![15.] New York, April 13, 1889. 1'3.00 a Yeah](http://data.docslib.org/img/8b0e79e9a40847b34c1644fe6804753f-1.webp)
(Entered'at t.he Pm!t 'Oftlce of New N. y" RB Second ClaM CopYl'l�hted. 1880. hy Co.] York, Matter. Monn & ------� ------'------A WEEKlY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS"CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES.
Vol. LX.-No. 11l45.15.] 1'3.00 A YEAH. ESTABLIl'HED NEW YORK, APRIL 13, 1889. WEEKLY.
THE REMARKABLE GLACIERS, WATERFALLS, MOUN'rAIJlS, AND HARBORS OF AL4SKA.-[See page 229.J
© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC ,Jtitntific �lUtritan. APRIL 13, 224 [ 18&). A NEW ASSISTANT COIl(JlISSIONER OF PATENTS. Emin Pasha's .apture, and as a reverse the news of a The President has appointed Mr. Robert.T. Fisher to victory of the Pasha over the Madhi's forces. What be Assistant Commissioner of Patents. Mr. Fisher at has really happened is quite unknown, and the dark the time of his promotion was a member of the Board ESTABLISHED 1845. continent is silent as to the fate of her daring explorers, of Appeals in the Patent Office, to which position he ... I I • had risen from subordinate grades of official duties, all A.rbor Day. MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. well performed. Mr. Fi!iher is a man of marked ability The State of Nebraska was the first, in 1874, to in PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT and long experience in the practical workings of the augurate a movement to designate one day in a year patent laws. His appointment to the assistant in which every one was urged to plant a tree, or do No. 361 BROADWAY, NEW YORK. COlll missionership gives very general satisfaction among all something to encourage a general tree planting, and to who have dealings with the office. He will be able to end a holiday O.D.MUNN. A. E. BEACH. that was established, styled Arbor Day, render efficient aid to Commissioner Mitchell. U oder In the almost treeless region from the Mississippi west the guidance of these two excellent officer'l, the admin- to the Rocky Mountains it was felt that the climate TBRMS FOR THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. istration of patent affairs is likely to be much improved might perhaps be somewhat mortified, and the moist . .83 00 One copy, one year. for the U. S. or Canada..... and reng,ered acceptable to the public• ure be better kept S. .')0 " back to promote the fertility of the One copy. six months. for the U. or Canada...... 1 . Onecopy.oneyear, to aoy foreign couotry belonJi:ingtoPostal Un iOo. 4 00 farmtl, only by SOUle abnormal encouragement of tree Remit. by postal or express money order. � LAGER.,.,. :BEER. planting, and this it is claimed has already been effected Australia and NeW" Zealand.�Those who desire .tu .r�ceive the Lager beer, fr m Its.. ame, IwplIes. a beer that has been to a noticeable degree in the State which originated � � A littJe over one year. may remIt £1 In current � ? . �� � i;Yi�-:-��t��: �dt;t:e:s the idea. & kept for a certaIn period. A year or months, at least, Other States have followed the lead of MUNN CO .. 361 Broadway. cornerof Franklin Street, New Yurk.. SIX The SCientific Amerlcan Supplement is the time given by authorities as that which should Nebraska, an Arbor Day having been instituted in Is adlstlnct paper from the SClI!:NTIFICAMIC RICAN. '.rilE SUPPLI!:�fKNT elapse before such beer is tapped. The German and Iowa by the State Horticultural Society, in Minnesota is Issued weekly. I£verynumber contains 16 octa o p�es. uniform in size . . . . with SCIEN'cU'W AlIIEIUCAN. Terms of subscriptionv fur SUPPLEMENT, Austrian governulents Impose both fine and Imprison- by the State Forestry Association, and in West Vir a f o ginia such a day is set apart by the State Superintend I ment for any infraction of this rule. because of. the de- t!:'�l::���:afir�'i��?���:?e 'co�i�,�J���� ������ :lf(�l�s���I��; . throughcut t.hecountry. Ite e · ous effect f suc h d rlnk before lager or ent of Public Schools. In Ohio, Massachusetts, and · n 0 such 1�lnnbtuell RatelJ.-'l'he SCIENTIFIC AMIGRICAN and SUPPLEMENT b or one year, to any address In U. S. or Cana.dll,on receipt of keeping shall have expired. There is not any such law Vermont, an Arbor Day is designated by proclamation ;�n ��� : �t �iji� � !.to remit SbYdraft.postal order.express muneyorder.or here, and, as everybody knows who has had the time of the several Governors, and in several other States it r ! erS t : I AU8tl'alia and New ZeMIRnd.�The SCIENTIFW AMERICAN and and inclination to investigate the subject, many of our has been observed in accordance with requests ema T i:�t for a little over year on receipt brewers have greatly curtailed this time of keeping and nating from the State agricultural associations. ��n�PdO���� b-:�� �� . one of £2 cur_ I constantly seek for expedients processes for cutting The Forest Commission of New York State, in 1886. Addrebs :\tUNN& co .. 361Hr Oll.dway.corner of lI'ranklin Street, New York. and it down still more, eager is the market, so uncritical recommended the establishment of such a day as an 80 NEW YORK, SATURDAY, APRIL 13, 1889. the consumer. Indeed, the American beer drinker has additional holiday, to be especially a school holiday, little regard for his liver and kidneys, or he would have to be devoted to tree planting, tree culiure, and educa (Jontellt stoutly protested long ago. He takes his beer unsus tion in forestry. The State Legislature of last year •• (Illuetrated articles are marked with aD asterisk.) pectlngly, and without inquiry, till a time comes when. passed a law in pursuance of this recommendation, entitled, "An Act to Encourage Arboriculture,ll The . 230 the liver being affected, or the kidneys, or both, nature Alaska, glacle1'8, .mountams, Gunpowder. Ilew...... etc.* ...... 2"..3. 229 Inventions, agricultural ...... 233 protests, and the beverage once so pleasing to his lips is summarized provisions of this act are to the effect that Alaska. vlewllln*...... 22:l. 229 Inventlonl!',eltlctrical ...... '" 233 AllOr; new ...... " .... 228 Invent!ons. index of ...... 235 like to so much acid. A chemist recently investigating on the Friday follOWing the first day of May in each ' i Inventwns. miscellaneous ...... 2.'13 ::: year an public school authorities in the State shall ��re!���f:iri: l:fithe*::::.::: i3� Inventors. take courage...... 226 this matter says: i Keys. connecting rod· ...... 2.�1 g:�k��o� �:��:����:�:,���: :.: � LaO'.mud ...... 227 "Brewers are using materials other than malted bar assemble the scholars in their charge in the school Bearing. a.xle, Strauss' ...... � ..... 22'1' Leg for chairs, Alliger's* ...... 227 ley, such as corn and oats, etc., mixed with barley and building or elsewhere for the participation in such Beer, laRflr...... 224. Mark, trade ...... m Boat, torpedo, new ...... · 228 Notes, photographic ...... 22;) exercises as shall tend to encourage the planting, pro 233 hops, by which they accelerate its manufacture, mak Books and publications,. new..... Notes and Queries ...... •...... 2.>1 Business and personal ...... 233 Pa.ckal{e,CO!O, Castner's 22j ing a sweetish, pleasing, heady beverage, but alcoholic, tection, and preservation of trees and shrubs. Follow_ CleRD.er, cotton Reed. Baum_ Patent, Assist. Com. of. new .. ... 224 garten's ...... 230 Platillgwith aluminum ...... 2'l5 and people using this kind of beer in large daily quan ing such exercises] trees and shrubs will be planted, Club. exerc!slng. Jessup'S* ...... 228 Plow, Imow, Williams' ...... •.... 22ti Coupling, CHI'.Clarridge's ...... 226 Pump and condellser,Reid's 23:.! tities, with the idea that it is innocuous, has brought where practicable. This is designed to overcome the Crab. cocoanut ...... 226 Replies t.oInquiries ...... 235 Day, Arbor ...... m Reservoir. ancient ...... 232 on a marked increase of renal complaints." destruction of trees, made necessary by the demand of Desk.and sellt, school, Hamel's·. 2Z"I Shafting. girder fot4 ...... 231 Device, hammock, Prltchard's*. .. 228 SIlOW, black ...... m This statement was shown to a medical inspector of business and commerce. In cities the tree planting Diamond. large ...... 2:l2 Digger, wtato. Shaw's* ...... 228 ���t�a:.�r[!.�'!6.������:,�.m the Board of Health of this city, He could not !:lay if will necessarily be omitted, but the other exercises will Drop from clOUdSat Bombay. .... 231 Stanley,news from...... ; ... m Rna-ine.gas, twin, IllrJle*...... 2.'10 a these particular ingredients were used, but the general be observed. Friday, May 3, will be the first Arbor Enlargemellts,combination . .... 2:l2 ��f:�h���To��('d:�?an f!��:���:: m . . Day in this State, and Superintendent of Public In_ Exhibition. Paris· ...... 281 Tongs. Evans'*...... 226 charge, he Raid, was undoubtedly true, neither colorfld "'�umlture.bent wood ...... 225 Tower.EIlTel ...... 229 . as to the intent of the brewers nor exaggerated as to struction Draper, in a recently issued circular, requests GIISfrom steam boilers ...... 229 Tub. bath. folding. Sabin's...... :m' Gas JleneratedIn heating pipes .. 229 Viscosity, magIletlc...... 2S2 Gllslnheatillg pipes ...... 229 the effect on the health of the consumer. The Health earnestly that there be a general observance of the Governor, centrlfultal, Ber&"er & ;g�d��ak���: .�?::::::.:'. ::::.:'. iM Noel's*...... 2IlO Wrench. monkey, French" ...... 281 Department, he said, had not sufficient force to look day. into this matter just now, so full were its hands with It is earnestly to be hoped that this subject wilt hereafter receive more practical attention than has TABLE OF CONTENTS OF the routine of inspection. If it can be shown the beer is injurious to health, the hitherto been given to it. Nothing is more certain makers can be held and punished. than that, as the years roll on, our children and our SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT children's children will look upon our wastefulness in
No. 693. Tbe Bxplorer Stanley and Hls Expeditlon f'ar the the matter of tree destruction and our improvidence in Dl8covery and Relief' of' EDlIn Bey. for new growths to take the place of trees F'or the Week EndlD&" A:prll 18, 1889. providing A long letter has been received from the heart of destroyed as aJllong the reckless and wanton follies of Price 10 cents. For sale by all newsdealers. the present generation. It is a matter in which all can PAGE Africa, written by Henry M. Stanley, and serving, in its remote date and do something, and the man or child who plants one [. BIOGRAPHY.-James Joseph Sylvester.�Thelbioil'aphy of the the unaccomplished crisis of affairs eminent Emdlsh mathematician, with abstract of his work and at which was to tree where it will live is surely doing something that P it O n ..o�;�inii.ioi-· of·t·!;':i'D.ew110 75 it written, rather excite than allay the
© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 13, 18&;.] Ititutifit �tutriuu. 225
PHOTOGRAPHIC NOTES. print. But in any case, whether the mealiness cornes centuries, varieties of the finest texture and flavor may 8ensitizing and Toning Plain Paper.-A veteran from the paper, from an alkaline or very weak bath, or be looked for, and enterprising Floridians are collect photographer thus describes his method, which has from rapid toning, it may soon be learned and recog· ing and experimenting with the best oranges wherever pl'oved very effective: nized by an observing and practiced eye, and so dis· they can be found. On the other hand, many persons Silver Clemon's plain salted matt surface paper with posed of with but little los8 of time and trouble. hold that the befit fruits can be had by selecting choice a fifty·grain solution of ammonia nitrate of silver; J. B. G. lSeedlings at home, which unite good quality with great
tone in a gold solution containing ODe grain of gold and • productiveness. Many of the hest known groves in sixty grains of borax in every four ounces of water; fix Plating -with AlulDlnom. the Indian River region are from Florida seedlings, in a hyposulphite of soda solution containing ODe ounce BY L. Q. BRlN, PARIS. and even the famous Navel trees, on account of their of hypo. to every six ounces of water. The process which constitutes this invention is in unfruitfulness, have in some cases been budded with In preparing the sensitizing solution, first dissolve tended for depositing a coat of aluminum upon a me so-called native varieties. the nitrate of silver in the required amount of water tallic surface by the direct contact of a volatilized salt The lemon is more tender than the orange, but the and then pour one-tenth of it into a separate vessel, of aluminum with the surface. The sheets of iron or freezing weather three years ago did not cause irre and to the other nine-tenths slowly add aqua ammonia, other metal are first of all cleansed from all impurities parable loss in the southern counties, and largely in constantly stirring the solution until the ammonia has by an acid bath, and they are afterward plunged into creased areas are planted with this fruit every year. redissolved the oxide of silver thus formed. a solution of borate of soda, hydrated alumina, and Many persons consider it the most promising for cul When the solution is thus cleared, that there may be some easily fusible flux, so that the surfaces shalt be tivation of all the orange family. Florida lemons were no exces!:! of ammonia, add the tenth portion previously preserved in a state of perfect cleanliness. The articles quite unsalable a few years ago, but now, since more set aside. It is now filtered, and is then ready for use. which have been treated in this manner are placed has been learned of varieties and of proper methods of This lIlay be regarded as the stock solution. Tbe por· within a closed llJUffie, and the walls of the muffle are curing and harvesting, they lead the market in value. tion required for imlllediate use may be placed in an heated to a very high temperature by a surrounding The pomelo, or grape fruit, has conquered a position ordinary drinking glass, and in applying it to the pa furnace. There are openings in the sides of the muffle for itself in the North, and must soon be as popular in per take a strip of gutta percha, four inches long, one to provide for the entrance of the vapors, and for the the market as it always has been for home use. Its and a half wide, and one·sixteenth thick. Cover about escape of the gases resulting from their decomposition. beauty and size and flavor must make it salable, and one-third of this with four thicknesses of bleached Can SOllle salt of aluminum, such as the chloride, is heated its productiveness will make it profitable. It varies ton flannel, and when this is thoroughly saturated in in a vessel of fire clay to the temperature of volatiliza· greatly. and new and improved varieties will certainly the solution, it may be used successfully in sensitizing tion, and it is then conducted through the mume in di be produced. the paper. This swab, if frequently used, may be left rect contact with the surfaces of the plates. The alum The best varieties of the lime have been so lately in· in the solution; but if only occasionally, it is better to inurn is at once separated, and it is deposited upon the troduced that little is yet known of their commercial wash out both it and the glass. The portion of solu metallic surface. A current of inert gas, such as nitro value. Besides these, many minor fruit8 of this family tion remaining after use should be filtered into a bot� gen, is forced through the retort and muffle along with have been introduced and are sparingly used in a do tIe kept expressly for this purpose, and lDay be added the stream of aluminiferous vapor, so that no oxjdation mestic way, like the citron, the shaddock, and the to the stock solution required for any futnre occasion. shall be possible. The outlet tube from the muffle con kumquat, a diminutive Japan orange of great value In preparing the toning solution, first dissolve fifteen ducts the residual gases into a receiver, upon whose for pr€f;erving. grains of chloride of gold in fifteen ounces of water and condensing surfaces the sublimated vapors are de The fig has already been mentioned, but it thrh'es th�n the borax in the amount of water required for im posited for further utilization as by-products. In this best north of the orange belt. The loquat, or Japan mediate use; and in every three ounces of this add one operation of plating it has been found by the inventor medlar, is seen growing over all the State, and has ounce of the gold solution. After thoroughly stirring that the metallic sheets are not only covered with a proved profitable where planted for market. It is sus it, allow it to stand for .a half hour or more before coating of aluminum, but that they become impreg ceptible of great improvement, and the better varieties using it. nated with it to such an extent that it may be consid can be grafted on seedlings or on quince roots, as is This bath, by being kept from the light, may be used ered that they are composed of an alloy of the two done in California. The kaki, or Japan persimmon, is repeatedly by simply adding half the quantity of gold metals. a comparatively recent introduction. Some of its
solution required when first made up. • varieties are so rich in color t.hat they may be fairly Prints thus toned will fix in the solution prescribed The American POIDologlcal society. termed gorgeous, and in flavor it bears af'l high a rank in from five to ten minutes, if not greatly overprinted; The late meeting of the American Pomological So as it does in appearance. No doubt its introduction and when washed and mounted will present aH the ciety was held in Ocala in accordance with the invita marks an era in the history of fruit-growing in the strength and vigor of the negatives used. tion of the Florida Horticultural Society, and the State, for its culture is no longer an experiment. Still, The formula, in brief, is : Northern visitors were impressed by the energy and in comparatively little is known as yet of its distinct varieties or their special uses. One of the most in Ammonia nitrate of silver ...... •...•..•..•..... 50grains. telligence shown by the members of this organization. Water...... • .....•...... 1 ounce. It was natural that a large percentage of the papers teresting fields of experiment now offered to horticul
Chloride of gold...... grain. should have been contributed by them and that they ture is the hybridizing of the kaki and the American ...... 1 Pulverized borax ...... :. " ...... 60grains. should have conducted most of the discussions. But persimmon. In the orange belt the hardier varieties of Water ...... 4onnces. the uniform excellence of the addresses was note the guava, the olive, the date, the carob, the downy Hyposnlphite of soda ...... _ ...... lonnce. worthy. Nearly two hundred members of the local myrtle, the Chinese litchi, and other fruits have been Water...... •...... • ... 6onnces. society were present, and their activity suggested the successfully grown, while south of this region the cus If Olemon's paper cannot be l'eadily obtained, any of thought that the large percentage of the population tard apple, the tamarind, the tropical almond (Termi the brands commonly used for albumenizing may be engaged in fruit culture helped to insure a more gen nalia Catappa), the pineapple, the hog plum (Spondia), utilized by first floating or immersing in a tepid bath eral familiarity with the methods which command suc the Barbadoes gooseberry (Pei1'eskea aculeata), the containing three grains of gelatine and five grains of cess than can be found in regions where fruit culture is star apple (Chrysophyllum Oainito), the mango, to· chloride of ammonia in each ounce of water. This pa subordinate to other branches of horticulture and ag gether with the banana and cocoanut, are all in culti per, however, produces the best results only when rIculture, vation, and described with some detail in the r€port. freshly salted and should, therefore, be prepared only President Berckmans, in his opening address, said Ga1'den and Forest. in quantities likely to be used in a month or two. that the Pomological Society was founded fifty years ••• I • J. B. G. ago, not only to unite the fruit growers of the country Dent Wood Furniture. Measly and Mealy Prints.-A correspondent asks in a brotherhood and furnish a means of social inter The material to be bent, as practiced in Austria, is what is the difference between a "measly" and course among them, but to he of practical utility in usually the red beecb, a product of the Hungarian for H mealy" print, and what are the causes producing the collecting and classifying the knowledge of different ests. In the United States the common bef'ch and same. fruits gained in widely separated localities. birch are used and stained with the aniline reds modi The appearance of a mealy print is readily recognized The committee on subtropical fruits, which was fied by logwood and Brazil-wood. The timber is sawed - by its fogginess, dullness, and general lack of vigor. created at the Boston meeting of the society, proved into strips of the proper size and finished in a ga.uge A measly print has the appearance or is similar to its value by presenting a report which gave a :better lathe or by hand to the required proportion8. that of the same disease in the human subject. Hence account of the history and importance of this !o!trictly They are then placed in a tight case of wood or iron, its name. It is most noticeable by looking t.hrough the Southern industry than can be found elsewhere in the and subjected to a stf'aming process for a few minutes, print. These spots appear to exist chieflyin the tex same compass. and in work requiring specially sharp bends the last ture of. the paper, and so ingrained are they that they In Louisiana the parish of Lower Placquemines has steam is superheated slightly the goods put under 01' may be regarded as almost incurable. Perhaps the the advantage of furnishing the earliest oranges. The high pressure steam in an iron case with sealed door, best means of avoiding them is by floating the back of entire crop is sold on the trees, and the oranges are capable of 50 lb. pressure. This makes the wood very the paper immediately after sensitizing and blotting often paid for while the trees are yet in bloom. The pliable. off the surplus with acetic acid one ounce, water sixty prospective crop of a hundred acre orange grove was Moulds of wood or iron are used of the exact shapes, ounces. sold last winter for $30,000 before a blossom or bud had into which the hot strips are bound at the moment of The terms mealy and measly are not synonyms as appeared on the trees. In southern Alabama.the hopes removal from the steam case. In from two to eight used in photography, and the remedies to be applied in of orange growers were frozen out with the death of days the strips are set and dry, ready for assembling, curing or preventing mealiness are not always apropos the trees in the cold January of 1886, but the_fig is here finishing, and varnishing. in cases of measley prints. A mealy print may be grown to perfection, and yields enormously. No other caused by the lllanner in which the paper is albumen strictly Bubtropical fruits are grown here, but, as in the Teak Wood. ized or by the condition of the albumen, and though northern region of Florida, fruits of Oriental origin, So indestructible by wear or decay is the African by skillful handling on the part of the photographer, like the Kelsey and Bhotan blood plums, the peen-to teak wood that vessels built of it have lasted fully one it. is much safer to exchange it for a better quality. In and honey peaches. the Le Conte and Keiffer pears, are hundred years, to be then broken up only on account determining whether the fault is in the paper or is due receiving much attention. There is a reviving interest, of their antique mould or defective sailing qualities. to some other cause, it is only necessary to float it on a too, in some old and almost extinct varieties of the This wood is one of the most remarkable employed test bath containing forty grains of nitrate of silver-and peach, while,the cultivation of the Scuppernong grape in the human industries, for its great weight, hardness, twenty grains of fused nitrate of ammonia dissolved in and of the pecan is rapidly growing in commercial im and durability, its weight varying from 42 to 52 pounds each ounce of wat�r. If in silvering the paper on this portance. per cubic foot. It works easily, but from the large bath there is any perceptible change after drying and In the Florida peninsula proper, and down to the quantity of silex contained, the tools for working fuming it, the fault is in the paper, and it should be twenty-eighth degree of latitude. the cultivation of the require to be hard, and even then are subject to severe thrown aside. Mealiness, however. may occur with citrus fruits is the absorbing industry. The trees here wear. It also contains an oil which pre�nts the iron good paper when the silvering solution is very alkaline, grow like weeds, attaining the largest size and most spikes and nails driven into it from rusting. or where there is too little silver to coagUlate the albu perfect development. Every known variety of orange The East Indian teak wood is somewhat lighter and men. Uuder such circumstances the solution pene seelDs at home'here, and many of the introduced kinds easier worked, and also from its silicious qualities a trates through the back of the paper, and is very likely attain a sprightliness of flavor, combined with a juici perfect germicide to marine life, so destructive to other to discolor in a very few hours. A very strong and ness and sweetness, which they never acquire in their woods. It requires from sixty to eighty years' for rapid toning bath will sometimes produce a mealy ef original habitat. It is but reasonable to expect that in growth sufficient for shipbuilding purposes. It is fect and destroy the brilliancy and force of the finished countries where these fruits have been cultivated for largely in use in English shipbuilding.
© 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 226 [APRIL 13. IS&).
IlIll'BOVED TONGS FOB LAlIll' CmllIlEYS, ETC. divided into a series of pockets by transverse semi AN IIIPBOVED CAB COUPLING. The illustration herewith represents a recently pat circular partitions extending from end to end of the The car coupling herewith iIlustra.\ed has been pat ented invention of Mr. John T. Evans, of Minersville, drum. In front of each of the partitions a radial slot ented by Mr. John CIarridge, Sr., of Libertyville. Iowa. Utah Tel'. The device consists of tongs in which a is produced, the center of the circle of the slots being 'fhe rear of the draw bar chamber in which the link is spring is inserted near the pivot to press apart the immediately above the partitions, at which point the held. surrounded by a spiral spring, has an abutment outer ends, these ends being curved outwardly and sup upper ends of discharge plates are pivoted, one plate against which the spring strikes, shoulders limiting the porting upright for each pocket. A trip plate is rigidly attached to forward motion of a follower pressed outward by the arms, on the up the inner face of each of the frame arms, having a cam spring, and one link being permanently retained in per and lower face, indicated by dotted lines, whereby the dis· place by a pin pa�sing through a v�rtical aperture at ends of which are charge plates are held in open position to allow the the rear. The follower, when the coupling is ready to slightly curve d pockets to be filled with snow as the pockets are as be connected with another coupling, is held in its out cross pieces. cending on the forward side of the wheel, while these ermost position, and then forms a s�pport for a !coup Cords or bands of plates assume a position to push the snow out of the ling pin held in a vertical aperture in the drawhead. a S f t material pockets into the hopper at the rear during the further To the coupling pin is attached a chain extending up 0 are wound upon progress of the wheel. Between the drum wheel and ward and through two pulleys to either side of the car, these cro�s pieces, the box body is an essentially T-shaped tubular casing, within convenient reach of the train men, whereby to prevent the its horizontal member constituting the base, and in cars may be uncoupled without going between them. breaking of a this horizontal member are two screw conveyers, one A spring passing through a suitable opening in th� top chimney or foun with a right hand and the -other with a left hand tain of a lamp pitch, a short vertical conveyer being centrally jour they are adapted naled in the casing. To the upper end of the ver EVANS' TONGS. to seize. On the tical conveyer a second conveyer is hinged, the latter rear of the handle projecting upward within an inclined portion of the ends of the tongs are formed knife blades, by which casing. The upper vertical and connected inclined the device is adapted for the trimming of wicks and conveyers are adapted to be revolved at least once and other purposes. a half or twice as fast as the two lower or horizontal
• I.I • conveyers. A hopper is attached to the forward end of Inventors, Take Conrqe. the T-shaped tubular casing, and extends from side to A bill is before the United States Senate authorizing side of the main frame of tbe plow, communicating the Committee on Patents to sit during the recess of with the horizontal and vertical portions of the casing. the Senate, to inquire into the condition of the present the forward end of . the hopper being open and facing system of issuing patents and the cause of delay in the wheel. The snow is continuonsly delivered, as the granting the same. It is to be hoped that the measure plow is operated, from the several pockets of the will receive its sanction, and that the committee will wheel into the hopper and upon the horizontal con enter upon their task of investigation vigorously, and veyers, the latter continually forcing it from the sides cf'.� we are quite sure they will discover the necessity of upon the vertical conveyer. by which it is thrown to a �}��"'- recommending an increase of appropriation for the distance from the track at one side. CLABBIDGE'S CAB COUPLING. Patent Office to enable the Commissioner to increase . I. . his clerical force and keep the work of the office well The Cocoanut Crab. of the coupling pin is adapted to force the pin down // up. when the entering link of an approaching car enters On the Agaia Islands, in the Indian Ocean, there is a • • • the drawhead and pushes back the follower. AN IIIPBOVED BASKET OB CABBIEB. very strange crab. He is known to science as the Bir{}us lutro, or thief crab, and his depredations are A simply made basket or "carrier," of a construction AN IIIPBOVED SPOUT CONNECTION FOB CANS, ETC. carried on in the cocoanut groves which abound on also suitable for the manufacture of light barrels and An a.ttachable spout especially adapted for UAe with these islands. This crab grows to be twenty-two inches other receptacles, the tin and thin metal vessels of commerce, without long, measuring from the tip of the tail to the end of is illustrated here the use of solder, and which can be readily removed the long claw. and resembles in goeneral appearancethe with, and has when the vessel is empty, is shown in the accompany hermit crab. The abdomen is fleshy and not covered been patented by ing illustration. It has been patented by Mr. Ernest with a shell, and in order to protect this it is the habit Mr. Isaac J. W. W. Vacher, of Moore's Station, Texas. The outer end of the thief crab to take forcible possession of a shell of Adams, of Adams of the spout is adapted to receive a screw cap, and the Trochas family, in which it lives. It is nocturnal in & Co., Laurel, around its inner end is secured an oblong rectangUlar its operations, and has the faculty of selecting the trees Del. It has inner metal plate, the spout fitting in- near one end of this having the finest cocoanuts upon them. Climbing up and uter slats plate, which is lined with felt on the side that is to 0 the trunks frequently for twenty-five feet, it reaches oppositely inclin the limbs and severs the stems which attach the nuts come next the inner wall of the ves�el. A similar metal ed, so that the two to the branches. These are frequently as thick as your plate is fitted to slide on the-spout just outside the can, �eries cross each this plate being faced with felt on the side next the three fingers, and would require a strong knife to cut other, the slats outer wall of the vesse1. Beyolld this sliding plate the them. Having brought down the nut, the crab now being held togeth spout is provided with a shoulder and corresponding descends to the ground, digs a hole and rolls the cocoa er by hoops at nut into it. their ends and He then commences to tear off the husk, fiber by ADAlIS' l'ASXET OR CARRIER. middle portions, fiber, until the nut is completely exposed, and then while nails or breaking in wha.t is known as the eye he eats the meat other fastenings are driven through the slats and hoops completely out. The fibers stripped off the cocoanut from the inside and clinched at their points. A small this crab will frequently fill a bushel basket, and. inner hoop is placed near the bottom as a support for by they are gathered for making mattresses, and are also the bottom board, the latter being also held by nails twisted into ropes. Cocoanut grOVf!S are cultivated by passed through the lower outer hoop and slats. A those who make a business of extracting the oil from hoop is likewise placed on the inside at the upper end. the nuts to be used for illuminating purposes, and the ..., . AN IMPBOVED SNOW PLOW. depredatiQDs of this crab are of a very serious character, in many cases the efforts of the natives to exterminate The illustration herewith represents a snow plow them proving fruitless. CHAS. D. BAKER. designed to remove the snow from a railroad track and
force it to quite a distance to one side. Jeaving- a solid •••I • compact wall at each side. It is a patented inven Treatment oC Ride Barrels Prevent them. t'rOID and 10 tion of Mr. Oren WiliiamfO, of Gouverneur, N. Y. The Beeomln= body of the plow is made similar to box car, and BY H. 8. MAXI •• a adapted to receive an engine to operate the plow, which The gun barrel having been finished in the ordinary is pushed forward by a locomotive in the usual way. manner is mounted in a lathe so that both its external From each side ot the box body arms are forwardly and internal surfaces run true. Acurrent of carbureted projected, between which is mounted a drum wheel hydrogen gas is then passed through the bore, and at the same time a series of gas jets are applied to the ex VACHEB'S ATTACHABLE CAN SPOUT. ternal surface of the barrel. As the barrel becomes heated it runs out of truth, and this is corrected from fixed plate, these two plates being �lightly inclined so time to time by straightening it by meaDS of levers or that a wedge inserted between them, when the inner mallets, or otherwise, while it is in the lathe and while end of the spout with its plate has been inserted in "he hot. The barrel thus treated is not liable to become can, will press the felt-fa.ced sliding plate close to the crooked while firing. The current of gas passing outer wall of the can, at the !:'ame time that t.he plate, through the bore prevents damage to the gun by oxi lined with felt on the inner end of the spout. is drawn dation durIng the straightening operation. against its inner wall, thus making a thoroughly, tight joint. To insert the spout in the can, a small THE official test of the Bell Telephone Company's cutter and pattern are used, these being attached to long dist·aDce telephone Rystem was made �ebrnary 16, the spout by light chains. A hole of jU8t sufficient size between Buffalo, New York, Albany, and intermediate having been made, the aperture is pried open suffici points. A local newspaper says : A conversation with ently to insert one end of the plate fixed on the inner the metropolis was carried on most successfully. The end of the spout, which is then pressed completely line worked entirely free from induction, and the dis down through the apert1lre. The device is then turned tinctness with which the voice could be heard at so one-quarter around and the plate pressed up against great a distance was surprising. Conversations with the inner side of the aperture, when the sliding plate Boston, Syracuse, and other points were carried on suc' is pressed against its outer edge, and the wedge inserted cessfully. The company have fitted up their rooms at and driven tight. The construction of the device is 14 West Seneca Street with thirteen compartments for extremely simple, making an article which can be sold the convenience of patrons, who can thus carryon con at low price, while an absolutely tight jOint is made a WILLIAIIS' SNOW PLOW. versations in strict privacy. on the thinne8t metal. © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 13. 18&).] Jdtutifit �tutrinn:. 227 Ali IKPBOVED SCKO OL DESJ[ AlfD 81&T. . which re.sts a eoll&r, secnredon tbeskein, and having on shoulder, and the great lIlouth wide open to catch The combined desk and seat shown herewith baS its rim an annular groove, into which loosely 6ts3 rub- any unwary fish that JDay pass that way. The prey I beeD pa.tented Mr. Gustavus Hamel, o( De 8000, Mo. ber wasberrestiDl:against the inner face of thebub,and is sucked in and swallowed, but it is a 80rry day if The desk is supported by two corner Jegs or standards, cODn�ted thereto by screws. In front of the washer is human band or foot touches it. I managed to escape slightly inclined. an inclined brace bar being 800ured a metallic cap protecting the rubber from wear. On them in my wanderings jn seareh of marine curiosities at its upper end to each leg and at its lower end to the the outer end of the skein is threaded offset, on to by wearing very thick boots. I ·was anxious to experi- 8. which screws nut abutting against the ends of the a. journal, there being an annular groove ·in the Dut into which fits loosely a rubber washer. on which is a cap secured by screws. The edges of the inner and outer washer and their caps are covered by bands. This' axle bearing is especially designed for bay and barrel wagons, being durable and convenient, and so con- I structed that the outer screw of the axle can be adjusted I P2 to the width and weight of the l?ad. .. ,. t • AN ADlUSTAlILE LEG FOR O!U.IRS. An adjustable leg which may be easily attached to or detached froUl chairs or other articles of furniture, I to vary their height, and which is particularly appli- I cable in accommodllting a chair to the growth of a child, is iUustrated herewith, and has been patented by 11r. Hasbrouck Alliger, or Rondout. N. Y. A wedge-shaped block is used, having teeth at its upper rJ"1nlt(. ---- eud to engage the under side of the chair seat, and on HA)[EL'S SCHOOL DESK AND SEAT. the outer side of the block are nUIDbers representing floor. The upper end of each brace projects slightly to inches and fractions thereof, the block alEo having a the front of the standard, and carries an inwardlyex· longitudinal slot. An auxiliary leg, slotted, is adapted tending pin, prererably covered by rubber. When the for engagement with this block by a bolt passing ALLIGER'S ADlUSTABLE LEG FOR CHAIRS. seat il:l in a horizontal position, as shown in dotted through both sJots, and having a wasber and wing nut. lines, this ,pin is engaged by a hook on the horizontal A hook with threaded shank and wing nut is also ment on the fish, and secured an expert old fisherman's arm or the seat bracket, as shown in Fig. 2, the bracket passed through and held in engagement in the slots, services. The natives use the lat! as food, and in spite having a.nother arm fulcrumed to the angle iron at the the hook being adapted to engage a round of the chair of the dangerous wounds caused by the spines, those base of the desk standard. A connecting bar between when the auxiliary leg has been fixed at the desired skilled in reef fishing actually catch the creature with the two arms of the bracket serves as a stop when the length, and the upper toothed end of the wedge block the bare hand, and I never heard of an accident to seat is folded up, these bars then striking agaiIlst the is driven into the under side of the chair sea.t or frame. them. When a laff i8 discovered, the wary fisherman, pins to limit the rearward swinging motion of the seat Fig. 3 shows a modified form of the device, in which knowing it to be a sluggish fish, not likely to move brackets. The pins being covered with rubber or other the wedge block may be dispensed with, the auxiliary quickly, creeps slowly up to it, and stooping down 80ft material, noise is prevented in folding up or clos' leg being made longer, and its lower end made up of Jowers his hand gently till it is below the level of the ing the seaL a series of spheres, whicb may be cut off as desired to mouth, when with a sudden jerk he clutches it by the lower the chair. lower jaw, and draws it up, and it can plunge as it will, ------__.�' �.� 4. ______-- AN lJlPROVED COIN PACKAGE, but cannot use the spines if held firmly. ... , . A coin package, ,to be formed of paper or other thin AN I)[PROVED FOLDING BATH TUlI. My man caught me several specimens. One we laid on a dish, and I tickled it under the pectorals, when the flexible material, and adapted to confine the coin so A bath tub which may be folded in smaH bulk when view, is dorsal, which lies in a lumpy mass on the back when that a considerable portion is exposed to not in use, and for transportation Or storage. is il1us Mr. illustrated herewith, and has been patented by trated herewith, and has been patented by Mr. Ran body of George L, Castner, of Memphis, Tenn. The som Sabin, of Shelby. Mich. Each of the sides has a pair of folding legs, the legs each beiog held in verti cal position by a pivoted catch when the bath tub is set up for use. The ends are each composed of two parts, hinged together at their inner edges, and at their outer edges hinged to the sides, bolt and socket a, being provided on each end to lock till) end parts in open position. A flexible sheet of rubber cloth or other waterproof material is secured to the side and end pieces, such sheet being of sufficient dimensions to CASTNER'S COD! PACKAGE. provide ample space for the purpose of a bath when the device is Met up. Two straps are also employed, . the bolder proper ·is made by bending a strip in the running under the flexible sheet, which may be used form of a rectangte, a binding strip being pasted to tbe to hold the parts together in folded position, as shown back of such holder, so that it is normally adapted to in Fig. I, or these straps may be used to divide up tbe overlap the open" ends, inclo�ing the coin when the area of the bath tub Into compartments when its whole ends are brougbt together on the top. The ends of the space is not required. SABIN'S FOLDING :BATH TU:B. body strip lDay be enlarged on one side, as shown in For furtber particulars relative to this invention ad the engraving. A package may be made on a similar dress the inventor, or Mr. Erwin Stanhope, of Mears, undisturbed, was quickly raised, the spines protruded, principle to bold' a number of packets, the package Mich. and when the fin was touched, the fish, with a spas then having a broad backing piece, with narrow bind • 'e J • modic jerk. ejected a greenish, slimy rmbstance from ing strips attached thereto, in such way as to facilitate THE HUD LAP'F.-(Sym:znceia 1)t'r71I © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC Ititntifit �tUtriun. 228 [APRIL 13. I8&). pitiful to see. He felt the effects ot the wound for fo:rwardly curved ends of the beams, the blade lyIng boilers, magazines. a.nd machinery for propulsion of many months. nearly flat. a.nd having a central projecting point which the vessel and for ejection of torpedoes, leaving little Several gentlemen interested in the subject met to cuts into the hills of potatoes as the machine moves room for accommodation of officers and crew_ witness the disseetion of a laff, and their notes and my (orward. The potatoes and dislodged earth pass back SOIDe interesting experiments have recently been own were similar, so I give a resume of them. ward over the blade on to all agitator, which separates conducted in England which gave a practical demon The dorsal fin begins behind the Dugue, and it is the earth from the potatoes, so that the latter way be stration of the possibilities of modern ordnaoCA and composed of a series of fleshytubercles, twelve contain- conveniently gathered. This agitator CODsists of a bar high explosives in artillery practice. An old ironclad, iog spines and. eight rays embedded in t.be skin. The pivoted at opposite ends in tbe beawe, and ranging itu �he Resistance, was heavily plated and Htted with pro tubercles are bound together by a membrane full of mediately behind the hoe blade, t.be bar having back tective coal bunkers and casemates. \Vooden dummies numerous nervous cords. This membrane is endowed wardly extending fingers or tines. Near one end of were placed in the latter to represe-1lt men. Thus with great retractability, allowing all the spines to this' agitator bar is a pin or arm, to which is attached equipped the ship was made a target for practice with move at the same t,ime. Each spine is covered by the the lower end of a pitman, the upper end of which eon gunpowder and hjgh explosive (lyddite) shells. Eight skin as in a sort of scabbard. in which the spine disap- nects with a wrist pin set eccentrically in a disk wheel 6 inch 8hells annihilated the upper works of the vessel. pear�, and is only protruded when the fish is attacked. on a shaft journaled in a laterally bent portion of one The powder shells did Illost execution. as they pene Each of the spines presents on both sidel::l, for two-thirds of the hoe beams and an arm connected thereto, in such trated further before explosion and did Ulore general, of its Jength, a groove, finingoff at the pOint. At the waytbat the fork or agitator will be oscil1ated vertical ly because less localized. damage. base of this groove, and in communication with it, is as �the machine moves forward. The machine is not These tests are Qr interest in connection with aerial an ovoid vesicle or gland adhering to the spine and liable to get out of order, and may be successfully torpedoes, as they indicate the kind of trial much 80 hidden by the skin. It contains a whitish liquid, which worked by any farm hand. desired. The destruction of the Sillima.n showed their is the venom that renders the prick from a lat! so power against the hull under water i their power • I•• • formidable, and 80 fatal in certain case�. THE JESSUP EXERCISING CLUB. against plated sides and protected work above water When a foot is inadvertently pressed against the Mr. Benjamin A. Jessup. an alDateur athlete of this remains to be seen. It is to be hoped that our /Zovern body of the fish, it produces the erection of the spiny_ city (225 Pearl Street), has designed a new exerCising meet wil1 follow the example and give the torpedo crest, enveloped in aakin rich in nervous threads, which boats an armored VE>.sse1 to test their deetructi ve are very e:xtensibJe. The membraneous vesicle being powers. compressed, the liquid it incloses Oows along the • •I e A New AlloJ. grooves of the spines. spurts out, and penetrates rapidly This alloy is intended to be used in the place of steel aDd deeply into the wound. The venom of the lat!, in the manufact.ur� of various parts of watches, such like that of the viper, has less effect when in fleshy parts as the balance wheel and hair spring, so as to obviate covered with fatty tissue, where the venous system is the disad vantages which follow on their magnetization little developed, than when it penetrates a vein. When or oxidation. The composition of the aUoy h� as fol a wound is at any extremity it becomes instantly pain lows : Gold 30 to 40 parts, palladium SO to 40 parts. ful, a circle of livid red surrounds it, with rapid swelling. rhodium to 5 paHs, copper 10 to 20 parts. manga Later an abscess forms, and when opened a fetid -(u nese to 5 parts, silver to 5 parts, and platinum brown pus tlows frow it, at the same tilUe pallor of the � h I\J to 5 parts. The copper and manganese are first of all fa cel" a feeling of stupor or weakness ensues, syncope, to be melted, and the other metals afterward added, and often delirium and death. or the whole of the constituents may be placed in the The fishermen use the following remedy. They take crucible at once, with the manganese at the bottom. a certain quantity of the leaves and stews of the By H. Ostermann and C. Laal'oix, (Jen61)a. Hi crorhyncus sa1'mentosus and mix in a handful of COllmon salt. The whole is enveloped in a piece of AN I.PROVED DEVICE FOR SUSPENDING HA.KOCXS. banana leaf and oovered with hot ashes till the leaves A readily adjustable device for suspending hammocks are reduced to pulp. The wound is searified, and a. in various situations. by which also the hamDlock will the pulp used as a poultice, and changed every four be to some extent automatically swung, while lilD bours. Some or the men have great faith in this a. ited elldwise motion is allowed, is shown in the accom remedy. but all drea.d the danger, as the cure, if effect panying illustration . The invention has been patented ed. takes a long time. and the pain is terrible. I visited by Mr. John D. Pritchard, of Topeka, Kansas. The several of the hospitals in Mauritius. nnd saw some device consists lDltinIy of a bracket to whioh is hung a eases of latI wounds. One was especiallv terrible. The spring-actuated hook, while pairs of metal plates, with poor Illan had been out fishing on the reefs and, when suitable eords or straps, constitute a clamp to hold one qnite a distance (roUl the shore, had trodden on a lafT. or both bracket-supported hooks to a tree. the bracket The puncture was on the sole of the foot. He was itself being primarily adapted for attachment tv any alone, and it was with the grea.test difficulty he could Oat surface. Figs. 3 and 4 rRpresent the hammock drag himself to shore. the pain was so exeruciatin�. hook and its supporting' bracket, while Fig. 2 is a plan When out of the water, he fell down, and it was some view. The hammock, at its upper portion, is branched time before he was discovered. By this time the leg THE JESSUP EXERCISING CLUB. to form three sepa.rate arms. which receive between and foot had swelled tremendously, and he had to be them two arms of the forked end of the hook shaft, carried to the hospital. In a few days the wound club. ot which we herewith give an illustration. It. these arms being pivoted or hung together by a pin to sloughed, leaving a large hole. It wasovertwo months possesses several very desirable features. It takes the allow free swing of the book toward and from the before he could use his foot. but he remained a cripple place of and combines the advantages of dumb-belle bracket plate. The hook shaft at its inner end has a for over a year. and he could never be induced to go and Indian clubs-articles which are more orlessbulky half-ball head fitting loosely within a eup�d bearing, on the reefs agai n. and clumsy. The new club is 20 inches long, 15·16 and to the shaft is fixed one end of coiled spring, in A singular fact attending wounds by the latI spine inches diameter, and weighs 1 pound 12 ounC68_ It con 1\ closed by a sleeve, the other end of the sleeve being is that, no matter how long a tilDe may htwe elapsed sist� of a bar of hickory, 14,% incbes long, of which the fixed to a lug on the cupped bearing, these spriugs since the cure, at th", same- period of the year pains in handle Is 6Ji inchel) long, turned as shown. Upon the being adapted to assist in carrying the hamwock back the wounded parts occur, as they often do after snake front end of the handle is seoured by a screw a plain and forth with an easy motion, after it has been swun� bites. brass tube. Ys of an inch thick and 7Yz inches 10Dg. to either side by the person occupying it. To attach ... . Within the extremity of the tube is secllred, by screws AN I.PROVED POTATO DIGGER. the bracket to a tree or post, clamping plates are pro passing through the tube, a plug of lead weighing 12 vided, of a form to be securely held to the bracket by A simple Corm of potato digger, adapted for attach ounces. \V ith these particulars any one may wake the thumb screws, these pJates haying eyes in which are ment to and use with a mowing machine when the articles, and a little faithful exercise with them daily placed metal loops to which straps or ropes are con- Bickle has been taken off, is illustrated herewith, and will in few weeks greatly tone up and strengthen the a syswm of the user, whether man or woman. The author. Mr. Jessup, attributes his excellent health a.nd almost tJerCectlyproportioned bodily development to an extended use of these clubs. Our own experience wIth thew, although short, is very eatJsfactory. All the va rious exercises of clubs and dumb-bells may be done with them. The loaded ends enable the ulSer to In crease or diminish at will the leverage and weight brought upon the muscles of the arws, wrists. and other parts. The rowing motion for oars way easily be produced. Among other advantages not least is that these exercis ing devices may be ej}sily transported in bag or trunk, and forw, in themselve�, an effective gymnasium. • e. e The New Torpedo Boatt .nd Practice with Htr:b EIp)oelve •• The new torpedo boat for the United States na.vy is I rapidly apprORcbing completion in the yard of the Herre�hofT Co.. at Bristol, R. I.. With a length of 137 feet and width of 14 feet 6 inches, the new boat is to draw but 3 feet 7 inches. Sbe will possess many of SHAW'S POTATO DIGGER. the Herreshoff peculiarities-a rudder under her hull PRITCHARD'S HAKKOCK SUSPENSION DEVICE. in8tead of astern, a set of their twin five-cylinder com has been patented by Dr. Hiram M. Shaw, of Genoa, pound engines. etc. She is to carry two torpedo tube�, nected,i� to bind the plates, and consequently the N. Y. The fra.meof the potato-digging mechanism con-. as well as two 6-pounder machine guns. The highest bracket. to a round tree or post. The cla.mp plates eiete of two beams Or bars held by pivotal connections anticipa.tions of her speed are iudul�ed in, very Datur are removed from the bracket when the latter is to be to opposite ends of the a.:.de, to be raised and lowered ally, when the immense ho�e power of her engines is secured t·o Oat surface, while they are flexible, and a. bOy handles to be grasped by the operator walking 00. 1 considered.· These are calculated to develop 1,500 horse so adjustable forward or backward in the main bracket hind the machine. The digging blade or hoe. extend-. power. The boat is to have only 99 tons displacement. plate as to allow of their ready attachUlentto tr�es 01' ing across at tbt! rear, is fixed at it� ends to the lower! When completed, the hull will be m�arly filled with posts of any diameter. © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 13, I�.] 229 VIEWS Ill! ALASKA. is, or will be, a rather important center, and in the last During the past four-Bummers expeditions have been picture on the page will be seen the steamer Alaskan, @onflsponllflncfl. Bent to Alaska, under the auspices of the United States which plies between Fort Wrangel and the gold region Gall in Heating Pipe Coast and Geodetic Survey, to survey and map out up the Stikine Ri ver. Fig. 12 is the Patterson Glacier, •• with greater accuracy the waters of this little visited which has its source near the Devil's Thumb, 20 miles To the Editor of the Scientifi c American : coast. Upon the completion of the Nortltern Pacific froUl its foot. I have noticed, with much interest, the article in 30 and Canadian Pacific railroadR, this remote territory, Alaska is not, and never can be, an agricultural your journal of March in regard to the question of which had been previously known to us only through country ..It has very little arable land, and the wn.rm gas from steam and hot water heating boilers. I have the atlas, became suddenly more accessible and an object seasons are so short that crops have not sufficient tillle erected several steam and hot water plants. but have never noticed the ocourrence spoken of ; however, if of interest to others besides the United States govern to mature. There is a farm near Fort Wrangel, which ment. The voyage from Washington Territory is nota is worked by the young Indians of the school in con· such is the fact, I thinl{ the gas is hydrogen, formed long one,and the trip has become popular, owing to the nection with �he mission, but this is the only tract in by the decomposition of water in contact with the il'On fact that the voyage may be confined almost entirely the Territory that could bear the title U farm." The of the pipes and boiler ; this would occur with either to the sounds and inland seas which border the north wealt.h of the country consists in the game and fish, hot water or steam. western portion of the Pacific coast. The character of which is very abundant, and in the rich forests, which I think this would make an interesting question for the country is very different from that of our Western seem almost inexhaustible. The prevailing forest tree your readers to discuss. W. H. SHAY. 30, 1889. States, and presents a very different civilization, if is the spruce, which grows to great size, and is found FishkiII Landing, N. Y., March civilization it may be called. There is a peculiar 2,000 and 2,500 feet above the sea. They grow often to • Gas Generated in HeaUng Pipell_ flavoring and intermixture of the Russian and Indian a height of 200 to 250 feet, with a diameter of from 4 to To the Ed itor of the Scientific Amel·ican : which gives a foreign interest to the American visitor 6 feet. Hemlock, alders, and willows also abound, but In your issue of March 30, I notice a letter from John or tourist. the most valuable tree, perhaps, is the yellow cedar, P. NessIe, Newark, N. J., on the generation of gas in There is a very natural misconception in regard to which is found in considerable abundance, and which steam and hot water radiators. Last fall I had a hot the climate of Alaska. Owing to its high lat.itude, one grows to a large size. It is valuable for cabinet wood watel' apparatu8 put into my dwelling house, with nine would expect to find an Arctic climate, but on the and for use in ship building. When the wood in the radiators. All those on the ground and first floors coast this is not altogether the case. The high range Pacific States becomes less abundant than it is at worked well, but on the second floor I had. one radia of mountains which extend along the southwestern present, Alae:ka will be resorted to, and its enormous tor put up in the baH to heat rooms in Mansard story. ·coast shut off the cold northern and northeastern supply will be found of inestimable value. We pro Above this last was placed the usual expansion tank, winds from the ice fields of the interior, while the warm pOlole supplementing this article with another descrip with pipe to roof. Water is suppHpd to the boiler in equatorial currents of the Pacific, which correspond tive of the life and character of the inhabitants of baRement from city water works, Rnd a glass water with the�Gulf Stream on the eastern CORst of the conti� Alaska. So little has been written and is known of gauge on the expansion tank shows how much water is nent, pass close to the shore and temper the climate. Alaska, that the researches of the government in that in it at a glance. It must not be supposed that the climate is what we field become of interest and importance, and all credit Now, this radiator in the Mansard story hall does consider temperate here, as the latitude is too high and for the work already achieved in due to the command not work well, and got gradually colder and colder there are too many glaciers and icebergs in immediate ers of the various expeditions, Lieut.-Com. Henry from the top downward" no matter bow hot a fire. On proximity to render this possible; but the winters are F. Nichols. Lieut.-Com. Richardson Clover, Lieut. mild as compared with the cold in the interior, and the Com. Albert S. Snow, and Lieut.-Com. Charles H. opening the air cock in the radiator, what I supposed was air always rushed out with a hissing noi� every changes of temperature between the summer and win Thomas. ter are not great. time. It I • I • One day, during my absence from home for two As will be remembered, Alaska was purchased from A.rtificlal Sugar, Cofl"ee, and Cocaine. weeks, my wife went up to this radiator with a small the Russian government in 1867 for $7,200,000. From lamp in her hann to open the air cock. Immediately north to south the extreme distance is about 1,100 The problem of producing cane su�ar synthetically, after opening the cock, what proved to be gas of some miles, while the greatest breadth, not including the though still fa.r removed from the point when it can kind exploded on contact with the lamp fla�e; and Archipelago, is about 800 miles. It comprises an area be used practically, has been brought another st.ep continued burning at the air cock until water began to of about 514,700 square miles. Alaska can boast of nearer solution by the continued researches of Emil run from it. baving one of the largest rivers of this continent, the Fischer, in conjunction with Julius Tafel. In a recent The steam fitter who put up the apparatus could Yukon, which rises in British America and flows into paper. published in the Be1'ichte (1889, 97), they give throw no light on the subject, and never before or the Pacific south of Norton Sound. It has a width of the results of their re!:learches, the most remarkable of since has had any similar case occur with any hot a mile at a distance of 600 miles from the sea, and its which is that they have succeeded, for the first time, in water apparatus put up by him. I should be glad to delivery of water is so great that it loses its saltness producing a sugar which can be fermented by yeast, know what kind of gas iA generated, the reason of its ten miles from its mouth. Many of the mountains like the natural sugars. The only difference from the being generated, and how it may be prevented. along the coast are volcanic, while Mt. St. Elias, with latter is this, that the artificial sugar is optically in A. K. Ross. an altitude of some 17,000 feet, is higher than any active, but the discoverers hope to obtain optically 40 Cecil Street, Toronto, March 29, 1889. niountain in Europe. active sugars by means of fermentation. The new The scenery along the coast which has been visited sugar has, provisionally, been called acrose. The [This is an interesting case. Perhaps some or our by the government expeditions is very grand and beau starting point is glycerin. from which, by way of its readers can throw light on the subject. If the gas tiful, and the engravings, which we have prepared from decomposition product, acrolein, two new kinds of should again show itself, we hope our correspondent photographs taken· on t.he last e.xpedition by Com sugar : CeHl'lOe had already some time ago been pre will collect a specilllen and have it examined by one of mander Thomas, do not do justice to its beauties, and pared by the authors, by means of treatment with the college chemists.] are of interest. only when studied and when the gigantic baryta or alkalies. One of these sugars had been des Ga. :from Steam Bolle)' proportions of some of the features of the country are ignated alpha·acrosazon. It has now been found that •• appreciated, by comparing the icebergs, the glaciers. this latter may be partly converted, by means of hy To the Editor of the Scientific Ame1·ican : and the waterfalls with objects with which we are drochloric acid, into a new substance, resembling glu� I wish to add my testimony to that of Mr. NessIe familiar. The steamer used on these expeditions was coson, which the authors term alpha-acroson. When and others with reference to the occasional presence of constructed especially for use on these surveys, and a this is treated in a dilute aqueous solution, with zinc gas in Ateam boilArs. Though the discovery llIay not good idea of the steamer Patterson may be had from dust and acetic acid, it is completely reduced inside of be new to scientific men, I will venture to say that Fig. 5. one hour. The mixture is then treated with hydrosul little is known about it generally by those who use Fig. 1 represents Le Conte Glacier, which extends phuric acid, the precipitate filtered off, and the filtrate steam, and some ventilation of the subject may not be into Le Conte Bay, which is virtually inaccessible for evaporated in a vacuum. The residue is dissolved in devoid of practical value. vessels, owing to the immense amount of floating ice abs()lute alcohol, the solution filtered, and the filtrate, The building of which I have charge is heated by that is always to be found in t.he bay. Some idea of after being highly concentrated, mixed with much steam taken ·from a boiler which is used excluf:;ively for the danger may be inferred from Fig. 7, which show� ether. This precipitates the new sugar, acrose, in that purpose, the steam being allowed to go down at the large iceberg at the mouth of the bay, towering colorless flakes, which soon change to a sirup, and has night. Some time ago a strong odor of coal �as was hundreds or thousands of feet above the government the greatest resemblance to natural sngars, having a noticed by myself and others, coming from the air cock vessel, which has ventured to run in among these float 8weet taste, reducing Fehling's solution, and respond in a large radiator up stairs. I did not try it with a ing islands. The glacier extends to the water's edge, ing to other tests characteristic of sugars. match as your other correspondents did, hut the smell and with the rise of the tide enormous blocks of ice are Merck some time ago announced that he bad suc was unmistakable. This continued for several days, broken off and fall into the water with a thundering re� ceeded in producing true salts of caffeine with citric, when I thought it advisable to blow out the boiler, as port that may be heard for miles. Another view of the cinnamic, and hydriodic acids, which did not decom� the water was becoming dirty. On applying the glacier is seen in Fig. 11. The scenery shown in Fig. 2 pose or split up when coming in contact with water. wrench to the stop cock in the blow-out pipe, the latter is said to be as beautiful as any ift Alaska, and the It will be remembered that Prof. J. U. Lloyd (see New parted at a joint inside of the brickwork of the fur bluffs, beside which the steamer Patterson appears like Rem., 1881, 38) succeeded in preparing crystallized caffe nace, and the boiler was blown out in a very summary a speck, rise to a height of some 2.000 or 3,000 feet, and ine citrate, but this salt did not bear solution in water manner. After the pipe was repaired and the boiler rE'! are coverfi>d with green vegetation, while the ravine be without decomposition. In what manner Merck suc sumed work, no more odor of gas was found. tween the two mountains boasts of the mORt beautiful ceeded in producing a permanent salt is not !:!tated. From these data the theory at once suggested itself waterfalls and the wildest torrents, in the quieter pools But the citrate. as now availabl� is stated to be solu that the weak point in the pipe had been leaking, and of which trout ann salmon are found. This is near the ble in 30 parts of water at 42° C. that the gas, which was sucked in from the coal fireby Baird Glacier. Fig. 3 is a view in the so-called Port Alfred Einhorn bas succeeded not only in making the vacnum in the boiler when the steam went down, land Canal. The Patterson is seen passing icebergs be cocaine, the alkaloid of coca leaves, artificially from was given off again at the air cock when the pressure. fore entering Wrangel Narrows in Fig. 4, and in Fig. 5 benzoyl-ecgonine, by introducing into it the methyl was put on in the morning. she has passed the narrows and is lying at anchor with group, but he has also found that a whole series of This theory, however, while it seems satisfactory the Vixen alongside, while the Devil's Thumb may be other ., cocaines " may be obtained by causing other enough in the case I have mentioned, would, perhaps, Feen in the distance. A wind-swept point on Thomas groups to enter instead of t.he methyl group. In a not apply to the hot water �pparatuR. Bay is shown in Fig. 6, in which it is observed that the recent paper (Ber. d. deutsch. chern. (les.), he an W. F. VROOM. trees are developed only on one side, owing to the nounces and describes three such compounds, one of St. Stephen, N. B., April 1, 1889. prevalence of the wind from one quarter of the com which is the lower homologue of true cocaine, while pass. anA of the most beautiful waterfalls in Alaska the others are metameric or higher homologues. Two Tbe Eift"el Tower. is that of Horn Cliff (see Fig. 8). The torrent seems to or these could not be obtained in a crystalline form, The Eiffel Tower reached its fuU height, 1,178 "feet, spring from thA top of the cliff, and falls in broken March 31. A newspaper correspondent who went to a but only in form of oil. The third, however, as well as course to the waters of Fredf>rick Sound below. the salts of all three, are crystallizable. Whether any the top says that the ascent by the staircase took forty The astronomical station on the moraine of Baird of these new U cocaines" possess special therapeutic minutes, and by elevators it is· to be made in fi\'c Glacier is shown in Fig. 9. Fig. 10 gives a view of the properties has not yet been ascertained, or at least not minutes. It is expected that the electric light on its settlement of Fort Wrangel, which boasts of a mission been announced. It is not improbable that some of top will enable one to read a newspaper at a distance ary establishment and a school for young Indians. It them will be found serviceable.-Amer. Druggist. of seven miles. © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 23° $titutHit �mtricau. [APRIL 13, 1889. All IlIIPROVED CENTRIPUGAL GOVERIIOR. weight and the segmental gear wheel in proper poai. AN IlIIPROVED COTTOII BEED CLEAIlER. A governor designed to act with great .accuracy in tio�. The arrangement is such that the valve eccen A cleaner designed to rapidly rewove and separate cutting off the supply of steam to the cylinder, so tric is controlled by the action of the weighted arID, all iwpurities from cotton seed i& illustrated herewith, made as to lock in every position, and of sufficient and is locked in place by the second eccentric, actuated and has been patented by Mr. Christian Baumgarten, strength to work an Imbalanced valve. is iUustrtLted by this arm, whereby the adwission of stea.m into the of Scbulen�urg, Texas. Within an outer casing is se· herewith, and has been patented by Messrs. Henry L. cylinder is regulate. according to the desired norl1lal cured a fixed table, consisting 'of an open wheel sup Berger and Edward Noel, of Youngsville, La.fayette speed of the engine. porting on top emery slabs or plf\tes and Uletallic per County, La, It is a centrifugal governor, havin!; two forated plates placed alternately with the emery slabs, .1•• eccentrics 2, pivotally connected with each othel', and A. New Gunpowder. as shown in Fig. with parts removed. The upper controlled by a. weighted arm, the small figureshowing A nel'? gunpowder, the invention of Mr. Hengst, has face view of the valve eccentric. A pulley is secured u. reeently been tested, and the results point to it as a to the main driving shaft, the puUey having on the in promising substitute for black powder for military and side of its rilll a lug, on which is pivoted the arm of an sporting purposes. The new powder is prepared from straw, which is pulverized, -chemically treated, and finished in granular forlll for use. ltiticlaimcd for this powdel' that it is smokeless, tlameless, practically non fouling and non-heating, and that both the recoil and . the report are less than those of blaek powder. with . II superior penetrative power. From the powerful i character of this explosive, which, weigbt for weight. ; is 150 per cent stronger than guupowder, and is Dot eX- plodable by concuflSion, it is probable that in a com pressed form it will be fouod to be applicable to blast· I iog purposes. In every respect it appears to be a I powder of great promise. LARGE TWIN GAS ENGINE. 'rhe large twin gas engine which we illustrate has a nominal collective power of thirty-two horses, anel com prises two of Messrs. Crossley Brothers' ordinary six teen horse power engines combined. Each C}ylinder has a diameter of 13 in. by 21 in. stroke, and the two collectively will indicate about seventy horse power with Dowson gas, or between eighty and ninety with coal gas. The engine is fitted with the wakers' newly BERGER .. lIOEL'S CENTRIFUGAL GOVERNOR. patented igniting arrangements, whereby all slides arc BAUlIIGARTEII'S COTTOII SEED CLEANER. dispensed with. It is titarted by a small separate start eccentric, having an elongated central aperture, ing engine, not shown on the engraving, so to be surface of thA table is in contact with the ends of the as througb which passes tbe main driving shaft, there under control of one attendant. It forms very hand� bristles of a brush, formed in disk shape and secured to a being fitted ou this eccentric the eccentric strap, con· SOUle and reliable job, and is probahly no luore liable a vertical shaft inclosed in a jacket passing centrally nected in the usual wanner by the eccentric rod with to aecident or stoppage than any high·class steam en' through the casing, as shown in Figs. t and 3. The the slide valve in the stearn chest. On the eccentric is gine. brush has openings near its hub registering with the 80160 secured an arru, which extends nearly at right ,Vhen using Dowson gas, this engine will run for lower end of a bopper held on top of the casing, while angles to the other arm, and is pivotally connected by about 1� lb. of anthracite coal per indicated horse CroIll one side of the casing. nea.r the top, leads an out� a pin with the arm of an eccentric strap, loouoted on power per hour. The makers affirlll that lthe govern let pipe fol' the cleaned cotton seed. To the bottol1l of an eccentric, which is held to rotate loosely on the tng arrangements are more perfect than in any steam the casing is secured a cone-shaped receptacle, with main driving shaft, the latter eccentric having its cen engine as regards reduction of fuel consumption with which the openings in the metallic pE'l'forated plates of ter inside of the periphery of the sbaft. On one face, corresponding reduction of power. The friction of the table communicate. A pipe leads from the lower also, of this ecp-eotric is a gear wheel, the center of this particular engine has not been accurately mea eod of this receptacle and is conuected with an exhaust which is in the wain driving shaft, and the gear mesh sured, but is probably no more thaD one-sixth of the fan, which assists in drawing the impurities cleaned ing into a ijegmental gear wheel, pivotally connected to indicated horse power, if so mucb, and it 1101 expected it frow the seed through the perforations in the plate8, one of the spokes of the pulley. A spring is conneftted wi1l be capable of giving close on sixty brake horse and discharging them where desired. The seed, fed by one end to the segmental gear wheel, its other end power with Dowson gas. The cranks are placed oppo through the hopper on to the table, and cleaned by be being fastened to the rim oC the pulley, and held in site each other, thus ba.lancingsatisfa ctorily, the crank ing whirled around between the brush and the table, place by a jamb nut, by adjusting which the tension of shaft and lDany of the working parts being, of course, finally passes through the upper ol1t.let pipe to a suit the spring u:my be increased or diminished to hoM the made of steel.·-Engineenng. able receptacle or bag. LABGE TWIN GAS ENGINE. © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 13. (�.] cJtittttifit �tUtritatt. 231 rHE PAlIIS EXHlBIrIOIl'. I have in France some very ingenious machine! is being made of sheet zinc, and I 8&W 80me (for the seen ll'ROX 8PECIAL CORRE!l'OlWKNT OJ' THE BCIENTIJ'IO "'X.RICAN.] that I consider a decided advance upon anything I exterior oC one of the domes) whose extreme dimensions The International Exhibition now begJos to assume know of in the same line, but I bave also seen 80rne were say six by seven feet. Finer examples of work in a more- Jefinite character, and the easy wanner in that, while good enough, for a beginning, are not. equal zinc I never saw or oxpect to see, the soldered seams which operations within it are being carried on indi to American machines designed for the same purpose ; being as clean and slnooth as could be, notwithstanding cates that the authorities are of opinion that all will but whether this arises {rolD dislike to copying or their running around mouldings, beadings, etc. Indeed, 8. be ready for the opening day-a consummation most ignorance or the existence of the American machines, there was not sjgn of crinkle or warp anywhere. a. So devoutly to be wished, but rarely accomplished in the it is hard to say. In either There are a grea.t many cornucopim among the ot"" case of exhibitions, and especially those eontaining ma event, however, it gives namentation (over 100 in the machinery departwent chinery. evidence that there is a alone), filled with fruIt, flowers, etc., and all these are The only part in which any pressing activity is ap· market here for American worked up in zinc. parent is in the grounds. The old soil (which looks as machines as well as swall In some of the departments the cases are all ready if much of it had at SOUle time or other been paved tools. for the exhibits, while in SOIDe instances these cases with cement) is being carted away and replaced by a Spp,aking · of small tools are being ornamented with plaster or stueeo figures in very rich mixture of peaty loam for the gardens. reminds me to give yon a. a wost effective mannl'r, as the buildings are but Among the trees and bushes that have been planted sketch of a French monkey temporary. These stucco figures serve very well and are are some good sa.mples of magnolias, but it is doubtful wrench 1 saw theotberday. light, being built up on a light wooden fralDework. A they will bloom this year, on account: of having been the stew being threaded great deal of ornamental tile work i� being used in the so recently planted ; nor do I think that the gardens through both jaws, and a decorations, among which I noticed SOUle tile casings will show to any very great advantage. except in so far steady pin pre v e n ting for round columns, the sections being about two feet as the flower beds are concerned, and one rockery that them from turning with long, and in width embracing about a third of the cir� is already finished. the screw. Now. putting cmwference of the column. The surface had raised The utmost activity is being shown in grounds round a&ide the awkwardness of vines, leaves, flowers, etc. , upon it, the whole giving a about the EifIel Tower, where the ground is deep in haviug the upper end of very pleasing effect. J. R. mire through the wet weather and tbe cartage of soil, the screw stick out so that ' • . • A Drop from Cloud. , Bomb.,.. which is being done in the usual one· horse slipping of the dog. A cut half an inch deep was being taken ott the axle I this I:!8.W device on. There "is not muoh progress to report in t.he machinery department, but there are a great many foundations for engines and machines finished, with the bolts all in ; and very solid they look, which is a 80urce of comfort, as the giving way of foundations is not an uncommon occurrence at exhibitions, or, at least, this is sometimes put for ward as the reason why a pound or a knock is heard "when it shonld not be. The girders for carrying the line shafting are all ' up, and I send you a sketch representing its con struction, It is a built-up affair, composed of ane:le V """r:;. Ii "'". � iron and plate, with braces. The shafting hang- , C/.!! ;if, I- F THE GIRDER OR THE LIlI'E SHAFTING AT THE ers are V·shaped, and are riveted to the plate. as A Ii'Rl!NCH II!ErHOD OF FASTENING CONNECTING PARIS EXHIBIrION. shown in the sketch. ROD KEYS. The window which occupies a great part (all the and the only consolation one had in looking at the 1Oa upper part) of the end ot the machinery department is brouMbtto the .urf..... The wen baa 2'U) feet of 8 incb cbiDe was that the designer had a.t least bad painted a pale yellow. with pale green and blue orna pipe, and in8ide this i8 feet of 6 inch and feet sense ·560 1,580 el:&oQ.gh to know the value of emery wheels for sharpen mentation, the latter also including some sma.H crim of 4 inch pipe, the latter ending in the SQlid rock. The ing purposes, ana that is more thana good mauy, both son stars. well h8.8 cost $10,000, and will be continued in the hopes in France and England, can say. A good part of the ornamentation of the buildIngs of striking gas or oil. © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 232 Jtltutific �mttiun. [APRIL 13, I8&}. Co_bln.UOD BnlarC8m.enta. shield will serve any Dumber of times. The reason that portion which was first deposited is yellowish. Supposing it is decided to introduce say a group why rubber -solution is used as a cement is that it becoming whiter as time went on and more care was of figures taken instantaneously on quarter plate causes no expansion inthe paper, aDd is easily relDoved taken with regard to tbe qualit.y of the water im a. negative into an enlargement from 5x4. or larger without injury to the gelatine s f .-Br. Jo urnal pounded. After the Roman conquest the tanks fell & UT a.ec size, landscape nega.tive, the work may be :mecessfully of Photography. into disuse, and the water in thew rapidly became carried out by a method based on that introduced Coul; an irregular dark·colored layer being deposited _ I• I • many yea.rs ago by Mr. T. Edge for double printing. AN IMPROVED PUJU AND CONDENSER. on the sides. Tne Emperor Adrian repaireu the tanks In the first place, the figures negative muat be dealt The illUt;;tration herewith represents a duplex pump and impou:01!'ed in them other waters ; and during this with, the figures being carefully stopped out by neatly and condenser more particularly adapted for marine period a third layer, pure and white as the first, was painting round them for about the eighth of au inch service, while also useful for other service. It has been deposited. But this state of affalr8 was put an end to with black varnish. The remainder of the negative patented by Mr. John Reid, of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by the irruption of the �ra.bs in 697. Since that time is then covered with opaque paper, so that if it were South America. It has a hollow bed divided by a the cisterns have been entirely neglected ; and during printed frow in this state, the figures only would ap. transverse partition into two similar chambers open- this period the fourth layer was deposited, which is pear on a purely white background. This done, the ing to water inlets provided with upwardly opening i similar in a]] respects to the second. Tbe French cOUl· landscape negative llluSt now be taken in band, aDd flap valves, which control the inflow of water to the pany ha.ve practically revived the 8cheme of the impe have 8lua11 pieces of gum paper fixed on its two sides, chambers. At opposite endt! of the bed, over the inlets, rial engineer ; and under their auspices the reservoirs and on the top and bottom, to indicate the amount of are two cylinders, the condenser being also supported will enter upon a new career of usefulness. In cutting subject it i8 desirable to include in the finished pic' on the bed between the cylinders. The cylinders are I through the retaining walls of the cisterns, it was ture. This negative is now put into the enlarging lan- open at their bottoms to the water in the chambers, found that these walls were thicker nea.r the ground tern, and the image projected on to a. piece of very .and the condenser communicates with t.he chambers level than lower down ; the rpason for this arrange stout cardboard the size the picture is to he-let us say controlled by upwardly opening flap "alves. The cyl- ment probably being that the ground was excavated 18X15 iDches. The cardboard should be adjusted : inders each have two pi�tons, held on their respective without any arrangement for keeping the sides of the and fixed in the following manner : Two slUall French ' piston rods, which are connected to the opposite ends excavation vertical. and the space between the earth nails are driven into the board of the easel for it to of a beam fulcrumed in bearings on pillow blocks slope and the true vertical line was filledin solid with rest upon, whlles. third one is driven at the right hand mounted on a plate which forms the top of the con- mascnry instead of Boil. side to serv� as guide, against which it is placed. A denser. The condenser has upper and lower tra.nsverse a ------�...... �.�------couple of drawing pins at the top will hold it securely r partitions, forming chambers at its bottom and top, in position. Now it is manifest that the cardboard these chambers having communication with each other BY THOMAS ·r. P. BRUCE WARREN. can be removed and replaced in exactly the same po· only through a series of pipes or tubes, expanded into When experimenting on the magnetic permeability of sit ion as often as !Day be required ; so, of course, could the partition plates, the space between these plates oils and other liquids, I found that if a magnetic sub any othAr rigid substance the same size. around the vertical pipes forming a. chamber to receive stance, like soft iron, be covered by different liquids, The image is next arranged to size and focl1sed, a'bold the stealU exhausted from the pumping cylinders. A not only was its susceptibility modified by the permea· pencil lUark being' made exactly where eaeh of tho flanged collar is fixed to the upper part of the con· bilityof the intervening medium, but distinct evidence (our strips of gUIll paper are shown. The objel".tof this denser, communicating with the upper chamber, and was obtained in every case of molecular stress being a. will be seen hereafter. The image being produced in the medium. and which indi· in focus, the pJace at which the figures cated itself by a decided tendency of a should be introduced is determined upon. I ba.lanced ma.gnet to stick, as it were, when They are then roughly sketched on the it was allowed to remain a short time over cartlboltl'd the size required. The laod- the soft iron. 6cape ne�ative is now removed from the The explanation seems to be that. the lantern, and the figure one inserted in its maximum effect of a JUagnet on soft. iron place, the size nnd position of the figures depends on the rapidity with which the being made to coincide with the pencil medium aCCOll:olUodat� itself to the con- sketch when the image is sharply focused. titraioed condition neeessary for the soft A pieceo! bromide paper, 18X15 inches, iron to take its greatest degree of mag is next attached to a piece of glass the netization. same size, by means of a few touches of As time is an element of importance in India rubber solution on the back. 'r he attaining a full maxiruU111 magnetization lens is now capped and the cardboard from any magnet of a certain intensity, removed frolll the easel and the bromide it i8 not unreasonable to suppose tha1 paper fixed in its place, care being taken when a non-magnetic medium bas been that the side of the glass is placed in con so constrained by the lines of force pasS� tact with the register nail. The exposure ing through tt, the molecular stress, is then made, and the lens capped with a which is also favorable to an increased pieee of yellow glass. which, while pro magneti:r.ation of the soft iron, will retain tecting tbe image from further action, the magnet with slight but decided a. allows it to be distinctly seen. or course, extra force. I propose t.o call this extra if tbe picture were developed at this stage force. which is due to molecular stress. it would have the figures only with a fJiscosity. plain white background. We have now Viscosity Ie more probably a function to protect the already exposed portion of permeability. We have the magnet while the exposure is made for the land-� REID'S DUl'LEX l'u!(l' AND CONDENSER. acting across the medium to the soCt iron, scape. This we do by painting it over, and conversely the soft iron react.ing while in situ, with an opaque pigment-Indian ink for forms the outlet for the water forced upward through through the same medium to the magnet, until the example. This is simply done by tracing over the tha condenser tubes, while man·hole platee allow of ac� molecular arrangement of the medium accowmodates image as project.ed through the yellow Bcreen. cess to the top and bottom parts for purposes o[ clean· Itself to a maximum. The bromide paper and its glass are now removed ing or rflpair. Separate steam and exhAust valves are If a galvanometer needle. suspended in the usual and placed in the dark! and the cardboard again provided for each of the main cylinders, the valves for way, be forcibly defiected by a. current, it is found that placed in position. The figure negative is next taken each cylinder being connected to a stem actuated from the needle regains its fiducial position very slowly. from the lantern, the landscape one introduced, and the walking beam. and the steam piston valves are This has been attributed to a crusbin� effect on the the size of the image adjusted to its original propor· larger in diameter than the exhaust valves. The Jive fibers. This effect hM been ca.lIed viscosity. I do not tions, known by the gum papers on the negative coin- steam chambers of the valve cylinders have ports think it is entirely , due to mechanical causes. The ciding with the pencil marks on the cardboard. The which open to opposite ends of a main steam supply t.erlll as used in this communication is applied to a very lens is then capped and the sensitive paper again made pipe common to both valve cylinders, and the exha.ust similar phenomenon. to take the place of the card, the pre<>.a.ution being chambers of the valve cylinders have ports wbich optm The experimental arraDg�meDt was as follows : A taken that the side of the plate is pressed close to the to the upper ends of pipes which face downward and balanced horseshoe magnet was suspendect frOID one of guide nail. Tbe second exposure then made. AU are fixed to the end walls of the condf'nser, about mid the arms of balance. Immediately under the mag· is a. that now remains is to wash off the color with water, way between its upper and lower tube pla.tes. A pump net was placed a shallow specimen glass (salver) with assisted by a pledget of cotton wool, develop, and fix at one side of the condenser is op�rated by a rod con the usual flat glass eover_ The cover prevented the the picture in the ordinary manner. And, if the work nected to the walking beam, and discharges the water magnet being wetted with the Jiquid, and allowed the be nently executed, the juncture of the two negatives of condensation from the condenser. For further par attraction to be balanced through a uniform depth 'ot will not be perceptible. ticulars with reference to this invention address Messrs. liquid. The soft iron rested on the bottom of the In our first two or three essays the Indian ink was J. H. McKinneli & Co., Rio Janeiro, Brazil. glass. removed completely by the cotton wool, but in some When the magnet was allowed to rest on the cover • I.I • subsequent ones, when using a second sample of paper, A.n Anden' He.ervolr. for a short time, it reqnired an increased weight being asli�ht stain was left on the surface, but this did not The works which the GaR and Water Company of placed in the other pan to pull the magnet off than interfere with the development, alld in the clearin�, Tunis are now completing are of exceptiollal interest when the magnet was momentarily ill the same posi fixing, and washing, it disappeared entirely. from an historical point of view ; being nothing less tion, or only for so long as to restore equilibrium in There are other methods by which the first exposed than a restoration of the old covered re8ervoirs of the balance. image can be protected while the second is impressed. Carthage, which date back fully 2,000 years. From i propnse giving some eJ:perimmtalf results on a Here is one. After the figure iInage is focused. ta.ke the description given in Le (Jenie CinU, it appears that future occasion, and to point out its importance as an a slllall piece of brolllide paper and expose it and these reservoirs form a block mealmring 420 feet long adj unct to a.nalytical research.-Che,n. Ne ws. 89 6 then develop. 1� his picture need not be fixed. only by feet inches broad. The interior is divided into • • • THK U J ulins Pam diamond, which is valued at from washed and dried. The figures are then cut out eighteen compartments, all of which are in cowJDuni II neatly by a pair of 8Ci�sors or a sharp-point,ed knife, cation with each other aDd with the incoming and out· £15,000 to £20,000. has arrived in London from Kimber· and used as a shield instead of t�e pigment. It JUay going' conduits. During thflir long existence these ley.. It wei�hs 241� cara.ts, or fully 90 carats more than be a.ttached to the paper with a touch or two of India ciRterns have passed through four periooe. alternately that other beauty. the Porler-Rhodes diamond. and rubber solution. The India rubber can be easily re- of repair and neglect. evidences of whieh are furnished Was found in the New Jagers(ontein United Mine, ot moved, when the paper is separated, by gently rub· not only by the different varieties of masonry occur· which Mr. Julius Pa.m is princtpf\\ owner. It is longish bing with a clean finger. ring where repairs have been effected, hut also by the in shape, and of exquisite color-a pure blue white. When a number of enlargements of the same sub· oharacter of the various layers of deposit on the walls The only larger diamond in existence is the Imperial. ject are required, this plan of maskin� will be found of the tanks. The first layer of this depol!it is uni but it is said to be inferior in quality to the " J uliul! more convenient than the painting, as the same figure I form, and corresponds to a considera.ble Japle or time ; Pam.n © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC APRIL 13. 18&).] 233 RECENTLY PATENTED INVENTIONS. increase the brilliancy of the light. air being admitted AN ELEMENTARY TEXT-BOOK OF CHEM to different portions of the flame to secure perfect com� Railway Appliance ISTRY. By William G. Mixter. New •• bustion and pennit of introducing a large proportion York: John Wiley & Sons. Pp. ix, CAR COUPLING. - Robert L. Evans, of carbon. Thecharge/()T' 11I 8ertion under thu head i8 One Dollar 459. Price $2.50. Scottsboroup:h, Ala. This invention covers a novel a line/or each in8ertion : alxJUt eight a line. FISH HOOK EXTRACTOR. - Ezra L, WONk to This work is desigued for use incollep;esand schools, construction and combination of parts in coupling Adverti8ement8 must be received at publication Qjfice /I. Post, New York City. This device consists essentially and treats of the general laws of chemistry. It �ives designed to be simple and efficient, and which can be earty Thur8day mornino to appe a1'innext i,8sue. of a two-armed tongs, one arm of which acts as a as as a very complete view of the bases of tile scie-nce of in readily adapted for usc in coupling cars of different follower on the line and thc other as a disellgager for organic chemistry, is cxcellently illustrated, and in heights. Screw machines. milling machines, and drill presses. the hook, makin!!; a reliable implement for removing a many respects appears to bea very valuable addition to Garvin & I.aight. and Canal Streets, New York. CAR SEAT.-Erik Enequist, Brooklyn, hook from the stomach or gullet of a fish. E. E. Co., 8chool literature. It is devoted almost entirely to in To Manufacturers-The valuable palent. No. 389,629, N. Y. This car seat is designed to protect railroad organic chemistry. The illustrations are a very good ASH PAN AND SIFTER. -- James F. for improved newspaper folding, wrapping, addreSSing, travelers against injury or loss of life in ('a�es of coJ· feature of the work, and the farmulre of chemical equa· Sayer, Gouverneur, N. Y. Thill is a combined device aud binding machine, is offered to some responsible flrm lision, the invention covering a peculiar constrnction tions are given in considcrable dctail. The atomic consisting of two telescoping scetion8 having over to manufacture. introduce, and �ell the machines on and combination of parts whereby the �eo.t8 occupy favorable terms. For particulars, address Mr8. theory is considered in a spccial scction at the end of lapping sneen bottoms, Ings or stops on thc sections G. S. fixed positions under ordinary circumstances, but are Alden. Red Cloud, Webster Co., Nebraska. the work. limitillg' their extensibility, and an imperforate bottom caused to jHying in of collision, restraining the C8>:!C For Sale-Patent No. 399,371, March 12,1881J. Ash pan held to the sections to temporarily retain the ashcs, THE ART OF FRET SAWING AND MAR occupants from being thrown out or jammed against sifter. Geo. W. Bown, So. 3d St., Philadelphia. Pa. bcing especially adapted for use under the grates of 1028 QUETRY CUTTING. A complete guide other seats. stoves for catching the ashes to be sifted. Patent Insulator For Sale-Particularly adapted for for amateurs and professionals, con SAFETY LA.MP AND STOVE. - Owen arc Ih:ht wires. Illustrated in of HORSE DETACHER.-Charles Wilson, SCIENTIFIC A!l-IF.RICAN taining full and practical instructions R. March 1889. Address Wurren C. Brown. Tarrytown. Franks and William Carroll, Columbus, Ohio. This 30, for producing and making up mar Bear Wallow, Ky. This invention provides for the N. Y. stove has a hinged gate and a hinged IlSh pit bottom. quetry, inlays, and every description attachment of a !'ingletree of simple constmctioD. and a there being bclow the latter a reservoir containing Monopolies of novelties For Sale-Address Easter. ll. of fret work. By David Adamson. means whereby the trace straps may be _relea8ed from Stlltlon D. PrOYidence. fire·extinguishing liquid, and a lever arranged to re_ R. I. Ward, Lock & Co., London and New connection with the sin,l!;letree at will by the driver, lease the ash pit bottom and grate in case of collision, Wanted-A first class mau for foreman of brass York. 1888. Pp. 158. Price 75 cents. thereby relea!'ing an uuruly animal, and whereby also in combination also with a device for turning down the foundry manufacturing plumbing and �team fitting the trace!! may be attached without leaving the seat of This excellent work treats in detail of the popular wicks of the lamps used on the cars to ex:tinguish. their goods. Address, �tating terms and references, to box the vehicle. mechanical amuscment that gives it its title. The hand flame. Milwaukee. Wis. 258. tools, machinery, and mat.erials are considered in the VEHICLE SPRING. - William S. and Practical Books-Leading books on electricity and RAILWAY SWITCH.-James B. Suffern, introductory chapters-. These are followed by the first Uorace C. Rounds, Townville. Pa. This is an improved mechanics. J.ist free by mail. Jas. Moore, N. W. corner Hillburn, N. Y. Combined with the swit.ch ralls and a lessous in cutting. next by the execution of a piece of I:!pring for sid� bar vehicles, designed to be simple and Second and Race Streets. Philadelphia. Pa. spring switch stand are two track levers, a slide upon real work, while hint!:! for dcsigning come next. durable. and is so made that the body of the vehicle For Sale-Patent ash sifter, No. 383,173. May 1888. the switch-operating bar, and a system of levers for 22. Further on, inlaid work, a more difficult modification may be hung low. while the spring will be a noiseless Ash pan sets inside revolving screen; consequently no moving and locking the slide, with othcr novel features, of the art, is treated at considerable length. The work dust. Circulars mailed. Crosby, Westfield. N. one and will communicate an easy motion, free from J. E. J. whereby the train may always be kept upon the main is well illustrated, aud the cxplanations are clear and sudden jerks or jars. Steel name stamps (1-16. 3·32, or hi in. letters). 15c. track whether the switch is set for the same or not. concise. per letter. F. A. Saekmann. 16Huron St., Cleveland, FLUID MEASlJRING VESSEL. - Thomas O. A GENERAL FORMULA. FOR THE UNIFORM PNEUMATIC CAR PROPULSION.-John For the latest improved diamond prospecting drills, E. Armistead, Mazomanie, Wis. This is an improve· AND T. Clark, Grange, Ga. This invention covers a addr(\l!s the M. C. Bullock Mt�. Co., ChicH.II:o, llI. FLOW OF WATER IN RIVERS La. ment in which a pointer is made to move across the face 8ystem of street car propuillion iu which compressed OTHER CHAN�ELS. By E. Ganguillet of a dial to iudicate the quantity to be measured, Wanted-Superintendent to take charge of a wood and W. R. Kutter. Translated from air is conveyed along the track in a pipe having valved working whereby a predetermined amount of fluid may be in macbinery manufactory. Mu�t be versed in de the German with numerous additions, outiets with which inlets on thc car temporarily com sijjlninJl:, pattern maklnJl:, and the imndlinJl: of men. Ad· troduced into a measuring receptacle and drawn as municate in passing to a recciving cylinder in the car, dress Indiana Machine Works, Fort Wayne, Ind. including tables, diagrams, and the desired, without spilling the fluid. elements of over 1.200 gaugings of this car reservoir driving an engine between the supply Wanted-A position as manager or superintendent by rivers, small channels, and pipes, in points. an experienced aDd practical civil and mechanical en English measure, by Rudolph Hering gineer and business man. thorou!':h drau/.l:htsmaD. .A and John C. Trautwine, Jr. New ElectrIcal. Address D. P. O. box New York. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN a. H., 773. York : John Wiley & Sons. London: OurioBitiea Of u. 8. Patent 0jJlce. A great book. 12pp. E. & F. N. Spon. 1889. Pp. xxiii. SWITCH STAND FOR DYNAMO pamphlet tor stamp. W. Raymond. tSyracuse, N. B U I L DINa E D I TI0 N. C. Y. 240. P.rice $4. STATIONs.-Robert E. Stewart, Dallas, Tcxas. Com_ For best casehardeuing material. address The Rogers bined With outside circuit wires are switch contacts ar_ APRIL NUlUBER.-(NO. & Hubbard .• Middletown, Conn. Send for Circular. This treatise original ly appeared in the Jo urnal of the 42.) Co ranged in pairs, thcre being as many pairs of such con_ Anstrian Association of Engineers and Architects in For Sale--Steam heater patent. Well iutroduced. tacts there are dynamos belonging to the circuit. 1869. The volumc of the Joornal containing it has Illl TABLE OF CONTENTS. Cheap to manufacture. Jerome L. Boyer. Heading. Pa. there being also combincd with the pairs of contacts been exhausted by the great demaud, and this fact iu 1. Plate in colors showing elevation in perspective Water purification for cities, manufacturers, alld correspouding pairs of swinging arm�, the arms of each spired in part thc present translation, which has been and floor plans for a dwelling costing about four private users. 'l'he only successful legitimate sy�tem. pair being insulated from each other and adapted to eu· executed by Rudolph Hering aud John C. l'rautwine. thousand dollars. Sheet of details, etc. Hyatt Pure Water Co .• 16,IS& 2OCortlandtSt., New York. gage the contacts of the outside circuit, making a with numerous additions, and thc whole transferred to Elegant pl"tll. in colors, of a residencc of moder· --Ball Engine. -- simple switch for introducing dynamos into an elcctric 2. English measure. 'l'hc distinction of both authors and circuit and removing thcm thercfrom as dcsired. ate cost. with fioor plans, details, etc. Automatic cut·off. Ball Engine Co .• Erie, Pa. translators alone is enough to recommcnd thc work. It 3. Perspective and floor plans of a modified Queen For the best Hoisting Engine for aU kinds of work. is made up largely of tablcs, and for the hydraulic cn Anne cottage, at East Orange, N. J. Cost. six: address S. Mundy. Newark, N. ginecr the work may be prononnced simply indi�pen. Agricnltnral. J. J. thousand five bundred dollars. PreMes & Dies. Ferracute Mach. Co., Bridgeton. N. sable. The amouut of Jabor involvcd both in the ,J original work and in this translation must have been HARROW AND CULTIVATOR.-John C. 4. A cottage at East Orange, N. J. �lans �nd per Perforated metals of aU kinds for aU purposes. The very great, and seems fully warranted by the high Bryan, Fordyce. Ark. This invention covers a novel spective. Robert Aitchison Perforated Metal Co .• Chicago, Ill. character of the work produced. construction in which. by adju�ting the cross bars to 5. Page engraving of a stairway in the Chateau de The Holly Manufacturlllg Co., of Lockport, N. Y., different angles, the standards will be brought to run Chantilly. By Mr. H. Daumet. will sl'nd their pamphlet, describing water works ma A TREATISE ON H DRAULICS. B:, Mans· Y closer together and yet the points or shovels will be at chinery. and containing reports of test�. on application. 6. Scenes at Zaandam. Holland, where the Czar field Merriman, Prof. of Civil En all times held at the same angle to the direction of Peter the Great Jearned sbipbuilding in 1697. Packer Ratchet Drills are drop forged from Norway ginp,ering in Lehigh University. NflW motion. iron and barsteel. Billings & Spencer Hartford,Conn. York: John Wiley & Sons. 1889. 7. Co., Engraving of the new station and offices of the Pp. vii, 381. Price $3.50. GRAIN MEASURER. - William McCon- Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Bombay. Steam Hammers. ImprovedHydraulicJacks. and Tube 9.chie, Belleville, Dakota Ter. This is an attachment iIlxpanders. Dudgeon. Columbia St., New York. This excellent work, contributedby a profeEsor of the 8. Perspective and plans of the new Biological R. 2,( for thrashing machines, to automatically measurc the Hoisting Engines, Friction Clutch Pnlll'Ys. Cut-off Lehigh University, t.reats of the entire theory of the Laboratory, Prin('cton College, New Jersey. grain as it is thrashed and deliver it to a chute which Couplings. The Frisbie Co., Liberty St., N. Y. tiow of water very fully. Toward the end ot the book. 9. A residence at Roseville, Ncw Jerscy, costing five D. 112 will convey it to a wagon, the invention covering varl "How to Keep Boilers Clean." Send your address after the flowing of water through orifices, channels, thousand dollars. Plaus and perspective. OUl! novel details constltutmg a simple and effective for free p. book. C. Hotchklss, 120 Liberty St.., N. Y. tubes, etc., has been treated, current indic.ators and 96 Jas. automatic measnrer. 10. A cottage at Roscville. New Jersey, costing seven The bcst (JQjJ'ee roa�ters, coolers, stoners, separators. measures of gauging the flow of rh·ers. surface curvcs, thousaud dollars. Perspective elcvation and floor polishers, scourer�. /l:lossing apparatus. milling and back water. etc.. arc considered. Then comes the ltII.cellaneon plans. peaberry machines; also rice and macaroni machinery, dynamic pressure of flowing water, the distinction be •• are built by The Hungerford Co .• Cortlandt St., 11. The Orange Valley Church. Cost, sixty thousand 69 N. Y. tween static and dynamic impulse behlg clearly drawn. CURTAIN HOLDER.-David D. Nolley dollars. Perspective and ,l!;round plan. Lathes for cutting irregular forms. Handle alld spoke This introdllces the subject of water wheels, direct and Rollert L. Wyatt, Wilson, N. C. This device con· lathes. Merritt Co .• Lockport, N. acting and reaction. including' turbine and other water 12. A residencc at Fordham Heights. Cost. thirty. I. E. Y. sists of arm pivoted ou the window frame, and prOVided wheels, and the concludiug chapter is devoted to na\,!!] four thousand dollars. Elevation and floorplans. For Bleel castings of best quality, write thc Buffalo at its free eud with clamp engaging the curtain. for hydro_mechanics, which bricfly considers the subject of a Rteel I<'o undry, Butralo, N. Y. foldin� the curtain to one side of thc window and hold 13. Perspective view of the new Trinity Methodist No. 11 planer and matcher. All kinds of woodworking the propulsion of bOllls. A short discussion of the jct ing it in place in folded or closed positlOu. Episcopal Church. Denver, Colorado. machinery. C. B. Rogers & Co .. Norwich, Conn. propcller is of special iuterest. 14. Designs for wall paper decorations. Flower scroll, SUSPENDER HOOK.-Edward F. Para Split Pulleys at low pnces, and of !;lame strength and de�igned by A. F. Brophy. Strap ceiling, de· DOSE AND PRICE I� ABEI,S OF ALL THR more, Oconto, Wi"". This device is designed to take appearance Whole Pulleys. Yocom & Son's ShaftinJl: signed by G. A. Audsley. Arabesque panel de as DRUGS AND PRRPARATIONS OF THE Works. Drinker St�. Philadelphia, Pa. the place of a sUl':pender button, providing a detachable ' A corations, paper for staircases, designed by Lewis UNI l'ED STATES PHARMACOPtEI fastening for snspendeI'8 which may be readily attached r:w-Send tor new and complete catalogue of ScientIfic OF 1880, ApPENDIX FOR F. Day. WI'l'H AN .• 361 to and detached from a pair of trousers, the fastening and other Books for sale by Munn & Co Broadway, THE USE OF PHARMACISTS, PHYSI· 15. Perspective and floor plan of an attractive carriagc consisting of two parts-a hook and a fastening plate. New York. Free on application. ClANS, AND STUDEN'l'S. By C. L. house iu the Queen Anne stylc. Cost. nine bnn BOOK MARK.-Henrietta L. Mehrer, Lochman. Philadelphia: Dunlap & drcd and fifty dollars. Clarke. 1889. Pp. 201. Price. New York City. This book mark consists of two arms xv, 16. Miscellaneous Contents : Something for architects NEW BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS. paper COYer, $1.25; flexible clotll. connected with each other at one end, a slide held to and builders to remember.-rnterior finish. $1.50. !llide on one of the arms, and a pointer pivoted on the VELECTRICITE ALA MAISON. By Julien Sketch of :=;rathaniel J. Bradlee.-Coiored decora· Slide, the device being very simpk, and indicating the Lefevre, Prof. a 11 Ecole de Medecin This valuablc littlc work contains a series of labels tlon of churcheS.-On estimating.-Cmshing of line and word to be markcd, as well as thc page. de Nantes. J. B. Bailliere et Fils, for use by pharmacists, in which each label is given mllllonry.-The oldest architectural drawing.-Ma Paris, France. both the Latin and the Englishtitlc. the general origin of HEAT RADIATOR.-AdalIl Peart, Corn hogany.-Flexible foundations.-Treatment of Electricity as employed for domestic purposes is the thc tincture or drug named, the proportions for the dose ing, N. Y. This radiator consists of a drum formed iu the ceiling.-The teredo.-The olde�t timber. subject treated of generally in the above work. Our or infusion, and a statement of its g:encml action. The sections, and having tran' © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC 234 [APRIL 13. 18&). (604) carbons and prisms look all right: how can I test themY the coil is connected with hook, 6. Should one each P. F. F. asks if there is any kind the of liquid that will clean the hands after dyeing cotton Is sott or rain water neeessaryf Will water that has of the mica plates be on the top ot coil and the other goods. A. It depends on the dye ; as a rulc, whatever been boiled do� Does too mucb sal-ammoniac decrease underneath the top, or should both be on the top ? A. you use will affect the skin. Acids or alkalies will de the power of the battery? A. Use a saturated solution You might plaee one mica plate within the coil and the stroy many mineral dyct';of.g auic colors not es!!-ily of sal_ammoniac in your battery. Soft water is prefera other on top. Also how to find the focus of mirror! IItC 7. removed. Washiu!:l: with alcohol is sometimes effec ble for dissolving the flIll-ammoniac, but any water will A. Hold the mirror in tront of an open windowand reo answer. If your battery has been long in use, it is pos flect the light upon the window casing. Move the mir HINTS TO CORRESPONDENTS. tual. (605) A. L. T. says : 1. I have made a sible that the prisms are exhausted and new ones may rorback and forth until an image of the objectsoutside Name. and A.ddre mnst accompany all letters, be required. Your zincs should be clean and well ot the window appear on the mirror. The distance be •• simple electric motor 8S described about a year ago in or no attention will be paid thereto. This is ror our amalgamated. tween the mirror and the clll!ing will be the focus of tbe intormat!on, and not for publication. the SCIENTIFIO AMERICAN; and with eigt.t bichromate mirror. Rererell�e. to former articles or answers should cells it rUllS two sewing machines. Now I wish to (611) C. K. writes : Twice I think I have give date of paper and page or number ot question. apply the motor to a lathe which I now run by foot read in the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN that an emulsion of (624) E. J. E. asks: Can you give re IlIqlllrle. not answered in reasonable time should power. The lathe is hack·geared and BCrtow.cutting, and oil and gum traguCll.nth can be made. Will you kindly ceipt for making a plain cotton, woolen cloth or fine be repeated; corres pondents will bear in mind that some answ�rs require not· a little research, and, I do light work only on It. Is the motor of Bufficient let me know how it can be done, also if it would be chamois skin water proof, and still have it retain itll though we endeavor to reply to all, either by letter power to do the work either with the back gears or water-solubl(l? An extract claims to have a solu natural softnes,,! A. Try treatment with paraffine ap� firm or in this department, each must take his turn. Simple turning, provided I have enough electro· motive ble oil of lemon,and I think it must be made on the above plied hot, and worked in with a hot iron. Special WrU'en Informallon on matters ot force? A. The motor is of sufficient power to do the plan. If this is so. it would save bottlers quite a sum personal rather than general interest �annot be (625) W. M. C. asks whether fresh wa average work of a foot lathe, but it is not large enough every year for cologne spirits, as we use from to 16 expected without remuneration. 8 ter on narrow beaches is filtered salt, or how it comea. to do all the work that can be done upon a lathe by the ounces alcohol ror each ounce oil. A. An emulsion is 8eienUflc AlDerl�an SOI'plerneuh referred Why does the water in wells on beaches rise and fall to may be had !l.t the oftice. Price 10 cents each. foot, as it is able to develop only about one·ei/1:hth hors e properly a mixtnre of oil or other liquid with another with the tide, and when the salt water breaks over the Book. referred to promptly supplied on receipt of power,whereas a man by extra exertion can momentarily liqnid in whicb it is insoluble, but in' which it is kept beaches into the wells, what becomes of the salt, as price. develop one horse power. Would it be possible to in suspension. The role of gum tragacanth or similar 2. 'they immediately freshen ? A_ The fresh water springs xamination should be distinctly increase the power of the motor, by a larger amonnt substance" iu emulsions is not to render the oil sohlble. MI�:�:e!t. o: �t:f:d� on beaches are derived from sources independent of the J of wire un the fieldmagnets or maklllg the field mag but to thick�n the water, so that it will hold the oil in sea water; any salt water that breaks .over them sinks nets large:- and putting on double amou nt of wire? As !;'uspensioll in small e:lobules, or vesicles. We do not qnickly into the ground or runs away. They may vary (594) W. A. R. asks : Is the water on the armatnre was quitc difficult to make, I would like in know anything ahout the oil of lemons you refer to, their rate of flow with the tide without any mixing the bottom of a kettle colder than that on top some way to make a more powerful motor (if tbis is not but if truly soluble, it is doubtless not an emn lsion. taking place if there is a COllstant outflow of fresh water, when the water is boiling? A. The water on the bot_ strOll/1: enough to run the lathe), using the armature (612) J. D. L. asks the best method of as then it will keep the salt water back under all circum tom is warmest. wbich I have already made. A. The change of the coating iron water pipes so that tbey will not rust, the stanccs. magnet would not improve the increas· (595) W. A. T.-Tile duties of an elec field motor. By coating not to render the water unsuitable for drinking. ing your battery power and running your motor a little (626) C. McE. asks: Will you kindly let trical engineer iuvolve tbe planning, erection, and run· A. There is noway of coating the inside of water pipe in faster, and reducing the speed by proper arin , you me know through the SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN if the ning of electrical installations tor lighting, power, pro �� /1: an amateur way that is satisfactory. Coal tar and win be able to run your lathe. I am thinking of get_ .. Simple Electric Motor," in SCI. AM. SUPPLEMENT, pulsion of vehicles and boat ... etc. The remuneration 3. asphalt are much used by the manufacturers of pipe, ling storage batteries to do the work. How many wou ld No. 641, can be run by, �ay, five or six cells or Fuller vlI.ries widely. positions may be secun�d with electrIcal whIch are applied by dipping the heated pipe into a need? a think they are each volts E. M. F A. mercury biehromate battery Or if the motor can be manufacturing companies or at electric light stations, r 2 .J trough of melted tar and asphalt, mixed to make a P About cells. 4. Would it be safe to charge them from run by any other battery than one of the plunging etc. The probability of obtaining a pOSition depends 8 tough coating. Such pipe will flavor the water for an arc light circuit (the circuit is a divided o e with type? A. The motor can be run by the Fuller, Bunsen , on the man;'.if willing to begin at the bottom of the p awhile, but makes tbe next best suhstitute for galvan� about 6� amperes, undof course I would have a switch or Grove battery, but it will require a greater numbc,r ladder. the probability is far greater. izing. The galvanized or zinc coaied pipe is the best ammeter recommen by the electric light of cells. If you desire to use the Fuller bichromate and as ded and most durable pipe now in use for conveying cold (596) P. B. writes : 1. In copying draw A. battery, use about twenty cells, connecting them ten in company). Yes; but they should be placed in a water. ings or plans by the blue print procesB, does the shunt. Do you know how many amperes the e.eries and two in parallel. 5. (613) O. F. P.-Chilled castings can only negative or original drawing have to be made trans· motor requires, and also how much it wonld stand (627) 1. besoftened by annealing ror from two to eight hours, H. T. asks : Is the electro· parenU If so, is castor oil the best? A. Some degree without burning out the armature? A. If the urmature 214 1888, according to size or deptl! of chill, at a red heat. Pack magnet del>cribed on page of April 7, strong of transparency is required. Castor oil is excellent, and and field magnet of the motor are connected np in par- thecastings in pulverized charcoal and fine ashl;lsclosely enough to defiect the fiame of a candle? If so, how can afterward be removed by soaking and washing the allf'J, the motor will bear a current of about 16 amperes . an iron box, hf'at slowly to a red hl;lat in any conven many b9.tteries of the Grenet form would be necessary? drawing in alcohol. 2. Can you give me instructions for 6. Could I safely put it in a shunt of an arc light cir- in ient fire with enough fire to last several hours. Cover If not strong enough, would you ll:ive size ot maJl:net, making a dynamo to light two incandescent lamps ? I cuit, although the storage batteries would be better, as whole with ashes or r-inders, so as to continue the with siz;e and amount of wire, and also number of cells wllnt to use the motor described in the March 17, 1888, I could only get direct power at night? A. Yes. the heat the required time and gradually cool. of bicbromate batteries necessary for the purpose? A. nnmber or the SCIENTIFIC AMElnCAN, as driving power. (606) J. W. D. asks (1) if the shafts of Yes. Use sixcclls of Grenet battery, having plate!'!3 by Also "how many common telegraph batteries will it take (614) J. T. asks how to kill weeds on a the glass disks In an induction Wimshurst electric ma- 6. 2. Is a mal!:llet built up of strips of hoop iron pre mn motor with sufficient speed to run dynamo, the to chine could be made in one piece, passing from one cinder running track. A. Sprinkle the track with ferable to one forged out of soft iron? A. The principal batteries to be about. gallon each, and would there be solutIOn of soda or bleaching powder in water. 1 support to the other, and with hole!! made in the strong advantage in hoop iron is that the magnet may be con any danger from either ot the machines to have them Salt Is also efficacious if applied tbickly enou/!:h. glass for it to pails throuj!;h. Would it hinder the strncted without the aid of blacksmith. What is in a room about 15X18 feet? A. Copy the dynamo de· fl 3. making ofeleetricityP A. The shaft of a Wimshurst (615) C. H. T. asks : What is best-the supposed to be the cause of the so·culled para·magnetic �cribed in our SUPPLEMENT, No. 600, making it two· mll.chine must neces sarily be made in two pieces, be- most durable-to paint galvanized iron with? A. It a phenomena? Is it something aside from ordinary elec thirds the size and using wire two or three numbers causc the glass disks mnst revolve in opposite direc· heavy uuder coat is required, u�e a metallic paint in tricity, or whaiP A. We do not know that this has ever smaller. A telegraph battery is quite unsuited tor the tions. Yon conld make the central part of the rod, boiled oil, dry well, and rub smooth before putting on been satisfactorily settled. 4. In the induction coil the work. Use forty one·quart bichromate cells. You will upon which the tubular shafts are supported, of insulat- gildinj!;coat. lenjZ"th of the spark produced will depend upon the work at a great disadvantage In first running a motor the ing material, and allow the rod to run sttaight through length of wire used in the primary con, and in the aud then a dynamo. Primary battery lighting very (616) F. D. S. We do not recommend ii, the machine, if desirable. Would it be safe to make length of wire used in the secondary coil, of the si1le of expenl'ive; if it must be used, the lamp circuit should 2. petroleum for ordinary bot water heater, or for house the holes in the glass by making a pile of wet clay in the the iron core and of the number and dimensions of the be connected directly to the battery without a motor heating, DOl'for any steam generating furnace where It center, making a hole in the clay the size desired down batteries used; the question is: What effect is produced and dynamo intervening. There is no danger from cannot have a constant personal supervision. Its use to the glass, and pouring in melted lead, or would it on tbe character of the spark, other than lene:th, such either of the machines. for fuel without steam under pressure for atomizing has erack the glass? A. Your proposed method of making - as thickness, intensity, or other quality, by employing not yet proved a succeps. For the methods of applica (597) F. H. asks : 1. Please give me di holes ill glass would be Ilnsucce8l1ful-it would break the different thicknesses (that is, heavier or lighter) of wire tion see SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No . rections for making a dry battery of sufficient power gla8s. To cut a hole throu/1:h a Vlate of gluss, employ a 403, in the r.onstruction of the primary coil, and also of the 6 , 624. A. to generate perceptible electric f;urrent. A, Make a copper tube arranged to run in a wooden guide, and sup. 23 secondary coil? The intensity and quantity of the 8- (617) jelly with glne, water, and sulphuric acid,till the vessel, ply the tube with a mixture or rather coarse emery and G. McL.-For illustrated descrip secondary current is related in some degree to the see and while hot immerse in it the plates. This will soon water while it is revolved by means of a drill bow or tions or incubators, see SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLE- tional area of the wires I)f the respective coils. When a polarize; a little bichromate of potash may advantage by attachment to a hand drill. ' .MENT, Nos. 54, 425 ,380. .. heavy primary and light secondary coil are employed, a ously be mixed with it. Can a dry battery bc at· long thin spark will be the result; wheu a fine primal'J 2. (607) D. W, writes : In making simple (618) G. S. & Co.-The iron putty used tached to an electric belt and be more effective than coil formed of a great length of wire is nsed in connec electric motor I have placed a piece of brass tubing o for steam joints is made by mixing dry parts of a good the solution process ot chargiug an electric bclt? A. li 2 tion with a short, coarse secondary coil, the secondary a hard rubber cylinder for a commutator. Now, wit metallic paint. 1 part litharge, 3 parts fine iron borings A dry battery will be less effective than a wet one. current will have great qnantity and small intl;lnsity. 3. that work, or should it have been of copper tubinJr; sifted, or for close joints, iron filings. Add boiled lin Dow do yon detect an el(lctric cftrrent, when it has not (628) A. Copper is better than brass for a commutator. seed oil and mix to the consistence of stiffputty. J. G. writes : I have studied A. sufficient strength to be perceptible? By a sensitive chemistry for about six months, picking out the tbin,gs In winding the field magnets commenced to wi (619) H. G. asks why he cannot make galvanometer. I I could not nnderstand, so as to beenlightened by some from the inside instead of the outside. Will you please quicksilver amalp;am stick to g-lass so as to silver it. (598) J. N. P.-For best Babbitt metal. friend better posted on the subject. Among my many tell me how to connect the wires? A. Connect corre' A. We presume your manipulation is defective. Lay a usc 1 part copper, 6 parts tin, parts antimony, by sponding ends of the wires of the field magnet. Y difficulties the following 8tands prominently forth: 2 piece of tin foil (not lead fOIl) on a smooth flat surface Hydrofluosilicic acid, SiH�FB' Is this a chemical weight. Melt the copper in a crucible, add gradually one can readily tesq the magnet to see whether the curre and pour mercury over it to a depth of one'sixte�nth or half of the tin, then the antimony, and finishit by adding molecule? I have consulted rour standard authorities; pas8Cs in the right direction through both le/1:s of t one-eighth inch. Slide the perfectly clean glass plate the balance of the tin. Let the temperature gradually in each I find the formula as given. chemists are to magnet, by holding an ordinary pocket compass n r over it, with its advancing- edge just below the surface If fall asyou add tile tin ; ponr in bar moulds of iron. • be believed, how can eight monads satisfy one tetrad! one pole and th(ln n(lar theother. One pole should of the mercury, so as to bring a new surface of amal i A. dicate north polarity and the other south. Is t You are commUting the error of all beginners in (599) A. J. R. asks the best way to etch 3. gam against the gla.. s. Then leave the glass ror awhile any way of making a battery in the shape of a wooden interpretin� science too rigidly. There are molecular names and designs in steel tools, ete., and the name of under pressure, as of a few books, and finally place it box divided into small sections, und couted with some· .affinities, and this compoand is built up from three some good work on same. A. For etching on cutlery on edge to drain. thing to prevent leakage or destruction by the acid? A. saturated molemles, BF, HF, and SiF4, This is proved and tools see Notes and Queries, No. 21, April 23, 1887, (620) A battery cell can be made of wood, but it is apt t C. F. K. asks for an article to use by the fact that on boiling it is decomposed into hydro in SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN. Also for a general treatise check and leak. Asphalt forms a good acid· proof coat for repairing"mirrors or silvering looking glasses where fluoric acid, HF, and silicon fluoride, SiF4, on etching, see Spons' " Workshop Receipts," 1st series, t.hey have been scratched, or fhe quickSilver has been ing for wood. (629) J. R. asks how twenty·two caliber which we can mail for $2. scraped off. A. Place some quicksilver on a Viece of (608) W. L. writes : I work in a floc cartrid/1:cs are loaded, and how to reload them; want (600) Omega asks (1) for the explosive broken looking glass. Then with a knife yon caD slide mill where it is very dusty. The doek or stock is abou! to use shot instead ot bullet. A. Fulminate of mercury force of gasoline when vaporized, or hllve you any book off a piece of amalgam and transfer it to the other glass, the size and weillht of coarse sawdust. Could the stoc may be nsed as a primcr, secnred in place by gum A. which should be placed in a horizontal position. See on such a subject in referen ce to gas engines? You be taken up by fan and rnn'into an air tight room where or glue, and ordinary powder, wads, and shot may 'be will findgas engines treated in the following works : 1\ precedmg query. the dust could settle and not be lost? A. The dust in used. Tbere wllI be very little room for the cbarge, "Clark on the Gas Enj:("ine," $2. " Goodese ou the Gas the room may be removed by an exhaust fan and thrown (621) N. K. H. writes : I want to build which mnst be alight one. The shell is too small for $1. $3.40. Engine," .. MacGregor on the Gas Engine." into a room lined with muslin on frames, so arranged a furnace ot brick, one where tbe fire will be next to shot, and it will hardly pay to reload them. Gasoline mixed wi\h air and exploded wonM. give for as to make a space of two or three feet all around. The the wall. What is the best tousc--lime, cement, or fire (630) an Instant quite a high pressure, or 100 pounds to O. J. asks whether thera exists 50 dUfot to be injected within the muslin room allowing the clay? A. Use tire brick only, and lay with fire clay the square inch. 2. Also do you know of any success· any waterproof cement, which will unite rubber and air to escape through the muslin to the outer space. mixed with equal parts of finely ground fire brick. You porcelain? A. Use bicycle tire cement. or try a mix_ ful burner for bnrniuj:(" crude oil under a submerged The dust will gradually accumUlate on the inside of the can buy material for the fire mortar already mixed, tubular boiler in a small launch, boiler inches high, ture o� Burgnndy pitch or asphalt and gutta pereha 44 32 musliu and choke the ventilation, when the fan may be through the flre brick trade. Inches diameter? A. For petroleum burners addres s melted together. stopped and the dust whipPl;ld off by striking the mus some of our advertisers, builders of steam engines, (622) B. C. asks for some way of turnM lin from the outside. Tbis will save the dnst. If it is (631) G. M. writes : 1. Referring to the ing brass black so it will not rub off. A. For black, boilers, etc. not wanted ror flock, it can be precipitated nnder water article on capillary force figured and described iu blue, or steel color on brass, see SOIENTIFIC AMERIOAN (601) G. M. S. writes : There is a paint by high speed blower and dried in cakes for paper stock SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN of January 19, I would like to SUPPI,EMENT, No. 535. made for shinj!;le roofs, ot which the prinCipal ingredi· or other uses. If the whole flock and dnst is to be reo ask how high is it possible to raise water in one end ot ents are cOII.I tar, gypsum, benzine, and coloring; it is moved together, a Sturtevant exhaust blower should (623) T. G. R. asks : If I get a black the trough above the other end, and how low it is pos· applied cold and dries quickly. A. One barrel coal tar, be used and connected with a much larger muslin room smith to make me the magnets for the Desprez gal· sible to depress the mercury, and is there auy other ten pounds asphaltum, ten pounds ground slate;two than for the ftoating dust alone. vanometer, will common tool e.teel do, or .does it re substance that will show a greater range above and qnire to be the finest steel, and what width would it re below tban water and mercury do in the experiments gallons dead oil. Add the dead oil after the others have (609) J. R. asks : 1. Could a magnet be been mixed by aid of heat. quire to be. and would the magnets require to be hard given? A. Water and mercnry' will have practically affected by a bar of steel completely inclosed in a brass ened all through or only on the ends? A. Tool steel, or about as high range as any fiuids; without being of (602) H. W. T. asks for books on etch cylinder one-sixteenth of an inch thick? A. Yes. Brass even some kinds of machinery steel, will answer for the infinitesimal thickness, one or two inches elilvation ing, gelatine process, etc. A. We can supply you with is not an insulator of magnetism. 2. From what dis _ magnet. It is sufficient to harden the steel at tbe ends. and depression could be reached. How thick should " Zinc Etching," by Gast, $1.00. .. Zincography," by tance would a magnet with a face two inches by one· 2. 2. Is the tapering spring (secured to block on the base) a cylinder be to withstand a pressure of lb., the Bock. $UO. . Photo-Engraving; All about It," half inch attract particles of steel? A. Theoretically, it 650 $3.00. of steel or spring brass? A. The spring may be of cylinder to be 6 inchcs in diameter, inches long, with Electrotypin/!:," by Urqnhart, $2. •. Photo_Mechani_ wonld affect particles of steel at almost any distance. 12 either steel or brass. 3. Will angle plates do, made of the cylinder heads bolted on? The material to be st.eel. cal Printing Procesl!es," by Burton, $1.50. The distance through which a magnet is ahle to move either steelorbraf!s? A. They shonld be made of br�s. A. l·lO"inch. In the SCIENTIPICAMERICAN Reference purticles of steel depends, of course, upon the size of the 3. (603) J. P. F. writes : I am desirous to 4. Should theNo. 40silk·covered copper wire be single, Book, page 119, we read that charcoal will absorb or particles and the strength of the magnet. 80 gQt some information. in regard to low pre!l!;'ure steam double, or triple covered, and about how many layers 90 times its ;own bulk of some e:ases. Please name heati.' ng. What book can you recommend, treating ot (610) O. O. O. writes : Ple... e tell rue should there be make the right thickness? A. A !Wvera} gases that charcoal will absorb in such quan.. to this class ot work? A. We recommend the following what I can do to increase the power of my battery:, quantity of single covered wire will answer; six or eight tities? A. Carbonic acid e:as, ammonia, and many & works: Baldwin, " Steam Heating," Schuman, Leclanche prieM of three jars cells. I have layers of the wire will be lIutftcient. Should the others. 4. How can the charcoal be quickly discharged $2.50; or added o. .. Steam Heating," $1.50, which we supply by mall at new s!l.l-ammoniac and zincs,bot the power tsno better. upper hook be connected to the outside end of the coll of the gases which it absorbs? If by heat� please state prices stated. right Orthe ful.de .end? A. It 18 immaterial which en of about what temperatnre is necessary to free the char- What 1f.the amotult of dJ-l.IDDloul&cnile? to Th'e d © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC �titutifit �mtritau, APRIL 13. I�.] 235 coal A ...... 10 1 of the gas. and is there any other way besides the same time be diluted with oil at turpentine, so as cheapest. long.stroke crank connection with engine Compass. IIhi!I'S, r.. . Sirielx (r)...... 00 A...... 400.216 using heaU By a heat·-.erging on redness. There to make it work freely with tbe pencil. This does not by belt is much used !lnd preferred for confltant and Concentrator, J. A. Johnson ...... 400.262 isno other rapid way of removing the gas. It might be 2ive a burnished finish. For burnishing a mixture of heavy work, as for very deep wells. Bones that Conducting pipe, O. C. Smith ...... 4. . . ..• . • . . • 400,900 Conduit. electric, H. A. Chase ...... done slowly hy absorption hy chemicals, such all slaked American bole, a little wax and parchment size is used. have grease or carbonaceous matter in them will enrich Conduits, constructing underground, Cranmer & lime, caustic soda, etc. 5. About how Iona- will it take The latter is made by bOiling parchment scraps in water. ordinary coal gas and add to its volume. Gas made ...... 4OO.&lI .. Arnold ...... the charcoal to absorb the gas, and how long to free it We refer you to Workshop Receipts," first series, from grea� or oil is heavier tban ordinary coal gas. , A. A $2, Coupling. See Car cou ,':.-.r;' Wagon perch crotch of the gas? few seconds to one minute. which we can supply free hy mail for tor a very containin2" more carbon. coupling. (6S2j J. P. writes : You gave a re ipe elaborate acconnt ot gilding operations. Crusher. See Rock ,usher. c Books or other publications referred to above � ...... 400,3« Scr. M 1888. (644) T. A. MeC. writes : In tunnel Cu1Jholder. G. R. G. Jones ...... for artillcial honey In A ., December 8. a can, in most cases, be promptly obtained throngh the 4OO 14 363, SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN & 361 Cu1J halder, S. V. Thomas ...... , � page query 26, in that you say 80 grains cream tar 1,600feet long will a ten toot pressure of water force office, Munn Co., Broad· ...... •.... Culinary appar!\tus, A. O. Schuekma.n 4OO,2,�'1 ...... 400,:1-8 tar. Please state how many grains to a pound or to an out earth and rock that readily dissolves when exposed way, New York. Cultivator. R. H. Avery ...... 16 has ...... 400,3b9 ounce ot ounces to tbe pound? Also, will it keep to the atmosphere, in a few weeks? The tunnel a Cultivator. L. B. Berrien A ...•.. ..•...•.... 400,348 any length of time with the whites of eggs in it? total fall or some two feet. thousand teet ot the tnn- Curtain pole rlnl:, C. W. Lawrence 437JjA. TO INVENTORS. There are 7,000grains in a pound avoirdupois, or nel is through this shelving rock which readily dis Cutter. See Feed cutter. has 80 ...... 400.1111 grainR in an ounce. It wiJI not keep well it made with solvel! when exposed to the atmosphere, and An experience of forty years, and the preparation of Cutter head, C. Sullivan ...... ••...... 400.008 Desk and seat, school, G. Hamel whites of eggs. caved in that it will not permit the water to pass more than one hundred thousand applications for pa 6X6 tents at home and abroad. enable us to understand the Desk and typewriter cabinet, combined, C. N. (633) J. E. O. writes : Physiologists tell throngh. Tunnel i8 feet. By means of II. fiume we ...... 400.238 1100r laws and practice on both continents, and to pOSBes� un Leonard ...... can pour the water in some ten feet above the of • • • 400,300 ns that an image when received on the retma at the equaled facilities for procuring patents everywhere. A Detachable bandle, D. Philbrick ...... the tunnel, and we want to know if the water will force . . . . 400.278 eye is inverted; but few give any satisfactory explana· A. synopsis of the patent laws of the United States and all Door hanli:er. G. Welckum ...... its way through and wash out the debris If you •• • . • . . 400.041 f foreign countrIes maY be bad on application. and persons Door sprinll, Bender & Stevens ...... tion why we see all images righted. It is claimed by 10 . . . , ...... 400.297 can supply II.full stream of water at feet head,You can contemplating the securing of patents, either at home or Dress form. F. W. Brown .. some that the hrain receives the image inverted, and ...... 400.391 wash the dirt and gravel through the tunnel, If not abroad, are Invited to write to this office for prices, Dust collector. E. Bretney ...... our judgment rights it. Will you please give us your 400,1:-:'9 Dynamo stations. switch stand for. R. E. Stewart. flntirely obstructed. After an opening is obtained, a which are low, in accordance with the times and our ex· 4OO,Ia") opinion? A. The connection between the brain and the 4 . A volume ot water will be required to give velocity of tensive facilities for conducting the buslnesa. Address EccentriC, reversible, W. W. Lockwood ...... II...... 400.0&2 outside world cannot be traced. specillc image pro· .• SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN.861 .. MUNN & CO office Broad_ Egg count register. A. If.Harrison ...... feet per second through the obstructed part for carry . 400,842 duced on the retina affects the brain with the sensation way. New York. Ejector and injector. combined. P. P. Hogne..... iUIl: forward the broken stone which would be deposited ...... 400,266 of sight; the inversion of the image is immaterial to the Elastic strap. L. Stein ...... in the unobstructed part of the tunnel. To remOve this, ElectriC distributiUli: system. detecting 'lrounds question. as the question transcends mechanics or 144 400 181 II. volume equnl to the whole area ot the tunnel, or in an. E. M. Bentley ...... physics. cubic feet of watkr per second,would be required to en INDEX OF INVENTIONS Electric distribution by storage batteries, S. C. C. (634) J. C. M. writes : An aquarium of ...... tirely clear it from sand,gravel and small broken stones. Currie ...... 400.,395 . .... 400,827 mine, made of marble and glass. leaks at the joints. The large rocks would require other means for removal. For which Letters Patent of tbe Electric li:enerator. magneto. N. B. Ginoch1o ...... 400,214 Please tell me in the Notes and Queries column of the (645) Elect.ric lighting system, W. L. Horne ...... W. W. T. writes : I have made a (Jnlted State. were Granted ...... 400.1311 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN ElectriC machine, dynamo, W. L. Silvey . . . .. how to make a cement to mend & ...... 400,811 A. glycerine barometer. nsing a pint tin can with two necks, Electric motor. Davis Westervelt . .. . it with? Try litharge and glycerine, or melt in ...... 400.315 in one ot which I insert a barometer tube open at both Electric motor regulator, R. S. Dobbie Burgundy pitch and gutta perclut. cement (see Queries March 26, 1889, ends, bore 0'2.') inch, and in the other a therInometer to Electric motors, friction gear for. C. J. Van De- 630and 641) with a hot iron when the glass and marble All ...... 400.274 make corrections for temperature. fittings and poele...... a:re perfectly dry. Engine. See Beating engine. Gas engine. Steam seams are air tight. While it very often agrecs with AND BA.CH BEARING THA.T DATE. (635) F. S. W. asks : How many engine. the si.e:nal service bllrometricai readin28, sometimes See Extractor. Fish hook extractor. Pen ex cubic feet of ordinary illuminating gas are required to there is a difference, tor which I can Ilnd no cause. A. tractor. [See note at end of list about copies of theBe patents.) ...... 400.251 equal one ton of ordinary Pennsylvania pea coal for Please tell me the reason. The barometer tuhe }I'a ueet. measuring, E. S. Reed ...... •.. 400,117 steam, when burned under a boiler? What effect has should be closed at the upper end. and should be of }I' eed cutter, E. W. Ro�s...... 25 ...... 400,369 ...... a gas jet on the iron of the boiler compared with a coal such height, about feet, that a vacuum will be lert Adding machine. J. Pfeifer ...... l<'eed trough. C. F. Harder ...... 400.080 A. 70 •.... 400,819 fire? 50to lb. of coal are considered equal to above the Iluid. The liquid in the tank shonld be in Alarm. See Burglar alarm. Feedwater heater and purifier, C. E. Ferrelra...... 400,:1";-7 1,000 cubic feet of gas in heating power. The gas may some kind of communication with the air. Yon may Amalgamator, N. L. Raber ...... 400.114 Fence, E. A. Welds ...... 400,207 400 9 be burned from long pipes with numerous perforations, insert a tube thron.e.h the cover of the tin can and tie Ammonium nit.rate. making. C. N. Hake ...... ·ence makinR" macblne, C. L. Stutttng ...... 36 ...... 400,092 ...... SCIENTIFIC 400.083 Animal detachluR" device, I. J. Kubatz .. .. Fencing, E. Hawes ...... preferably arranged with air injector burners. as the an India rubher balloon over it.. In the ...... 400,196 AMERICAN 1886. Animal shears, E. Barlquand ...... 400,036 Fertilizer distributor. N. B. Spradley . . least production of lamp black indicates ineffiCiency. ot Decemher 25, you will find described ...... 400.:m Animal trap, D. Gilmore ...... li'llter beds. apparatus for acceleratlnR" the pass- For cost and exact details consult an engineer. a glycerine barometer...... 400,050 ...... 400,18.6 Annuneiator.I. S. Bunker ...... age of liquids through, W. D. Bohm . . ... AJO,3U (636) J C asks : 1. How to make paper (646) B. O. L. writes : When t.he phono- ...... •.... 400.361 ...•••.•...... Anvil attachment. B. E. Robinson Fire escape, E. Delta � .... 400,120 ...... Fire kindler, ...... �aph talking can it be all over Ash pan and sifter, combined, J. F. Sayer.... . M. Reilly out of r8.i1:s? A. For paper making we refer yon to IS heard the room by ...... 400,142 . . < •••••••• ••••• 400.309 $6; Axle bearing, F. Strauss ...... Fireproof buildinlil". R. S. Crltchell . Davis' work on paper making. Cross, Bevan and the entire andience if the voice talked into it was loud ...... 400,381 ...... 400.112 $4. Axle box, car. S. J. Austin...... Fish hook extractor. E. L. Post ...... Joynson on paper making. 2. Do the clouds move. enongh, or must a person have ear to receiver in order ...... •...... A. B!t.Q" holder, E. W. Clark 400.191 }I' i�h trap, J. E. Green ...... 4OB,206 or is it the earth turning on its axis thftt gives them to hear anything? Can only one hear at a time? ...... • & ...... 400,420 A. An Bag lock, J. Hammesfahr ...... 400.3.34 �'luid meter, Westlngbouse, Jr Dutton ...... 400.194 ...... 400,10'7 the appearance of moving? The clouds move. dis ear tube is required. It several are provided, as Bagll. mouth piece for, G. W. Dean . .. .. Io'luid releaser, automatic, B. S. Molyneux ...... 400,346 ...... 400.085 solve, and reform again continually; their motion aud many persons can listen as there are tnbes. It cannot Barrel washing machine, H. E. Klamt . . 1<'ly pllper, package of, E. Jf. Baker ...... 400,$1, ...... changes are real. be heard all over the room. Baseball bat. C. N. Morris ...... Folding chair. H. O'Hare ...... 4OO.da7 ...... •...... 400.183 F. A. asks how wood can be elee- (647) S. H. writes : There has been Bathtub, folding, H. Sabin 400,119 Folding chair. automatic. H. H. Blake ...... (637) H, ...... • 400,148 Battery. See Galvanic battery. Secondary bat- Forjl;in� mechanism, F. W. Taylor I ...... 400.2&1 tro-plated with copper? The object desire to plate some discnssion on the subject of "parks," in a literary t.ery. Voltaic battery. Fuel feeding pipe. W. A. Wilcox ...... A...... 400,21' is the ebony handle of a sur¢cal knife. First rub club here, at which it was stated the park at Versailles, Beating engine, J. Norton. Jr ...... 400.110 Galvanic battery, A. Imschenetzky . . A .. 400.044 ...... 400.0138 the wood with hot paraffiue; coat it with a thin coatinl!; France, was the largeFlt artillcial park in the world. Billiard table rail and cushion. C. G. Brockway.. Galvanic battery, G. E.Kammeyer...... & ...... 400.2.'15 of plumbago, applied with a brnsh, and then submit it few of us bad /lome doubt!! ot it, and I write to yon as Binder, E. Wansleben ...... 400.147 Galvanic battery, Liebert Rosenthal...... 400.126 Block. ·See Printing blOCk. the surest way to settle the queiltion. If Versailles has Galvanic bllttery, lt. Shaw ...... to the ref!ular elef:tro-plating process...... , ....400.103, 400,2tO ...... 400.2:-\'1 Blowpipe bed, G. W. Melotte . ... Game, mathematical. L. Martane . not ark, CRn yon tell me where it is and how (638) E. W. M. writes : In testing gas the largest p ...... •...... 400.175 400,l'i7 A. Boiler. See Sectional boiler. Gas and air mixer, H. J. Bell to many acres it contains? The park at Versailles is & meter, there are Ilve cubic feet pass throngh the test Boller. Camp Corser ...... 400,0."1 Gas, apparatua for the manufacture of, W. M. not remarkable for size, but rather for its water works ...... 400,161 ...... 400,060 meter, while six cubic feet pass through the meter to Bolt head. O. F. Balston ...... Cosh . .•.•...... 68 butldmgs. The following are representative parks 400.417 ...... 400 1 10% and Book marker, I. J. Turner Gas burner. atmospheric, H. J. Bell.... . be tCilted j is·the meter to be te�ted p('r cent fast or ...... 400 ,166. of the world, with their acreage : Bottle etopper, J. A. Traut . .. 400,272 Gas burner. incandescent. H. J. Bell .. WO.IG9 ...... 20 per cent fast, or in other words, what is the divisor _ .. 21,000 400,056 A. 20 Fontaineblean ...... acrefl. Bougie, medicated, T. Chri"ty . . . . . Gas burner. regenerative, Fullford & Van Laun. -five or six? The meter is per cent fast. It gas ...... 2,500 .. 4OO,072, 400,1f7 Boulogne ...... Box. See Axle box. Journal box. Letter box. were one dollar a thousand, you would by such a meter ...... $1.20 Vincennes ...... Musical box. Tool holding box. Gas burners. air regulating device for atmo_ $1 2,275 " ...... 400.17 pay for worth of gas. The correct Ilgure al ...... Brake. See Car brake. Velocipede brake. Wagon spheriC, H. J. Bell ...... 100 Windsor...... 3,800 " & ways . .. should represent per cent...... 2,253 " brake. Gas burners, automatic shut-otrfor, Henry, Jr.. Richmond ...... 400,8:! (639) L. S. M. writes : Can you inform ...... 2,740 .. Brick or tile macbines, cutting table for, Freese & Kassler ... Fairmount...... 400.':\99 ...... 4OO,W: Wolcott ...... Gas enlol"ine. T. B. Barker.; ...... 1 : meor any acid or other substance which will rapidly (648) .. . . 400,379 . . 4O(!,170 400 C. F. P. asks how to test the Buckle, H. P. Wiser ...... Gas governor. H. J. Bell ...... to , ...... 400,187 ...... 400.211 putretyand liquefy the fiesh of crustaceans so that it Buckle, suspender. L. Steinberger . . Gas pressure indicator. A. & P. Thomas . .. . purity of drinking water with permanganate ot potash...... •...... 400,04{) ...... •..._ .•...... 400,.)G: may be removed throul!;h a small aperture. and which BUj;\".Q"y boot. C. A. Beben..... Gas regulll.tor, J. H. RU9S I wish to test an open well for any orgRnic matter which ...... 400,239 will not affect the shell m any way? The intention is to A. Burglar alarm, electric. J. Y. McKinney . .. . Gate. See Railway gate. it may contain. Disllolve 2 grains permanganate of preserve the shell intact in its natural color, and I am 10 Burner. See Gas burner. Generfttor. See Electric generator. IO!4 ...... 400.4 11 potash in onnf!es distilled water. drops of this Bustie. L. T. Ridgley ...... 400,115 Governor for marine enl{ines. D. Sweeney looking fursome way to remove the flesh without dis_ 1·1(100 ...... 400.1(9 ...... 400,Om repn>sent grain of oxygen. Add it to the water Bustle, C. W. Wertz Grain crushing mill. J. Curtis.... integrating the shell? A. Try canstic soda solution; 0:1 ...... 400,219 drop by drop until a faint pink color is produced which Butter making, process In, B. Kanable . .. Grounding device, automatic, E. A. Sperry ...... WO.264- you must experiment, using different strengths of solu .. •...... 400 7 ...... 400.131 is permanent. The number of drops per gallon repre_ Button, G. He\dmann et al ,33 Hammock, H. M. Small...... tion and various temperatures. You may have trouble ...... 400,1.)2 sents the amount of oxy!;!;en required to oxidize the 011- Button, T. W. F. Smitten ...... Handle. See Detachable bandle. from the disintegration ot the ligamcnts connecting the Button and ornamental paster. M. Moose ...... 400,358 Hanger. See Door hanger. ganic matter. It shonld not exceed 0'2 grain per gallon...... •..... 400,408 ...... 4OO,21l segments. You might try the old receipt of placing Buttonhole strip, H. W. Lyon Harness attacbment, I. Hicks ...... The test should be executed by a chemist, and at best is ...... 400,392 them near ant hills, in order that the ants may clean Cable roads, tube or tunnel protector fOT. H. 1>'. Harrow ftnd cultivator. J. C. Bryan ...... a mere approximation and may condemn a water that is ...... 400,034 ...... them. Ascheck...... IIarrow and culti\""ator. S. W. Kilpatrick . . . . 400,220 ...... 400,129 . im.412 (640) E. IJeR. S. asks : In speaking of perfectly healthy. It has only confirmatory value. Car brake and starter, G. B. Siccardi . . Harrow and pulverizer. combined. J. B. Okey ...... 400.006 ...... �00,397. 400,ma (649) H. McC. writes : An advantage Car coupling. H. V. Conway ...... Harrow tooth holder. D. O. Everest . . . a mile on land between two poInts. is there any differ ...... 400,282 A. Car coupling. R. L. Evanll ...... 4OO.0Ii8 Hat pounctng machine, ,T. C. Wilson . claimed tor Mercator's projection reads, " The true ...... 400.�93 ence between the English and American mile? Car heater, safety. M. M. Bumpull . . . . Heat to the body, device for applyinR". D. M. shapes ot continents are given, although expanded ...... •.. 400.261 There is no difference; the distance is 5,280 feet. Cllr lock, freight. J. Haish ...... 400.007 Small . (641) tow"rd.the poles. If the last statement is true, the Car seat and Indicator, adjustable, E. Michaud IIeater. See Car heater. Feedwater heater. W. MeB.-If no heat is to be ap- A...... O...... 400.066IDJ,2tl .first (in my eyes) cannot be true. Kindly explain. Car seat, railway. E. Enequlst Hitching device for vehicles. C. E. Price ...... 4OO,Il3 ...... 400,100 . . 400,1$ plied to yonr glass-lined acid vat, we would recommend It is not strictly true. As the poles are approached the Car starter, M. E. Farnham ...... Hoisting and conveying machine, E. Brown .. A. 50 : ...... 400.400 ...... 400 1 some such cement as bicycle tire cement. The tollow lateral distances become mugnilled, so that only a Car, steam hand, Morrissey & Doyle. Hoisting mechanism, '1'. A. Weston ...... 400.307 Ing is recommended for making wood watertight and Carwheel,J. W. Cooper ...... Holder. See· Bag holder. Cuft holder. Harrow general accordance of shape is preserved. 400.089 Car wheel tires, device tor, J. Kennedy. proof against sulphate of copper, but not against cyan (650) G. F. R. writes : Will you kindly fastenlog tooth holder. Jar holder. Pen holder. PII_ ides: Cars, automatic air supply for propelling, J. T. low sham holder. Sewing machine attach· ...... 1,500 let me know through your paper whether. theoretically Clark ...... 400,.'>02 ment holder. Sbade holder. Umbrella holder. Burgundy pitch...... parts...... 400,04.9 250 .. it wonld weaken the cnrrent passinl! throngh a conduc Cars. device for unlOadlnl{, J. L. Bryant . . .. Work holder. Old gutta perchs. in fine shreds...... •.. 400.:m 7fiO .. tor it s. magnetic needle is placed nnder iU It Cars. end sill for railway, J. T. Goodfellow Hook. See Check hook. Safety hook. Snap Finely powdered pumice stone..... A. .. 400.305 Cars. roof connect.ion for railway. Cole Parno hook. wonld not. & mix: ...... •. 400.238 ...... •...... •... 400,156 First melt the gutta percha and with the pumice Cars, side beariug for railway, J. J. Mann IIoree detacher, C. R. Wilson ... 400.396 ...... 400,304. stone and tben add the pitch. Apply hot, nsing a solder Cars. stake pocket tor platform, C. H. Dunham Hotel call. E. J. Colby...... 400,iIliO ...... Replle8 to Enq1l1rles. . . . 400,414 ing iron. For resisting heat and acids the following is Cars, aystem for heating. J. F. McElroy . . Hydrant, W. Ryle ...... 400,193 J. . . 400.411 recommended: . Carpet lining. C. II. Cole ...... Hydrau.Jic motor. A. Myers ...... The replies relate to enquiries pub .•....•...... 400.184 400 1 following recently - Carriage spring. S ...... 100 SCIENTIFIC AHERICAN, B. M. oule Ice planing machine. I.. R. Carhart...... , 89 Sulphur...... parts...... Jisbed in and to the numbers J...... 400,000 . ... . Cartridge R. BayUss ...... 2 .. primer, T. 400.11l[) index. P. Findley ...... Tallow...... 400.05 thereIn given : ...... , Cash Indicator, G. F. Kolb...... 400,406 Index. page. J. A. Cook ...... Resin ...... 2 . . . . . 400,247 Cash Indicator, A. Pearson ...... Indicator. See Cash Indicator. Gas pressure In- (403) T. H. De8.-Radiator, Coa.l, etc. (642) L. K. S.· asks for the names and Chair. See Folding chair. dicator. Station indicator. . A ...... 400.34 -1 steam radiator Is more efficient at the higber Cbalrs. etc., adjustabie leg attachment for, H. Indicator, G. W. Kennedy . . . . . price most complete ...... of the work on chemistry of ...... A. pressure by the difference in the temperature of the Alllger ...... 4OO,{)33 Insect powder, etc.,machine for dlstrlbuting. J . glass. Also name of firm supplying such books? ...... 400 27 2, for steam at both pressures. The Jellico mountain coal Characters in their reverse. apparatus pro- H. White ' · ' We can snpply you with Feuchtwan r, Water la s, $5...... 400.268 . 400 29 llC G � 60 tlx 86 duclnR". C. A. Thompson ...... Ironing boa su ort, W. E. Ber :: . SO ordinarily has parts ed carbon, parts volatile rd ;� ;; :: :::." :." ::: : : Shenstone on Glass Blowing, cents. Powell, Chance 100. Charts, mounting and boxing T. jack. Wagon jack. matter or gas::::to parts in The a.natomlcal. J. Jack. See Llftlllg $1.50. 96 combnstible ...... 400,1;)1 ...... 400,385 and Harris on Glass Making, The first named is White Jar holder and kettle cover, I. Zander . .. .. cannlll coal from the Jellico upper bed has 35 parts ...... 400.332 400 d'lvoted to sihcate of soda, and not to e;lass in general. 50 Check hook, S. H. Haas. Journal bearin'l roller, O. R. Chaplin ...... 058 fixed carbon, parts volatile matter=85 Pllrts com. • '00 4!0 ...... 00"10 Ch k h<) 0, . & d ... (643) J. L asks for gold size for gilding 100. ec k C H Mon ...... , J ourna , bOX, H ayes Rea ...... bnstihle in We record ot any t.rue ...... 400.218 . 400,281 have no Chevron. F. S. Johnston ...... Journal box for crank pins. P. W. Leffler ... .. on wood so as to obtain a bright & finil'h. resembling cannel coal in Alabama. The Cahaba and Corona Churn closure. Le Suer Bassett ...... 4OO,{J9:l Kiln. See Malt kUn. A: 50 4OO.1Si 41 ..." ...... burnished finish. Waterproof Ilold si:r,e is prepared beds have from to 55 parts fixed carbon to Cigar wrappe1'8 or binders, mftchlne for cuttinj;\" I{neader. dougb. J. H. Bowers 91 ...... fTom half a DOund of linseed oil with two ounces ot gum parts volatile matter : or to 96 part!! combustible out, J. R. WUliams ...... 400,153 Knit webs. tranllferrlug mecbanlsm for. Davis & 100...... 400,296 ...... •...... animi, the latter is reduced to powder and gradually in The nearest to a semi-bitnmmous or semi- Clamp, G. lo'. Brott ...... Stevens 400.062 Clasp. ee Spriug cl p. machine needle, S. N. Goodman ...... 4OO.3.'lO added to the oil while being heated in a fiftsk, stirring anthracite are: The Deer Creek minC3. which have 68 S as Knlttinl( , 22 00 Cleaner. See Window cleaner. Knitting machine stop motl( n mechanism, A. T. after every addition until the whole is dissolved ; the parts tlxedcarbon and parts volatile, or combns- BrookB.. ... 400,298 as Clutch. dl:lferentlal lipeed. J...... L D .OIlS 100. T _ · , 'V" ' ··!·,· ,·!·,· · · . .. .. " " " "·'· .". ..·· :':"· ·o" ","' ".· mlnnre is boiled until a small quantity,when taken out, tible in The steaming qualities of these coal" ...... ""0'" · "" Clutcb. friction, H. W. Hili...... 400,212 ...... d d d o and .u, om n d 100. _ 400,:(13 ...... is somewhat thicker than tar, and the wholeis strained compared with Cumberland, are as follo ws: el_ . . .. 400,158 J Cocoanut. preaervtn,v:. W. P. Clotworthy...... step, J. C. Armstrong ...... 400,071 through a coarse cloth. When used. it mnst be ground IIco90'1, Cahaba 03'2. Cotona 93'0. 89. P&OUfiI'B, Deer Oreek 3. Coin G.·L. Castll6l'...... 400.1»2 Larvp and stove, safety car, Franks ok Carroll ...... A . . .. , ... 0&00,100 ...... �552 with as much vermilion Il8 Will render It opaque. and at direct connection With vertical pnmp is best and :Colter. D. A. Moon ...... l-awp, are, W. H. MUler." © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC r APRIL 13, 1889. Magenls • • • ...... • 400,096 Slag. mechanically treating and annealing, T. Lamp, carburetiull, J. P...... 8. . . A. Edwards .•.•.•. ,_ .••...... 400,198 C. BryaD ...... HE Lamp, electric arc, E. W,i.K6 .....•...... ,' ....• . 4OO,(J(7 Lamp. incandescent electric, E. Weston ....•...••.• 400,378 Slag, treating, T. C. Bryan 8. . 400,058 J,amp. incandescent gas, H.J. Bell ...... 4()I),16'1 Sled, steam. Connur...... J. Ii'. 400,:>81 W. Frazer ••••...... •...•...... ••....••.. ,_ 400,320 Sleigh runner for wheeled vehicles. D. G. Wyeth. KODAK CAMERA oil, T L'lmp, • • • 400.372 .••....•...••...... 400,256 J,amp shade protector. G. A. Tank . . • ...... Snap hook wire, S. P. Scott ...... •.... 400,197 Lamp sbade support, W. Harper ...... •.••.... 400,2ffl Snow plow. M. B. Eaton J,antern or lamp. G. W. Stockly ...... •.... 400,140 Snow plow, O. Williams ...... ••.•..••...... 4OO400,079,IM r,,,lch and locll: combined, T. Overton ...... •....• 400.111 SoIa and bed, combined, C. T. Hard...... 400,29t, 400.295 j,elter box. Chappell & Moore . ... . • • ' .••••..•...... 400.200 Soldering machine, can, W. D. Brooks ...... 400,121 I,etter bo:t. R. J. Mitchell ...... • •.. 400.2« Spokes, machine for drawing. W. Shelly ...... Levee protector. McI,emore Jones ...... • • • • .... 400,101 SprinJl. See Car spring. Door spring. Vehicle It Lifter. See Transom lifter. sprin.lr. •... 400,188 Lifting jack. H. Gartner...... 400,205 Spring clasp for holding letters, L. Steinberger Liquids under pressure, vessel for holding, Feld Spring mall:ing machine. C. C. Hill...... 400,340 Siebrecht ...... 400,318 Stand. See Wash stand. I,ock. See Bali!: lock. Car lock. Starching machine, T. Blake ...... 400,184 J. • • • 400.242 Lock, W. D. Doremus ...... 4OO,31G Station indicator. O. Michaud ...... E. I.uom for weaving chenille, etc., Skinner & Tymew Steam engine. D. D. Hardy .•...... , ...•. 400,081 son...... 400,260 Steam trap, Ii', Lightford ...... 400,349 J. I,oom shuttle. C. F. & H. Wickwire ...... 400.152 Steel, hardening. F. Sedgwick ...... •..•...... 400,366 T. I,Qom stopping mechanism, Wyman ...... 400,382 Stopper. See Bottle stopper. II. I �'-:'T"'II Loom weft stop mechauism, G. M. Atchison ....•. 400,159 Stove. portable COOkin.ll:. A. S. Tomkins, ...••, •• " , 400,271 Lubricator, O'Connell & Cahlll._ ... .,.... " .•.... 400.356 Strap. See Elastic strap. Machinery. device for preventing the backward Switch. See Railway switch. movement of. J. A. Allen .. , ...... , ...... , .. 400,284 Table implement, •. P. Valiquet ...... , .. 400.273 r Mains. seal for hydraulic. R, Haberthur ...... "" 400,3:>3 Tag fastener, W. H. D. I.uc:l.low...... , ...... '" 400.407 Malt kiln. P. Lauth...... , .... , ...... 400,229 'l' elephone. N. B. Ginochio ...... , ...... 400.325, 400,:126 Malting drum, pneumatic, J. Henning . . ... , ...... 400,338 ''elegraphic transmitter, R. C Stone • • • . . "' ...... 400.141 l : 2,000 IN USE. Mltntles, apparatus for regenerating incandesw Thermostat, Davis & Westervelt., ..... , ...... •... 4OO.3l2 . ,' ...... ,. 400,419 . , ...... , ...... , 400,217 Adopted by the S. Navy cent, C. A. Yon Welsbach ...... Thrashing machine. A. JOhnston .. U. on all the �overnment Measuring machine. automatic /o(rain. W. Thrashing machlnes.llrain elevator attachment cl'Ulsers and gun McConachie ...... ' ...... , ...... •...... '" 400,100 for. M. Thorpe ....., ...... , . . . " ...... E. boats to be built. Measuring vessel, flUid. T_ E, Armistead ...... •.• 400.386 Tile settinli\'s. device for holding. A. Greenaway.,. Metal. apparatus for compressing �crap. Summers Time recorder, H. R. Adams ...... " ....••.• & Sharp ...... , ...... " ...... ' ...... 400,415 Tongs, J. T. Evans ...... Also Manufactnrers of Metal bars. dye for upsetting, R. Webster" ... 400.148 Tool hOlding box, G. H. Bartlett " .....400,28G to 400.288 W. " POP SAFETY Metals, drawing, M. A. McCool ..., ...... , .. 400,238 Toy, mechanical, W. D. Chase .. , ...., ....•...... 400,055 Meter. See FlUid meter. Water meter, Toy. mu!:'ical, Schoenner ...... " ...... 400.tz.'J J. VALVES, Mill. See Grain crushing mill. Seed mill. Transom lifter, J. W. Smith ...... '"'''' • 4OU,26a Monogram pattern. J. W. Miller ..., .. ," .. ,...... 400,105 Trap. See Anim!ll trap. Fish t-rap. Steam trap. STEAM GAlJGES, ETC.. Motor. See Electric motor. Hydraulic m<)toI'. Tricycle, l!'. E. Kohler ...... " ..... , .••• , ...... 400,(191 84 Chardon Street, Boston, lila,•• Water motor. Wind motor. Trough. See Ii' eed trough. box, A. B. Meylan ...... " ••. 4OO.1M Tub. See Bathtub. Musical ICE-no USE AND COLD ROOM.-BY PETROLEUM BOAT. DESCRIPTION Musical instrument. automatic. J. McTammany,. 4OO,1{)2 Tubing. duple:t, A. H. Limont ." ....., ...... '" 4OO,0lN R G. Hatfield. With directions for construction. Four of a troleum motor devised by Mr. LenOir for the � t 011 from oil cakes, apparatus for extrllcting. Moss 'l'ubing. mechanism for Impressing ornamental engravings. Contained in SCIENTIFIO AMEIUCAN SUpw o s 8 �'���I� c �������N I' '�����...... , ...... ••...•..• •. 400,39;1 & Littell.. . ' ... , 400,254 forms or designs upon metalli . Burkhardt PJ,EMENT, :i9. Price cents. To be had at this office r; � i 'Ji : ; g���8;� C J. lind of all newsdealers.�O PrIce cents. To be had at tbis office ano from all Oil press. I... Gismondi...... " ...... 400,328 Twine winder, automatic, C. Flemin.ll:,Jr ...... •.. 4OO,� newsdealers.10 Ordnance. B. T. Babbitt ...... •, ...... " ... , 400.160 Typewriter cabinet. C. N. LeOl::ard ...... " .. . 400.� Ore separator. T. A. Edison . . "...... 400,317 Typewriting machine, Felnel & Steiger ...... , .. 400.200 Oven, baker's, E. A. C. Petersen ..... , ...... 400.250 Typewriting machine, C. Spiro ...... :...... 400,265 ff�I���;�� Pan. See Ash pan. Typewritin/o( machine, H. H. Unz ...... , ...... 400,146 N.2n Y. M�h'yd ac£" D,po'. Rdd., 8to �� Paraffine wax, purifying, J:E. Bicknell .....4OO,Q42, 400,00 Typewriting machine. G. N. yost ...... 400.ll!M MACHINERY W. Pattern. See Monogram pattern. Typewriting machine, Yost & Merritt ..,., .•, ...... 400.383 ";:��i;:�';; . 400,178 Pen, drawin.lr, G. Bennett .... . holder, A. Denhard ...... •••... " ..•,,, •• 400,(l64 Pen extractor or device for removlnK' pens from automatic, T. O. Perry ...... , ...... 4OO.U9 FOR . Chair, Furuiture and their holders, A. G. Hofstatter ...... 400,311 controller. throttle. G. S. Neu ...... ,. 400.215 .•••....,. 400.253 Cabinet Mi1l8, Pen, fountain, B. Rosenthai., ...... , ••, Valve for automatlcbrake mechanism. triple. F. I Pattern IUakers' ufile Pen holder. T. R. Stuart ...... " ...... 400.368 Moore. , ...... ' ...... , ...... 400,108 t Phenu.cetille, O. Hinsberg ...... • . ••• ...... ', ...... 400,086 �ate, C. Shepherd ...... " ...... 400,128 e c II. . PhotographiC camera. E. B. Barker, ., .•...... ••..• 400,162 Valve. locomotive. T. Tripp ...... " ...... , 400.374 The p to b Rollstone Maehlne Co., . " ...... 400,084 ...... 400,275 1 PhotORraphic shutter. H. Herbert ...... Valve, regulating, W. VOj(el. and Iron Work of all deseript.lon. Write us for samples. , .. " ..... 400.122 f' Water Street, Fitchburg, Ma Pillow sham holder, Schill'er & Knight .... superheater, retort. S. D. Biddiijon·. 400,291 GEO. P. lIALLl;t2 !SON". 9 157.e Fultonl!� Street,et'.� New';"tort", York. 48 &; ••• Pipe. See Conductinl: pipe. Fuel feeding pipe. hydrocarbon, H. C. Davis • • • , ...... 400,313 Pipes, machine for forming sheet metal. W. W. S. & H. C. Rounds ...... " .. , ... 400,362 If. _ ROCK BREAKERS AJrD ORE CRUSHERS Davidson " .... , ...... , .. " ... " ...... 400,310 wheeled, F. B. Von Wechmar •.,,, ..., .... 400,876 ' f d h c ° a s 0 e . , .... 400.125 . ,,, ...... 400,m4 Planter. corn. H. C. Shanahan ...... Velocipede. P. Gendron ...... ta�rn �h� r����tl� d���R e� � 1 t�� � i>:� n I!:��� � &� fB�k��} ����, f���� : Plastic minerai composItion, L. Hastings. Veloci pede, W. GoldinR .• , .•• , .•.•...... , ...... 400,201 �ether::' with NEW 1Y \ IMPROVEMENTS,r; ; g t for which'lI1 Letters Patent were jlranted J. May 11th and JulyANn 20th, VALUABLE 1880, to Mr. S. L. Marsoen. All Crushers supplied hy us are con 400,335. 400,336 , ..•.. , ...... ,. 4OO,m5 Velocipede. W. GOulden ... • structed under the supermtendence of Mr. Marl'dcn. who, fortbe past twe,!lty years, has been . ,,, ...... , 400.145 , ...... •...... 400.000 POison distributer, W. P. Towne ...... Velocipede. J: Knapp .. connected with the manufacture of Blake Crushers III this country and En land. A E � Poultry, device for catching, J. L. Walz_ ...... 4OO,2'l7 Velocipede. M. Marlin ...... 400,098 I NN J. F :tt��1:lfR� !LK:A'b'�N�f�.:! �:. N�'lv �� . . Press. See Oil pres!:. Velocipede brake, B. Jeffery, ...... 400,a!3 1i�i H T. g�ilYla:�� t 'itP' ff Printlng block or type. S, Jones ...... •... , .(00,087 Vetrlnary drencher. C. C. Carrasco., ..._ .. .. , •... ,' 400,298 P'Inting m�hl"'. "tn'Y. C. A. Thomp""n ...... 400.269 Vi"...... '00.009 F.E. Fam.U...... P.-1889 Printing machines, Ink distributing apparatus Voltaio battery, I. Kitsee ., .., ..., ...400,224, 400,225, 400.227 DELAF I ELD'8 PAT ENT SAW CLAMStronger tban the old style.PATTERN. Clamp . , ...... 400.221 . . " ..... 400,228 without blade,.. cents. Metal cutting for. J. T. King ...... to 400,223 Wagon brake, Lane & Hilliard ...... 50 7 '70 ". .... " ...... , ...... 400.1119 blades � mch wide, cents each, cents ProtecLor. See Lamp shade protector. Levee W""'on..... j�'. W. R. Moore ...... - per dozen ; 1 inch wide. cents each. , ... 400,00 40 protector. Wagon perch crotch coupling, T. E. Brown .... \i;"II All postpaid. · t' Discount' to dealers. Pulley. J. Hixenbaugh, ...... •...... , ...•.... 400.213 Wash stand. portable. N. O. Bond .. "., ....., .. ... "-Xl.186 ..,.,.o:a ...... •...... 400.276 � � Pulley wheel, grip, R. P. Walsh Washing machines. reversing gearing for, J. M. � ��:._:� :; "o "...... 400JU � Pump, W.M. Scott ...... Oakley ...... 1������� �������������; �������� . ""''''''',. � �R; Oi�.;�'T!' n�/t�N�' ·, ....�C�O�N� N�. 400,100 . 400 Pump actuated by flUid pressure, W. Donaldson .. Watch. stem winding and setting, A. Fischer.... . ·W2 JUST OUTZH � Push button.J. Lehman...... 400.2:12 Water meter. G. A. Graeser . .-...... , ...... 400.331 ALU MilUM-SETE L ACK SAW. II. $2; .• Quilting machine. A. Beck.... Water meter. piston, F. Gutzkow ...... 400,401 Frame and 1doz. blades. Bladee per doz 8-inch. 'I, " ...... «Kl.0J9 e l pr Ha " ...... " ...." ..... 400.258 . , ...... , .....•.... 4OO.4!YJ C Radiator, J. Shackleton ... Water motor, J. H. Hagerty ... �Rml ���N T �f . t•• :E ' O. Radiator for hot airfurnaces, beat. C. Manning 400,007 Water motor. suh-surface, G. Haskins ...... , •• 400,209 New cataloguejf1 of Engineers'� (?I? SpeCialties.VJrt�1Si): J. n. � !�����i ���� Itallway conductors, pneumatic flexible slot conw Water renovating and purifying device. S. I... ������� g � . �� dl1it for electric, C. Van Depoele ..... " ...... 400,3'i6 Chichester . " ...... '" ...... " ...... 400,301 ERIE ENGINE WO RKS J. •.. ,.... 400,179 , 400,400 Jtailway contact. electric. E. M. Bentley Weighing machine, P. Guillaumin, ...... CLEVELAND & HARDWICK, . Sold. WAlNUT ST�£ET " ...... , •••.. 400,155 Railway. elevated. , . R. Chapman ...... 400,054 '\-V ell crib. W. H. WiHiscraft ..... Over 2�,OOU SfA.TL"", ,W POflT"EH.EERIE SErv<, PA Horizontal .....Ott o_" .Gas Engines. Railway .Il:at e and sIgnal. automatic, J. Bolt., ..••.. 400,300 Wheel, See Car wheel. Pulley wheel. Vertical. .... , .. Otto ....Ga� Engines. P()RTAS,[ COMBINEDST"'TION"Ry AGRICULT�RAL PORT R!l.llway plow, electriC. E. M. Bentley ...... 400,180 Wind motor. A. Dumont ...... ,. ...•••••..• 400,065 Twin CyJindeT .. Otto ....Gas Engines. E:NGINES 400,038, 400,405 ..•....• 400,118 I ABLE VERTICAL BOILERS Railway spikes, manufacture of. J. T. Jones ...... Winding yarn, machine for. F. Rosskothen combined ...... Otto ·· �g •. ",.. , ... ,', ..... ,., ...... •• , ... «Kl,195 ; ���g:� Railway switch, W. JSpielman.,...... Wm dmlll, G. Dietert Gas Engines ... Combined ... , ...Otto. . Railway switch, B. Suffern ...... 400,370 Windmill. B. F. Lefever .. ", ."...... 400,230 and Dynamos DO YOttROWN PLATING J. Railway switch. center rail elevatfld. F. A. Bar_ Window cleaner and fire escape, combined. A. OTTO GAS ENGINE WORKS, Either tn Guld, Silver. or Nickel, and Electrotyping. " ...... , .... 400,164 Complete sets of each, with practical instruction that thoiomew ..... Schaefer, ..." ...... " ...... 400,121 CHlCJ.QO, PHJLJ.DELPHI IA. any perSOli may learn the art easily. Send for catalogue w Railways. fault detector for electriC, E. M. Bent WindoW stop, W. Pendleton ...... i f . � �ctrlcian and 4OO,40S . ������i��i � f; "...... • � ...... ,,'",. � I . 400,182 York Agency, �� O fI ley ...... Wire ropes, etc" machine for making strands for, New �� IJl��I o u ! Street. l) J Railway�. rack and gear for inclined. W. H. Barraclough & Kay ...... , ...... , ..... , ...... •• 400,285 Ve�ey IS EXPERIMENTAL WORK , ....., ...... ••• ••...... •.••. 400.347 Knight . . ... , Wooden plates. producing fancy-fl.Il:ured. R. Him_ LIGH'l' lttl'BHINElt Y. Rake. See Wooden rake. mel., ...... , •... . " .. , ...•••. ... ,.,...•••..... 400,085 CANADIAN PACIFIC RAILWAY.- ; N. 0 107 400,418 ••, •.....••... ••..••.... 400,259 A paper by Mr. T. C. Keifer, read at the annual conw ERLANDSEN, Rivington Street, New York. Razor,safety, J. Turne" ...... Wooden rake, J.A. Shafer, 0 . vention of the American SocIety of Civil Endneers in Recorder. See 'l'ime recorder. . , ••, ...... 400.016 M E lS Work holder. I. N. Roberts . . General location of the Canadian Pacific and its . " , .... . Refrigerator. W. C, Sweet (r) ...... " ..... 10.992 Wrench. Worthen & Pendleton...... " 400,380 1888geographical features. The prairie section. 'l'be moun_ Jr Refrigerators, combined goblet holder and drip tain section. Fuel supply. Looomotive equipment. Con. talned In SCIENTIlI'IC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT, No. cup attachment for. A. Pa,ge.. 10 cents. To had at this and J. ", ...... " 4OO,s.511 6;')". PrIce be office Register. See Egg counL register. from newBdealers. DESIGNS. aU See Gas regulator. Regulat-or. ,,18,974 18,976 Ring. 8ee Curtain pole ring. Brushes. etc" handle for. H. Berry ...... to VAN DUZER Rock crusher. G. E. Ame� ...... " ...... ""."' .. 400.1I>7 Roller �in. D. S. Chapin ...... 400.100 .•• 400.413 Roller mill feed hopper. W. J. Purdy , ....•••.••• TRADE MARKS. CASBOILER. ENCINE NO COAL. Rolling plant, E . Clarll: ...... ••, .••, ...... •... 400.192 NO ENGINEER. mm I... Belting, hose. and packlnjl. rubber. Revere Rub· Rollin.ll: shafts. etc,. machine for. McBride & EOI.lwa WATER BENT ber Company ...... , ..." ...... 16..426 Fi�her, ...... 400.<00 " ...... , .. 16,41G INSURANCE. Rubber boot. M. Wynkoop ...... , ..., ...... 400.421 Cigars and cheroots, E. Hemls, Jr...... or T. 16.422 Safety hook. F. Schley ...... 400.006 Embrocations /lnd pills, H. A. King." ...... INSTANTLY STARTED. , •••• , ...... t .•.•....• , •.• , ...... 16.414 5Mb fastener, A. N. Bender ...... 400,289 Hose, conductln�. S. Ballard & Co DURABLE. RELIABLE. . Insecticides,J. R. Moechel & eo .. , ...... 10.423 Sausage stuffing machine. hydraulic, H. Geyer, •.. •• AI" .. ,nECONOMICAL. Lamps, miners', Demmler Bros ..• • •. • ..... 16.417 Saw, back, G. N.Clemson ...... 400.057 ...... fordescriptlon and prices. fo, Eln,"" LI.hUng and " Oils, boiled. T, Hubbuck & Son ...... , .... " ...... 16..(21 Saw, swinging, E. E. Williams, .. ... " ...... , 400,281 ACC·StoUMULredATORS En Street Carer Propulsion.gy . . 16.413 Saws. tempering, Pelts ...... " ...... " ...... 400,248 Paint renewer and preserver, Baker & Co ...... ELECTRICAl. ACCUMULATOR COMPANY, J. 1. . 16,420 Duzen 6as Engine CO., Photo2'raphiC outfits, E. Horswan ...... No. Broad ay New York City. Seat. See Cur seat. lG,4l9 2nd St., CINCINNATI. o. 44 , Secondary battery, R, M. Hunter ...... " ... 400,401 Ruffling" for garments, Heidelberger. Frank & Co... w Sauslll'(es. composition for colorin.ll:and preserving. Secondary battery, Kitsee . .... " ...... ". 400,226 I. S. Oppenheimer Co .... ,' ..., ....." ...... •.... 16,424. Sectional boiler. II. MilIs ...... , .. 400.24\1 &: J. Spout for oil and other cans or receptacles, adjustw Seed mill, cotton, W. B. Traylor .... , .., ...• ...... 400,.�'13 able, G. W. Banker ...., ...... , ...... " 16,415 Seeder, harrow. and roller. W. G. Mlchael...... " 400,351 Complete Electric Light and Power Plants. Street Cars Watches. cased. Dubal!, Monnin, FroS�Rrd & Co... , 16,418 Edcequipped for Electrico Propulsion.Syste 'l'be oldest andm. most Separator. See Ore separator. Whisky, J. Power & Son." .. " ...... 16,425 experienced Electrlc Motor Co. in the world. Separator, l!'lnch & Cross ...... •.•...... THE ELEC'I'RO DYNA1UIC COMPANY. Sewing machine attachment holder. Seitz ...... E. A printed copy No. Carter St., Pbiladelphia, Fa. Sewinli!: machine, Bartlett & Wiggin .... " ...... of the specification and draWing of 224- Sewin.ll:machine presser foot. W, A. Neely...... any patent iB the foregOing list will be furnished from this Office for centll. In ordering please state -the Sewing machines, button attachin.ll:device for. M. 2(j Patent Foot Power . . . , •..... 400,522 Gardner ...... name and number of the patent desired, and remit to Complete Outfits. Shade cloth. machine for creasing and cutting Mnnn & Co., Broadway. New York. 3G1 Wood or Metal workers without steam window. F. Gaeth ... Canadian Patentll may now be ohtalned by the power. can succesllfully compete with , ...... , •••...• 4{O.321 e ShM.de holder. G. E. Somers ...... 400,13:l Inventors for any of the inventtons named in the tore s ns 1�I G Rc�{n r Shears. See Animal shears. going list, provIded they are Simple, at a cost of 140 latest�lt."ii and�t mosta improved W Wl for practlca: ;i Sieves. device for mendlnll. A. Bolu ...... ".400 .292 each. compltcated the COlltwill be a little more. For shop nse, also for Industrial Schools, B. If ...... •• Home Tl'atnintU..etc. Catalogue free. Slen. W. Sandel'8On fnll tnstrnctions address Muon •• Broad"ay. G. , ...... M1.1l64. "" Co 361 Seneca Falls Mfa. Co. Slag, manufacture of� S. C. , ...... New York. ther foreign patents may be 696 W� Street, Seneca nils, Y. T Bryan •••...•• 0 also obtained, N. © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC �37 pr��.E';'l�J��:n: 'f.'i1•. �� o'k1 J': ��'I.��:� The Dunning Patent Wrought-Iron Boiler N.O-¥.�EJ:�1 W� J���tfo���I��!�'Y.���VJft� With Self_ Feeding Coal Magazine, is the best for Clty).-Proposats wtll be received at this oftl.ceuntil l Steam or ot Water Ileat,lmlg C n on th a Low Pressure H .. ���\r:.-tig t:e tl�ltt_�2�;� �lt�6Itsh�i!g� Made in eleven slzes, lIuttable to heat t;he smallest cottai'eor ;J;; Buoys andAlJpendages, Mooring-Chain, and Bells. The a�b�1 i�Y [��: �Te8�l tl!::�e8i��W"e:= the Jarge�t building. Insures swarm house night and dRY. I articles to be furnished embrace nun, can. bell, whist- Approved Amertcan Pro�lce in the Design and Con Burns Hll.rdor Coal, Wood, Coke, or Over14,OOO ling. gas, and ice buoys, shackles. swivels, mooring_chain, struction of Steam lI.' llJnn es and Boilers of Every De Soft n t G88. n- I!Icription. theFor ulle01 Engineer!!, Machinists, BoUer i e � bIlUSitl-ballS, iron and stone sinkers. and bells 10r IiQ ht ll :n� PB�N:� gf �s :;.\�� tan11 jI����:e� j!'...::.:-- -- . giri:s vessels. all of which are enumerated... '\)\U' 8 . e I M f t d t th II �1.?��a:.t8Ched t t � ,.� �:t:J b:W :�;"�;'��g8.Bb!�� =r�.8 �:�:S���o York I,�ck Box 4"· I . l) hl,-f" Allle.'lenn ' New t�:��a)' 1::;1� W �·,· , � Y I \V��kl!l: �� .�".ll IWJ.U N ';;ILl'B�gt:;�d�g Model'n Mali e ED-Illne!;!, Boilel's, Geneva, N. .. and Walel'ou8 El}lliue...... �eparate,�, bidders are required to oUll l!Scl'(!'WPI· ...pellel ·l!. Theirn De�lgn and Construc. (J,!mited), Urantford, Oot.. ·• - state the time when they..... will agree to deliver the arU- tion. Showing the Present Practice of the most Emi_ Send ,, .•�<.t Catalogue, -'" cles. The ril{ht Is reserved to reject any or all bids, to e n d n n Jar __ --:______strike out any item or items in the specifications, and to 1'" ______I t��e: ll:::R:8 Ii� ��:� ��re� B.�1:ar:eJ b:� ' ... waive anf defects. FREDERICK RODGERS, Jarge at::delaborate plates...... __ ...... 83.410 .h "" 1J'mnder, N., Li{Jht-Huluie lnspeciol", Distr1cCom-t. 4to The PrActicAl Steam Enginetholt· Gaide in the nOMB-}Ii:..� &11"i CtJBATOR.-PRACTI- L. Ii. Third Design. Construction and Management of American oo.J directions for the Jtianufacture of ane:tIective incu_ Stationary, POrtab1"" and Steam Firo Enldn6l>, Steam s t THE ARM S T RON G M F G. CO. Pumps. Boile"5l�ors.. -G'J;"erIlOrs, Inalcators, �� a:h�r �; 1fie��:;��rhw!� e:�Jl�l?��h gi¥:� I "'I0 runT.st IS t ices. Write and Rings, Sllfety Valves and S10eamGangel!. PisFor ���tlons tor operatinlJ. With figures. Coo tamed in SCI- To� USE6� �����r::�� LE�� �r� SS CON N 4 M T !tI trl��� I !'2"!��EI��!�. theOIll' use of Engineers, FIremen. and Steam Users. Ulus a.on Reltulator Co., Boston Mas... IITTUS' TOOLS. , tratedt by engravings, pages,l2mo ...... •:I.:iO �n�s�:f.��!rt:���� i�� ir:�·Jt��wsXf!?:ri� 119 420 A CRlecillsm of the 'llnrine Steal" En.lne. NEARl,Y HAl�F A MILLION �OI,D. E r , a g:k tdrp���\!l :r� �: itfu�t!I�� :i� et �:c\��aY�'gS t er ��:!: F'i��I�i�¥FoD�;X:h:,���ggfy �:v t��J � �fr� :�Jl; new matter. 12mo, pa'tes...... $..,.00 III ode.. " Aln(,l'icnn414 I,OCOlOotive Englnel!!. Their Cutler's Pocket Inhaler Desbr;n. Construction. and Management. nlustreted by 78 engravings. 12mo, S83pages ...... •...... $2.00 orThe uOOveor any oJ sent by mail, free oj and for Brass Pipe, posta{fe, at the pub/.Wation pricfll,OUT' anlJ Books udM"fll8 the 'twrkl. Stocks Dies and to in Wrenche8, l»ipe "ipe (Jullel's, ele. IF lUustrated circular8 slwwing !'W1 tables oj contents of aU of the ubove valuable bOO�1 be �entJree toanyww C&talognes sent free on application, in any part of the wor14 wUZwiUsend his address. WM ITOur New and ltevi.8ed Catawgue oj Practical and St;'UntijW Books, pU{1e.�, weU our other Oata/Qgu.es 8-1 800, as as ��l�c�'th!'in any yart of ���the!;��� world whoJ�!er; will:::l furnish.fr::gJ ��� his addr ��fll 1�S. DEFEAT OF THE AR�(ADA IN 1588.- HENRY CAREY BAIRD &. CO., An interesting account of the Invincible Armada col INDUSTttlAL PUBLISHERS.BoOKSELLER8 IMPORTER8 lected by PhlHp of Spain, tor the subjugation of & II., •• A. n l t u e Walnut :!St.,Philadelphia, Pa U. S. � i���2ie���*ti� lg1�':e��: i:�� �o�t�\��Ji� §�I� Co., 810 ESTIFICl AME I AN SUPPLEMENT, No. Price 10 cents, To bel Chad at thlB omce and trom660. all uelf delliers. t S ALLShould seud Mfor Ea descriptionCHAN and IpriceCS of BARREL, KEG, Witter's Newly ImprOVE'd }<'lush Bevel. Agent!! wHnted, and drummers to intro Hogshead, duce as a side ltne. ARCHITECTURAL BOOKS. lo'RANK WI'l'TER.Willimantic, Coun. Useful, Beautiful, and Cheap. AND K STAVE MACHINERY. FAMILY ICE MACHI ME t n Over 50¥srleties manu. itO �� $:� To any person about to erect a dwelling house or sta fact red h �� jg, ble, either in the country or city, or any builder wishing E. &. B. Holmes, I S N YO'k' DrhlDg. 'W to e;xamlne thelatest and best plans for a church, school TrUll Boop Y . , t tib t" t. ______�B� V�F�F�A�L�O�. �N �. .__ _ ' �'��"� ' ______�� �:C�lrc�U��.�, �. rn� 'il,�n�Y��126�W�' house, club house, or a Y other pulJlic building of high ��?��� �L��D� ll ����!� ����� or low cost, should procure a complete set of the ARCHI_ �������:������Q�� ����i��� TECTS' AND BUILDERS' EDITION of thp. SCIENTtFIO l'IItan Electric Bell In yourhouse or shop. i��� y AMERICAN. You OlD. o 50 do!ti JOtI.rselhrtthcur com�ate Outfit. l'riceSB The information these volumes contain renders the Outfit OOJl! �� �!e� 'r.;��r�Na�le:��1'v:� work almost indispensable to the architect lindbUilder, BntWu. :El_ J"'OJ:N"ES .&: :eEQ_.. 65 C_ CI�CINNATI O. and to persons about to build for theml:!elves they will � �7 Longw&rth, ; tlnd thework suggestive and most useful. They contain It IS ImportantW us thatYo!lmentI(tu this paper. COlored plates of the elevation, plan, and detail dmw_ FOREIGN PATENTS IlIgsof nlmost every class of buildino;l, with specifica ROYAL MICROSCOPIC SOCIETY'- THEIR COST REDUCED. e : tion aLld aVPl'Oxlmate cost. :el rv' :1�3����. �� Four bound volumes are now ready and may be ob CAN SUPPLt<:tdENT. C::�r!\�:�\��c&o;���:li��'1'0 i� l��rW. F. ��&- JOHN����r�!r�f� �� Tbe e;xpenses attending tlle procuring of patents In Price 10 cents. be �� tained, by mali, direct fr(Jm the publishers or from any had at this otllce andNo. from 643 all newsdealers. 11'0. .198'. __Buby St., most forel"n countries having been considerably re newsdealer. Price, '2.00 a volume. Stitched in paper . duced the obstacle of cost is no longer in the way of a covers. Subscription price, per annum, l2.00. Address I arge proportion of our Inventors patentmg their inven and remit to tions abroad. MUNN & CO., Publishers, CAN.>\HA_-Thecostot a patent in Canada is ('\veu Made entirely of :!SBESTOS. less than the cost of a United States patent. and the 361 Broadway, New York. P.lPE COVERA INGS fonner lDcludes the PrOVlUCeS of Ontaritr. Quebec, Absolutely Fire Proof. Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Britl!!h Columbia, and ManiNew BR!IDED l'!�KING, IIIILL BOARD, SHEATHING, �EIIIENT, FIBRE AND SP};�ULTIES. toba. OIL WELL SUPPLY CO. Ltd. CEI:.A.LDEE:B.I!I-aPENCE FOOOX' E. aT� .. The number of our patentees who avail themselves 91 &; 92 WA'rER STREET, co.,. N y_ 01 BRANCHES: Phlla, Strawberry St. Chicago, E. Lake St. Pittsburg,SOX'_ Lewis Block. the cheap and easy method now o:O'ered for ohtaining Piusbura-h, I:'u•• 24 88 37 Manufacturers of everything needed for patents In Canada is very large, and Is steadily Increas .A.El.TESZ.A.N "Vi7l&lLL& T:El:E D/I:.A.CK.EY .A.UTOJtoZ:.A..TXO I!iIPB.ZNK.LE:a. ing. 26% Thermostatic Fire Alarm by Electricity. KNGI..,\ either Gas. Oil, Water, or Minerai TO operated ND.-The Dew Engllsh law, which went into Positive In Its action. ElI,8ily tested. No attendance required. l1:ndorsedby Under_ 1885, enab es parties to secure patents '1'ests, Boilers, Ellgines,Pipe, writers. Tbe J. C. Mackey Water St,. Syracuse. U. S. A. force on .Jan. 1st. Cord�e, Drillinj!.' Tool!!, etc. 5Oa";0 t;o., '1"6-80 in Great Britain on very modflrltteterms. ABritlsb pa. Illustrated catalogue, price So. N. Y. Hsts and discount sbeets SAVING , tent Includes England, Scotland. 'Vales,Ireland and the on request. W. H. STEWART'S Channel Island!!. Great Britaln is the acknowledged financial and commercial center of the world. and her IRON AND STEEL, ANALYSIS OF.- goods are sent to every quarter of the globe. A good A description of tbe methods emplO ed tor determiD_ invention is likely to realize much tor the patentee u e! II.B �t���:lfi�l�!'tI��� b��t;?:��\� 8C!�:;;��Ie:� Ir.. if.nl!:lIma as bis United States patent produces for leAN Price cents. A�:�TJ be him at home. and the small cost now renders it possible bad atSUPPLEMEt<.'T, thi!! officeand fromNo. 661. all newsdealers. 10 ROOFINe for almOBt every patentee in this countl'y secure a pa MATERIALS. to 182 Front St., New York. tent in Great Britain. where hi� ril'\"hts are as well pro SEND FOR CIRCULARS, SAMPLES PRICES. jected I\S in the United States. & Wells, Oil andGas Wella, drilled OTHER eOU!\'J'ltIES.�Patents are also obtained ARTESdIAN ROSE POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE. on very reasonable term� In !<'rance, Belgium,Germany, �=�:;:r�� �u�:! IND.-A SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING. WA'rER OF CONDENSATION,-A DE- Au�tlia, RussIa. Ita.ly. t;pain (the latter includes Cuba TERRE HAUTE,equipped department" cha ical an © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC ,titntifit �tutrita:n. 0\1n I, r 110[ �W DI D 1/ (' \j I IDnJ�: (nliidel-alj'e, each tDllerlion "" __ cent. aIIn8. nl1U'JUlIYI, �L . nOLL� In IY \'\ 10ifi! lu 'ii l [! Rack i>ace. ench iUlllerllon - - - tU .00 a Iin8. Is a hArd rubber fountain holder containing ago� the ordinaryshape made by the regular gold pen makers. 'i'i E !:OI f N )-;; f The above are charge!! per ajlate Jme--about eilrbt penal 1fO!'ds per line. This notice shows the width of the line, Waterman's Ideal Fountain Pen and I. In agate type. Engravm�1l may head sdver_ til!lemellsettllat the same rate per Ml.'ate hne, by measure- ment, the letter press. Advertisements lIlust be . � -...� at " publIcationomce asearly as Thursday morn· .KeIl'-ODIIwhy It 1& to be Preferred to all other.O 6th. It works satisfactorily with all. klnds and sizes- -ia�.' ·' Jqo ...... 1st. ready without shakmg. peus lncluded. J ,, ,-; �<>-r 1 ,8. I n tii I>:�""A - �u 'l stub ". 1iJ�,":;.l1o:r- 2d. It write� dip pen. 7th. You can have your favorite size. point, and :Hexl_ THB AMBRI�AIMILK ST., BBLL BOS TBLBPH�GTON, MASS. ��, I -"�_ '," blhtyof pen. 95 "�'-' ... .� ... ¥ _ .. j . . :vhich regulfn.,,, as 8th. Your money will be refuuded if you are notsati5- . ti> ....n " a I h.,1r I 015l��rri� t'h� g:s�1:4��IAry !�� �g;:inanshIP. ." '�trated price hst, with �dstlmonlals. I ":�_ A.. enl8 Wanted. MentlonSCI. AM...... ?: ���wav,. 4. '69.. L E, WATERMA�" ' "rNew _ _ York.____ . ' ... �'J I,. . • Boththe Frames and Blades of our Star Hack Saws are now as perfect human skill can make them. The Frame is steel.as polished and Nickel plated, and will hold allblades from to 12 1nches, 3 :SEaT :.:_ T:Ell: E and face them in four directions. With the extra Patont Hivolod Monarch �c>:n.Loz).Rnbbor Boltin [. clamp, seen in the cut., all broken Blades can he used. Theseas Saws have a file temper Rlldone five THE IUTTA PERCHA AND RUBBER MFG. CO. cent Blade will cut iron or soft stee\ steadily for several hours, doing more work than dollar's 36 Warren Street, New York. worth of files. a Price of No. 8 Frame ...... 81 00 Chicago, San Franelaco, Doaton, Maaa. .. .. Clamp ...... , ...... 010 .. Blades per doz. 55c 60c65c 70c85c 950 $1 06 Inches long ...... 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 12 ELECTRO MOTOR. SIMPLE. HOW TO JAMES B. EADS.-AN ACCOUNT OF Frame, Blades. or Clamp, sent by mail prepaid on o a tbe life and labors of this eminent enllineer. Witha receipt of rice. -Also for sale by all Hardware d��I?era!�����;:;;�:�C�t� ::�e�� ����� portraIt. Contained in SCIENTIFICAMERICAN SUPPLK Dealers. i goods bearing our are fully :���� mlp:ht be driven with MEl"T, No. �9�. PrIce cents. To be bad at thll II amateurs to make a motor which 10 --oF-- warranted. name advantage by a current derived from a battery. and officeand from all newl!ldealers. NEW CATALocu MILLERS FALLS CO,,, wnicll would bave sutllctene power to operate a foot VALVABLE PAPERS lathe or any machine requirinlrnot over one man power, Contained InSCI*IFIC SUPPLEMENT 93 Reade Street, New York. s e I A E A AMERIC'AN sent. s�;'�iiif��� N�W�l � �r�� SfJ��f:. �o b� :� : tree of chaTllt to_!Ilnladdress. ' this o:ttlce and from all newsdealers. AMUNN &'-f!t'... 361 Brondway, New York.E We make a �peclalty of RIVICTORSDE CYCLES! ARE BEST Z Hard RubberPump Valves Bl&JCles,TriCYCle S, and Safeties. Send for free illustrated Accept no pump valvesasJcnklns mach'n.. and20" D,III". � or Jenkins Bros., unless stamped KEY SEATING W. DAVIS, RocheNter, N. Catalo.l/:ue. like C'.lt. P. Y. .loha Street, New Overman Wheel Co., Maken, 71 Milk Street, B... York.tOR. T :S:: :El BOSTON, MAS�. 1(16North 8treet, Phil .. I { 81 DearbornlithStreet, BROS 34 Ohlcqo. THE COPYING PAD.-HOW TO MAKE INVENTORS and others desirin,l new articles manutac. dutinc Jmtrican and bow to use; with an engravin(O:". Practical directIous tured and Introduced, address P. Box 86.Cleveland, O. bow to re are the gelatine pad. alidalso the anllin�ink ------O. - J ESTA BLISHED St ge ie w t IM6. the �; �b�\���t� �� c�O �P�f f:eir:::::,: The Dost Popular Sc:leutlfte Paper 10 the World. (':it"ntalned!!�i� In CIENTIFIC AMERICAN UPPI'EMENT, NO. PrIce �10 cents. For sale at this� office andby an newldealers":J�. in all parts of the country. RECENTLY PVIII.ISHED. Scientificc u Bookn i Catalogue In��o�:: o:��� t1i� J��� 3rrr�;:�t i�bfe���' Thillwidely clrculnled and sl)lendldly Illustrated mailed tree to any address on application. WWrg;; paper 1s published weekly. Every number contains six_ SCREW M'FG CO., N. Y. - 95El1Z!1betb St., C. Ducreux, Agt MUNN & CO., Publlsberl!l Scientific American, teen pages of useful infolmatton and a large number of �fTScrews tor every MechaniCalT.TV'!f business and at any metal. 301 HI'oadway, New ¥ol·k. original engravlnJ!'sof new Invent10ns and dIscoveries. representing Engineering Works, Steam Machinery, THE PHONOGRAPH.- ·A DETAILED New Inventions. Noveltles In Mechanics,MBnutucturell. description of the new and im ()Ved form ot the pbo- Chemlstry, l!:lectrlclty. Telegrapby, Pbotolrrapb,..Archi �s.aP� h� ��::3uf:t sb�i/,;\!J ��iSl�' iiJ !';- s�n::i�: tPcture. Agriculture. Horticulture, Natural H1story. etc. o FI E s MRNT, No. 632. Price cents. '1'0 be bad at this Complete List of Patents each week. office andfrom all newsdealers.10 Terms Sllblcl'lption,--one copy of the SeIEN of TIFIC 'A�IERICAN will be sent fOr numbcrs Shepard's 560 Screw· Cutting Foot lathe postage prepaid. to any subscriberone iu vear-62the United States Foot and Power Lathes, Drill Pl'esses Scroll Saw Attach_ or Canada, on receipt O)f tlnee dollnrs b,. the pub n:.ents,Chucks. Mandrels, Twist lisbers; six montbs. fl.50: three months. 0 rs CI '1.00. D�\9� � © 1889 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, INC