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Funding Faithful Felons: a Phenomenological Analysis of the Higher Education Transitions of Ex-Offender Scholarship Recipients

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Funding Faithful Felons: a Phenomenological Analysis of the Higher Education Transitions of Ex-Offender Scholarship Recipients FUNDING FAITHFUL FELONS: A PHENOMENOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE HIGHER EDUCATION TRANSITIONS OF EX-OFFENDER SCHOLARSHIP RECIPIENTS Judith A. Leary A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY August 2015 Committee: Ellen Broido, Advisor Melissa W. Burek Graduate Faculty Representative Michael Coomes Dafina-Lazarus Stewart © 2015 Judith A. Leary All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Ellen Broido, Advisor The purpose of this study was to address gaps in post-secondary education research regarding ex-felons’ higher education experiences in order to help student affairs practitioners make campus environments and services more accessible to and welcoming for these populations. This study centers on the experiences ex-felons have had as they have transitioned into, through, and out of higher education. The Charles W. Colson Scholarship program, a need-based full-tuition and housing scholarship program at Wheaton College, provided the setting for this research. Six ex-felon men who earned bachelor’s degrees through the program participated in one face-to-face semi- structured individual interview of approximately three hours. The interviews elicited findings in five broad areas: (1) personal assets and liabilities, (2) coping strategies, (3) factors influencing disclosure of criminal pasts, (4) educational outcomes, and (5) supports and opportunities for greater support. Participants’ shared essential experience consisted of three distinct phases centering on their expectations. The Scholars interviewed entered Wheaton College with high expectations regarding their future college experiences. Moving through Wheaton, their expectations increased but shifted to post-graduate aspirations regarding future employment or ministry positions. As they moved out of their higher education experience, they found that their vaunted expectations had become unrealistic given their limitations and liabilities exacerbated by the real world conflicts they faced. iv As a result of these conflicts with their lofty aspirations, each participant began to question the pragmatism of his initial expectations, and to deconstruct them in order to reconstruct new expectations. However, this process caused recurring struggles within the participants as some battled with guilt for reconstructing their expectations while others struggled with patience regarding delays in their perceived timelines. No matter the struggles nor how often they recurred, each participant concluded that even if he had not accomplished all, or any, of the lofty goals to which he had once aspired, as long as he invested significantly in the life of one other person, he had accomplished something worthy of the investment that had been made in him. v This dissertation is dedicated to the pastors, staff, and members of Grace Church of Mentor in Mentor, Ohio, and the faculty, staff, students, and alumni of Great Lakes Bible Institute. To the former, thank you for living before me a robust faith that is simple, yet not easy, to emulate as it mirrors the character of our Lord Jesus Christ and His perseverance to the end. To the latter, you are my joy and crown. I would very gladly spend and be spent for you as long as the Lord continues to allow me to minister among you to equip the saints for His name’s sake. ~ Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God's servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God's wrath on the wrongdoer. ― Holy Bible, English Standard Version, Romans 13:1-4 ~ “My argument against God was that the universe seemed so cruel and unjust. But how had I got this idea of just and unjust? A man does not call a line crooked unless he has some idea of a straight line. What was I comparing this universe with when I called it unjust?” ― C.S. Lewis, Mere Christianity vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS How incredible I find it that this section is the most difficult part of the dissertation to write! While I am deeply humbled to be at this point on my educational journey, I fear that I’ll fail to recognize all of the individuals who merit special recognition for their love and support along the way. However, since BGSU refuses to graduate me without this manuscript uploaded, I will do my best to remember all of those to whom I owe such a tremendous debt. First, I would like to acknowledge my parents, Jack and O’Cenia Leary, for the high value they placed on a good education and all of the hard work and sacrifice they endured to provide Christian education to my sister and me in our childhoods. From this early foundation, I grew to become a lover of—and make a career of—theological higher education. To my sister Kristi, I tried to show this dissertation who was boss, just like you by God’s grace, showed ovarian cancer who was boss! I have greatly appreciated your humor and regular calls on your way home from work to break up the monotony of the editing process. And yes, I skipped first grade because of your ability to teach me all that you knew. Several doctoral students across cohorts were significant sources of strength and encouragement. Those who come to mind the most are those who welcomed me into the department (Drs. Holly Asimou, Michael Brown, and Jacob Clemens), journeyed with me through the ups and downs of the program (Liane Ortis and Vivienne Felix), showed me how to manage the process (Drs. Christina Wright-Fields and Sherry Early), helped me prepare for the dissertation defense (Beth, Abi, and Keenan), and more. Holly, my “big,” as well as Liane, Viv, and Beth, deserve special attention among this group for their availability and support. A handful of non-BGSU friends also merit direct special recognition. Don and Daina, the value of your friendship and unwavering encouragement is inestimable – thank you for praying for me every Monday like clockwork. Barb, you also let me know that you were praying vii for me regularly, and that meant so much to me! Elizabeth, there are no words for how your influence has helped to sharpen me as an individual so I’ll just offer a simple thank you. Donna and Linda, it meant so much when you came to BG and your care and encouragement was priceless. Thank you both for seeing my strengths and shoring up my weaknesses. Carol, thank you for being willing to traverse the desert with me. I have only two words: my life! Thank you for reminding me that everything is awesome. Amy, thanks for your awesome graphics work; my dissertation is better because you graced it. Shelly and Caleb, only you could make me take breaks I didn’t have time to take. Only you. Laura, who would come from New York to Ohio just to hear me practice defending my dissertation? You, that’s who! Thanks for your relentless belief in me. Thom and Lisa, you are right, it is just like Les Mis! Time and space do not allow me to thank every individual who came to my four mock dissertation defenses and yet your role was such a significant one of preparing me for the actual defense! I am immensely grateful for your time. Nearly every individual at my mock defenses was from my church or someone I knew through church, underscoring the role of Grace Church of Mentor in my life. I’m also thankful for Calvary Baptist Church in Findlay, Ohio, and especially the Jingst family for opening their hearts and homes to me during my time in BG. I’d also like to thank my employers for their patience and understanding through what can truly be labeled a “process,” including the Lake County Juvenile Detention Facility and Maranatha Baptist University as well as my assistantships throughout the doctoral program. But no employer deserves more credit than Grace Church of Mentor and senior pastor, Pastor Tim Potter. The church provided what, in my eyes, equated to a paid sabbatical to ensure that I had the time, resources, and load to prioritize the completion of this degree program and there are no words but “thank you” for how flexibly they have supported my desire to focus my energies and viii efforts on finishing well. (Now, back to work!) A special thank you to Kay Baier and Dan Huffman for making many of the things I have been able to do over the past few years possible. I would be remiss not to thank my venerable committee members turned colleagues as a result of this whole process. Ellen, as the fearless leader, you’ve made my dissertation better and have been a very responsive adviser and a real listening ear throughout the process. Thank you. I’ll finally stop obsessing over timelines when this is uploaded—promise. See, you can’t avoid my dashes forever! D-L, you’ve helped to steer me away from a few bad choices I made in the manuscript early on and helped me to adopt some very helpful changes throughout that have made my chapters stronger and I’m grateful for those improvements and our email chats.
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