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William James Schultz Unlocking Radicalization: Correctional Officers, Risk Perception, and Ideological Extremism in Albertan Prisons by William James Schultz A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of Sociology University of Alberta © William James Schultz, 2017 ii Abstract A wide range of sources have framed radicalization into violent extremism as a serious risk to prisons in Europe and North America. Some view prisons as a primary recruiting ground for groups like ISIS. I investigated whether this was accurate in Alberta by conducting semi- structured interviews with 43 correctional officers in three Alberta prisons. I asked three questions: 1. Do correctional officers observe what they perceive as radicalization among their inmate populations? 2. How do correctional officers perceive and govern the risks associated with ‘radical’ inmates? 3. What influence does an insider/outsider role play in shaping prison research? I found nothing to suggest active radical activity within my research sites, suggesting prison radicalization is largely an irrelevant threat in the Albertan Context. However, I also discovered that officers have (in many cases) unconsciously redefined the meaning of “radicalization,” and have applied the label onto inmates who are resistant to officer control, rather than members of ideologically violent radical groups. I explore this at length using Ulrich Beck’s Risk Society hypothesis. Finally, I discovered my status as a former correctional officer played a strong role in casting me as an “Insider/Outsider” researcher, something which deeply shaped my research experience and impacted the data I was able to gather. iii Preface This thesis is an original work by William Schultz. The research project, of which this thesis is a part, received research ethics approval from the University of Alberta Research Ethics Board, Project Name “Unlocking Extremism: Examining Perspectives on Radicalization among Correctional Officers in Alberta”, No. 00062785, on April 1, 2016. The interviews conducted for this thesis form part of a larger research collaboration entitled The Alberta Prisons Project, led by Professor Sandra Bucerius and Professor Kevin Haggerty. This project is based at the University of Alberta. All portions of the thesis itself are the personal work of William Schultz. However, the consent form for this project was a shared design between William Schultz and Drs. Haggerty and Bucerius. Dr. Haggerty also conducted three of the interviews used in this thesis. They are used with his permission. iv Dedication To all the men and women of FSCC, ERC, and CCC: You make an impossible job look easy, even when it isn’t. And to my family and friends, for keeping my feet on the ground when I needed it v Acknowledgements In my experience, a vacuum rarely produces rich and insightful work. Outside opinions, criticism, support and feedback are key in producing a piece with analytical depth. This thesis is no different, and I owe a sincere debt of gratitude to a wide range of people for their assistance. First and foremost, to all of the officers who gave me time, told me stories, or put up with my irritating questions when you were trying to get your work done: thank you. If nothing else, I hope this piece shows some of the massive pressures which constantly shape life in jail, and how you do your jobs. You gave me a lot, and this will not be my last word on Alberta corrections. Dr. Bucerius: Sandra, I owe you for this one. The advice, feedback, blunt criticism, encouragement, and long discussions while running were what kept me sane and helped me make this. Thanks for taking a chance on me. Dr. Haggerty: Kevin, thanks for standing up to my opinionated views about how we “should” do this research. You’ve been more influential than you know in helping to shape my view of the prison, and I deeply appreciate your mentorship and wisdom. Dr. Mahdavi: Thanks for sitting on my committee; more than one Political Science student has told me they’re jealous, and I know why. Your class was a great challenge for me, and deeply shaped my understanding of how radicalization relates to Islam. Thanks also for the feedback at various times—your critiques shaped the way I wrote and thought about radicalization. My research teammates: Luca, Tyler, Ashley, Justin, Marta—thanks for all the thoughts, arguments, and discussions we have had since starting this project. It’s been fun to work with you guys, and I look forward to the next part. And finally, to my family: Thanks for keeping me level, and encouraging me and my faith when I needed it most. vi Contents Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter I: Radicalization ............................................................................................................. 5 Radicalization and Prison ............................................................................................................ 7 Literature Review: Prior Studies ............................................................................................... 10 Justification for my Study ......................................................................................................... 13 Chapter II: Methodology ........................................................................................................... 15 Outline of Methods.................................................................................................................... 16 Research Questions ................................................................................................................... 21 Sampling.................................................................................................................................... 22 Issues Surrounding Informed Consent ...................................................................................... 26 Data Coding............................................................................................................................... 28 Chapter III: Insider-Outsider Positionality within the Prison ............................................... 30 Literature Review: Field Roles in Sociological Research ......................................................... 31 The Apparatus ........................................................................................................................... 34 The Inmates ............................................................................................................................... 36 The Officers............................................................................................................................... 42 The Team................................................................................................................................... 52 Chapter IV: The Correctional Officers .................................................................................... 57 CO Duties: Care, Custody and Control ..................................................................................... 58 Prison Work: Economic Necessity, with a Dash of Mental Health .......................................... 67 Aspects of the Officer Subculture ............................................................................................. 70 Chapter V: Officer Perspectives on Radicalization ................................................................. 77 Fearing the Unknown: Absence and Confusion about Prison Radicalization .......................... 78 Relocating Radicalization ...................................................................................................... 83 Risky Business .......................................................................................................................... 87 Theme I: Gangs and Redefining Radicalization within the Prison ........................................... 93 Redefining radicalization: the importance of actions ............................................................ 95 Theme II, part I: Officers and Islam ........................................................................................ 100 Islam and ‘actions-based’ radicalization ............................................................................. 105 Inmate subcultural opposition to radicalization ................................................................... 108 The Pod 5 incident ............................................................................................................... 110 CO military service and views on radicalization ................................................................. 113 vii Theme II, part II: Muslims and Risk Governance within the Prison ...................................... 115 Mental health and risk governance ...................................................................................... 120 Theme III: Non-Religious Radicalization within the Prison ................................................... 124 The Freemen: A Short History ............................................................................................ 125 Sovereign Citizens: Officer Perceptions and Management Strategies ................................ 127 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................. 134 References .................................................................................................................................
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