www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Funnel (3500 Group Beaker North Younger and Middle the of Structure The Social Collectivity: Cooperation Ritual and Ritual werken anderer Gebieteuntermauert wird. Graben und von Verzierungsvielfalt das durch Analyse die erlauben, nigen Informationen aus den nordfriesischen Grabanlagen ein Bild soziale Formation um stratifizierte mehr 3000 v. Chr., die sofern we v. um 3400 Chr. Gruppe niger reglementierten sich entwickelt eine Inseln nachvollzogen. Nordfriesichen der Beispiel Aus we eher einer Zusammenfassung North group. North TRB- of regions the southern further from andeconomicvariables ty sian Islands as well as information on enclosures, decoration diversi Frieshown to the outcome be of burial both evidence the on North BC–is socialformation around BCto3000 stratified amore 3400 around with individual andgroup diversity asociety change from Summary Ganggräber eherzur Darstellung benutzt. von „ritueller Kollektivität“ stimmte Grabrituale für die „rituelle Kooperation“ stehen, werden unterschieden.tuellen Während Kollektivität“ Grabenwerke und be ellen Kooperation“ und einer Entwicklung hin zum Konzept der „ri Introduction graves. differentburial customs,means the of passage “ritual collectiveness” Expressions of “ritual cooperation” are causewayed enclosures and ration”, “ritual might labelled be the later collectiveness”. ideology ties within the framework of the production, consumptionties within of the production, anddis the framework of Funnel Beaker thestructure social make socie about statements 2009). ler require an intensive review (e. interpretations social-archaeological possible their and enclosures fering grave depositions forms, settlements, and from causewayed which stem from the presence of manifold sources ranging from dif Eastern Poland. studies General developmenton the socio-historical to the Netherlands andfrom the Carpathians Norway to Southern BCFunnel over2800 Beakerexisted an area societies spreading from ca. Between tiesresponses. requires4100- andtime regional specific Im Ergebnis wirdeinem ideologischen zwischen Konzept der „ritu Die soziale Entwicklung der Trichterbecher-Nordgruppe wird am While the former is concepts linked While the former of “ritual to ideological coope –the society thedevelopment social of aTRB about A model The reconstruction of the social structures of Funnel Beaker of thestructures social socie reconstruction The By means of the following example the means authorto will ofBy the following attempt example g. Kristiansen 1984; Kristiansen g. 1985; Larsson Mül 2800 BC) – 2800 ------­­ - - - - - December 15th,December 2010 www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 2 2. 1. processes: transformation societal relationships. societal of reproduction the the building for usesthese of above the latter ground monuments, facilitates former role. The plays an important other hand ideology the andon in whichhand productivity the one on monumentality organisation social and system, of the economical in the framework social relationships in Funnel with Beaker are to societies located be (cf. fig. 2 aspects general with varying connection Hypotheses and Questions Essential analysis. this in considered is ofGroup the Funnel Beaker part North asouthern Therefore, pose. Friesian( Islands North (Hinrichsen published database which has 2006), already been the tribution of material and architecture.to Due an goods assessable In essence the following questions are of interest the assumed for Conceptually, ofrelationships social the reproduction isin viewed in the construction ofidentities? social in the construction alithic graves graves) andpassage dolmen, mounds, in long have graves do types (flatgraves, ofWhat different function non-meg Group?of the Funnel Beaker North in the development recognized tions of the ­ be can Beakernel societies? Which identities social and which contradic ofrelationships social How didthe reproduction take place in Fun 05 0 100 km fig. 1 ) were chosen as a setting for this for pur ) were chosen as asetting ). It is assumed that southern part part southern - - - - - menten der Trichterbecher-Nordgruppe. Rahmen der Verbreitung von Grabmonu 1.Abb. Inselnim Nordfriesischen der Lage Group. North Funnel Beaker the of monuments megalithic of framework in the Islands Friesian North the of 1.Fig. position The - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 3 3. theless be considered here as a closed entity ( considered entity theless as be here aclosed as larger islandsconstruction 2003; andBehre 2007), they will never coastal route times in(cf. Neolithic 38 concerning 2006, the re Meier 202,4together km². Even though they constituted atotally different TestThe Friesian Islands North Region: investigation. of the social-archaeological duct” Friesian of thedevelopment social el in the North area a“pro will be conditions. In spite of this, preservation amod regional due to poor respect this in missing are finds settlement Unfortunately, remains. anon analysis questions based which archaeological ed on focuses in to testorder region the discussfor mentioned strategy the stat tion of the grave as aresearch operationalized depositions will be transmission of the ofsites the rest is too unclear. quantitative andthe ofsource documentation status analysis. The of 33 only documentation poor graves the intended for could used be of number the remaining sites a result this. falls behind As far of (2,2 ed al geest area in MNII al geest map 6),Hinrichsen 2006, coast of the whole followed by the settling FNII graves of early posed whichat arethe transition to positioned be raine areas the islands on of Sylt andFöhr. evidence is first com The is and too therefore poor hinders inclusion its in such considerations. identify single flat gravesidentify or flat grave groups (e. tainly appropriate for social-archaeological questioning. Thus, we graves (e. dolmen, large dolmendolmen, and extended polygonal passage single (e. mounds graves long in non-megalithic

Grave types andgrave sizesGrave as well types as andcomposi the number The North Friesian North IslandsThe Amrum, Sylt andFöhr constitute today The Neolithic settling of the islands is concentrated settling Neolithic The mo four on 1 Table On the basis of the variety of grave the basisOn sites of the variety is the chosencer region Climate tive products be observed? observed? be tive products as weapons andconsump that equipment used be can between tities? Canquantitative relationship changes in theproportional ductivity, surplus-product and the development of social iden demographic development, between proIs there a dependency Consumption Distribution Production / Monumentality MNIa (e.MNIa / km²), 15km²), graves andthat sites the withexist non-megalithic shows that megalithic tombs record or 94 are known g. Denghoog, see fig. 4 see Denghoog, g. Economy g. Sylt-Ost-Archsumg. 127; Utersum 19 andBorgsum 1, cf. Ecology Productivity – MNV. Amrum for of documentation status The Social Organization Ideology ). Reproduction ofSocialRelations fig. 3 Demography g. Tinnum LA 37), LA Tinnum g. g. Morsum LA 2), LA Morsum g. ). ). Social Group Size of - - ­ ------wichtige Rolle. der Schaffung eines sozialen Raumes eine bei sichtbare Monumente oberirdisch len die Trichterbecher-Gesellschaften spie Für Organisation. sozialer und mographie De von Wirtschaft, Rahmen im hungen Bezie sozialer Reproduktion 2.Abb. Die space. social creating in role important playan ments monu visual societies, Funnel Beaker the demography and social organization. For economy, of framework in the tionships rela social of reproduction The 2. Fig. lung Geestinseln der sind. Aufsied der Ausgangspunkt sicherlich die (ca. v. Gräber falls 3400 frühesten die Chr.), sind eben 6). Karte richsen 2006, Markiert auf den Nordfriesischen Inseln (nach Hin VerbreitungFunde Die neolithischer 3. Abb. islands. the of plateaus moraine the on occupation er Funnel of Beak origins the mark surely which BC) graves (ca. 3400 earliest the 6). map are marked Also 2006, richsen Hin (after Friesian islands North the on finds Neolithic of dispersion 3. The Fig. unknown Amrum, unknown Sylt, unknown Föhr, not certain single find domestic site burials earliest burials ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 4 are dealing with minimum representations. minimum with dealing are the inventories was sayingthat here necessary. without It we goes by documented of thethe grave-chambers absolute length usage compare the different inventory a sizes, relativeadjustment due to span of the inventoriesrelative-chronological (cf. fig. 8). order In to to referring the was registered usage time span ofchronological its 100 megalithic for graves example and for year stages the absolute- time of spans about with an accuracy in absolute-chronological ed (cf. Hinrichsen others 128, among Tab. 1). could This implement be dating of the grave inventories by Christiane Hinrichsen was noted ings were entered into a data bank and the relative-chronological dolmen flat graves passage graves long mounds Sum * 15 sitesfeaturingnon-megalithicgravemonuments 11 dolmen,1great6polygonicpassagegraves,3nordicgraves megaliths (n):94(2,2/km Amrum 20,46km overview data: 2 1a all megaliths(includingnon-classifiablemegaliths) For the following analyses grave and burial categories furnish 2 well-dated graves ; Sylt99,14km b 33 (100) 18 (54) 8 (24) 5 (15) 2 (6) 2 (n) ) 2 ; Föhr82,82km burial floor 96,9 54,5 17 24,2 51 15,2 sum (m 3,0 85 2 ) 2 items (n) grave 220 144 7 6 5 4 3 sum graves 134 35 12 9 ∑ 94* - - 293 sischen Inseln (nach Hinrichsen 2006, Tab. 1. Nordfrie Datenbasis den auf Die 293 2006, (Hinrichsen Islands sian Frie Tab. North the 1.from data basic The Grabhügel erhalten. Grabhügel hat sichgräberfriedhofes unter einem gekennzeichnet.gaben Teil Der des Flach Flachgräber mitBei drei sind die Morsum 85. FürLA-2; LA 7Wenningstedt-Denhoog Keitum LA-70; LA-180; 5Kampen 6Kampen 2; 3Utersum LA-19;Morsum-LA 4Sylt-Ost- 157,40 Taf. u. 160,245). 37; 1Tinnum-LA 2 Taf. 2006, sen 9 und megalithische Anlagen (vgl. Hinrich Nordfriesischen Inseln: Nichtmegalithische den auf Grabformen Neolithische 4. Abb. underpreserved a burial mound. was grave flat the of cemetery part The marked. are furnishings graveswith flat 3 85. ForMorsum LA ningstedt-Denhoog LA-180; LA-2; 7WenKampen 6Kampen LA-19;ersum LA-70; 4Sylt-Ost-Keitum 5 2; 3Ut 37; 2Morsum-LA 1 Tinnum-LA Plate 157,2004, Plate and 160, 40 245). Plates 9 2006, richsen (compare sites Hin megalithic and ic Friesian Non-megalith Islands: North the on grave forms Neolithic 4. Fig. ff.). – 10 Taf. Kossian u. 2004, – 10 Kossian and ff). ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 5 Proxies and Demography stands for 1 individual. gle grave (0,94 deviation items, standard 0,4) as avalue that will serve calculation. Thereby, of grave thenumber mean sin furnishings per ing to the furnishings we a similar alsoof can the chambers, attempt minimum in megalithic graves of interred number persons accord in single gravesgoods to in order in the Netherlands evaluate the Bakker, of grave the number once who ofused Jan-Albert the idea sites calculated be rather easily. can sons of the respective Following graves of interredsage the number for per the minimum capacity pas and 1dolmen for individual and for in spaceturn of floor used area of a floor single grave (1,28m², deviationstandard 0,2) is the size gle graves graves. andpassage aresult As we assume that the mean sin of non-megalithic ferent concepts were followed in the erection ( the grave space of floor and gravethe number furnishings emerged of the gravethe size Ahighof significant goods. between correlation parameters with were compared parameters architectural different Grave Sizes and theofGrave Quantity Goods Investigations ing the floor area of or grave the number ing the floor goods. mum size ways population the islands on are two possible: us either the number theof number flat gravesbe 80 increased categorically by must of 1.4 graves withfurnishings, and without that so between emerges graves (* 33ed graves of all andmultiply of the known the data by the factor ing to three time slices. Wedat spacebest with theof floor the begin fig. 5 If we use the gained observation for the reconstruction of the mini the reconstruction for we observation If the use gained the different grave toIn order achieve sites between comparability Table 2 Table items (n) ). This was particularly surprising due to the fact that). surprising rather dif due to was This particularly the fact

4,1). groups Where of flat gravesknown, a relationship are

a shows area differentiated the results the floor for accord linear regression dolmen single graveinalongmound flat grave passage grave burial floor(m 2 ) %. %. ------­ - - kante Korrelation. hochsignifi sich ergibt eine Grabformen friesischen Inseln. Trotz unterschiedlicher ße und Beigabenanzahl auf den Nord Verhältnis 5.Grabgrö Abb. Das zwischen is at significant hand. highly correlation a grave forms differing of spite In lands. Friesian Is- North the on grave furnishing grave and size between ratio 5.Fig. The - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 6 ty between 1and7,4 between ty m inhabitantsper area floor byvalue the ­modeled m² 1,28 and 1500 200 come up with values the webetween if divide persons also the Altmark for Fritsch/Müller 2002). calculations these With we cf.Richter vonUelzen Estorff 1846; 2002; Rügen:Schuldtfor 1972;cf. inventory is to assumed modern the early (e.g. be the county for maps, the average on bydocumented older aloss of of four-fifths We that also in regions know which in megalithic some graves are ing on each compound, farm this could suggest 20 population. population. expansion of the through adoubling from towhich afive-fold led and 3200 observed, alsoBC can be 3400 between graphic growth Friesian assumed the North for Islands. be can Substantial demo high to so not turnout (Table be does growth 2 population postulated the whereby found, are values comparable the basis on out of ofgrave the number tion is carried furnishings, similara calcula If relevant. principally is still compound” farm per FriesianNorth Islands. Hence, the notionof“one megalithic grave lands until at least 3000 BC. lands until at 3000 least Friesian stays constant the North on Is respectively surplus product or This level of production person. per a decreasing surplus product increases has one to assume unchangingproduct even or an actual surplus absolute the Although growth. demographic postulated the which likely can associatedan be absolute with in rise production, 3400 were in graves deposited between time. atposited aspecific de of ofgoods the number out the sake for of simplicity construct would like which aminimum we from re to surplus proceed product in the following we Nonetheless, courses of action. reconstructable the architecture for totalor of all non-functional non-profane for gy to this, of ener added e.g. be andmust the expenditure can aspects the minimum represents of the surplus. Further of asociety goods subsistence. its for it needs Respectively, the sum of all deposited produces than more asociety when ties byexists only deposition Surplus, Grave Furnishings and Conflict Potential The possibility of taking objects out of the circulation out of commodi objects of taking possibility The relativelyTherefore, small group sizes numbers andpopulation Interestingly, in graves the deposited composition of the goods Fig. 6illustrates taken of circulation out thein rise goods which items (n) time slices 2 . If we. If assume 10 liv persons / i., i. i., – 3200 We BC. recognize e. densi a population b).

– 150 the on units „weapons“ ceramics artefacts (sum) ------­ a calculationonbasisofburialfloorsizes b calculationonbasisofitems(n) P ( n hamlets ( population (* 4, correction loss (*4, (all graves) 134 sites m (well-dated graves) 33 sites items ( ( P ( n hamlets ( population (* 4, correction loss (1 correction flatgraves (*4, (all graves) 134 sites (well-dated graves) 33 sites Waffen- und Keramikbeigaben. inben drei Zeitphasen und die Anteile von Dargestellt sind die Gesamtzahl der Beiga Nordfriesischen Inseln nach Zeitscheiben. der Gräbern den in Güterverteilung 6. Abb. tive commodities. as consump interpreted are which ics, ceram and as weapons, used be could which artifacts, of proportion the and ­ grave 3time of in items number total the are Represented slices. to time Friesian according Islands North the on graves in goods of distribution The 6. Fig. chen (a) und der Beigabenanzahl (b). olithikum auf Basis Gräbergrundflä der zahl auf den Nordfriesischen Inseln mit Ne Tab. 2. Modellrechnung zur Bevölkerungs grave (b). furnishings of space grave(a) floor number the and of size the of basis the on Islands sian Frie North the on densities population ic Neolith the of Tab. calculation Model 2. / / / / / / ers/km er/km 10) 0,94 items) 202, 2 202, 10) 1, : 4) 1) 1) 28 m 5) 5) 42) 42) 2 2 2

)

3400 BC 3400 BC 314,045 295,204 203,721 260,761 20,00 29,52 65,19 31,4 65,6 16 1,007 1,552 7,204 3200 BC 3200 BC 105,86 150,00 501,98 166,83 922,53 427,23 50,6 06,795 76,384 25,8 0,69 ,4 ,5 85 22 02 01 phases phases 3000 BC 3000 BC 106,89 385,59 109,68 493,56 109,68 11,69 80,99 38,00 26,75 1,17 6,70 ,53 ,90 ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 7 ternal and external conflicts. external and ternal 3200 ca. weapons beginning likely BCmost displays an increase in in of increase subsequent grave. The per furnishings of decrease the in is This also manifested maintainingstandard. when astable growth hand that this was not sufficient populationfully to for compensate on and the other an untilincrease production in 3200 BCreflects assume that hand the increase the one on of the surplus product We observed. be can growth of population aphase weapons after signno of changes in burial rites. of consumptionpossibilities, a reduction sinceeven reflect there is again, or which population decreased would correspondto a stable BCor of consumptionuntil the same remained 3000 goods portion designated be only as arelative magnitude. Interestingly, the pro can growth of theconsumption population which respective goods and3200 an absolute increase BCwe recognize of 3400 particularly BC. until 3000 and 3200 afterwards BCanddecrease 3400 that their absolute we then values observe between rise food, consumption, i.e. as vessels eating drinking, of for the for storage or we If considerslightly ceramic BC. vessels until as mediums 3000 of and3200 BCto again decrease then 3400 increase between sharply into account, that their absolute we then andrelative observe values we to If take killing furnishings connected whichperiods. cannot be BCthan 3200 in time preceding and3000 the time between phase axes andhatchets)heads, increases greater in their then proportion in prehistoric times (i.killed were verifiably ample, as such “weapons” with which goods people changes during the considered we If time denote, period. for ex be posed. be should changes theof chronological the grave about question types beevaluated, can the Before thisfigures. in observation these flected of and the relativeconsumptionis re conflicts reduction activities An barrows. increase in atandlong highest dolmens in least social of consumption is at its goods barrows, whereas the proportion gravessage is higher than in flat graves and single graves long from 2 burial floor (m ) Fundamentally, of weapons the proportion in dolmens and pas Generally, an increase of in the absolute andrelative proportion between growth population with the postulated In connection calB e. andother arrowheads,mace transverse C (averageofgraveuse) flat grave in alongmound single grave dolmen passage grave - - - - - unterschiedlicher Grabformen. Benutzungsalter dasdurchschnittliche und 7.Abb. Grabgrundflächen der Größe Die marked. are types Burial assemblage. burial the of identification typo-chronological by the calculated was use of duration The use. grave the of dating average the as and 7.Fig. are grave the floor of size The - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 8 Grave types, graveGrave duration types, and the distribution offurnishings ( a change from using singular interment forms to collective burials the and on other hand crease in the graves detected be can used 3400 ( observed (fig. ritual respectively interments)3). the funerary characterize differing graveand types smaller dolmens (probably also for single BC single graves whereas around 3400 with were used, being type fig. 7 Looking at it from a time perspective on the one hand,aclear the one on in atime at perspective itfrom Looking burial items (n) achangeIn addition, in the average of grave length be can usage calBC (duration of grave use) / ). In fact, around 3000 BC only interment BConly of the forms collective around 3000 ). In fact, 3300 BC and the earliest usage does not show3300 does any usage BCandthe earliest great differ fig. 8 ). graves around Although ca. the most were erected average dating(calB burial itemsperm 2 C) in longmound single grave passage grave dolmen flat grave - - der Grabinventare. Datierung grund typochronologischen der auf Gräber der Nutzungsdauer Die 8. Abb. inventories. grave the of dating typo-chronological sis of ba the graveon of use length The 8. Fig. Grabformen. ter Grundfläche in den unterschiedlichen Quadratme pro 9.Abb. Beigabenzahl Die grave forms. different the in area surface m² grave of per items 9.Fig. number The - - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 9 cording to the evidence of the grave goods. ac ences, usually intervals usage the younger longer facilities exhibit Interpretation could suggest concentration a certain of resources ( absolute of number grave BC with a stable furnishings3000 which tion, the absolute of grave number until decreases constructions the probable After existing large observations. increase in popula Funnel Beaker development, which is not surprising in light of the andlaterdolmens graves. in only passage initially out, ials in single were carried graves repeatedly andsmall means that in the centuries bur richer ofsocieties the Funnel-Beaker graves passages dolmens, be ther flat or graves. Consequently, this ei can furnishings more graves with whereas graves, flat are nishings ofclear burials though, that gravebecomes without the majority fur length for collective graves, differences no extreme appear ( area of usage of the single graveby the factor andcorrected forms landscape. the the visible transmission for surely need asocial ofrelations social on increases localities theoveron same sion oftime social identity and longer usage intervals are not surprising. They show that the expres graves,visible collective i. ticularly went hand in hand with the development of above ground, conventionstive Since graves this par observed. in funerary be can cations and the community is documented through the longer us to furnish graves An identificationwithlo with individual goods. that conditions the new economical under difficult more itbecomes in the averageduction of burial number grave furnishings per shows, re observable simultaneous, The BC. rate until 3000 production ca. and density population is followed byof economicgrowth astable 3400 ca. between growth the constellation ofrelations social clear. become Alarge population point of view?chaeological andlarge, By considerable changes in burial type in m (∑ sumburialsizes) size offloorarea average percentage “weapons”(%) per m number ofitems average As aconsequence weAs presume can change that to collec asocietal How are the existing resultsHow to are interpreted ar asocial the existing be from area of gravesthe floor mean The increases over of the the course of grave the number weIf furnishings observe in terms of thefloor 2 2 correction time without correctiontime0 all1 3000 BC 3200 BC all1 3400 BC 3200 BC 3000 BC 3200 BC 3000 BC 3400 BC 3400 BC e. graves passage theand larger dolmens, – 3200 with an BCcoupled adequate rate 1,2 (21,2) 1,5 (2,9)1 17 92 00 21 0,50 2,00 8,8 0,39 - (-) ,7 .. ,541 single burials flat graves 1,30 2,00 12,5 1,30 15 1,52 2,0 (2,0) ,663 - (-)- ,0 (1,1) single graves in non-megalithic long mounds 12 25,1 collective burials 75 14 10 16 2,16 2,8 (13,8) 3,3 (3,3) 1,31 ,8 ,4 dolmen (-)6 Tab. 3 Tab. 19, 6,1 .5 1,7 (3,7) 1,8 (- 6, 1 ,7 (26,8) ,4 ,3 ,3 passage graves 7. 3. ). ). fig. 9 6,7 (26,8) ). It (24) 1,1 1,1 all 33 ,3 4 5 . . . ------Grabformen. Tab. unterschiedlicher 3. Nutzung Die use). al buri of duration by typo-chronological divided items (number of years hundred per to thisnumber is corrected items of number average the thus ­necessary, was time duration by the A correction Tab. grave forms. different of 3. Usage - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 10 increasing conflicts in the society. the in conflicts increasing to consumptionposed corresponds furnishingsto which certainly ment is accompanied by an increase in weapons furnishings as op ing traditions develop andaculture whole of remembrance. The build for medium megalithic tombs across-generational becomes of andvisible burial sites of collective age the locality the surface: on manded institutionalized gatherings,manded which the connec document de due to reconstructions, ble the above demographic mentioned possi appears which hamlets, or grave farms to groups individual assumedemplarily correlation of individual megalithic graves or tive islands moraine were marriages exogamous ex necessary. The the respec on pattern thatment, settlement due to the dispersed Important for a social archaeological interpretation archaeological asocial is for the assess Important excavations 1993–1994 palisade ditch excavation 2010 survey

Albersdorf

G

i

e

s

e

l

a

u ------werkes Albersdorf-Dieksknöll. Graben Abb. 10.des Lage und Grundplan Dieksknöll. Albersdorf- enclosure causewayed the of position and plan 10.area Fig. Surface - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 11 frame between ca. 3500 ca. We and3300 BC. are dealing with a0,9 between frame confirm association its within a time the style, Fuchsberg Dieksknöll decoration andanalyses diversity pollen Arguments from outside: Causewayed enclosures as meeting places, Friesian Islands. North cordingly, we consider should of an enclosure the character nearthe assume that this research stemming from is aproblem history. Ac evidence for causewayed enclosures are missing there until now. We generations, for eachgrave yearafter looked andthen was erected sian Islands incenturies the first of the Beaker Funnel development a Frieas megalithic for tombsassumed that be itcan the North on barrows causewayedmegalithic andfor long enclosures. Where building for megalithic graves of a workforce mobilization non- or the for families the case andgroups. would This be tions between marked byandaditch ( apalisade the outside on notstallation display which does any findings Neolithic inside but is tion. this aggrada after ditch The ment. was also filled and re-excavated ditch in andeposited upper in has seg time debris and whose been point inside atlocated the ditch acertain which was burned system, ing with awall to side of either the ditch. a3 With ditch filling symmetrical shows, The that we arenotdeal between. the single substantiates phases were the time in intervals how short out deliberately.ried missing The development of humus between of the fillingbriefness ifies processesthe which were car obviously involved short-term of filling events. homogeneity The material ver of a few years the burying a period within relatively swiftly itself soilcollapsesin sandy re-sediments or phases3 infilling ( and cutting and the ditchconsists of ofa number segments profile shows least at ging and filling of the often only 4 only ging andfilling of often the al acts connected with digging and fillingThisoccurssoil. connected at a time al acts ritu out basic that economical idea, not terribly but ismon, to carry would have to in order repeatedly follow met cooperatively acom clear smaller that groups the causewayed for enclosure at Dieksknöll manpower would have necessary. In spite been of itall itbecomes estimated. is This differentpalisade,which for for the a greatdeal of The new excavationsThe at the causewayed enclosure Albersdorf- Consequently, this means that aminimal work force the dig for fig. 11 – ). Because an open standing ditch standing ). an open Because 7 m long ditch segments can be be ditchcan 7 mlong segments / digging periods can only have only can digging periods m gap a palisade ism gap apalisade fig. 10 ). ditch The ha in ------in Vorb.). in (nach Dibbern/Hage Albersdorf-Dieksknöll 11.Abb. in Graben durchden Profilschnitt Hage, in prep.). (after Dibbern/ bersdorf-Dieksknöll 11.Fig. ditch in Al the through Section - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 12 1998; 2008, withnew dating).140 Dörfler going Without into more in 3200 beginning ed BC(e. which abat then 3500 began of the landscape BCanopening abrupt areas groupsof the Funnel that in beginning about Beaker northern southern clear analysesfrom in Itrelevant becomes tivities. pollen the environment andwith that concerning also ascale economicac the influence analysesto about scale findof a pollen use humans on economic situation are missing. into going Without could one detail the vessels on decoration –was patterns necessary. change through andachange of markings signs –in this the case toleads was thethrough assumptiongoing agreat that the society burials were out in carried long barrows. flatgraves dolmens erected, were were the first createdwhen and patterns particularly were in the 31st particularly patterns BC ( century from western shows Mecklenburg how highly diverse the decoration An example variation the especially decoration patterns. of pottery, developmentThis is accompanied by an increase in the typological graves of passage usage with depositions of numerous weapons. occur,and dolmen at of the development the end the we observe sures, barrows, single single long flat graves, graves non-megalithic in which few depositions only of weapons in the causewayed enclo (cf. developments of2009). Neolithic beginning also Klatt as gathering places at the functioned group They is implied. TRB ern fens 2009), causewayed for enclosures abasic pattern in the north Fünen on Sarup from 1997) (Anderson in (Stef Ostholstein Rastorf or ment findings (fig. 12). in the low precipitation of findingswhichsettle greatly from differs of the events is briefness also gatherings.shown for The operation 3 If weIf want to assess the evidence correctly, hints concerning the to in order mutual secure “actions” co wereSuch necessary short After observing the beginning of the tracked the beginning development here observing After correspondto those Since Dieksknöll the results presented about volume (m ) Dieksknöll g. in the Belauer Lake profile, cf. Lakeprofile, ing. Wiethold the Belauer ceramics (n) Brunn Rastorf fig. 13 settlement layer ditch single burial settlement pit ). This also ------(Steffens(Vogt 2009).Brunn aus und 2009) aus Rastorf vom Dieksknöll, Daten den cherzeitlichen Fundplätzen. wur Benutzt Abb. 12. Fundhäufigkeiten in trichterbe enclosures. in causewayed deposited items were few only accumulation, find adense display features domestic While used. were 2009) (Vogt Brunn from and (Steffens 2009) Rastorf from Dieksknöll of Data times. Funnel-Beaker from sites 12.different Fig. in finds of Frequency - - www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 13 development described here is the expression of new divergencies: society, while the dominance burials of collective at of the the end differentiated andsocial is rather of aless an expression structured ety. Instead, Iassume that in burial rites the visual especially diversity egalitarian a weakrathertosoci a from socially differentiatedsociety tive BC have burialsinterpreted aroundas 3000 a developmentbeen individualferences burials between BC and the around collec 3400     assumed: be can lowing Modelling the plough. associatedeconomy of be can with the introduction which probably surge in thesubsistence here,detail we recognize can aproduction

How can suchHow can Superficially, explained? adevelopment be such dif graves. tive graves, are the dead (almost?) exclusively interred in collec buried in ansingle increaseburied being Instead of internalof conflicts. suggests in decoration patterns of great phase diversity a short any considerable increases. Rather, an increase in weapons and not do show growth and production BC population Until 3000 are built. new systems graves.sage continues One to causewayed use enclosures no but pas of an increaseerection in graves,in the first serve particularly techniques (the plough). Until approximately 3200 ob can BC one of new production with the introduction surely in connection A strong population with growth increasing stands production through and theusage of erection causewayed enclosures. one hand and on the other hand stresses cooperative moments burial rites with an emphasis individual on grave placement the on in that diversity practices exists BCasociety Approximately 3400 ­burial dead person. of every graves supposed or is known adequate the of for archaeological Friesian the North on Islands showed thatdensity the number population to Neolithic assess andMiddle attempts the Early The the fol In summarizing observations the results of the conducted decoration types per m3 calB C ------stammen aus Staudestammen Vorb. i. Grunddaten Die Jahrhundert. pro lumen zahl pro und Jahrhundert Kubikmetervo Phasen (Quotient aus Verzierungsmotiv betrachteten der absolute die auf Dauer net men der ausgegrabenen Fläche umgerech dasDekorationsmusterzahl als Volu auch diesen Wert zu erhalten, wurden sowohl Kubikmeter. pro Um rationsmustertypen gestellt ist Anzahl unterschiedlicher Deko mecklenburgischen Siedlung Triwalk. Dar 13.Abb. west Verzierungsdiversität der in originate from Staude (in preparation). data basic The century). per m3 volume and century per motifs decoration of ber num is the (the quotient phases served ob the of length absolute to the applied was area surface excavated the of ume vol as the as well patterns decoration of number the thisvalue, to obtain der m3. or In per types pattern decorations different of number is the Shown burg. Triwalk Mecklen western in settlement the in 13. decorations Fig. of Diversity ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 14 Behre 2007: K.-E. Behre, A new Holocene sea-level curve for the southern southern the for curve sea-level Holocene Anew Behre, 2007:Behre K.-E. südliche die für Meeresspiegelkurve neue Eine Behre, 2003: K.-E. Behre 1997:Andersen N. Literatur process. social the depicted for speaks societies of single-grave ors” BCwhich as are “warri registered 3000 ­burials with weapons after (cf. the concept in Hayden 2009). emergence The of new ­ society inter a“trans-egalitarian” processes located which be can probability,interpretation possess acertain we would surely regis andthe presented is the model indicated. If of “ritualgy collectivity” al cooperation” to asocially differentiatedwithformation ideolo an orientationas denoted “ritu with an ideological society structured arather egalitarian area from Group of the Funnel Beaker North times. with differing intensitiesexisted parallel another one to at different couldity”, naturally have ofideologies both wherebycomponents gravespassage as denoted “ritual be can of thephase last collectiv as “ritual labeled cooperation”,duct, of burials in whereas themode as of cooperative the expression con understood also can here be the causewayed enclosures at ofdescribed the phase the beginning of erection The within andwithout. egalitarianism of the structures nance ­ of burial sites to while attempting ideologically which dominates the investmentgroup within society in the mainte burials of community is an indication prevailing praxis of one The Hayden 2009: B. Hayden, The Proof is in the Pudding: Feasting and the Ori the and Feasting Pudding: isthe in Proof The Hayden, B. 2009: Hayden auflö hoch in Jahrtausend 2007:vorchristliche dritte Das Dörfler Dörfler, W. Klatt 2009: S. Klatt, Die neolithischen Einhegungen im westlichen Ostsee westlichen im Einhegungen neolithischen Die Klatt, S. 2009: Klatt Nordfriesischen den auf DasNeolithikum Hinrichsen, C. 2006: Hinrichsen Fritsch Kristiansen 1984: K. Kristiansen, Ideology and material culture: an archae an culture: material and Ideology Kristiansen, 1984: K. Kristiansen Larsson 1985: M. Larsson, The early Neolithic funnel-beaker culture in south- culture funnel-beaker Neolithic early 1985: The Larsson Larsson, M. Fundamentally, in the southern the development of the society North Sea. Boreas 36, 2007, 36, Boreas Sea. North 83 9 –63. 2003, 28, Nordseegebiet südlichen im Küstenforschung der Probleme Nordsee. 1997). /Århus (Moesgaard 33 /1 lications (Bonn 2006). (Bonn 133 Archäologie Prähistorischen zur Universitätsforschungen Inseln. 50, 5, 2009, 597 Current Anthropology Agriculture. of gins 2002) 63 (Oschersleben Frühmittelalter zum bis 1: Band Von Altmark. Altsteinzeit der in der Archäologie Gräberfelder. galithgräber der Altmark. In: Bock H. (Hrsg.), Hünengräber-Siedlungen- 135 –148. 2007) 84 (Kiel Offa Südskandinaviens. und Mitteleuropas Jahrtausend vorchristlichen dritten im -Siedlungen (Hrsg.), -Wirtschaft Umwelt ler senden Pollendiagrammen aus Norddeutschland. In: W. Dörfler Ostseeraum (Rahden 2009) 7 2009) (Rahden Ostseeraum im In: T. Neolithikum zum raum. Forschungen Terberger (Hrsg.), Neue BAR international series; 264 (Oxford, England 1985). England (Oxford, 264 series; BAR international 3000 change, economic and :social Sweden Scania, west 72 –100. 1984) Sidney Melbourne, York, Rochelle, New New London, (Cambridge, chaeology Ar in Perspectives (Hrsg.), Marxist Spriggs In: M. perspective. ological / 2002: Fritsch B. Müller H. Andersen, Sarup. Jutland Archaeological Society pub Society Archaeological Jutland Sarup. Andersen, H. / J. Müller, Monumente der Steinzeit – Die Me –Die Steinzeit J. der Müller, Monumente – – 134. 102. – 73. “simulate“ the – 601. – individual B. 2500

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J. Mül C. C. ------www.jungsteinSITE.de Johannes Müller Ritual Cooperation and Ritual Collectivity

December 15th, 2010 15 Vogt 17 J. Brunn Vogt, Fundplatz 2009: Der Mecklenburg-Stre im Landkreis Wiethold 1998: J. Wiethold, Studien zur jüngeren postglazialen Vegetations- Vegetations- postglazialen jüngeren zur Studien 1998: J. Wiethold, Wiethold Meier 2006: D. Meier, Die Nordseeküste: Geschichte einer Landschaft (Hei Landschaft einer Geschichte D. Meier, Nordseeküste: 2006: Die Meier Müller 2009: J. Müller, Neolithische Monumente und neolithische Gesell neolithische und Monumente J. Müller, 2009: Neolithische Müller Schuldt 1972: E. Schuldt, Die mecklenburgischen Megalithgräber. Untersu Megalithgräber. 1972:Schuldt mecklenburgischen Die Schuldt, E. von Estorff 1846: G. 1846: von Estorff Kreis Rasdorf, von Fundplätze neolithischen Die J. Steffens, Steffens 2009: Richter 2002:Richter P. ver 1846). ver Hannover) (Hanno (Königreich Bardengaue ehemaligen im von Uelzen seeraum (Rahden 2009) 135 2009) (Rahden seeraum Ost im In: T. Neolithikum zum litz. Forschungen Terberger (Hrsg.), Neue forschungen zur Prähistorischen Archäologie 42 1998). (Bonn Archäologie Prähistorischen zur forschungen Universitäts Schleswig-Holstein. östlichen im Siedlungsgeschichte und de 2006). de thica 6 (Langenweissbach 2009) 7 2009) 6(Langenweissbach thica Varia neoli Gesellschaften. neolithische und Monumente Neolithische In: H.-J. Beier schaften. südlichen Ilmenautal (Oldenburg 2002). (Oldenburg Ilmenautal südlichen im Trichterbecherkultur der Besiedlungsgeschichte zur Studien Uelzen. Plön. Univ. Forsch. Prähist. Arch. 170 Arch. Univ. Prähist. Plön. Forsch. 2009). (Bonn 1972). (Berlin Funktion und Architektur ihrer zu chungen B. Richter, Das neolithische Erdwerk von Walmstorf, Ldkr. vonWalmstorf, Erdwerk Richter,B. Dasneolithische O. C. von Estorff, Heidnische Alterthümer der Gegend Gegend der Alterthümer Heidnische vonEstorff, C. / Claßen E. – 236. – / 16. T. Doppler / B. Ramminger (Hrsg.), Ramminger B. ------Siehe www.jungsteinsite.de, Artikel www.jungsteinsite.de, Siehe Hinweise: Urheberrechtliche Dieterich,Holger Kiel Layout: und Techn. Redaktion Redaktion: Martin Furholt, Kiel ISSN 1868-3088 Impressum Institut für Ur- für Institut Frühgeschichte und [email protected] Christian-Albrechts-Universität Johanna-Mestorf-Straße 2 Johannes Müller D-24098 Kiel