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Language Planning and Political Ideology: a Cross- Comparison Between Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands on the Reintr

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Language Planning and Political Ideology: a Cross- Comparison Between Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands on the Reintr University of Southampton, 2000 FACULTY OF ARTS SCHOOL OF MODERN LANGUAGES LANGUAGE PLANNING AND POLITICAL IDEOLOGY: A CROSS- COMPARISON BETWEEN CATALONIA, VALENCIA AND THE BALEARIC ISLANDS ON THE REINTRODUCTION OF CATALAN by Andreu Bauzà Sastre A dissertation submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for MA (Nation, Language and Culture) by instructional course. Abstract According to recent sociological critiques, language planning activities are not neutral, but ideologically burdened, so that it seems that there is an urgent need to revise traditional views on language planning studies. The present work, in this sense, is an attempt to demonstrate the significant relationship between language planning and political ideology. I first give some preliminary definitions of the concepts of political ideology and language planning, and next discuss the potential link which some eminent scholars have already established between them, especially in relation to the doctrine of nationalism. The practical application of this initial hypothesis is achieved by means of a case study: language planning activities in relation to Catalan in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands since the restoration of democracy in Spain in the mid- seventies. After a characterization of the linguistic, social, historical and political contexts, there follows a detailed and comprehensive analysis of language planning in each one of these territories. The study reveals how the influence of different political ideologies in the Catalan-speaking territories has been a major factor in the implementation of different language planning processes. The consequences of this fragmentation for the general health of Catalan at both status and corpus levels are next looked at. I conclude by arguing that the general situation in the Catalan-speaking regions requires a more political approach to language planning activities. It is important to note that this is a pioneering study in the field of Catalan language planning. It actually constitutes the first serious attempt to offer a systematic comparison of the different linguistic policies characterizing Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearics. Contents List of Tables Acknowledgments List of Abbreviations Introduction Theoretical Framework 1.- Preliminary Definitions 1.1.- Political Ideology 1.2.- Language Planning 2.- Language Planning and Political Ideology 2.1.- Language Planning as Political Activity 2.2.- Language Planning and Nationalism A Case Study: Language Planning in Catalonia, Valencia and the Balearic Islands 1.- The Context 1.1.- Historical and Sociolinguistic 1.2.- Demographic and Geographic 1.3.- Political and Social 2.- Analysis of the Three Case Studies 2.1.- Catalonia 2.1.1.- Formulation 2.1.1.1.- General Considerations 2.1.1.2.- Status Planning 2.1.1.2.1.- Administration 2.1.1.2.2.- Education 2.1.1.2.3.- Mass Media and Culture Industries 2.1.1.2.4.- Socioeconomic Activity 2.1.1.3.- Corpus Planning 2.1.1.3.1.- Name of the Language 2.1.1.3.2.- Unity of the Catalan Language and Collaboration with Other Catalan- Speaking Territories 2.1.1.3.3.- Designation of an Official Institution with Linguistic Normative Authority 2.1.2.- Implementation 2.1.2.1.- General Considerations 2.1.2.1.1.- Language Planning Executive Body 2.1.2.1.2.- Means 2.1.2.1.2.1.- Language Planning Plans 2.1.2.1.2.2.- Catalan Examinations Board 2.1.2.1.2.3.- European Union Language Recognition 2.1.2.1.3.- Language Planning Monitoring and Evaluation 2.1.2.2.- Status Planning 2.1.2.2.1.- Administration 2.1.2.2.1.1.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.1.2.2.1.2.- General Regulations 2.1.2.2.1.3.- Requirement of the Knowledge of Catalan 2.1.2.2.1.4.- The Situation of Catalan: its Use 2.1.2.2.2.- Education 2.1.2.2.2.1.- Transfer of Authority on Educational Issues 2.1.2.2.2.2.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.1.2.2.2.3.- Catalan as a Subject and a Medium of Instruction 2.1.2.2.2.4.- Requirement of the Knowledge of Catalan for the Teaching Staff 2.1.2.2.2.4.1.- Recruitment 2.1.2.2.2.4.2.- Catalan In-Service Training 2.1.2.2.2.5.- The Teaching of Catalan Abroad 2.1.2.2.3.- Mass Media and Culture Industries 2.1.2.2.3.1.- Mass Media 2.1.2.2.3.1.1.- Television and Radio 2.1.2.2.3.1.2.- Newspapers and Magazines 2.1.2.2.3.2.- Culture Industries 2.1.2.2.3.2.1.- Literary Production 2.1.2.2.3.2.2.- Book Publishing 2.1.2.2.3.2.3.- The Film Industry 2.1.2.2.3.2.4.- Others 2.1.2.2.4.- Socioeconomic Activity 2.1.2.2.4.1.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.1.2.2.4.2.- Regulations 2.1.2.2.4.2.1.- Labeling 2.1.2.2.4.2.2.- Companies 2.1.2.2.4.2.3.- Names of Places and Signs 2.1.2.2.4.3.- Actual Data 2.1.2.2.4.3.1.- Financial Support 2.1.2.2.4.3.2.- Language Agreements 2.1.2.2.4.3.3.- Actual Use of Catalan 2.1.2.3.- Corpus Planning 2.1.2.3.1.- Recognition of the Unity of the Catalan Language 2.1.2.3.1.1.- Recognition of Language Certificates and Qualifications from Other Catalan-Speaking Territories 2.1.2.3.1.2.- Collaboration with Other Catalan-Speaking Territories 2.1.2.3.2.- Language Planning Bodies 2.1.2.3.2.1.- Codification and Elaboration 2.1.2.3.2.2.- Implementation 2.1.3.- Language Planning and Nationalism 2.2.- Valencia 2.2.1.- Formulation 2.2.1.1.- General Considerations 2.2.1.2.- Status Planning 2.2.1.2.1.- Administration 2.2.1.2.2.- Education 2.2.1.2.3.- Mass Media and Culture Industries 2.2.1.2.4.- Socioeconomic Activity 2.2.1.3.- Corpus Planning 2.2.1.3.1.- Name of the Language 2.2.1.3.2.- Unity of the Catalan Language and Collaboration with Other Catalan- Speaking Territories 2.2.1.3.3.- Designation of an Official Institution with Linguistic Normative Authority 2.2.2.- Implementation 2.2.2.1.- General Considerations 2.2.2.1.1.- Language Planning Executive Body 2.2.2.1.2.- Means 2.2.2.1.2.1.- Language Planning Plans 2.2.2.1.2.2.- Valencian Examinations Board 2.2.2.1.2.3.- European Union Language Recognition 2.2.2.1.3.- Language Planning Monitoring and Evaluation 2.2.2.2.- Status Planning 2.2.2.2.1.- Administration 2.2.2.2.1.1.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.2.2.2.1.2.- General Regulations 2.2.2.2.1.3.- Requirement of the Knowledge of Valencian 2.2.2.2.1.4.- The Situation of Valencian: its Use 2.2.2.2.2.- Education 2.2.2.2.2.1.- Transfer of Authority on Educational Issues 2.2.2.2.2.2.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.2.2.2.2.3.- Valencian as a Subject and a Medium of Instruction 2.2.2.2.2.4.- Requirement of the Knowledge of Valencian for the Teaching Staff 2.2.2.2.2.4.1.- Recruitment 2.2.2.2.2.4.2.- Valencian In-Service Training 2.2.2.2.2.5.- The Teaching of Valencian Abroad 2.2.2.2.3.- Mass Media and Culture Industries 2.2.2.2.3.1.- Mass Media 2.2.2.2.3.1.1.- Television and Radio 2.2.2.2.3.1.2.- Newspapers and Magazines 2.2.2.2.3.2.- Culture Industries 2.2.2.2.3.2.1.- Literary Production 2.2.2.2.3.2.2.- Book Publishing 2.2.2.2.3.2.3.- The Film Industry 2.2.2.2.3.2.4.- Others 2.2.2.2.4.- Socioeconomic Activity 2.2.2.2.4.1.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.2.2.2.4.2.- Regulations 2.2.2.2.4.2.1.- Labeling 2.2.2.2.4.2.2.- Companies 2.2.2.2.4.2.3.- Names of Places and Signs 2.2.2.2.4.3.- Actual Data 2.2.2.2.4.3.1.- Financial Support 2.2.2.2.4.3.2.- Language Agreements 2.2.2.2.4.3.3.- Actual Use of Valencian 2.2.2.3.- Corpus Planning 2.2.2.3.1.- Recognition of the Unity of the Catalan Language 2.2.2.3.1.1.- Recognition of Language Cerficates and Qualifications from Other Catalan-Speaking Territories 2.2.2.3.1.2.- Collaboration with Other Catalan-Speaking Territories 2.2.2.3.1.3.- Censorship 2.2.2.3.1.4.- Others 2.2.2.3.2.- Language Planning Bodies 2.2.2.3.2.1.- Codification and Elaboration 2.2.2.3.2.2.- Implementation 2.2.3.- Language Planning and Nationalism 2.3.- The Balearic Islands 2.3.1.- Formulation 2.3.1.1.- General Considerations 2.3.1.2.- Status Planning 2.3.1.2.1.- Administration 2.3.1.2.2.- Education 2.3.1.2.3.- Mass Media and Culture Industries 2.3.1.2.4.- Socioeconomic Activity 2.3.1.3.- Corpus Planning 2.3.1.3.1.- Name of the Language 2.3.1.3.2.- Unity of the Catalan Language and Collaboration with Other Catalan- Speaking Territories 2.3.1.3.3.- Designation of an Official Institution with Linguistic Normative Authority 2.3.2.- Implementation 2.3.2.1.- General Considerations 2.3.2.1.1.- Language Planning Executor Body 2.3.2.1.2.- Means 2.3.2.1.2.1.- Language Planning Plans 2.3.2.1.2.2.- Catalan Examinations Board 2.3.2.1.2.3.- European Union Language Recognition 2.3.2.1.3.- Language Planning Monitoring and Evaluation 2.3.2.1.4.- Others 2.3.2.2.- Status Planning 2.3.2.2.1.- Administration 2.3.2.2.1.1.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.3.2.2.1.2.- General Regulations 2.3.2.2.1.3.- Requirement of the Knowledge of Catalan 2.3.2.2.1.4.- The Situation of Catalan: its Use 2.3.2.2.2.- Education 2.3.2.2.2.1.- Transfer of Authority on Educational Issues 2.3.2.2.2.2.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.3.2.2.2.3.- Catalan as a Subject and a Medium of Instruction 2.3.2.2.2.4.- Requirement of the Knowledge of Catalan for the Teaching Staff 2.3.2.2.2.4.1.- Recruitment 2.3.2.2.2.4.2.- Catalan In-Service Training 2.3.2.2.2.5.- The Teaching of Catalan Abroad 2.3.2.2.3.- Mass Media and Culture Industries 2.3.2.2.3.1.- Mass Media 2.3.2.2.3.1.1.- Television and Radio 2.3.2.2.3.1.2.- Newspapers and Magazines 2.3.2.2.3.2.- Culture Industries 2.3.2.2.3.2.1.- Literary Production 2.3.2.2.3.2.2.- Book Publishing 2.3.2.2.3.2.3.- The Film Industry 2.3.2.2.3.2.4.- Others 2.3.2.2.4.- Socioeconomic Activity 2.3.2.2.4.1.- Language Planning Coordinating Bodies 2.3.2.2.4.2.- Regulations 2.3.2.2.4.2.1.- Labeling 2.3.2.2.4.2.2.- Companies 2.3.2.2.4.2.3.- Names of Places and Signs 2.3.2.2.4.3.- Actual Data 2.3.2.2.4.3.1.- Financial Support 2.3.2.2.4.3.2.- Language Agreements 2.3.2.2.4.3.3.- Actual Use of Catalan 2.3.2.3.- Corpus Planning 2.3.2.3.1.- Recognition of the Unity of the Catalan Language 2.3.2.3.1.1.- Recognition of Language Certificates and Qualifications from Other Catalan-Speaking Territories 2.3.2.3.1.2.- Collaboration with Other Catalan-Speaking Territories 2.3.2.3.1.3.- The Balearic Linguistic Varieties' Question 2.3.2.3.2.- Language Planning Bodies 2.3.2.3.2.1.- Codification and Elaboration 2.3.2.3.2.2.- Implementation 2.3.3.- Language Planning and Nationalism 3.- An Overall Analysis.
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