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14Th Congress of the International Society of Photogrammetry, Hamburg 1980, Commission VII, Working Group VII, 4, Presented Paper

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14Th Congress of the International Society of Photogrammetry, Hamburg 1980, Commission VII, Working Group VII, 4, Presented Paper 14th Congress of the International Society of Photogrammetry, Hamburg 1980, Commission VII, Working Group VII, 4, Presented Paper, APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING TO OCEANOGRAPHY & SEA ICE by Ragnar Thoren National Defence Research Institute Stockholm Sweden FOA Report, Vol. 14, No. 2, B 60001-M7 Stockholm, January, 1980 662 Summary In an introductory chapter (1), designated "Survey of recent development" the author points to the importance of exploring our natural resources in the Arctic and other areas, where the sea is often blocked by floating ice, and the conveyance of the products to southern markets. In any case the best possible position-fixing and a true knowledge of prevailing ice condi­ tions as well as the bathymetry is obligatory, and reliable ice-forecasts desirable. A general view of the introduction of more and more advanced remote sensing techniques is presented in paragraph 1.1. A Swedish Arctic Interdisciplinary expedition of a marked international character, planned for June-September 1980, will be made in an icebreaker, "YMER", equipped for satellite navi­ gation and with special electronics for accurate position fixing (see par. 1.2 and chapter 3 below). Exploration and transportation of arctic oil, gas and minerals, especially in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago, is dealt with in paragraph 1.3. Subsections treat different types of ships developed for arctic expeditions. In chapter 2 the author describes the results of a comprehen­ sive remote sensing experiment on sea ice, performed in the Bay of Bothnia in March 1975. The programmes for the above­ mentioned all-round scientific arctic expedition in the Swedish icebreaker YMER, in June-September 1980, (chapter 3) include Ice conditions, Ice-Ocean Interaction in the marginal ~ce zone, Radar Measurements of Backscatter from September Sea Ice, Physical Oceanography, Chemical Oceanography, Atmos­ pheric and Oceanic Research, Glacial extent and climatic varia­ tions, Pollution problems as studied ~n bottom sediments, Sub­ marine volcanism and the history of the continental margins, and Marine biology. Since drifting sea ice as well as icebergs may be present also in areas through which heavy transoceanic traffic passes, thereby hazarding the shipping, a careful ice-surveillance by 663 the aid of advanced remote sensing 1s of great importance. This is illustrated in chapter 4, "Ice in the Grand Banks area". In chapter 5, the author shows that remote sensing makes under­ ice navigation possible. Paragraph 5.1 deals with under-ice piloting by sonar, and par. 5.2 with bathymetric conditions. Paragraph 5.3, finally, gives "Viewpoints on radio commun1ca­ tion systems and submarines operating under ice". Sommaire Dans un chapitre d~introduction (1) "Survey of recent development", l~auteur attire l~attention sur l~importance d~explorer les resources de la nature dans les regions polaires septentrionales et dans les autres zones ou la mer est souvent bloquee par les glaces flottantes et par le transport de produits pour les marches du sud. En tout cas, un reperage radar parfait, une conna1ssance exacte des condi­ tions predominantes des glaces, auss1 bien qu~ une bathymetrie precise sont obligatoires. Outre cela il est desirable d~avoir a sa disposition des rapports de glace fiables. Une vue generale de l~introduction des techniques toujours plus avancees de 'remote sensing' est presentee en paragraphe 1.1. Une expedition arctique interdisciplinaire suedoise d~un caractere bien international con~ue a avoir lieu en juin - septembre 1980 sera faite avec l~YMER, bateau brise-glace suedois equipe pour la navigation satellite et pourvu des dispositifs electroniques pour faire des reperages exacts (voir paragraphe 1.2 et chapitre 3 ci­ apres). L~exploration et le transport de l~huile arctique, du gaz et des mineraux, surtout dans l~archipel arctique canadien, sont traites en paragraphe 1.3. Les sous-paragraphes decrivent les types de bateau differents qui sont developpes pour les expeditions arctique. En chapitre 2, l~auteur decrit les resultats d~une grande experience sur les glaces de mer a l~aide de la technique de remote sensing, executee dans le golfe de Bothnie en mars 1975. Le programme de l~expedition interdisciplinaire arctique mentionnee plus haut avec 664 1-YMER en juin-septembre 1980 (chapitre 3) comprend les conditions des glaces, 1-action reciproque entre les glaces et 1-ocean dans les zones glaciales marginales, les mesures radar de la retrodiffu­ sion de la glace de mer du mois de septembre, 1-oceanographie physique, 1-oceanographie chimique, la recherche atmospherique et oceanique, 1-etendue des glaces et les variations climatologiques, les problemes de pollution etudies dans les sediments du fond de la mer, le volcanisme sous-marin et 1-histoire de la marge continentale et la biologie marine. Comme, au detriment de la navigation, les glaces de mer flottantes, auss~ bien que les 'icebergs' peuvent etre presents aussi dans les zones ou passent les bateaux transoceaniques lourds, il est de grande importance de disposer d-une surveillance des glaces exacte utilisant la technique de remote sensing. Cela sera illustre en chapitre 4 "Ice in the Grand Banks area". En chapitre 5, 1-auteur montre qu-en utilisant remote sensing, il est possible de naviger sous 1-eau. Paragraphe 5.1 trait la navi­ gation sous les glaces a 1-aide de 'sonar' et paragraphe 5.2 les conditions bathymetriques. En paragraphe 5.3, finalement, un compte rendu est fourni sur les "Viewpoints on radio communication systems and submarines operating under ice". Zusammenfassung In einem einleitenden Kapitel (1), "Survey of recent development", weist der Verfasser auf das Gewicht hin, unsere natlirliche Reichtlimer in der Arktis und in anderen Gebieten zu erforschen, wo das Meer oft von fliessendem Eis und von der Beforderung von Produkten nach slid­ lichen Markten blockiert ist. Eine bestmogliche Ortung und eine exakte Kenntnis von der vorhandenen Eisverhaltnissen, sowie genaue Tiefenmessungen sind jedenfalls notwendig. Zuverlassige Eismeldungen sind ausserdem wlinschenswert. Ein allgemeiner Uberblick tiber die Einflihrung von imrner mehr vorge­ schrittenen 'remote-sensing'-Methoden ist im Abschnitt 1.1 prasen­ tiert. 665 Eine schwedische, arktische, querwissenschaft1iche Expedition von einem ausgepragt internationa1en Charackter, die fur Juni-September 1980 berechnet ist, wirt mit dem schwedischen Eisbrecher YMER gemacht, der fur Sate11itennavigation und mit Spezia1e1ektronik fur genaue Ortung ausgerustet ist (siehe Abschnitt 1.2 und Kapite1 3 unten). Erforschungen un Beforderungen von arktischen 01, Gas und dito Minera1ien besonders im Kanadischen Arktischen Archipe1 werden ~m Abschnitt 1.3 erortert. Unterabschnitte behande1n verschiedene Schiffstypen, die fur arktische Expeditionen entwicke1t sind. In Kapite1 2 beschreibt der Verfasser die Ergebnisse eines umfassen­ den remote-sensing-Meereisexperimentes, das im Bottnischen Meerbusen im Marz 1975 durchgefuhrt wurde. Das Programm der obenerwahnten querwissenschaft1ichen Expedition mit dem schwedischen Eisbrecher YMER im Juni-September 1980 (Kapite1 3) umfasst die Eisverha1tnisse, die Weche1wirkung Eis-Ozean in der Randeiszone, Radarmessungen der Ruckstreuung vom September-Meereis, physische Ozeanographie, kemische Ozeanographie, atmospharische und ozeanische Forschung, G1etscher­ ausbreitung und K1imavariationen, Verunreinigungsprob1eme, die in den Grundsedimenten studiert sind, unterwasservu1kanische Krafte und die Geschichte der Kontinenta1rander und Marinebio1ogie. Da Treibeis sowie Eisberge, der Schiffahrt zum Schaden, auch ~n Gebieten vorkommen konnen wo ein schwerer Uberseeverkehr vorhanden ist, ist eine genaue Eisbeobachtung mit Hi1fe vorgeschrittener remote-sensing-Methoden von grosser Bedeutung, siehe Kapite1 4, "Ice in the Grand Banks area". In Kapite1 5 zeigt der Verfasser d.;ss es durch remote sensing mog1ich ist, unter dem Eis zu navigieren. Abschnitt 5.1 hande1t um Untereisnavigation mit 'sonar', und Abschnitt 5.2 beschreibt die Tiefenmessbedingungen. Abschnitt 5.3 gibt sch1iess1ich "View­ points on radio communication systems and submarines operating under ice". 666 1. SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENT The importance of our natural resources, for example minerals, oil and gas, continues to increase all over the world. That is the case also concerning the Arctic and other areas, where the sea is often blocked by floating ice, sometimes most of the year. The exploring and extraction of the resources and the conveyance of the products to southern markets, getting them available for international trade, may therefore cause severe problems of different nature. The estimated potential of oil and natural gas in the Canadian High Arctic amounts to 166 milliards of barrels, in Alaska 160 milliards, and along the Soviet arctic offshore line as many as 795 milliards of barrels. Together with an estimated potential of 40 milliards of barrels in the Svalbard area those arctic resources represent about 40 % of the oil and gas potential of all the world. Minerals are other primary products. In Greenland and on some Canadian islands, e.g. Baffin Island, especially high-percentage ~ron ore is of great economic importance; Outcrops of native copper, chromium, pyrite and platinum, magnetite, nickel, cobalt, native silver, zinc and lead ore are other minerals found on the arctic islands. The mineral resources in the Soviet Arctic are enormous and of many different species, among others iron, copper, nickel, gold, silver and diamonds, platinum, lead,
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