present cooling of the climate, since about 1940, has occurred Although the patterns of change shown in this impressively despite a continued rise in CO2 content of .paper are for the most part generally known, the prim the atmosphere, and even the possible effect of build ary purpose is the bringing together of information ing a dam across Bering Strait seems to be quite small from many regions of the Northwest Atlantic, from compared with the large change in the temperature of Baffin Bay to the Scotian Shelf and from West Green the West Greenland Current that has occurred during land and Iceland to the Gulf Stream. -
CUSTOS BOREALIS the Military in the Canadian North, 1898-1975
CUSTOS BOREALIS The Military in the Canadian North, 1898-1975 KENNETH C. EYRE Edited by P. WHITNEY LACKENBAUER CUSTOS BOREALIS © Kenneth C. Eyre and P. Whitney Lackenbauer, 2020 North American and Arctic Defence and Security Network c/o School for the Study of Canada Trent University Peterborough, Ontario, Canada K9J 7B8 All rights reserved. This publication may not be reproduced, stored, or transmitted electronically, without prior written consent of the copyright holder or a copyright licensing agency. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES CANADA CATALOGUING IN PUBLICATION Custos Borealis: The Military in the Canadian North / Ken Eyre; edited with an introduction and afterword by P. Whitney Lackenbauer (NAADSN Monograph Series, no. 1) Issued in electronic and print formats ISBN: 978-1-989811-01-6 (e-book) 978-1-989811-00-9 (print) 1. Canada—Military—History. 2. Canada—Arctic—History—20th century. 3. Canada—Northern Development—History. 4. Canada—Sovereignty— History. 5. Canada, Northern—History. I. Eyre, Ken, author II. Lackenbauer, P. Whitney, author, editor. III. Title: Custos Borealis: The Military in the Canadian North IV. Series: NAADSN Monograph Series; no.1 Designer: Ryan Dean Cover Design: Jennifer Arthur-Lackenbauer Distributed by the North American and Arctic Defence and Security Network (NAADSN) CUSTOS BOREALIS The Military in the Canadian North, 1898-1975 Kenneth C. Eyre Edited with an Introduction and Afterword by P. Whitney Lackenbauer Foreword by BGen Patrick Carpentier Monograph Series 2020 This book is dedicated to the men and women of the Canadian Forces who have served in the North, and to the Northerners who have supported them.