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The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Dierentiation and Regenerative Ecologies

Written by Thomas Chung

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The relevance of the Greater Bay Area within international geo-political assets is steadily increasing. Relying on projections and observations by Li Shiqiao, Rem Koolhaas and Manuel Castells as main bases for his interpretation of this process, Thomas Chung investigates the future layout that president Xi Jinxing’s project will delineate, involving nine urban areas of the Delta and the two Special Administrative Regions of Kong and Macao. In order to construct a range of possible futures, the author critically traces the various political turns that aected the since the 80s up to airming its contemporary role on a global scale.

For the 2019 Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture (UABB), titled "Urban Interactions," (21 December 2019-8 March 2020) ArchDaily is working with the curators of the "Eyes of the " section to stimulate a discussion on how new technologies might impact architecture and urban life. The contribution belowS iasve part of a series of scientific essays selected through the “Eyes of the City” call for papers, launched in

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TByh uesin Gg AurcahDnagilyd, yooun agr-eHe to onugr T eKrmosn ofg U-sMe, Paricvaacoy P Golircey antde Cro oBkiae yPo Alicrye. a, whose development blueprint wI AaCsC fEinPaTlly released in February 2019 following the Framework Agreement signed in during the SAR’s 20th anniversary in 2017, is nothing less than a political megaproject directed from ’s highest level [1]. Aer four decades of reform and opening up, the driving force behind this explicit rebranding of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is twofold, to reairm the region’s leading role in national economic development and to address both Chinese geopolitics as well as the country’s global ambitions. The Greater Bay Area (GBA), comprising the nine PRD plus the two SARs of Hong Kong and Macao, is presented as an extension of “PRD miracle” in a new phase. Began in 1979, the PRD’s market-oriented reform process has transformed the region from an economic backwater to a regional powerhouse of global significance [2]. From gaining notoriety as the “world’s factory” with cheap land and labour churning out low-end consumer products in the 1980s-90s, the PRD has been successively restructured, albeit somewhat unevenly, to be more identified with innovation- driven high-tech manufacturing aspiring to “smart city” developments. With emerging realities such as improved connectivity, rising aluence and mobility and the arrival of “new retail” with a technology- dependent digital economy, the national GBA directive calls for further commitment to regional cooperation while promising ample opportunities for growth.

In terms of China’s internal geopolitics, the GBA framework is designed to expedite further reintegration of Hong Kong and Macao with respect to the "one country, two systems" implementation, with an eye on the ultimate resolution of the issue [3]. In domestic strategic terms, the GBA also forms the southern tip of five major city-clusters in the shape of a diamond that include the River Delta (YRD) on the east coast, the Jingjinji (--) or Greater Beijing capital cluster in the north, as well as two clusters in western and , the Cheng-yu cluster based around and and the Middle Yangtze River Valley centred around respectively [4]. The GBA is also targeted to rival or become “greater” than other world-class “bay areas”, and comparisons have oen been made with Save those of San Francisco, New York and [5]. The GBA’s competitive advantage lies in its economic momentum and the mega-conurbation having four GaWC classified cities, although its complicated Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 2/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily subnational dynamics and various place-based discrepancies are real challenges to be overcome [6]. Externally, the GBA is also expected to playing a key part in the (BRI), China’s cross- continent “infrastructure and trade as foreign policy” programme aimed at augmenting its international iBny fulsuinge AnrcchDea i[ly7, ]y.ou agree to our Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. I ACCEPT

As a top-down strategy tied to national and global political economy, the “Greater Bay Area”’s more abstract appellation suggests images of bays, port cities and near-shore islands with a maritime propensity, subconsciously emphasising a more unifying intention and international outlook. Whereas “Pearl River Delta”, whose post-war coining in 1947 was based on empirical geographical research, resonates more with its estuarine roots and geo-cultural legacies, evoking the region’s rich and diverse local histories [8]. Interestingly, the meticulous Chinese scholars responsible for the PRD naming remarked that the technical term “Bay-head delta” also correctly described the region’s geography [9]. In 1985, the PRD was oicially delimited to attract foreign investment, aer which industrial relocation from coastal Hong Kong accelerated the growth of labour-intensive light industries inland. This inaugurated the early success of the “front shop, back factory” cooperation model whereby colonial Hong Kong fronted the overseas exports that was backed up by cheap PRD production.

By the mid-1990s, as the PRD developed into a more formalised 9-city economic region subjected to strategic planning, there was a shi towards heavier industries such as high-tech electronic equipment and machinery for export. The PRD’s post-reform urban evolution also came into view of the Western gaze. Rem Koolhaas, maverick architect-cum-theorist, was one of the first to call attention to the PRD’s “unbelievable quantities of new urban substance”, describing what he saw as an “important” city-prototype whose Save importance rested on attributes alien to Western measurements of culture and history [10]. Assisted by his

studenHtso maet Harvard, KoolhaaPsro djeoctcsumented pertinePnrot dauscptsects of this so-caFlloelde CrsOED (City of ExacerFbeeadted https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 3/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily Dierence) in . He predicted that these disparate urban parts would eventually become a formidable entity operating within a market economy under communist state control, a new urban condition that might irrevocably alter the notion of “city” per se [11]. In 1996, eminent sociologist Manuel CBya usitneg Allrcsh,D wailhy, oyo uh aagrdee atol oruer aTedrmys owf Uoser,k Perivdac oy Pno ltichy ean dP CRoDok,ie w Porliocyt.e in The Rise of the Network City thI aAtC tChEisP Tvaguely perceived southern China would become “the most representative urban face of the 21st century” [12]. Whereas Koolhaas’ eastward gaze of revelatory wonderment was partly predicated on an iconoclastic refutation of the abstract ordering of the Western city, Castells identified the PRD’s emergent spatial logic as evidencing the emergence of a “network society” that is based on a globalized economy and information society. With his prescient research, Castell’s theorizing of the now-familiar “space of flows” prefigured the mega-urban futures, and even foreseeing problems such as large scale epidemics and probable disintegration of social control in these mega-city configurations that we are seeing today [13].

Within the discourse on regional planning and mega-city positioning, the PRD’s spatial structure has been contoured and realigned according to changing administrative boundaries, economic productivity and infrastructural connectivity. In the early , Chinese scholars began using the term “Greater Pearl River Delta” (GPRD) the describe the 9 + 2 city agglomeration that encompassed posthandover Hong Kong and Macao. The GPRD was conceptualized as a series of lesser cities as industrial nodes with specialist functions clustering around two prominent cores - , the provincial capital and historical “big brother”, and Shenzhen, the young dynamic upstart next to Hong Kong created by direct order from central government [14]. In 2003, province advocated the idea of “Pan-PRD” as an even more extensive regional construct that comprised nine neighbouring provinces to promote economic co-operation [15].

Save

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In contrast, Li Shiqiao’s erudite and intensive understanding of the Chinese city and its ancient agro- intellectual traditions describes how, by insisting on returning to its indigenous spatial conceptions, Chinese cities continue to adapt to the necessities of contemporary culture or international commerce [16]. Perhaps taking the cue from Koolhaas’ observations, Li asserts that unlike the Western heritage of representational ordering via proportion, the Chinese city is produced via an alternative “quantity regulation” of things, information, politics and buildings, etc, whose meanings are conveyed through “distributed material orders”, giving rise to cities of immense complexity. For Li, such is the hidden continuity between vastly dierent examples such as the Forbidden City and Hong Kong. Given time, Li argues, archetypal specificities of the Chinese city have the capacity to reformulate themselves into “eective strategies under radically dierent geopolitical conditions”, bringing substance and detail to ongoing massive urbanisation processes such as the GBA [17]. Save

Oicial visions imagine a better connected, functionally integrated GBA with a growing innovation-driven economHoym ine emerging industPrireojse,c tRs&D and high-endP rsoedcutcotsrs. Inter-city collaFbolodrearstion and cross-borFdeedr https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 5/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily cooperation are increasingly encouraged via formal mechanisms for joint developments, while logistics sharing and infrastructure upgrades with high-level coordination have been implemented. From an essential three-hour travel outer ring to an inner “one-hour living zone” with improved liveability, all this will fBay cusiilnigt AarctheD ainilyt, ryoau- abgraeey t om ouor Tberimlist oyf Uosfe , pPreivoacpy Pleol,ic gy oanod dCoso kaien Pdoli ciyn. formation. Incentives to attract invI eAsCtCmEePnTt, support enterprises and to enlarge workforce and talent pool all dovetail towards the state-driven desire for mega- urban integration. Even the notion of “Bay citizen” has been floated to speculate on a trans-urban collective identity and social consciousness founded on the common roots of culture.

In reality, layers of administrative boundaries and political borders point to continuing institutional, economic and social dierences. The first special economic zones (SEZs) established back in 1979, starting with Shenzhen next to Hong Kong and adjacent Macao, were pioneering experiments devised to exploit capability dierentials in order to generate interaction and reciprocal flows [18]. These territories of exception designated for accelerated economic growth operated on controlled foreign imports, tax and financial concessions, and were matched with skilled labour and resources. In particular, Shenzhen’s impressive flourishing testifies to the value of such enclaves in stimulating development and progress. Before “Shenzhen speed” became the catchphrase for China’s rapid urbanization however, it was Shekou port at the western tip of Shenzhen that spearheaded the very first industrial and modernizing reforms [19].

More recently created free trade zones, Qianhai in Shenzhen west, Nansha in Guangzhou south and in Zhuhai, are similar attempts intended to boost their respective mother cities. Qianhai, with a Field Save Operations masterplan design, is planned as Shenzhen’s new international centre for finance, cross-border e-commerce and professional services. Hengqin, facing Macao, is themed for leisure tourism, education and

Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 6/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily cultural services. Nansha, centrally located in PRD and already with its developed industrial and port facilities through Hong Kong investment, has many labels, among them shipping, high-tech industries, innovative development and quality living. The GBA outline encourages these strategically sited cByo unsincge AsrcshiDoainly,a ylo uz aogrneee tso otuor T efromrs gofe U sne,e Pwriva dcye Pvoeliclyo apndm Coeonkiet Pmoliocyd. els and institutional mechanisms,I dACeCmEoPnTstrate further open up to Hong Kong and Macao enterprises and target better integration with international practices, though their eventual contribution or success can only be properly assessed upon further maturation.

In fact, economic and politico-ideological dierences between Hong Kong (and to a lesser extent Macao) and have been the fountainhead of the Open Door Policy that triggered the formalization of the PRD. To date, Hong Kong’s prized attributes remain as its unrivalled international orientation, pivotal regional role in global finance and robust economy, sophisticated judiciary and administrative systems, free flow of information, people and capital, transparent institutions and highly developed professional services. With the GBA initiative, Hong Kong is urged to build on its distinctive advantages and reinvent itself while expanding its horizons into the PRD hinterland. A local think tank recommended the city to create new niches, explore new industries and discover new geographies [20]. Recommendations include acting as internationalization incubators or a neutral global data hub (a “data ”, providing advanced financial, professional and consumer services, fostering understanding by creating cross-jurisdictional institutions and intensifying interaction by setting up precincts with “Hong Kong style” live-work micro- environments and public services near transport nodes to entice Hong Kongers.

Save While Macao has mutated into a spectacularly lucrative gambling destination embellished with world heritage, Hong Kong has in recent years developed into a politically fraught global financial hub. Its systemic

Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 7/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily disparities, exacerbated by social inequities and internal polarizations, are proving to be intensely challenging, and especially manifest in the widespread and sustained social unrest in the latter half of 2019 [21]. Despite enhanced connectivity with the GBA, such as the completion of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao bByr uisding eAr cahDnadily ,t yhoue a Egrxeep tor eousr sTe rRmas oilf ULsien, Pkriv acryr Pivoliicnyg an idn Ctoook Wie Peolsicty .Kowloon, Hong Kong’s deep-rooteId A dCiCsEcPoTrd ultimately hinges on fundamental questions of identity and governance. Although local contesting voices on integration versus dierentiation have been profoundly unsettling, Hong Kong’s super-charged irresolution involving the entire citizenry is being thoroughly played out in the city’s public domains, which may yet engender deliberative possibilities of genuine social renovation that mediates between appropriate autonomies and collective inter-dependencies, ones that could have wider ramifications for the rest of the GBA.

Many mainland researchers still regard the GBA as a global-level experiment in region-building under the twin trajectories of economic progress and national integration. Hardware improvements (such as new connections like the Shenzhen- bridge, port extensions and new special cooperation zones, etc) go hand-in-hand with the earnest pursuit of GDP-oriented benchmarks for the construction of an economic “super region” of global influence [22]. With improved transportation reducing the eect of boundaries, the GBA’s industrial clusters are expected to replace cities as the basic units of global competition. Uneven social conditions between cities are to be overcome via long term planning, coordinated development and growth management.

In terms of regional restructuring, the GBA has transitioned from a simple “hub-and-spoke” model (front shop, back factory mode) to a polycentric network or “constellation” of four prominent cores connected to seven lesser nodes [23]. The GBA’s bay-head delta geography is creating an “inner ring” (Hong Kong, Shenzhen and up to Guangzhou, , Zhongshan and down to Zhuhai and Macao) that is heavily invested, highly connected and more developed with advanced urban functions, and an “outer ring” (, , ) acting as supply hinterland with heavier industries and taking spillovers radiating out from the inner ring cities. The three PRD city clusters – Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing (GFZ); Shenzhen, Dongguan, Huizhou (SDH) and Zhuhai, Zhongshan, Jiangmen (ZJJ) – are formed to intensify cooperation and interaction, pool resources and raise competitiveness, although collaborations have had varied success. The Guangzhou-Foshan integration has been most notable, with joint mass transit, planning, and development programmes for adjacent areas implemented. Shenzhen has been working with neighbouring Dongguan and Huizhou to relocate companies and industries there so as to accommodate

higher value operations itself, while Zhuhai, Zhongshan and Jiangmen will be less active until the westSearvne GBA further develops.

Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 8/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily More nuanced views recognize the need to deepen institutional innovation and recalibrate governance structures to balance state, provincial and municipal interests. More dialogue and negotiation as well as wider participation by enterprises and sections of society should be enabled. By using ArchDaily, you agree to our Terms of Use, Privacy Policy and Cookie Policy. I ACCEPT Instead of over-relying on more hit-and-miss city-level collaborations, there should be eective higher-level interventions with adequate openness that also allow market forces to inform organic integration. To minimize rivalries and avoid overlapping investment and vicious competition, macro policies and procedures that are conducive to the spirit of cooperation should be set up to coordinate the sharing of benefits and responsibilities; while micro projects and incentives that play to the advantages and practical needs of each city should be introduced [24]. More exchange and cooperation platforms with Hong Kong and Macao should be realized both to counter the mainland’s impression of favouritism towards the two SARs, as well as allay the SARs’ fear of losing their distinctive ways of life.

The current GBA population of 70 million is already double that of Koolhaas’ prediction for 2020. It is expected to double again to 150 million within the next 20 years. If Castells’ caution not to compare the PRD to other examples abroad (such as the San Francisco Bay Area) due to its specific contextualities is to be heeded, then the GBA needs to develop along its own strengths by nurturing complementary dierences within. A viable multi-level institution-building process that reconciles competing values and systems, institutes checks and balances, rewards and penalties and guards against resources and environmental over-exploitation is called for. The outdated “PRD pattern” of municipality-based metabolisms heavy on resource input, environmental cost and unfettered consumption must give way to region-based, energy- conscious and climate-inspired ecologies fitting to the resource resilience and environmental carryingSave capacities of individual cities. The impetus for developing trade, industries, technology and transportation

must bHeo cmoeupled with aspiratPiroonjesct tso nurture a moreP reondulicgtshtened quality ofF loifldee, rcsultural inclusivity, Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 9/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily intellectual openness and ecological protection. Here we return to Li’s understanding of the intellectual foundations of the Chinese city for conceiving alternative urban imaginaries. Instead of the endless production of artificial pleasures and consumption of desirable things, the Chinese city, which “maintains a cBylo ussineg rA ricnhDtaeillyl, eyocut augraeel tloi noukr T wermitsh of lUaseb, Poriuvarc ya Pnoldicy t ahndin Cgoosk”ie Paonlicdy. attunement to the biological rhythIm ACsC oEfP lTife, may oer a genuine “reformulation of the conception of good life in the context of a renewed understanding of the (situated) freedoms and the rights of humans and things” [25].

If the GBA is to be regarded as the 21st-century face of mega-urbanism in this age of climate change, two natural analogies of regenerative ecologies may be relevant. First, the rainforest morphology’s potential as a urban model lies in its complex global morphology with varied microclimates that supports symbiotic diversity and indeterminacies of life-forms and cycles [26]. A rainforest city is a super-organism with an internally-regulated metabolic process, whereby the negotiation of climate with the finely tuned coordination of nested loops of energy, matter and information flows inform distribution patterns, height dierentiations and density gradients to produce a “heterogeneous landscape of emergent interactions within a homeostatic environment” [27]. Second, the PRD’s once celebrated dyke-pond aquaculture of fish, vegetable, fruit and silk cultivation fused the delta’s fertile floodplain tidal ecology with a thriving productive landscape that underlay the economic culture for the region’s past prosperity [28]. The idea of “catalytic polyculture”, the practice of designed mutualism that nurtures unexpected economies and change cultural behaviours [29], could be an integral part of responsibly developing the GBA’s rural-urban continuum to produce an adaptable, scalable hybrid ecology of humans, things and the natural world. Perhaps the GBA is where subtropical rainforest cities meet polyculture landscape to become estuary mega-urbanism, a confluence of complex systems with homeostatic periodicities comprising archipelagoes of islands and ports, ponds and dykes, whereby interactions and flows traversing its infrastructures will be energized at its cores and replenished by its nodes and edges, all integrated as a dierentiated continuum of regenerative ecologies enlivened by the successive emergence of new economic, social and cultural realities.

Research support: Wu Fangning

Endnotes

1 – The Greater Bay Area is a national strategy personally directed by President Xi Jinping. In 2017, Xi witnessed the framework agreement signing between Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao that set out

objectives, goals and institutional arrangements to facilitate cooperation around the region. Aer tShaeve oicial release of the GBA Outline Development Plan on 18 February 2019, the GBA Leading Group set up

Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 10/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily in Beijing a year earlier and chaired by Vice-Premier Han Zheng continues to draw up and push policy measures and initiates for local implementation. 2 – The process can be described roughly in four stages: 1) simple assembly and basic infrastructure, 2) By usmingu ArlcthiD-saitlya, ygoeu amgreae ntou oufra Tecrtmus rofi nUsge,, P crivoamcy Ppoolicny eannd tC oporkioe Pdouliccyt. ion and logistics, 3) assembly manIu AfCaCcEtuPrTing in more advanced industries, R&D, complex infrastructure and support services, 4) advanced manufacturing, local innovation, high-tech development and medium to high-end services. 3 – It is worth remembering that ’s “one country, two systems” formula was originally devised 40 years ago as an attempt to deal with the historical conundrum of Taiwan’s “reunification” with mainland China. 4 – The five largest and most populous out of 13 in China identified by Intelligence unit in 2012. More have been planned and approved, there may be up to 19 city cluster plans by 2020. 5 – According to the Brookings Global Metro Monitor report and GaWC classifications, it has been noted that Tokyo Bay has the largest population and total GDP, New York is most well-connected and San Francisco Bay Area has the best quality of life index and GDP per capita. 6 – Between 1980 and 2017, the PRD’s GDP rose by 14% per annum. In 2017, with a 70 million population, the PRD would have ranked 13th among the world’s national economies. Today it has a combined GDP of USD 1.51 trillion, close to that of South , and by 2030, the GBA economy is estimated to reach USD 3.6 trillion, matching Germany’s figure in 2017. 7 – Rolled out in 2013 and linking more than 60 countries across three continents, the BRI envisions infrastructural connectivity across Afro-Euro-Asia via construction of overland trade corridors through Central Asia to Europe as well as a maritime “string of pearls” connecting to India, the Middle East and Africa. Oicially this ambitious programme is promoted as China’s export of capital and resources to build up mutual trust and to benefit voluntary partnering countries via win-win solutions. The GBA will presumably perform its China-world interface role, partly relying on the internationalism of Hong Kong and Macao. 8 – Wu Shang Shih and Ceng Zhaoxuan (1947) “Pearl River Delta” in Lingnan Journal, 8(1), pp105-122. 9 – Ibid, p109. “Bay-head delta” was mentioned in D.W. Johnson Shore processes and shoreline development 1919. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 10 – Koolhaas, R (1998) “Pearl River Delta” in Anyhow. Cynthia C. Davidson (ed). New York: Anyone Corp. MIT Press. 11 – Chung, C, Inaba, J, Koolhaas, R, Leong, S (eds)(2001) Project on the City I: Great Leap Forward.

Cambridge: Harvard Design School. Save 12 – Castells, M (2010) The Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell Publishers. 13 – Ibid, p440. Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 11/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily 14 – See , Q (2017) “From ‘Sheng-Gang’ to ‘Hui-Shen-Gang’: Guangzhou in the Greater Bay Area” in Beijing Planning Review, Vol.4, pp170-172. Also Li X, Zhou J M, Huang Y F et al (2018) “Understanding the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area from the perspective of region” in Progress in By usGinge AorcghDrailpy, hyoyu, a 3gr7ee( 1to2 ou)r, Tperpms1 o6f U0s9e,- P1ri6va2cy2 P. olicy and Cookie Policy. I ACCEPT 15 – The Pan-PRD economic region comprises 9 provinces (, Guangdong, , , , , , , ) and the two SARs Hong Kong and Macao. 16 – Li, Shiqiao (2014) Understanding the Chinese City. Sage, . 17 – Ibid, p210. 18 – and , the other two pioneering SEZs, were chosen for their proximity to Taiwan to enhance cross-straits interaction and exchange. 19 – While Shekou itself is now successfully undergoing urban rejuvenation, the “Shekou Model” developed by state-owned China Merchants, the original pilot developed by state-owned China Merchants lauded for its freedom to experiment with regulations and policies as well as its self-renewal through technological upscaling, is now being exported to Belt & Road cities such as Djibouti in East Africa as the “Port-Park-City” development policy. 20 – 2022 Foundation (2019) Creating the Greater Bay Area of the Future – Opportunities for Hong Kong. 21 – Hong Kong’s various urban concerns in the posthandover years, such as land supply and housing shortages and homegrown challenges such as widening economic inequalities and increasing disaection and polarization in society, have led to calls for a more credible leadership, the opening up of the city’s oligopolistic economy as well as more eective and inclusive political representation mechanisms. 22 – Wang S, Liang X, Zhao Y, Deng Z (2019) “Institutional Response to the Spatial Development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong- Greater Bay Area” in Planners, Vol.7, pp12-17. Also see An N, Ma L, Zhu H (2018) “Reflections on the development of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: A perspective from political geography” in Progress in Geography, 37(12), pp1633-1643. 23 – Wang, X & Lu, Z (2017) “Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area Spatial Structure Research: From single-centre to multiple centres” in Lingnan Xuekan, 5(13), pp78-85. Op cit, Li et al (2018) 24 – Zhou, Y (2018) “Cross-regional Collaboration Development in Shenzhen-Dongguan-Huizhou under the background of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area” in World Special Economic Zone Development (Shenzhen) Forum: Restarting Reform and Opening Up, pp130-137. Also see Wei Z, T, Liu Y (2019) “Coordinated Development Mode of Cross-Border Region of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Great Bay Area: A Case Study of Guangzhou-Foshan” in City Planning

Review, 43(1), January, pp31-38. Save 25 – Op cit, Li (2014) pp210-211.

Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 12/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily 26 – Greenberg, E & Jeronimidis, G (2013) “Forest Patterns as a Model for Urban Morphologies: Variation and distribution” in Architectural Design, July, 83(4), pp24-31. London, Wiley & Sons Ltd. 27 – Ibid, p31. By us2in8g A–rc hCDhailuy,n yogu, a Tgre (e2 to0 o1ur6 T)e r"mFs olof Uaset,i Pnrigva cFyi Peolldicys a -n dC Cuooltkiiev Paotlicny.g a Productive Pondscape as LeisuIr AeC PCuEbPlTic Space" in Urban Environment Design (UED), 101(06), pp376-379. Tianjin, China: School of Architecture, Tianjin University. 29 – Ezban, M (2020) “Catalytic Polycultures” in Aquaculture landscapes: fish farms and the public realm, pp27-33. New York: Routledge.

About the Author:

Thomas Chung is Associate Professor at the School of Architecture, the Chinese University of Hong KonSagv. eHe graduated from the University of Cambridge, and has practiced as a registered architect in the United Kingdom. His research interest involves understanding how architecture contributes to the urban order and Home Projects Products Folders Feed https://www.archdaily.com/942022/the-greater-bay-area-integration-differentiation-and-regenerative-ecologies 13/16 6/24/2020 The Greater Bay Area: Integration, Differentiation and Regenerative Ecologies | ArchDaily culture of the modern city. His research focused on the interplay of architecture with urban representation and cultural imagination, and the metabolisms of urban in Hong Kong.

"ByU ursibnga Anrc hIDnatiley, ryaouc atgiroeen tos o"u:r TBerim-Cs oift Uys eB, Pierivnacnya Ploelic oy afn Ud Crobokaien Pioslimcy.\Architecture (Shenzhen) - 8th editI iAoCnC. ESPhTenzhen, China

http://www.szhkbiennale.org.cn/

Opening in December, 2019 in Shenzhen, China, "Urban Interactions" is the 8th edition of the Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture (UABB). The exhibition consists of two sections, namely “Eyes of the City” and “Ascending City”, which will explore the evolving relationship between urban space and technological innovation from dierent perspectives. The “Eyes of the City" section features MIT professor and architect Carlo Ratti as Chief Curator and Politecnico di Torino- University of Technology as Academic Curator. The "Ascending City" section features Chinese academician Meng Jianmin and Italian art critic Fabio Cavallucci as Chief Curators.

"Eyes of The City" section

Chief Curator: Carlo Ratti.

Academic Curator: South China-Torino Lab (Politecnico di Torino - Michele Bonino; South China University of Technology - Sun Yimin)

Executive Curators: Daniele Belleri [CRA], Edoardo Bruno, Xu Haohao

Curator of the GBA Academy: Politecnico di Milano (Adalberto Del Bo)

"Ascending City" section

Chief Curators: Meng Jianmin, Fabio Cavallucci

Co-Curator: Science and Human Imagination Center of Southern University of Science and Technology (Wu Yan)

Save Executive Curators: Chen Qiufan, Manuela Lietti, Wang Kuan, Zhang Li

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