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Population Structure, Activity, and Sex Ratio of Phrynops Tuberosus (Testudines: Chelidae) in Caatinga, Brazil

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Population Structure, Activity, and Sex Ratio of Phrynops Tuberosus (Testudines: Chelidae) in Caatinga, Brazil NORTH-WESTERN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 11 (1): 127-132 ©NwjZ, Oradea, Romania, 2015 Article No.: 141511 http://biozoojournals.ro/nwjz/index.html Population structure, activity, and sex ratio of Phrynops tuberosus (Testudines: Chelidae) in Caatinga, Brazil João Fabrício Mota RODRIGUES 1,2,* and José Roberto Feitosa SILVA1,3 1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Avenida Humberto Monte S/N, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil CEP 60455-760. 2. Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia da Universidade Federal do Ceará (NUROF-UFC). Avenida Humberto Monte S/N, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Biologia, Bloco 902, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil CEP 60455-760. 3. Laboratório de Histologia Animal – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências. Avenida Humberto Monte S/N, Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil CEP 60451-970. *Corresponding author, J.F.M. Rodrigues, E-mail: [email protected] Received: 11. August 2014 / Accepted: 22. October 2014 / Available online: 04. January 2015 / Printed: June 2015 Abstract. We describe and discuss the population structure and activity pattern of the poorly known species Phrynops tuberosus, the Cotinga River Toad-headed Turtle, in the Banabuiú River in the semi-arid Caatinga, Ceará. Animals were captured by snorkelling between December 2011 and November 2012. We captured 134 animals (94 males, 24 females and 16 juveniles), a sex ratio of 3.92:1 males/females was found, and the population of P. tuberosus consisted mainly of medium to large sized adults. Air temperature and monthly precipitation did not influence the number of captured individuals, which was similar throughout the year. Key words: ecology, semi-arid environment, Phrynops geoffroanus complex, size-class distribution, turtles. Introduction plexa; McCord et al. 2001, Bour & Zaher 2005, Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2007), but most data Population studies of turtles describe sex ratio, available for these species are from studies in sexual dimorphism, age or size structure, and south-eastern and north-western Brazil (Souza & population density (Gibbons 1990, Verdon & Abe 2001, Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2007). Hence, Donnelly 2005, Germano & Rathbun 2008, Lescano this study is one of the few describing population et al. 2008, Bujes et al. 2011). Comparative analyses aspects of a turtle species in the Caatinga. of these biological aspects and natural history data Phrynops tuberosus is a species commonly allow us to test hypotheses related to various eco- found in northern and north-eastern Brazil in ar- logical theories, improving species risk evaluation, eas of Caatinga and Tropical Rain Forest, occur- which are important for conservation purposes in ring also in Venezuela, Suriname, and the Guy- areas where animals share space with human anas, and taxonomically, it is considered part of populations (Bury 2006, Bernardes et al. 2014). the Phrynops geoffroanus complex (McCord et al. Turtle activity may follow a seasonal pattern, 2001, Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2007). Phrynops tube- which can be influenced by weather conditions rosus is similar in colour to the congeneric P. geof- such as air temperature, water temperature, and froanus, but females are larger than males (Rueda- precipitation (Souza & Abe 2001, Souza 2004, Almonacid et al. 2007). Knowledge of the activity Litzgus & Mousseau 2004, Lescano et al. 2008). Ac- pattern of the species is scarce (Souza 2004) and tivity may be assessed using capture data from the available data only relate to reproductive ecol- which it is possible to estimate when animals are ogy of this species (Rueda-Almonacid et al. 2007, more active and consequently more likely to be Rodrigues & Silva 2014) and natural history notes captured (Souza & Abe 2001, Lescano et al. 2008, (Rodrigues & Silva 2013a, 2013b). Germano 2014). Freshwater turtle activity is an This study aimed to describe the population important ecological characteristic that is poorly structure, activity, and sex ratio of Phrynops tubero- understood for Brazilian chelids (Souza 2004). sus in the Banabuiú River, a Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga areas have a dry seasonal forest with environment. We investigated sex ratio, density, xerophytic characteristics, having more than eight activity pattern, and size-class distribution of this dry months per year (annual precipitation < 1000 population. mm), and are found in north-eastern Brazil (Rodal et al. 2008). Four species of chelid freshwater tur- Materials and methods tles are found in Caatinga (Phrynops tuberosus, P. geoffroanus, Mesoclemmys tuberculata, and M. per- The study was conducted on the Banabuiú River on a 128 J.F.M. Rodrigues & J.R.F. Silva stretch near the village of Laranjeiras (5º17’45” S; tained from a weather station of Fundação Cearense de 38º51’54’’W, WGS84), Banabuiú, Ceará, Brazil (Fig. 1). The Meteorologia e Recursos Hídricos, 40 km away from study site has a small beach area and constant water flow study site. and depth throughout the year. Neustonic vegetation, The sex of each turtle was determined based on tail popularly known as “aguapé”, was abundant in the shal- length and vent position following Rueda-Almonacid et low portions of the river. Riparian vegetation was pre- al. (2007). Individuals with CL smaller than 12 cm were served, and there was a small bridge crossing the river classified as juveniles, because this was the size of the next to the sampling point. The river bottom was com- smallest male that could be confidently sexed based on posed of sand or stone, and its depth reached 2.5 m in tail characteristics. some deep parts. The sampled area was a river section We estimated population size and its confidence in- with dimensions of 41 m x 100 m (4,100 m2). Climate in terval with the POPAN method (open population) using the region is tropical and semi-arid with a mean tempera- MARK 7.1 software (White & Burnham 1999). We also ture of 26° to 28° C and rainfall of about 815.4 mm annu- present minimum (observed) population size, which was ally, mainly occurring from February to April (Instituto used to calculate turtle density (individuals per ha) in the de Pesquisa e Estratégia Econômica do Ceará 2012). The sampled area (4,100 m2) because the population size esti- Banabuiú River basin has a drainage area of 19,647 km2, mate from mark-recapture had a large confidence inter- comprising 13.37% of Ceará state (Companhia de Gestão val. We also calculated biomass (kg of turtle per ha) using dos Recursos Hídricos 2009). No other species of freshwa- the total mass of captured turtles. Despite not being the ter turtles was found in this site besides Phrynops tubero- ideal measurements, we believe it is also important to re- sus. port such minimum or observed estimates because no data are available for the size of any turtle population in the biome where the study was developed. A minimum estimate may be an important starting point to be applied in conservation actions. We used a Chi-square test to evaluate the sex ratio of the population, and a Spearman correlation test to relate the number of individuals captured monthly to the mean air temperature and also the total monthly precipitation (Souza & Abe 2001, Lescano et al. 2008). We recorded the total number of turtles captured in each hour of the day across the whole study as a measure of their daily activ- ity. Turtles were also classified into size class bands of 25mm (e.g. 0-25, 26-50, 51-75mm) in order to describe population size structure. We evaluated annual activity using the variation in the number of captures throughout the year. In order to construct a null model for this evaluation, in which cap- tures in each month were directly proportional to the cap- Figure 1. Map of the study site, the Banabuiú River, ture effort of each month, we first obtained the total Ceará, Brazil. Black circle (●) indicates the sampling site. number of captures across the year. Next, we calculated the proportion of the effort performed in each month compared to the total effort of the study (250 person- We hand-captured animals by diving with mask and hours). The expected number of captures for each month snorkel between December 2011 and November 2012. was then calculated as the product of the total number of This is an efficient method to capture turtles and in gen- captures by the proportional effort in each month. The re- eral it shows no bias for the sex of captured animals (Ster- sults of this null model were compared with the actual ret et al. 2010). The sampling period was one day per data using a Chi-square test (Lescano et al. 2008). If there month, usually over eight hours (08:00 – 16:00), and con- were a significant variation in the activity between stant throughout the entire study duration. A group of months during the year, we would expect to find a devia- three people conducted hand-captures, and a total cap- tion from this null model. Analyses were performed in ture effort of 250 person-hours was performed. the software R ver. 2.13.0 (R Development Core Team We measured straight carapace length (CL) using a 2013). 300 mm analogue calliper (accuracy of 0.05 mm). The cap- tured turtles were also weighed on a digital scale with an accuracy of 1.0 g. The animals were marked in accordance Results with Cagle (1939) and released at the point of capture at the end of each survey day. We also recorded air tem- We captured 134 individuals, 94 males, 24 females, perature (taken 1 m above the ground) for each capture using a thermohygrometer. This recording was per- and 16 juveniles; the total number of captures was formed as soon as we left the water with a captured tur- 158 (Fig.
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