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Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor
Human Anatomy (Biology 2) Lecture Notes Updated July 2017 Instructor: Rebecca Bailey 1 Chapter 1 The Human Body: An Orientation • Terms - Anatomy: the study of body structure and relationships among structures - Physiology: the study of body function • Levels of Organization - Chemical level 1. atoms and molecules - Cells 1. the basic unit of all living things - Tissues 1. cells join together to perform a particular function - Organs 1. tissues join together to perform a particular function - Organ system 1. organs join together to perform a particular function - Organismal 1. the whole body • Organ Systems • Anatomical Position • Regional Names - Axial region 1. head 2. neck 3. trunk a. thorax b. abdomen c. pelvis d. perineum - Appendicular region 1. limbs • Directional Terms - Superior (above) vs. Inferior (below) - Anterior (toward the front) vs. Posterior (toward the back)(Dorsal vs. Ventral) - Medial (toward the midline) vs. Lateral (away from the midline) - Intermediate (between a more medial and a more lateral structure) - Proximal (closer to the point of origin) vs. Distal (farther from the point of origin) - Superficial (toward the surface) vs. Deep (away from the surface) • Planes and Sections divide the body or organ - Frontal or coronal 1. divides into anterior/posterior 2 - Sagittal 1. divides into right and left halves 2. includes midsagittal and parasagittal - Transverse or cross-sectional 1. divides into superior/inferior • Body Cavities - Dorsal 1. cranial cavity 2. vertebral cavity - Ventral 1. lined with serous membrane 2. viscera (organs) covered by serous membrane 3. thoracic cavity a. two pleural cavities contain the lungs b. pericardial cavity contains heart c. the cavities are defined by serous membrane d. -
A Cellular Mechanism for Main and Accessory Olfactory Integration at the Medial Amygdala
The Journal of Neuroscience, February 17, 2016 • 36(7):2083–2085 • 2083 Journal Club Editor’s Note: These short, critical reviews of recent papers in the Journal, written exclusively by graduate students or postdoctoral fellows, are intended to summarize the important findings of the paper and provide additional insight and commentary. For more information on the format and purpose of the Journal Club, please see http://www.jneurosci.org/misc/ifa_features.shtml. A Cellular Mechanism for Main and Accessory Olfactory Integration at the Medial Amygdala E. Mae Guthman1* and XJorge Vera2* 1Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045, and 2Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile, 7800003 Review of Keshavarzi et al. Many vertebrates rely on their accessory (Sua´rez et al., 2012). Chemical cues reach thalamus (Keshavarzi et al., 2014), and and main olfactory systems (AOS and the AOS at a specialized sensory epithe- predator odors activate neurons in both re- MOS, respectively) to interact with their lium located in the vomeronasal organ gions (Pe´rez-Go´mez et al., 2015). Ventro- environment. Shaped by evolution to (VNO), a close-ended tubular structure medial hypothalamic neuronal activity is drive the perception of volatile and non- connected to the nostrils and positioned both necessary (Kunwar et al., 2015) and volatile molecules (for review, see Sua´rez at the base of the medial septum. The sufficient (Kunwar et al., 2015; Pe´rez- et al., 2012), these sensory systems allow VNO is sequestered from airflow; thus, Go´mez et al., 2015) to drive defensive be- animals to react and learn about the the chemical cues must solubilize with na- haviors. -
Histology and Surface Morphology of the Olfactory Epithelium in the Freshwater Teleost Clupisoma Garua (Hamilton, 1822)
FISHERIES & AQUATIC LIFE (2019) 27: 122 - 129 Archives of Polish Fisheries DOI 10.2478/aopf-2019-0014 RESEARCH ARTICLE Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamilton, 1822) Saroj Kumar Ghosh Received – 07 May 2019/Accepted – 27 August 2019. Published online: 30 September 2019; ©Inland Fisheries Institute in Olsztyn, Poland Citation: Ghosh S.K. 2019 – Histology and surface morphology of the olfactory epithelium in the freshwater teleost Clupisoma garua (Hamil- ton, 1822) – Fish. Aquat. Life 27: 122-129. Abstract. The anatomical structure of the olfactory organ and Introduction the organization of various cells lining the olfactory mucosa of Clupisoma garua (Siluriformes; Schilbeidae) were The olfactory system in fishes is a notable sensory or- investigated with light and scanning electron microscopy. The olfactory organ was composed of numerous lamellae of gan because it is essentially a chemoreceptor for de- various sizes, radiating outward from both sides of the narrow tecting and identifying water-soluble compounds to midline raphe, forming an elongated rosette. Each lamella collect information about the surrounding aquatic consisted of the olfactory epithelium and a central lamellar ecosystem. Smell is one of the most significant space, the central core. The epithelium covering the surface of senses, and it drives basic patterns of behaviors in the rosette folds was differentiated into zones of sensory and most teleosts such as foraging, alarm response, pred- indifferent epithelia. The sensory part of epithelium was characterized by three types of morphologically distinct ator avoidance, social communication, reproductive receptor neurons: ciliated receptor cells, microvillous receptor activity, and homing migration (Gayoso et al. -
The Olfactory Receptor Associated Proteome
INTERNATIONAL GRADUATE SCHOOL OF NEUROSCIENCES (IGSN) RUHR UNIVERSITÄT BOCHUM THE OLFACTORY RECEPTOR ASSOCIATED PROTEOME Doctoral Dissertation David Jonathan Barbour Department of Cell Physiology Thesis advisor: Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Hanns Hatt Bochum, Germany (30.12.05) ABSTRACT Olfactory receptors (OR) are G-protein-coupled membrane receptors (GPCRs) that comprise the largest vertebrate multigene family (~1,000 ORs in mouse and rat, ~350 in human); they are expressed individually in the sensory neurons of the nose and have also been identified in human testis and sperm. In order to gain further insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of OR regulation, a bifurcate proteomic strategy was employed. Firstly, the question of stimulus induced plasticity of the olfactory sensory neuron was addressed. Juvenile mice were exposed to either a pulsed or continuous application of an aldehyde odorant, octanal, for 20 days. This was followed by behavioural, electrophysiological and proteomic investigations. Both treated groups displayed peripheral desensitization to octanal as determined by electro-olfactogram recordings. This was not due to anosmia as they were on average faster than the control group in a behavioural food discovery task. To elucidate differentially regulated proteins between the control and treated mice, fluorescent Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE) was used. Seven significantly up-regulated and ten significantly down-regulated gel spots were identified in the continuously treated mice; four and twenty-four significantly up- and down-regulated spots were identified for the pulsed mice, respectively. The spots were excised and proteins were identified using mass spectrometry. Several promising candidate proteins were identified including potential transcription factors, cytoskeletal proteins as well as calcium binding and odorant binding proteins. -
Odorant-Binding Protein: Localization to Nasal Glands and Secretions (Olfaction/Mucus/Immunohistochemistry/Pyrazines) JONATHAN PEVSNER, PAMELA B
Proc. Nail. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 83, pp. 4942-4946, July 1986 Neurobiology Odorant-binding protein: Localization to nasal glands and secretions (olfaction/mucus/immunohistochemistry/pyrazines) JONATHAN PEVSNER, PAMELA B. SKLAR, AND SOLOMON H. SNYDER* Departments of Neuroscience, Pharmacology, and Experimental Therapeutics, Psychiatry, and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 725 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD 21205 Contributed by Solomon H. Snyder, January 6, 1986 ABSTRACT An odorant-binding protein (OBP) was iso- formed at an antiserum dilution of 1:8100 in 0.1 M Tris HCl, lated from bovine olfactory and respiratory mucosa. We have pH 8.0/0.5% Triton X-100, in a final vol of50 A.l. Incubations produced polyclonal antisera to this protein and report its were carried out at 370C for 90 min with 35,000 cpm of immunohistochemical localization to mucus-secreting glands of '251-labeled OBP per tube. Immunoprecipitation was accom- the olfactory and respiratory mucosa. Although OBP was plished by using 25 1LI of 5% Staphylococcus aureus cells originally isolated as a pyrazine binding protein, both rat and (Calbiochem) in 0.1 M Tris HCl (pH 8.0) at 370C for 30 min. bovine OBP also bind the odorants [3H]methyldihydrojasmon- Bound 1251I-labeled OBP was separated from free OBP by ate and 3,7-dimethyl-octan-1-ol as well as 2-isobutyl-3-[3HI filtration over glass fiber filters (No. 32, Schleicher & methoxypyrazine. We detect substantial odorant-binding ac- Schuell) pretreated with 10% fetal bovine serum, using a tivity attributable to OBP in secreted rat nasal mucus and tears Brandel cell harvester (Brandel, Gaithersburg, MD). -
Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection Between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology
molecules Review Smell and Stress Response in the Brain: Review of the Connection between Chemistry and Neuropharmacology Yoshinori Masuo 1,*, Tadaaki Satou 2 , Hiroaki Takemoto 3 and Kazuo Koike 3 1 Laboratory of Neuroscience, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, 2600-1 Kitakanemaru, Ohtawara, Tochigi 324-8501, Japan; [email protected] 3 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (K.K.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-47-472-5257 Abstract: The stress response in the brain is not fully understood, although stress is one of the risk factors for developing mental disorders. On the other hand, the stimulation of the olfactory system can influence stress levels, and a certain smell has been empirically known to have a stress- suppressing effect, indeed. In this review, we first outline what stress is and previous studies on stress-responsive biomarkers (stress markers) in the brain. Subsequently, we confirm the olfactory system and review previous studies on the relationship between smell and stress response by species, such as humans, rats, and mice. Numerous studies demonstrated the stress-suppressing effects of aroma. There are also investigations showing the effects of odor that induce stress in experimental animals. In addition, we introduce recent studies on the effects of aroma of coffee beans and essential oils, such as lavender, cypress, α-pinene, and thyme linalool on the behavior and the expression of stress marker candidates in the brain. -
Chapter 17: the Special Senses
Chapter 17: The Special Senses I. An Introduction to the Special Senses, p. 550 • The state of our nervous systems determines what we perceive. 1. For example, during sympathetic activation, we experience a heightened awareness of sensory information and hear sounds that would normally escape our notice. 2. Yet, when concentrating on a difficult problem, we may remain unaware of relatively loud noises. • The five special senses are: olfaction, gustation, vision, equilibrium, and hearing. II. Olfaction, p. 550 Objectives 1. Describe the sensory organs of smell and trace the olfactory pathways to their destinations in the brain. 2. Explain what is meant by olfactory discrimination and briefly describe the physiology involved. • The olfactory organs are located in the nasal cavity on either side of the nasal septum. Figure 17-1a • The olfactory organs are made up of two layers: the olfactory epithelium and the lamina propria. • The olfactory epithelium contains the olfactory receptors, supporting cells, and basal (stem) cells. Figure 17–1b • The lamina propria consists of areolar tissue, numerous blood vessels, nerves, and olfactory glands. • The surfaces of the olfactory organs are coated with the secretions of the olfactory glands. Olfactory Receptors, p. 551 • The olfactory receptors are highly modified neurons. • Olfactory reception involves detecting dissolved chemicals as they interact with odorant-binding proteins. Olfactory Pathways, p. 551 • Axons leaving the olfactory epithelium collect into 20 or more bundles that penetrate the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to reach the olfactory bulbs of the cerebrum where the first synapse occurs. • Axons leaving the olfactory bulb travel along the olfactory tract to reach the olfactory cortex, the hypothalamus, and portions of the limbic system. -
Anatomy, Histology, and Embryology
ANATOMY, HISTOLOGY, 1 AND EMBRYOLOGY An understanding of the anatomic divisions composed of the vomer. This bone extends from of the head and neck, as well as their associ- the region of the sphenoid sinus posteriorly and ated normal histologic features, is of consider- superiorly, to the anterior edge of the hard pal- able importance when approaching head and ate. Superior to the vomer, the septum is formed neck pathology. The large number of disease by the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid processes that involve the head and neck area bone. The most anterior portion of the septum is a reflection of the many specialized tissues is septal cartilage, which articulates with both that are present and at risk for specific diseases. the vomer and the ethmoidal plate. Many neoplasms show a sharp predilection for The supporting structure of the lateral border this specific anatomic location, almost never of the nasal cavity is complex. Portions of the occurring elsewhere. An understanding of the nasal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones contrib- location of normal olfactory mucosa allows ute to its formation. The lateral nasal wall is visualization of the sites of olfactory neuro- distinguished from the smooth surface of the blastoma; the boundaries of the nasopharynx nasal septum by its “scroll-shaped” superior, and its distinction from the nasal cavity mark middle, and inferior turbinates. The small su- the interface of endodermally and ectodermally perior turbinate and larger middle turbinate are derived tissues, a critical watershed in neoplasm distribution. Angiofibromas and so-called lym- phoepitheliomas, for example, almost exclu- sively arise on the nasopharyngeal side of this line, whereas schneiderian papillomas, lobular capillary hemangiomas, and sinonasal intesti- nal-type adenocarcinomas almost entirely arise anterior to the line, in the nasal cavity. -
Olfactory Dysfunction
Olfactory Dysfunction: By Steven Sobol, MD, MSc; Saul Frenkiel, MD, FRCSC; and Debbie Mouadeb he sense of smell plays an important role in protecting Tman from environmental dangers, such as fire, natural gas leaks and spoiled food. Physiologically, the chemical senses aid in normal digestion by triggering gastrointestinal secretions.1 Smell influences the palatability of food. Defects in the sense of smell are associated with alterations in perceptions of flavor, leading to anorexia and weight loss. Psychologically, smell is powerful in establishing strong positive and negative memories, and affects socialization and interpersonal relationships. Smell dysfunctions often mean considerable disability and a lower quality of life. Loss or decreased olfactory function affects approximately one per cent of Americans under the age of 60 and more than half the population over that age.2 Aside from having a substantial impact on an individual’s quality of life, olfactory dysfunction may signal an underlying disease. Smell disorders have been largely overlooked by the medical community because of a lack of knowledge and understanding of the sense of smell and its disease states, as well its diagnosis and management. Patients with olfactory disorders need to be clinically assessed, and the etiology and anatomical location of their disorder should be sought out. The Canadian Journal of Diagnosis / August 2002 55 Olfactory Dysfunction Summary What are the causes of olfactory dysfunction? 1.Conductive olfactory loss is any process that causes sufficient obstruction in the nose preventing odorant molecules from reaching the olfactory epithelium. 2.Sensorineural olfactory loss is any process that directly affects and impairs either the olfactory epithelium or the central olfactory pathways. -
Role of Human Papilloma Virus in the Etiology of Primary Malignant Sinonasal Tumors
ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT SINONASAL TUMORS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF M.S BRANCH –IV (OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY) EXAMINATION OF THE TAMILNADU DR.MGR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY TO BE HELD IN APRIL 2016 | P a g e ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT SINONASAL TUMORS A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF M.S BRANCH –IV (OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY) EXAMINATION OF THE TAMILNADU DR.MGR MEDICAL UNIVERSITY TO BE HELD IN APRIL 2016 | P a g e CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT SINONASAL TUMORS’ is a bonafide original work of Dr Miria Mathews, carried out under my guidance, in partial fulfilment of the rules and regulations for the MS Branch IV, Otorhinolaryngology examination of The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University to be held in April 2016. Dr Rajiv Michael Guide Professor and Head of Unit – ENT 1 Department of ENT Christian Medical College Vellore | P a g e CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT SINONASAL TUMORS’ is a bonafide original work of Dr Miria Mathews, in partial fulfilment of the rules and regulations for the MS Branch IV, Otorhinolaryngology examination of The Tamil Nadu Dr. M.G.R Medical University to be held in April 2016. Dr Alfred Job Daniel Dr John Mathew Principal Professor and Head Christian Medical College Department of Otorhinolaryngology Vellore Christian Medical College Vellore | P a g e CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the dissertation entitled ‘ROLE OF HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS IN THE ETIOLOGY OF PRIMARY MALIGNANT SINONASAL TUMORS’ is a bonafide original work in partial fulfilment of the rules and regulations for the MS Branch IV, Otorhinolaryngology examination of The Tamil Nadu Dr. -
Basal Cells. These Are Small Cells That Do Not Reach the Surface
B.SC - Semester 2 (Core course – Theory) Course Code – 1ZOOTC0201 Course Title - Comparative anatomy and developmental biology of vertebrates UNIT: 4 Topic : Olfactoreceptors (Organ of smell) The receptors for smell occur in the olfactory epithelium which lines the nasal sacs and open out by external nares and may also open into the buccal cavity or pharynx by internal nares Structure Olfactory epithelium is a modified pseudo stratified epithelium having three types of cell 1) Receptor cells. They are spindle –shaped bipolar neurons with rounded nuclei in the middle wide region .they are ectodermal in origin. Dendrine of an olfactory cell extends to the surface of the epithelium where it enlarges into an olfactory vesicle which bears a few (5 to12) shorts nonmotile cilia or olfactory hair,each about 2 micrometer long .the no. of olfactory here varies with the species. The olfactory vesicle contains tiny granules, one at base of each cilium, looking like the basal bodies in the ciliated cells. The unmyelinated axons start from the opposite end of the olfactory cell, from the olfactory nerves which make a direct contact with the olfactory bulb of the brain, from here, bundles of nerves fibers extended via olfactory tract to the smell center in the cerebral cortex. The olfactory cells serving as sensory receptors as well as conducting neuron. The neuron carries the impulse directly to the brain without the need of other nerve cells called nerve fibers to relay the impulse. 2) Supporting cells. These are columnar cells with oval nuclei they lie between the olfactory cell to support them. -
The Olfactory Bulb As an Independent Developmental Domain
Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9, 1279 ± 1286 ã 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review The olfactory bulb as an independent developmental domain LLo pez-Mascaraque*,1,3 and F de Castro2,3 established. Does it awake the developmental program of the cells at the site being innervated or, does their arrival simply 1 Instituto Cajal-C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain serve to refine the later steps of the developmental program? 2 Hospital RamoÂn y Cajal, Madrid, Spain In order to address this question, much attention has been 3 Both authors contributed equally to this work focused on the sophisticated development of the mammalian * Corresponding author: L LoÂpez-Mascaraque, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del cerebral cortex where two different theories have been Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain. Tel: 915854708; Fax: 915854754; E-mail: [email protected] proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying its formation. In the `protomap' model, cortical regions are patterned prior to Received 13.2.02; revised 30.4.02; accepted 7.5.02 the migration of the newborn neurons (intrinsic control),1 an Edited by G Melino event presumably specified by important molecular determi- nants.2 In this model, the arrival of innervating axons would Abstract merely serve to modify and refine the protomap (an important The olfactory system is a good model to study the facet of maintenance). In the second model, the `protocortex' theory, the newborn cortical neurons are a homogeneous cell mechanisms underlying guidance of growing axons to their population, that later on in corticogenesis are patterned into appropriate targets.