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Role of Ecology of Mushroom Types in Forest Soil

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• Role of Ecology of Mushroom Types in Forest Soil (I) Ecological research methods and their problems M. Ogawa Fig. 1. Hypothesis of shape of rhizomorph, evolutional development, from rhizomorph organized into fruiting body in nature. Fig. 2. Site description. H.J. Andrews Experiment Forest, Oregon, USA, 1972 Position of trees and brush species in qudrat (20 x 30 m.) Part of this figure inside the bold line are wet, the creeping brushes and mosses are not shown. Ps: Pseudotsuga menziesii Ts: Tsuga heterophylla Be: Berberis nervosa Ga: Ch: Chimophila menziesii Fig. 3. Distribution of leaf litter. N.J. Andrews Experiment Forest, Oregon. 1972. A layer measured at edge of 50 cm thickness and draw level contour o line and divided into 0-25 mm, 25-50 mm, 50-75 mm, 75-100 mm, 100 - nun. Fig. 4. Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest leaf litter decomposition in H.J. Andrews Experiment Forest, Oregon, U.S.A. 1972 Soil Microbiology Laboratory, Government Forest Experiment Station. Soil Microbiology, No. 19, p. 39-50 (1977) NOTE: After March 1, 1978, the address will be - Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, P.O. Box 2, Ushiku, Ibaraki, 300-12 Japan page 2 Litter classified by sieve, decomposition of litter volume showed in percent. Samples were taken from 50x5O cm frame. HJAI (litter thickness 3-5 cm) HJAII (5-8 cm) HJAIII (2-3 cm from falling logs) HJAIV (0-2.5 cm) Samples from four points in 450 year forest. MPI and MPI1 are from 150 year forest. Fig. 5. Falling log distribution, J.H. Andrews Experiment Forest, Oregon, U.S.A. 1972. 450 year Pseudotsuga-Tsuga forest falling log distribution. Black color - ancient advanced decomposing stage class 1 2 falling logs. White color - relatively new, no decomposition class 3 and above. Table 1. Characteristics of process in decomposition of falling logs. Fig. 6. Mushroom types distribution, H.J. Andrews Experiment Forest, Oregon, U.S.A. 1972. From May to November, 1972, every 7-14 days collected and investigated and the location pinpointed. Part of the quadrat as shown in figure. Species names, see article. page 3 Fig. 7. Distribution of mushroom in coast black pine forest. Kanagawa prefacture, 1969-1970 A Black pine A 1-19: soil microorganism sampling location. Solid line A0 layer over 2 cm, dotted line A o layer 0-2 cm, slant line open area. Estimated mushroom colonies only in solid line. Si. luteus (Fr.) Gray Lh. Lactarius hatsudako Tanaka Rr. Rhizopogon rubescens (Tul) Tul Lf. Lactarius flavidulus Imai Ll. Laccaria laccata (Fr.) Berk. et Br. Sg. Suillus granulatus (Fr.) Kuntze La, Laccaria amethystina (Fr.) Berk. et Br. Table 2. Ecological characteristics of mushrooms found in quadrat 1969-1970 Kanakawa prefacture coast black pine forest M mycorrhizal fungi SM facultative saprophytes HA, AC, C.. soil layers Mat. fungal mat to. ectomucorrhizal Fig. 8. Soil microorganisms in mushroom exudates (juice) Kanakawa prefacture coast, October 20, 1970. Sampling location as in Fig. 7 at depth 1-3 cm. page 14 Isolation medium: soil extracts and rose bengal, peptone, glucose, Dilution plated method used. Bacteria and Laccaria type: x 103/g. dry soil, other fungi x 102/g. dry soil. Fig. 9. Surface distribution of soil microorganisms in quadrat, Kanakawa prefecture coast, October 25, 1970. Samples collected at Fig. 7 ♦ location by sterile tube. Use isolation medium as described in Fig. 8 with dilutions plate method. B. bacteria, A. Laccaria type: x 102/g. dry soil. Fig. 10. Vertical distribution of soil microorganisms in coast black pine forest. April 1, and October 25, 1970. Samples collected from soil profile previously described, dilution plate method used for isolation. Fig. 11. Vertical distribution of black pine roots and fungal mycelium. Kanakawa prefacture coast, November 14, 1970. Distribution of black pine roots, use frame method to measure root size. Fungal mycelium from 500 g. soil, use sonic bath to wash out and took measurement. Literature Cited Ogama, M. Forest Experiment Station Report 272:79-121 (1975) . Forest Experiment Station Report (in print) (1977) . Mycological Society of Japan. Special Seminar (1974) . Urban Kubota, No. 14, 4-7 (1977) 12. . Forest Experiment Station Report (in print) (1977) 14. . 814th Proceedings of Japanese Forestry Association, page 114-116 (1973) 39 ZIV7)±g oat (1) a.03i3tIL ormA ,J A - OD cim < A,-CF Lx 5 t.:g-7.A. or= E 256. 1D aDIY1Gi3( 9. 3 A7 7 A4 -EAM, Lsi-)4,6 XP:0-40DVOli,gtgL,WWEOP-7.YAT atnftM. 4)10.ntstz:16.0-1 L- -.6 6 0 it 1-751 k-tL , 6 0fitt.Y.,k0Drta-CttgrtcD1A1.44ttg /- 7t-7%, t`CE64-e6b", t•ji10)/Afir:t,A4MIGIbtZ t4, 74tAt, k-otopittfilthttilrittop ofttiL StPlit.ttlar_nrif, LtV9-co)53.1ff it. 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    © Demetrio Merino Alcántara [email protected] Condiciones de uso Laccaria amethystina Cooke, Grevillea 12(no. 63): 70 (1884) Hydnangiaceae, Agaricales, Agaricomycetidae, Agaricomycetes, Agaricomycotina, Basidiomycota, Fungi ≡ Agaricus amethystinus Huds., Fl. Angl., Edn 2 2: 612 (1778) ≡ Agaricus amethystinus Scop., Fl. Angl., Edn 2 2: 612 (1778) var. amethystinus ≡ Agaricus amethystinus var. ioides Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 3: 228 (1828) ≡ Agaricus amethystinus var. purpurellus Pers., Mycol. eur. (Erlanga) 3: 228 (1828) = Agaricus lividopurpureus With., Bot. arr. Brit. pl., Edn 2 (London) 3: 366 (1792) ≡ Clitocybe amethystina (Cooke) Peck, Ann. Rep. N.Y. St. Mus. nat. Hist.: 128 (1897) ≡ Collybia amethystina (Cooke) Quél., Fl. mycol. France (Paris): 237 (1888) ≡ Laccaria amethystea var. vinosostriata Ballero & Contu, Rendiconti Seminario Fac. Sci. Univ. Cagliari 59: 117 (1989) = Laccaria hudsonii Pázmány, Z. Mykol. 60(1): 7 (1994) = Laccaria hudsonii Pázmány, Z. Mykol. 60(1): 7 (1994) var. hudsonii = Laccaria hudsonii var. vinosostriata (Ballero & Contu) Pázmány, Notulae Botanicae, Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 24-25: 9 (1996) [1994-95] ≡ Laccaria laccata var. amethystina (Cooke) Rea, Brit. basidiomyc. (Cambridge): 290 (1922) ≡ Russuliopsis laccata var. amethystina (Cooke) J. Schröt., in Cohn, Krypt.-Fl. Schlesien (Breslau) 3.1(33–40): 623 (1889) Material estudiado: España, Cádiz, Algeciras, La Argamasilla, 30STE7396, 524 m, en suelo en bosque de Quercus suber, 29-XII-2013, leg. Concha Morente, Dianora Estrada, Tomás Illescas y Demetrio Merino, JA-CUSSTA: 8624. Descripción macroscópica: Sombrero de 1-4 cm Ø, de convexo a aplanado, con borde incurvado y ondulado, con cutícula escuamosa de color violáceo que se decolora al secarse. Láminas adnadas, espaciadas y de color violáceo. Pie de 5-9 x 0,8-1,1 cm, cilíndrico, atenuado en el ápice, estriado longitudinalmente, concoloro, con fibrillas blanquecinas a cremosas.
  • The Condition of Forests in Europe

    The Condition of Forests in Europe

    THE CONDITION OF FORESTS IN EUROPE 2013 EXECUTIVE REPORT 2013 THE CONDITION OF FORESTS IN EUROPE 2013 EXECUTIVE REPORT United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests (ICP Forests) www.icp-forests.net ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ICP Forests wishes to express its appreciation to all persons and institutions that have contribu- ted to the preparation of this report, in particular: - Johann Heinrich von Thünen Institute, Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries, Institute of Forest Ecosystems and Institute of International Forestry and Forest Economics - National Focal Centres of ICP Forests AUTHORS Walter Seidling, Tanja Sanders, Cecilia Akselsson (Chap. 5), Nathalie Cools (Chap. 7), Alessandra De Marco (Chap. 9b), Bruno de Vos (Chap. 7), Wim de Vries (Chap. 9c), Sophia Etzold (Chap. 9c), Marco Ferretti (Chap. 9b), Uwe Fischer, Paolo Giordani (Chap. 2), Elisabeth Graf Pannatier (Chap. 5), Karin Hansen (Chap. 1), Mathieu Jonard (Chap. 5), Aldo Marchetto (Chap. 9b), Radovan Nevenic, Pasi Rautio (Chap. 9a), Gertjan Reinds (Chap. 9c), Mitja Skudnik (Chap. 3), Svein Solberg (Chap. 9c), Laura Martínez Suz (Chap. 4), Liisa Ukonmaanaho (Chap. 6), Elena Vangue- lova (Chap. 5), Stavros Veresoglou (Chap. 9b), Peter Waldner (Chap. 1, 9a, 9c), Esther Wattel- Koekkoek (Chap. 8), Daniel Žlindra (Chap. 3), Richard Fischer 1 2 PREFACE Perica Grbic Eng. Director – Directorate of Forests The need to protect and improve the management and monitoring of forest resources across Europe has become increasingly clear in recent years. Forests and their associated resources are immensely valuable to the economies and welfare of both developing and developed nations and there is worldwide concern over the impacts of global climate change on forests as well as the rate at which this change is taking place.
  • Mycorrhizal Fungi of White Oak Virgil Keith Howe Iowa State University

    Mycorrhizal Fungi of White Oak Virgil Keith Howe Iowa State University

    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1964 Mycorrhizal fungi of white oak Virgil Keith Howe Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Plant Pathology Commons Recommended Citation Howe, Virgil Keith, "Mycorrhizal fungi of white oak " (1964). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 2740. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/2740 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This dissertation has been 65—3797 microfilmed exactly as received HOWE, Virgil Keith, 1931- MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI OF WHITE OAK. Iowa State University of Science and Technology Ph.D., 1964 Agriculture, plant pathology University Microfilms, Inc., Ann Arbor, Michigan MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI OF WHITE OAK by Virgil Keith Howe A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Subject; Plant Pathology Approved; Signature was redacted for privacy. In Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. Head of Major Department Signature was redacted for privacy. Iowa State University Of Science and Technology Ames, Iowa 1964
  • Reconstructing the Evolution of Agarics from Nuclear Gene Sequences and Basidiospore Ultrastructure

    Reconstructing the Evolution of Agarics from Nuclear Gene Sequences and Basidiospore Ultrastructure

    mycological research 111 (2007) 1019–1029 journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mycres Reconstructing the evolution of agarics from nuclear gene sequences and basidiospore ultrastructure Sigisfredo GARNICAa,*,y, Michael WEISSa,y, Grit WALTHERb, Franz OBERWINKLERa aEberhard-Karls-Universita¨tTu¨bingen, Botanisches Institut, Lehrstuhl fu¨r Spezielle Botanik und Mykologie, Auf der Morgenstelle 1, D-72076 Tu¨bingen, Germany bCentraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures, P.O. Box 85167, 3508 AD Utrecht, The Netherlands article info abstract Article history: Traditional classifications of agaric fungi involve gross morphology of their fruit bodies and Received in revised form 13 March 2007 meiospore print-colour. However, the phylogeny of these fungi and the evolution of their Accepted 26 March 2007 morphological and ecological traits are poorly understood. Phylogenetic analyses have Published online 6 April 2007 already demonstrated that characters used in traditional classifications of basidiomycetes Corresponding Editor: may be heavily affected by homoplasy, and that non-gilled taxa evolved within the agarics David L. Hawksworth several times. By integrating molecular phylogenetic analyses including domains D1–D3 and D7–D8 of nucLSU rDNA and domains A–C of the RPB1 gene with morphological and Keywords: chemical data from representative species of 88 genera, we were able to resolve higher Agaricales groups of agarics. We found that the species with thick-walled and pigmented basidio- Basidiomycota spores constitute a derived group, and hypothesize that this specific combination of char- Euagarics clade acters represents an evolutionary advantage by increasing the tolerance of the Homobasidiomycetes basidiospores to dehydration and solar radiation and so opened up new ecological niches, Molecular phylogeny e.g.