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‚ivist— st—li—n— di €—leontologi— e ƒtr—tigr—fi— volume IIU noF P ppF QPQEQQH tulyPHII

€€i‚ €visƒ„ygixi ƒwevv wewwev pe xe p‚yw ƒevxy†e  e‚‚‰

@ƒev„‚sy ± †e‚iƒi ± xy‚„r‡iƒ„i‚x vywfe‚h‰AX €eviyix†s‚yxwix„ev

‚igyxƒ„‚ g„syx exh grsyxyw‰ƒ xs†evsƒ €y€ ve„syx ƒ„ h‰

pefsy fyxe

‚e™eivedX t—nu—ry IUD PHIIY —™™eptedX epril IPD PHII

uey wordsX pper €leisto™eneD sm—ll m—mm—lsD €—l—eoenvironE sntrodu™tion

mentD wsƒ QD xorthewestern vom˜—rdyD st—lyF

„he sm—ll m—mm—ls ™olle™tion des™ri˜ed in the

e˜str—™tF „he sm—ll m—mm—ls ™olle™tion des™ri˜ed in the preE

present p—per h—s ˜een ™olle™ted during three field sm—ll

sent p—per h—s ˜een ™olle™ted during three field sm—ll ex™—v—tion —t the

ex™—v—tion —t the pper €leisto™ene site of g—v— ƒ—lnoE

pper €leisto™ene site of g—v— ƒ—lnov— @ƒ—ltrio E †e EAF „he ™olle™tion

v— @ƒ—ltrio E †e EAF

™onsists of SHI determined rem—ins of sm—ll m—mm—ls ™oming from —ll

IR

„he deposit of g—v— ƒ—lnov— opens in the tur—ssi™ g IU str—tigr—phi™—l levels —nd ˜elonging —t le—st to PT spe™iesF „wo

d—tings @ewƒA h—s ˜een m—de on sm—ll m—mm—ls ˜ones ˜elonging to limestone of ––porm—zione di ƒ—ltrio99D in the xorthwesE

the levF I˜X IE QRQIS ‹ PHH yr f€Y PE QSIHI‹ PSH yr f€F

tern vom˜—rdy@xorthern st—lyAon the top of €r—vello

„he interpret—tion of f—un—l d—t— en—˜les us to propose the

mount—in —t UUS m —FsFlFD ne—r the ˜ound—ry˜etween following p—l—eoenvironment—l fr—meworkX lower levelsD levF ˜ —nd

st—ly—nd ƒwitzerl—nd @pigF IAF livF ™D —re ™h—r—™terized ˜y— ™ool we—ther with — high degree of pl—nt

™overF „he deposition of levF e to the levF g ™oin™ided with —n import—nt

reforest—tion o™™urred —t the s—me time of the hottest ‡urmi—n interE

plenigl—™i—lF sn levF mD nD oD the snow voleD —lthough r—reD re—ppe—rsF

„his m—yindi™—te the ˜eginning of the ™lim—ti™ ™oolingD whi™h is the

prelude to the v—st ql—™i—l w—ximumF

‚i—ssuntoF sl sito oggetto di questo l—voro si trov— sul vers—nte

meridion—le del monte €r—vello —ll9interno dell— ™—v— ƒ—lnov— — ƒ—ltrio

@†—reseAD situ—to —d un— quot— di UUS metri slmF

ƒono st—ti determin—ti SRT reperti provenienti d— IU livelli str—E

tigr—fi™iD —pp—rtenenti —d —lmeno PT spe™ieF ƒono st—te ™ommission—te P

d—t—zioni ™on il metodo del r—dio™—r˜onioF intr—m˜i i ™—mpioni proE

vengono d—l livF I˜X IE QRQIS ‹ PHH yr f€Y PE QSIHI‹ PSH yr f€F

v9interpret—zione di questi d—ti permette di proporre il seguente

qu—dro p—leo—m˜ient—leX i livelli inferiori livF ˜ e livF ™ sono ™—r—tterizE

z—ti d— un —m˜iente fres™o ™on un ˜uon gr—do di ™opertur—F s livelli

intermediD d—l livF e fino —l livF g indi™—no un netto rim˜os™himento

pigF I E qeogr—phi™—l position of the ƒ—lnov— qu—rrywhere the dell9—re— —vvenuto in ™on™omit—nz— dell— f—se piuÁ™—ld— dell9interpleniE

sm—ll ™—vityo˜je™t of this p—per openedF elso indi™—ted gl—™i—le wurmi—noF s livelli superioriD livF mEnEoD indi™—noD forseD l9inizio

position of g—vern— qeneros— e pont—n— w—rell— ™—veF del r—ffredd—mento ™lim—ti™o ™he prelude —ll9ultimo m—ssimo gl—™i—leF

hip—rtimento di ƒ™ienze dell— „err— ––eF hesio99D niversit—Á degli ƒtudi di wil—noD †i— w—ngi—g—lli QRD sEPHIQQD wil—noD st—lyF iEm—ilX f—˜geodli˜eroFit

QPR fon— pF

pigF P E ƒtr—tigr—phi™—l sket™h of the sm—ll ™—vitysitu—ted —t the top of ƒ—lnov— qu—rry@ƒ—ltrioD †—reseD xorthE‡estern vom˜—rdyAF

„he method used to ™olle™t the sm—ll rem—ins ™onsists of two „od—yD ˜e™—use of the —™tivity of ƒ—ltrio limestone

ph—sesX IE the sieving of sediments during field workD with I mm mesh extr—™tionD onlythe north w—ll of the sm—ll ™—vityis

sievesY PE the sifting —nd the —™™ur—te pi™king of s—mples in the l—˜or—E

visi˜leF „he w—ll of the ™—ve is ™overed ˜ystrong ™onE

toryof the wil—n niversityF

™retionsF „he spe™imens h—ve ˜een identified following m—inlygh—line et

fefore the extr—™tion —™tivityD pro˜—˜lyD the ™—vity —lF @IWURA —nd xieth—mmer 8 ur—pp @IWUVD IWVPD IWWHAF

w—s — verti™—l stru™ture with — verti™—l ™himney@pigF PAF

„his p—per in™re—ses the p—l—eoenvironment—l

ƒtr—tigr—phy

knowledge for the x‡ st—lyD ˜e™—use it gives new d—t—

—˜out pper €leisto™ene of vom˜—rdi—n €reEelpsD stuE „he deposit is ™h—r—™terized ˜ytwo different

died during the l—st ten ye—rs ˜y the —uthor @fon— et —lF ph—sesX

PHHUY fon— et —lF PHHVY fon— et —lF PHHWAF IE the older one is ™h—r—™terized ˜ythe he—vy

„his m—nus™ript presents the —n—lysis of m—mm—l ™on™retions form—tionD whi™h ™overed ™ompletelythe

rem—ins ˜elonging to two ordersD snse™tivor— —nd ‚oE inner surf—™e of the ™—vityF

denti—D —nd four f—miliesD ƒori™id—eD „—lpid—eD wurid—e PE the se™ond ph—se ™orresponds to the fossiliferE

—nd qlirid—eF ‚em—ins of the order ghiropter— will ˜e ous deposits of the sm—ll ™—veF

not des™ri˜ed hereF ƒeventeen levels ™h—r—™terize the str—tigr—phyof

the sm—ll ™—vityY e—™h represents — single deposition—l

eventF „heydiffer for ™ement—tion degreeD ™l—st ™ontentD

™olour —nd m—trixF i—™h level shows — ™onoid sh—pe w—teri—l —nd methods

whi™h me—ns the w—yof depositionX mudslides from

„he ™olle™tion ™onsists of SHI determined rem—ins of sm—ll

the ™himneyF

m—mm—ls ™oming from —ll IU levels —nd ˜elonging —t le—st to PT spe™ies

@„—˜F IAF „he three ˜estErepresented spe™ies —reX wyodes gl—reolusD qlis

vevels des™riptionD ˜ottom to top @pigF PAX glis —nd ghionomys niv—lisF st is import—nt to underline the presen™e of

ƒ™iurus vulg—ris —nd iliomys quer™inusF sn „—˜F I everyspe™ies h—ve vevF IX well ™emented ru˜˜le with sm—ll —nd sh—rp

˜een reported level ˜ylevel with their num˜er of identified spe™imens ™l—sts @m—x di—meter I ™mAF gl—sts of ––porm—zione di

@nA —nd the minimum num˜er of individu—ls @wxsAF

ƒ—ltrio99 limestone with m—ximum di—meter of PH ™m —re

v—rge m—mm—ls —re represented ˜yQI rem—ins ˜elonging to

r—reF „he ™olour of the m—trix —nd of the ™ement is

four spe™ies of ™—rnivorous —nim—lsX †ulpes vulpesD w—rtes spFD wustel—

yellow ™re—mF „his level represents the ˜—sis of the fosE niv—lis —nd wustel— putoriusY one spe™imen of vepus spF ynlyone ˜one

siliferous depositF fr—gment h—s ˜een —ttri˜uted to — ˜ird @„—˜F PAF

pper €leisto™ene sm—ll m—mm—l f—un— from ƒ—lnov— u—rry @xorthwestern vom˜—rdyA QPS % n MNI MNI % 3 2 14.3 2 2 14.3 1 1 7.1 1 1 7.1 n MNI MNI % 2 11 7.7 1 1 7.7 1 2 7.1 1 7.1 1 1 100 1 1 7.7 2 1 7.7 1 1 7.7 n MNI MNI 35 6 46.1 25 3 21.4 % 1 1 25 1 1 7.1 1125 n MNI MNI % 1120 n MNI MNI % Lev 1 f Lev 1 g Lev 1 i Lev 1 l Lev 1 m Lev 1 o 1 1 5.9 1 1 5.91 1 5.9 1 1 1 1 25 7.1 3 2 11.8 n MNI MNI % 6 3 42.9 11 2 11.8 2 1 20 1 1 25 8 2 15.4 2 1 7.1 n MNI MNI % n MNI MNI % 3 1 20 1 1 33.3 n MNI MNI % 66 3 2 12 8 1 1 4 328 114 114 328 2 1 4 13 3 60 5 2 66.7 9 4 57.1 57 10 58.8 131 3 1 60 4 214 n MNI MNI 16 5 20 3 1 20 % n MNI MNI % 6 34 3.4 111.1 3 3.4 3211.1 23 2.2 4 11 1.1 2 2.2 1 1.1 3322.2 2 2.2 9 5 5.6 111.1 1 1 1.1 1 1 1.1 n MNI MNI 13 412 4.5 442 23 4.5 25.8 3 1 100 9 5 20 32 717 7.9 4 4.5 13 4 4.5 % n MNI MNI % Lev 1 Lev 1 a Lev 1 b Lev 1 b/c Lev 1 c Lev 1 d Lev 1 d/e Lev 1 e 1 1 33.3 1 1 1001 47 1 17 33.3 19.1 1 1 33.3 n MNI MNI . sp sp. sp. leucodon sp. sp. sylvaticus/ multiplex/ araneus cf gr. gr. Tot. 3 3 100 1 1 100 218 89 100 3 1 100 51 25 100 19 5 100 6 3 100 15 7 100 74 17 100 16 5 100 4 4 100 50 13 100 39 14 100 1 1 100 cf. Glis glis Sorex Talpa flavicollis Myotis TAXA Talpa caeca Microtus subterraneus Sorex alpinus Crocidura Talpa europea Sorex araneus Sorex minutus Neomys fodiens Microtus arvalis Sciurus vulgaris Microtus agrestis Chiroptera indet. Arvicola terrestris Sorex Myotis bechsteinii Chionomys nivalis Eliomys quercinus Marmota marmota Myotis emarginatus Crocidura leucodon Crocidura Terricola Clethrionomys glareolus Apodemus Rhinolophus hipposideros „—˜F I E vist of t—x— of mi™rof—un— from e—™h levelX xum˜er of spe™imens @nAD winimum xum˜er of sndividu—l @wxsA —nd its per™ent—ge @wxs7AF

QPT fon— pF

verysimil—r to levF IdD pro˜—˜lysep—r—ted

Taxa n MNI vevF IfX

Aves sp. 11 to it ˜yerosion of the deposit @pigF PA

mudslides of siltyE™l—y m—teri—lsF st is

Lepus sp. 11 vevF IgX

Martes sp. 11 simil—r to levF Id —nd IfF

well ™emented ru˜˜le simil—r to levF I™D

Mustela erminea 22 vevF IhX

Mustela putorius 11 ˜ut there —re ™l—sts with —n —ver—ge di—meter less th—n R

Mustela sp. 43 E S ™entimetersF pew m—trix —nd white ™ement —re preE

Vulpes vulpes 24 2 sentF lithologi™—l ˜odyirregul—r ™ementedD with

Tot. 34 11 vevF IiX l—rge ˜lo™ks of —ltered limestone fr—gments —nd ™on™reE

tionsF ƒh—rp edges ™l—sts with —n —ver—ge di—meter of less „—˜F P E vist of t—x— of l—rge m—mm—ls —nd ˜irdX winim—l xum˜er

th—n TEU ™entimetersF ‡ell ™ementedD m—trix light of sndividu—l @wxsA —nd its per™ent—ge @wxs7AF

˜rownF

vevF IlX lithologi™—l ˜odyslightly™ementedF st is

vevF I—X ˜rownEgreen siltym—trix with —ngul—r

™omposed prim—rilyof d—rk ˜rown silt —nd ™l—yF„here

™l—sts @m—ximum di—meter of I ™mAF sn the texture there

—re ™l—sts with —n —ver—ge di—meter of PEQ ™entimetersF

—re voidsD even l—rge one ™entimeterD p—rtlyfilled ˜y

ƒometimes present ™l—sts with l—rger di—meterF „he preE

™ementF ƒometimes verysm—ll m—mmelon—r ™on™retions

sen™e of roots does not —llow ™omplete h—rdeningF

@di—meter less th—n — ™entimeterA —re presentF „he sm—lE

„hi™kness of —˜out I mF „he sediment ˜re—ks up into

ler voids m—yo™™ur without ™ementF

millimeter —ggreg—tesF sn the extreme west there is —

vevF I˜X —˜out IS ™m thi™kY slightly™ementedY

sediment—ry˜ody@size —˜out SHxQH ™mA ™omposed of

d—rk ˜rown ™l—yEsilty m—trix with few —ngul—r ™l—sts

oriented limestoneF

@di—meter of PEQ ™entimeterAF st is the most fossiliferous

vevF ImX silty™l—y˜ody—˜out ISEPH ™m thi™kF

level of the depositD in f—™t the sm—ll ˜ones —re visi˜le

„here —re few ™l—sts of RES ™entimeters of di—meterF

—long the se™tionF „he more ™omp—™t portion is divided

vev InX very™emented ˜odyD—lmost ™omposed

into millimetri™ polyhedr—F „he m—trix in the e—stern

ex™lusively˜yl—rge —ngul—r ™l—stsD very™ementedD the

side of the level ˜e™omes more yellowishF

size of ™l—sts is —˜out of QER ™m m—ximum di—meterF

vevF I™X wellE™emented ru˜˜leF frown m—trix —nd

fetween ™l—sts voids —re presentD unfilled of ™ementF

l—rge voids unfilledF engul—r ™l—sts with m—ximum di—E

„he stru™ture of this level suggests th—t it ™ould ˜e the

meter of QER ™entimetres —re presentF e™™umul—tions of

result of the ™oll—pse of the ™—ve ™eilingF

™emented sm—ll m—mm—l ˜ones —re visi˜leF

vev IoX residu—l mudslide with limestone ™l—sts

vevF IdX slightly™emented with ™l—sts sm—ller th—n

—nd ™on™retions of IH ™m in di—meterF st is lo™—ted in

I ™entimeter of di—meterF ‚eddishEyellow siltE™l—y m—E

the ™entr—l —re— ˜ene—th limestone ˜lo™ksF

trixF willimetri™ stru™ture ™h—r—™terized ˜ypolyhedr—l

vev IpX this level is lo™—ted in dire™t ™ont—™t with

—ggreg—tesF

lev IiF st seems to ˜e flowed from the s—me dire™tion of

vevF IeX this level presents — veryirregul—r distriE

lev IiD —s indi™—ted ˜ythe orient—tion of ™l—stsF

˜ution —long the siteF st is verysimil—r to levF I™ ˜ut with

more yellowEreddish m—trixD there —re mu™h more —nE

gul—r ™l—sts @m—ximum di—meter ISEPH ™entimetersAF

ege of the rem—ins

pr—gments ™oming from the ™on™retioned w—lls of the

IR

™—ve —re presentF „he level ™—n ˜e divided into three „wo g d—tings @ewƒA h—s ˜een m—de ˜ythe

horizonsX

giheh @ƒ—lento niversity± hep—rtment of ingiE

± vevF Ie ˜—seX thi™kness VEIP ™entimetersD r—ther

neering of snnov—tion ± ve™™eA on sm—ll m—mm—ls ˜ones

™emented —nd with ™l—sts with m—ximum di—meter of PE

˜elonging to the lev I˜ @„—˜F QAF

Q ™entimeters

e™™ording to the results of these —n—lysesD the

± vevF Ie tettoX thi™kness RHESH ™entimetersF hisE

se™ond str—tigr—phi™—l level @see —˜oveAD the filling of

™ontinous ™ement—tion —long the development of levelF

the g—ve of ƒ—ltrioD ™ould ˜e —ttri˜uted to the middle

gl—sts ™emented or not with dimensions of IHxIH ™enE

p—rt of wsƒ QF

timetersF it is present onlyin the e—stern portion

± levF Ie sX Sample Radiocarbon Age (BP) į13C (‰)

of the top of levF e @pigF PAF „hi™kness —˜out PH ™entiE LTL3912A 34315 ± 200 -16.3 ± 0.3

metresF st is less ™emented th—n other portions of the LTL3913A 35101 ± 250 -31.7 ± 0.3

levelD with ˜rown m—trix —nd ™l—sts with m—ximum di—E

IR

„—˜F Q E g d—tings of the ƒ—lnov— qu—rrysiteF meter of IHEIP ™entimetersF

pper €leisto™ene sm—ll m—mm—l f—un— from ƒ—lnov— u—rry @xorthwestern vom˜—rdyA QPU

e™™umul—tion mod—lity —nd t—phonomi™ ™onsider—tions sentedD with IQ rem—insD is the dormouseF „he other

two t—x— h—ve ˜een represented ˜yone individu—l e—™hF

„he —™™umul—tion of the sm—ll m—mm—ls rem—ins

IdGeX the rem—ins found in — portion of the vevel

in the sediments of this site is most likelydue to the

deposit where it w—s diffi™ult to re™ognize ™le—rlythe

de™omposition of owls9 pellets @these ˜irds pro˜—˜ly

tr—nsition ˜etween level Id —nd Ie h—ve ˜een m—rked

used the ™—ve —s shelter orG—nd per™hAF e™™ording to

—s ™oming from level IdGeF sn this portion of sedimenE gontoli @IWVHA the owls —re ™onsidered spe™ies with

t—rysu™™ession T determin—˜le spe™imens were foundD low sele™tion of preyD so in this p—per the ™olle™ted

five of whi™h ˜elong to qlis glis —nd one to w—rmot— s—mples h—ve ˜een ™onsidered —s refle™ting quite f—ithE

m—rmot—F fullythe re—l m—mm—li—n ™ommunityof owls hunting

vevel IeX this level is one of the most —rti™ul—teY it

—re—F

w—s divided into sever—l su˜divisions @pig PAF por this

es — result of owls —™tivityit is possi˜le to re™ogE

re—son the —n—lysis of the findings required —ttentionF nizedX IE he—vyfr—gmented sm—ll m—mm—ls ˜onesY PE

pin—llywe de™ided to —ssem˜leD for the p—l—eoenvironE

˜ones —nd teeth with strong tr—™es of —™idifi™—tion due

ment—l —n—lysisD —ll these su˜divisions in — single l—yer to the owls g—stri™ reworking of preysF

n—med level IeF

rere IS spe™imens ˜elonging to two t—x— were

foundX wyodes gl—reolus @T spe™imensA —nd qlis glis @W

ƒtr—tigr—phi™—l distri˜ution of sm—ll m—mm—l rem—ins

spe™imensAF

ell d—t— dis™ussed ˜elow h—ve ˜een resumed in vevel IfX this levelD with UR determined rem—insD is

„—˜F IF the se™ond for spe™iments —˜und—n™yF „he ˜iggest p—rt

of ˜ones ˜elongs to qlis glis @SU teethAD II rem—ins ˜eE

vevel IX few rem—insD onlythreeD h—ve ˜een found long to wyodes gl—reolusD Q to the ˜—t ‚hinolophus hipE

in this levelF „hey˜elong toX wyodes gl—reolusD qlis glis posideros —nd onlyone determined spe™imen e—™h for

—nd ƒorex spF wi™rotus —grestisD ervi™ol— terrestris —nd —n undeterE

vevel I—X this levelD p—rti™ul—rlys™—r™e in findingsD

mined ˜—tF

h—s —llowed the dis™overyof onlyone lower j—w of

vevel IgX for this level were determined IT spe™iE

wyodes gl—reolusF

mens ˜elonging to Q spe™iesX qlis glis is the most freE

vevel I˜X the level I˜ is undou˜tedlyone of the

quent spe™ies with IQ spe™imensY wyodes gl—reolus —nd

most interesting levels of this siteF st is the level with the

ƒorex spF —re represented respe™tively˜yP —nd I deterE

l—rgest num˜er of determined finds —nd the gre—ter v—riE

mined findF

etyof t—x—F „he l—rge p—rt of the rem—ins ˜elongs only

vevel IiX this level h—s returned onlyR spe™imens

to three spe™iesX wyodes gl—reolus is the spe™ies th—t h—s

of determin—˜le m—mm—lsD I e—™h for the following speE

returned more determined spe™imens @RT rem—insAD folE

™iesX wyodes gl—reolusD wi™rotus —grestisD xeomys foE

lowed ˜y ghionomys niv—lis @RPA —nd the „—lp— ™—e™—

diens —nd „—lp— europe—F

@QPAF sn —ddition to domin—nt spe™ies —˜oveD in this level

vevel IlX fiftyEone spe™imens ˜elonging to this were found rem—ins of epodemus grF sylv—ti™usGfl—vi™olE

level were determinedY most of them ˜elong to qlis glis lis @IQAD ervi™ol— terrestris @IPAD gro™idur— ™fF leu™odon

@QS rem—insAF €—rti™ul—rlyinteresting is the presen™e of P

@RAD qlis glis @IQAD ƒorex minutus @WAY the level h—s —lso

rem—ins of iliomys quer™inus —nd I of ƒ™iurus vulg—risF returned few rem—ins of wi™rotus —grestis —nd wi™rotus

„he rem—ining rests ˜elong to epodemus grF sylv—ti™usG

—rv—lisD ƒorex —r—neus —nd ƒorex —lpinusD wi™rotus @„erE

fl—vi™ollis @P rem—insAD to ghionomys niv—lis @IAD to ri™ol—AgrFmultiplexGsu˜terr—neusD —nd two spe™ies of

wyodes gl—reolus @VA —nd wi™rotus @„erri™ol—AgrFmultiE

˜—ts @wyotis ˜ei™hsteinii —nd wyotis em—rgin—tusAF sn

plexGsu˜terr—neus @IAF over—llD the level I˜ h—s returned PIV determined roE

ImX even in this level most of the finds

vevel dents rem—ins ˜elonging —t le—st to VW individu—ls

determined ˜elong to qlis glisY in f—™t PS rem—ins of @„—˜F IAF

this spe™ies h—ve ˜een foundF „he rem—ins found ˜eE vevel I™X the rem—ins ™olle™ted in this level —lE

longing to other t—x— —re less numerousX Q spe™imens of lowed to re™ognize SQ spe™imens ˜elonging to IP t—x—

„—lp— ™—e™—DPofghionomys niv—lisD „—lp— spF —nd of sm—ll m—mm—lsF „he most frequent spe™ies —re ghioE

wyodes gl—reolusD —nd onlyI spe™imen for epodemus nomys niv—lis —nd wyodes gl—reolusD followed ˜y epoE

grF sylv—ti™usGfl—vi™ollisD „—lp— europe—D ƒorex ™fF —r—E demus grF sylv—ti™usGfl—vi™ollis —nd ervi™ol— terrestris

neusD ƒorex spFD wyotis spF —nd —nother undetermined @„—˜F IAF

˜—tF vevel IdX onlyIW spe™imens h—ve ˜een deterE

vevel IoX this level h—s yielded only — lower first minedD they˜elong to Q spe™iesX qlis glisD wyodes gl—reoE

mol—r of ghionomys niv—lisF lus —nd w—rmot— m—rmot—F „he spe™ies ˜etter repreE

QPV fon— pF

pigF Q E ghionomys niv—lis morphoE

typesF —E˜X ––niv—lis99 morE

photypeY ™EeX ––—˜ulensis99

morphotypeY fEgX ––—quit—E

nius99 morphotypeY hEiX ––s—ltE

rio99 morphotypeF ƒ™—le ˜—r

represents I mmF

ghionomys niv—lis w v—ri—˜ility type is defined ––niv—lis99D followed ˜y — good per™ent—ge I

of ––le˜runii99 —nd ––—quit—nus99F

huring the —n—lysis of findings of ghionomys niE

± „he elpine popul—tions —re ™h—r—™terized ˜y—

v—lis it h—s ˜een noti™ed — ™onsider—˜le differenti—tion in

high frequen™yof the ––niv—lis99 morphotype—nd — lower

F st results from three m—E the dent—l morphologyof w

I per™ent—geD if ™omp—red to the s˜eri—n popul—tionsD of

jor f—™torsX

the ––le˜runii99 morphotypeF „he elpine popul—tions —re

± gonserv—tionX m—inlydue to the —™tion of the

™h—r—™terized ˜y— good presen™e of tr—nsition—l forms

jui™e stom—™h of r—ptors th—t deeply™orrode the teethF

˜etween the des™ri˜ed morphotypes —nd — size in™re—sE

± ege of individu—lsX for ex—mpleD teeth of juveE

ing trend th—t follows — gr—dient from the ‡est to the

niles present en—mel poorlydeveloped —nd sometimes

i—stF

they—re verydiffi™ult to determineF sn these ™—sesD only ± „he popul—tions of the g—rp—thi—nsD the f—lk—ns

the —n—lysis of the roots ™—n help for the determin—tionF —nd the hin—ri™ regions show little v—ri—n™es in the first

± pr—nklyintr—spe™ifi™ v—ri—˜ilityXthis is the most mol—r morphotype with —n —˜solute predomin—n™e of

interesting ™omponent of v—ri—˜ilitywhi™h o™™urs ˜eE the ––niv—lis99 morphotypeF „he ––le˜runii99 —nd ––oe™onoE

tween the teeth of —dultsF mus99 morphotypes —re very r—reF

„his l—st type of v—ri—˜ility ™—n ˜e —n—lyzed to ± e high per™ent—ge of the ––oe™onomus99 w—s

identifythe evolution trends of popul—tions of ghionoE found in esi—n popul—tions within the morphotype

mys @x—d—™howski IWWIAF ––leu™urus99F

„od—yD popul—tions of ghionomys niv—lis —re geoE yn the ˜—sis of the —˜ove mentioned p—persD the

gr—phi™—llyisol—ted —nd theyshow — high intr—spe™ifi™ dent—l morphotypes ˜elonging to ƒ—ltrio spe™imens of

v—ri—˜ilityin w F ghionomys niv—lis were —n—lyzedF I

f—sed on the works of x—d—™howski @IWVRD IWVSA portyEfour first lower mol—rs of ghionomys niv—E

it is possi˜le to list the ™urrent morphotypi™—l distri˜uE lis h—ve ˜een —n—lyzedD suit—˜le for the purposes of our

tion in ghionomys niv—lisX —n—lysisF

± „he s˜eri—n €eninsul— popul—tions —re the most „he di—gnosti™ f—™tors used in this p—per —re those

™h—r—™teristi™ —nd p—rti™ul—rD when ™omp—red with the proposed ˜yx—d—™howski @IWWIAF

popul—tions of the rest of the iurope —nd the esi— ™onE I E gonfluen™e of „R —nd „SY P E gonfluen™e of

tinentsF sn those —nim—lsD the most represented morphoE „S —nd „TY Q E hevelopment of fƒeRY

pper €leisto™ene sm—ll m—mm—l f—un— from ƒ—lnov— u—rry @xorthwestern vom˜—rdyA QPW

R E hevelopment of vƒeSY S E hevelopment of 100%

f‚eRY T E gonfluen™e of „T —nd „UY U E hevelopment

wimomysEridge99 on fƒeRY V E hevelopment of of — –– 80%

v‚eSY W E hevelopment of f‚eSF

of ghionomys niv—lis „he —n—lysis of the RR w

I 60% —llowed us to identifyR morphotypes™h—r—™terized ˜y

MNI

— different ™om˜in—tion of the ™onsidered f—™tors @figF QAX 40%

I±––niv—lis99 morphotypeX II spe™imens @PS7A

h—ve ˜een —ttri˜uted to this morphotypeF „he ––niv—lis99 20%

morphologyis ™h—r—™terized ˜yh—ving „S —nd „T —lE

w—ys sep—r—teD fƒeR —nd vƒeS well developedD f‚eR 0%

—nd v‚eS in™ipient —nd — short —nterior ™—pF Lev. 1b Lev. 1c Lev. 1d Lev. 1e Lev 1 f Lev 1 g Lev 1 i Lev 1 l Lev 1 m

P±––—quit—nius99 morphotypeX IT spe™imens

pigF R E ‚el—tion ˜etween ––fush99 t—x— @epodemusD wi™rotus @„erE

@QT7AF sn this morphotype „S —nd „T —re m—rkedly

ri™ol—AD wyodesD qlisD ƒ™iurus —nd ilyomisF qrey™olourA

sep—r—tedD fƒeR —nd vƒeS —re well developed —nd

—nd ––€r—irie99 t—x— @wi™rotusD ghionomys —nd w—rmot—F

f‚eR —nd v‚eS —re —˜sentF vight grey™olourA from the ˜ottom @leftA —nd the top

@rightA of the g—v— ƒ—lnov—F Q±––ƒ—ltrio99 morphotypeX IR spe™imens ˜elong

to this group @QP7AF „hese spe™imens h—ve — morpholE

ogysimil—r to ––niv—lis99D ˜ut with „S —nd „T l—rgely

m—rmot is still presentAD is ™h—r—™terized ˜ythe dis—pE ™onfluent —nd f‚eR —nd v‚eS developedF „hese ™onE

pe—r—n™e of ghionomys niv—lis —nd the domin—n™e of sider—tions —llow us to —s™ri˜e this morphologyto — new

qlis glis —nd wyodes gl—reolusY this indi™—tes th—t —n imE morphotype @pigF Q hEiAF „his isD pro˜—˜lyD one of the

port—nt reforest—tion o™™urred —t the s—me time of the tr—nsition—l formsD typi™—l of the elpine region popul—E

hottest ‡urmi—n interplenigl—™i—lF sn the higher levelsD tions of the ghionomys niv—lisD noti™ed ˜yx—d—™howE

levF ImD InD IoD the snow voleD —lthough r—reD re—ppe—rsF ski @IWWIA or — v—ri—nt of — ––primitive99 morphotype

„his m—yindi™—te the in™eption of the ™lim—ti™ ™ooling ––le˜runii99 @x—d—™howskiD persF ™omFAF

whi™h prelude the v—st ql—™i—l w—ximum @pigF RAF R±––—˜ulensis99 morphotypeX Q spe™imens @U7A

st is possi˜le to ™omp—re the situ—tion —t ƒ—lnov— were —ttri˜uted to this morphotypeF „his morphotype is

qu—rryduring the wsƒ Q —ndD pro˜—˜lyDthe ˜eginning of ™h—r—™terized ˜yh—ving „S —nd „T — little ™onfluent or

wsƒ P with other two sites not f—r from this oneX the ™ompletelysep—r—teD with fƒeR wellEdeveloped —nd

pont—n— w—rell— ™—ve @€erego et —lF PHHIY fon— et —lF vƒeS in™ipient or —˜sentF

PHHVA —nd the g—vern— qeneros— ™—ve @fon— PHHSY fon—

morphotypes of ghioE „he frequen™ies of w I

et —lF PHHWA @pigF IAF „hese three sites show — simil—r nomys niv—lis found in ƒ—ltrio site show — trend ™omp—rE

situ—tion ˜ut with few differen™es pro˜—˜lydue to their —˜le with th—t of the tod—yliving isol—ted popul—tions of

geogr—phi™—l position @„he pont—n— w—rell— opens —t this spe™ies @x—d—™howski IWWIAF st is possi˜le to sugE

IHRH m —FsFlFD the g—vern— qeneros— opens —t IRSH m gest th—t —˜out QSDHHH yr f€D wount €r—vello @where the

—FsFlF —nd the ƒ—lnov— qu—rry—t USH m —FsFlAF „he sm—ll ru˜˜le of ƒ—ltrio is lo™—tedA hosted —n isol—ted popul—E

m—mm—l f—un— of the first R levels of pont—n— w—rell—D tion of snow volesX this interpret—tion well fits with the

d—ted to the upper p—rt of the pper €leisto™ene @€eE p—leoenvironment—l interpret—tionF

rego et —lF PHHIAD testified — trend quite simil—r to ƒ—lnov—

qu—rryF vevels R —nd Q of pont—n— w—rell— @very few

rem—insA show — pro˜—˜lyw—rm ™lim—te with some gon™lusions

open —re—s th—t ™le—rly™h—ngedD —˜out PTDHHH yrf€D

IR

„he results of g —n—lyses —llow to —ttri˜ute the in — ™old ™lim—te with domin—nt open —re—sD this ™h—nge

—ge of deposition of the ru˜˜le of ƒ—ltrio to the wsƒ QF pro˜—˜lytestifythe ˜eginning of the v—st ql—™i—l w—xE

„he interpret—tion of f—un—l d—t— en—˜les us to propose imum @€erego et —lF PHHID fon— unpu˜lish d—t—AF „he

the following p—l—eoenvironment—l fr—meworkX lower pont—n— w—rell— p—l—eoenvironment—l trend fits well

levelsD levF I˜ —nd levF I™D —re ™h—r—™terized ˜ythe domE with ƒ—lnov— qu—rrywhere levels IeD IfD Ig seem to

in—n™e of wyodes gl—reolus —nd ghionomys niv—lis indiE present some —ffinities with levels Q —nd R of pont—n—

™—ting — ™ool we—ther ™h—r—™terized ˜y— high degree of w—rell—D even if the s™—r™ityof d—t— on levels Q —nd R

pl—nt ™over @the gre—t v—rietyof ghionomys niv—lis w doesn9t permit — firm ™orrel—tionF „he g—vern— qeneE I

morphotypes —llowed us to hypothesize — l—te st—ge of ros— wq IQEIS presents — trend of p—leoenvironment

the first gl—™i—l m—ximum with isol—tion of snow vole evolution quite different from th—t of the ƒ—lnov— qu—rE

popul—tions @x—d—™howski IWWIAAF „he middle p—rt of ryY in f—™tD the g—vern— qeneros— sm—ll m—mm—l f—un—s

the depositD from levF Ie to the levF Ig @in levF Id the represent —n import—nt ™lim—ti™ deterior—tion whi™h

QQH fon— pF

e™knowledgmentsF s —m inde˜ted to €rofF eF „intori who g—ve st—rted —˜out QSDHHHEQPDHHH yr f€ —nd ™ulmin—ted with

me the possi˜ilityto ™olle™t this m—teri—lD to hrF gF v—rghi who found the v—st ql—™i—l w—ximum without —nyw—rm ph—se

the lo™—lity—nd g—ve me the first s—mplesF s th—nk eF x—d—™howski

@fon— et —lF PHHWAF „he g—vern— qeneros— wq IQEIS

for ™riti™—l re—ding of the m—nus™ript —nd fruitful suggestionsF s9m

doesn9t show the w—rmer ph—seD younger th—n QSDHHH

gr—teful to hrF tF ƒtr—d— —nd to hrF fF v—urenti for their help during

yr f€D registered in ƒ—lnov— qu—rry sedimentsF „he —ltiE

field —™tivity—nd l—˜or—torywork —nd to hrF €ereswietEƒolt—n for the

tudeD IRSH m —FsFlFD of the g—vern— qeneros— ™—ve ™ould determin—tion of ˜—t9s spe™imensF e spe™i—l th—nk to hrF gitriniD

h—ve determined — trend from w—rm wsƒ Q to ™old wsƒ dire™tor of the ––ƒ—lnov—99 qu—rryof ƒ—ltrioD who let us work on the

P without other registered ™lim—ti™ flu™tu—tionsF „he field —nd sigF qF wont—ndon for the —™™ommod—tion during field

workF elev—tion ™ould justifythe differen™e ˜etween the sitesF

‚ipi‚ixgiƒ

fon— pF @PHHSA E s depositi del €leisto™ene ƒuperiore dell— denti—A from f—™ho uiro g—ve @fulg—ri—AF e™t— oolF

g—vern— qeneros— @vo go PTWRAX en—lisi €—leontoloE gr—™ovFD PU@WAX IRWEIUTF

gi™— ed snterpret—zioni €—leo—m˜ient—liF npu˜lished x—d—™howski eF @IWVSA E fih—ri—n voles @ervi™olid—eD ‚oE

€hFhF thesisD niversit—Á degli ƒtudi di wil—noD PTT denti—D w—mm—li—A from uozi qr˜iet @gentr—l €oE

ppFD wil—noF l—ndAF e™t— oolF gr—™ovFD PW@PAX IQEPVF

fon— pFD €eres—ni wF 8 „intori eF @PHHUA E sndi™es de freÂE

x—d—™howski eF @IWWIA E ƒystem—ti™sD geogr—phi™ v—ri—tion

quent—tion hum—ine d—ns les grottes —Áours —u €—leÂoE

—nd evolution of snow voles @ghionomysA ˜—sed on

lithique moyen fin—lF v9exemple de l— g—vern— qenerE

dent—l ™h—r—™tersF e™t— „heriologi™—D QTX IERSF

os— d—ns les €re—lpes lom˜—rdesD st—lieF v9entropoloE

xieth—mmer tF 8 ur—pp pF @IWUVA E r—nd˜u™h der ƒ—ÁugeE

gieD IIIX PWHEQPHF

tiere iurop—sF f—nd IF ‚odenti— s @ƒ™iurid—eD g—storE fon— pFD ƒ—l— fF 8 „intori eF @PHHVA E i—rly„oringi—n sm—ll

id—eD qlirid—eD wurid—eAF ek—dF †erlF qesFD RUS ppFD m—mm—ls f—un— from pont—n— w—rell— ™—ve @†—reseD

‡ies˜—denF vom˜—rdyD xorth st—lyAF ‚ivF stF €—leontF ƒtr—tFD

xieth—mmer tF 8 ur—pp pF @IWVPA E r—nd˜u™h der ƒ—ugeE È IIR@IAX IQQEIRRF

fon— pFD v—urenti fF 8 helfino wF @PHHWA E glim—ti™ flu™tu—E tiere iurop—sD fd PGID ‚odenti— ss @gri™etid—eD erviE

tions during the v—st ql—™i—l in the xorthE‡estern ™olid—eD —podid—eD ƒp—l—™id—eD rystri™id—eD g—proE

vom˜—rdi—n €re—lpsX the pper €leisto™ene f—un—l —sE mid—eAF ek—dF †erlF qesFD TRW ppFD ‡ies˜—denF

sem˜l—ges of the g—vern— qeneros— @gomoD st—lyAF

xieth—mmer tF 8 ur—pp pF @IWWHA E r—nd˜u™h der ƒ—ÁugeE

‚ivF stF €—leontF ƒtr—tF IIS@PAX PSQEPTUF

tiere iurop—sF f—nd QGIF snsektenfresser E snse™tivor—D

gh—line tFD f—udvin rFD t—mmot hF 8 ƒ—int qiron wF gF

rerrentiere E €rim—tesF e ve E †erl—gX RVR ppFD

@IWURA E ves proies des r—p—™esF hoin edFD IRI ppFD

‡ies˜—denF

€—risF

€erego ‚FD —n—ld— iF 8 „intori eF @PHHIA E rsus spel—eus gontoli vF @IWVHA E forre di strigiformi e ri™er™— teriologi™—

from qrott— sopr— pont—n— w—rell—D g—mpo dei piori in st—li—F x—tur— e wont—gn—X UQEWRF

w—ssif @†—reseD st—lyAX worphometry —nd p—leoe™olE x—d—™howski eF @IWVRA E worphometri™ v—ri—˜ilityof denE

tition of the v—te €leisto™ene voles @ervi™olid—eD ‚oE ogyF ‚ivF stF €—lF ƒtr—tFD IHU@QAX RSIERTPF