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Individual Project Proposal Form THESIS PGCEET/TEE/2011-12/02 KIGALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUT DES SCIENCES ET DE TECHNOLOGIE DE KIGALI Avenue de l'Armée, B.P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY A THESIS ON DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE STANDARDS FOR EFFICIENT AND JUSTIFIED INVESTMENTS IN RURAL UNPAVED ROADS IN RWANDA Submitted by RUTAGARAMA AIMABLE (REG.NO: PG 2011-616) Under the Guidance of Associate Prof. Jennaro ODOKI Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of MASTER OF SCIENCE DEGREE IN TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING AND ECONOMICS DECEMBER 2013 i DECLARATION I hereby declare that the thesis entitled “DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE STANDARDS FOR EFFICIENT AND JUSTIFIED INVESTMENTS IN RURAL UNPAVED ROADS IN RWANDA” submitted for the Degree of Master of Science is my original work and the thesis has not formed the basis for the award of any Degree, Diploma, Associateship, Fellowship of similar other titles. It has not been submitted to any other University or Institution for the award of any Degree or Diploma. Place: Kigali – Rwanda Signature of the Scholar……………………….. Date: December 2013 RUTAGARAMA Aimable i KIGALI INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY INSTITUT DES SCIENCES ET DE TECHNOLOGIE DE KIGALI Avenue de l'Armée, B.P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda FACULTY OF ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE Certified that this thesis titled “DEVELOPING ALTERNATIVE CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE STANDARDS FOR EFFICIENT AND JUSTIFIED INVESTMENTS IN RURAL UNPAVED ROADS IN RWANDA” is the bonafide work of RUTAGARAMA Aimable (REG.NO: PG 2011-616) who carried out the research under my supervision. Certified further that to the best of my knowledge the work reported herein does not form part of any other thesis or dissertation on the basis of which a degree or award was conferred on an earlier occasion for this or any other candidate. Signature of the Supervisor………………………. Name of Supervisor: Jennaro B ODOKI, PhD Academic Designation: Associate Professor Department: CIVIL ENGINEERING AND ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY Full address of the College: Avenue de l'Armée, B.P. 3900 Kigali, Rwanda ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am very grateful to the Almighty God, who provides me with health, wisdom and endurance during my studies because this Thesis came within the most challenging times for me from the starting to its completion. I wish to convey my special thanks to my supervisor Associate Professor Jenarro B. ODOKI for his valuable contributions provided up to the completion of this work. His entire guidance, advice and timely review from the very early stage to the final draft of the Thesis, generated the progress to achieve the aspired dream. I cordially extend my sincere thanks to the management and staff of KIST especially the Directorate for the Post Graduate Studies, the Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Technology and the Coordination Office for this Master’s program for the whole type of support they have provided for the completion of the program. I owe many thanks to the engineers of Rwanda Transport Development Agency and the Road Maintenance Fund for the valuable data and documentation given to me to make this research a success. I thank my fellow MSc colleagues especially Mr Riziki Mgeni and Mr Patrick Emile Baganizi for the discussions and exchanges shared with me during the time of coursework and development of this thesis. Finally but not least, I thank my wife Odette, my sons Gadiel, Gibril and Shami and my close family members for their moral support during the entire period of my MSc Program. A.RUTAGARAMA, Thesis for the award of a Msc in Transportation Engineering & Economics iii ABSTRACT Road transport is the most commonly used means of transport in Rwanda since the country is landlocked. Unpaved roads represent 78% of the whole classified Rwandan road network and the majority of the unpaved roads are located in remote rural areas with low to very low traffic volumes. Investments made in the construction and maintenance of unpaved low volume roads in Rwanda are subjected to big technical, financial, institutional and managerial challenges that need to be addressed in a special manner. A sustainable solution to these challenges is an unpaved road investment that would provide acceptable design standards suitable to Rwandan condition, cost effective, institutionally applicable and easy to maintain. The present research was about to identify the challenges that are being observed in the construction and maintenance of rural unpaved roads in Rwanda due to lack of proper project planning, poor policing and standardisation that leads sometimes to unjustified investments and no value for money due to the fact that construction and/or maintenance costs are very high and the traffic volume is very low. The specific objective of this research was to develop and propose alternative engineering design standards, policies and practices that are cost effective and suitable to local conditions for the construction and maintenance of unpaved low volume roads in Rwanda. The study was carried out using a series of methodological steps including data collection on traffic, geometric and structural design characteristics and construction costs on three case studied roads (National, District and unclassified roads). Data analysis in terms of investments efficiency compared to the resulting level of service was carried out using HDM-4. The results of analysis were then used to develop and propose alternative design standards and techniques for the construction and maintenance of low volume unpaved roads. The analysis of the gaps existing between the commonly used policies and practices in Rwanda and International Best Management Practices for the construction and maintenance of unpaved roads helped to develop and propose alternative A.RUTAGARAMA, Thesis for the award of a Msc in Transportation Engineering & Economics iv institutional policing and practices to be adopted for effective and efficient investments in unpaved roads in Rwanda. The research has proved that widening the case studied unpaved roads results into increased Total Road Agency Costs and insignificantly decreased Total Road User Costs and, thus making higher Total Transport Costs compared to the base scenario of maintaining the existing unpaved road widths and finally leading to negative NPV and IRR. Negative values of these economic indicators show that all proposed projects of widening the three unpaved roads are not cost effective and not viable. By conducting sensitivity analysis, the main reason for cost ineffectiveness was found to be high initial investment costs related to the works of widening of roads together with high maintenance costs of such wide roads. Alternative road construction and maintenance techniques that can reduce Total Transport Costs like minimizing road width, avoiding steep road grade by selecting good location, providing adequate drainage system and surfacing unpaved road with gravel where it is necessary were found to be the best options for assuring good road condition, minimizing Road Agency costs and thus making investments economically viable. The research recommended among many others the following alternative practices and policies for appropriate maintenance management of unpaved roads: improved road surveys before designing: inspection during the rains to observe the movement of water, Study reviews before starting the works, decentralisation of unpaved road funding schemes, objective prioritization of road works by optimizing maintenance activities instead of constructing new roads, increasing road maintenance financing by creating additional sources of funds like road use charging where possible and complementing recurrent budget by development budgets. Further research using additional analysis tools like Road Economic Development was recommended. Keywords: investment efficiency, cost effectiveness, widening the roads, Net Present Value, unpaved road construction and maintenance, alternative techniques, policies and practices A.RUTAGARAMA, Thesis for the award of a Msc in Transportation Engineering & Economics v TABLE OF CONTENTS DECLARATION .............................................................................................. i BONAFIDE CERTIFICATE ........................................................................... ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .............................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................... iv TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................. vi List of Appendices .......................................................................................... ix List of Tables ................................................................................................... x List of Figures ................................................................................................. xi List of Symbols and Abbreviations ............................................................... xii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................. 1 1.1. BACKGROUND ................................................................................ 1 1.2. PROBLEM DESCRIPTION .............................................................. 2 1.3 AIM AND
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