Ballpoint Birome

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Ballpoint Birome Historic Mechanical Engineering Collection Centro Argentino de Ingenieros - Designated September 29, 2005 BALLPOINT BIROME Historic Mechanical Engineering Collection Centro Argentino de Ingenieros - Designated September 29, 2005 Evolution of Writing Evolución de los medios de escritura Mankind’s earliest writing instrument may have Es posible que en el inicio de la humanidad, el dedo been the human finger - with plant juices or blood se haya usado como instrumento de escritura –y la serving as ink. The next stage of progress in the savia de plantas o, eventualmente, la sangre como development of writing instruments occurred around tinta–. La siguiente etapa en el desarrollo de los 4,000 BCE, when man’s early literate societies instrumentos de escritura ocurrió aproximadamente en developed a technique of scratching the surface of el año 4000 a.C., cuando las primeras sociedades moist clay tablets with a bronze or bone tool. By 1300 instruidas desarrollaron la técnica de rayar o hacer BCE the Romans wrote on a thin sheet of wax. surcos sobre la superficie húmeda de places o trozos de Ancient Egyptian, Greeks and Romans extensively arcilla, empleando para ello bronce o herramientas de used papyrus as writing instruments. During the huesos. Por el año 1300 a.C. los romanos escribían seventh Century BCE, papyrus was known and used sobre una fina lámina de cera. En la Antigüedad, el in Greece and it was common until the Middle Ages. papiro se utilizó extensamente como material de Perhaps the most ancient Egyptian papyrus was found escritura por los egipcios, griegos y romanos. Durante by Prisse d’Avennes in Tebas (Luxor) dating to 3300 la séptima centuria a.C. el papiro se conoció y utilizó BCE. Paper was invented in China by the year 105 en Grecia, siendo de uso común hasta la Edad Media. BCE, but the generalized use of paper took a long Quizá el papiro más antiguo fue encontrado por Prisse time in China starting at the seventh century CE, at d’Avennes en Tebas (Luxor), 3300 años a.C. the beginning of the Táng dynasty. El papel se inventó en China por el año 105 a.C., Pens made from the quill of a bird’s feather or from pero su uso generalizado tomó un largo tiempo, reeds (taken from the stem of some tall slender comenzando en el siglo séptimo en los comienzos de la grasses), were used as writing instruments from 600 to dinastía Táng. 1800 BCE. Quills and reeds held little ink, however, Las lapiceras fabricadas con plumas de aves, so they needed to be re-dipped frequently -after every utilizando el extremo del cálamo como punta o pluma few words- and the tips would wear away quickly. It de escribir, o las lapiceras fabricadas de plantas was difficult to obtain a uniform, fast and easy script. (tomando el tallo de algunas hierbas esbeltas), se Writing with quill pens changed little until the mid utilizaron como instrumentos de escritura desde el año 19th century when metallic pens and pen nibs 600 hasta el año 1800 a.C.. Sin embargo, las plumas y Ballpoint Pen | Bolígrafo. Birome 3 replaced the quill. An English engineer, Bryan los tallos de plantas pueden contener poca cantidad de Donkin, patented a steel pen point in 1803, but he tinta, por lo que necesitan recargarse en forma muy did not commercially exploit his patent. By 1830, steel frecuente –al cabo de unas pocas palabras–; además las makers, mainly in Birmingham, England, developed a puntas se deterioraban rápidamente. Resultaba muy technique for producing inexpensive, longwearing steel difícil obtener una escritura uniforme, rápida y fácil. La pen nibs in large quantities. escritura con plumas cambió poco hasta la mitad del The fountain pen didn’t appear until the late siglo XIX, cuando las plumas metálicas y las lapiceras de eighteenth or early nineteenth century when the idea plumillas reemplazaron a las lapiceras de plumas de originated of adding an ink reservoir to a quill pen. It aves. Un ingeniero inglés, Bryan Donkin, patentó una is not known exactly when this idea originated, but lapicera con punta de acero en 1803, pero no explotó su the first practical fountain pen is credited to Lewis patente comercialmente. Por el año 1830, fabricantes de Edson Waterman in 1884, a 45-year old American acero –principalmente de Birmingham, Inglaterra– insurance broker. His design depended on capillary desarrollaron una técnica para producir en forma action, in which air replaced the ink as it was used. económica y en grandes cantidades plumas de acero This method gave the fountain pen a smooth, even, para lapiceras de larga duración. blot-free flow but the ink required time to dry and was Las lapiceras fuente no aparecieron hasta finales del not waterproof. The inconvenient process of refilling a siglo XIX o en los comienzos del siglo XX, cuando se fountain pen with liquid ink from a bottle was originó la idea de incorporar un depósito de tinta a la resolved in 1927 when the ink cartridge was invented lapicera de pluma. No se conoce exactamente cuándo se by a Waterman Director Called M .Perrand. He put originó esta idea, pero la primera pluma fuente práctica the ink into a small glass tube with a cork stopper. The se atribuye a Lewis Edson Waterman en 1884, quien concept was patented in 1935. fuera un corredor de seguros americano de 45 años. Su diseño dependía de la acción de la capilaridad, en la cual el aire reemplaza a la tinta a medida que ésta se usa, Writing devices dando un suave y uniforme flujo de tinta libre de Inventing the Ballpoint Pen borrones; pero la tinta requería tiempo para secar y no era impermeable. El complicado proceso de rellenado de Although much better than a steel-nibbed pen, the una lapicera fuente con tinta líquida desde una botella o ink fountain pen was not trouble free. Clogged nibs, frasco, se resolvió en el año 1927, cuando un director de messy cartridge changes, slow drying ink and occasional Waterman, llamado M. Perrand, puso la tinta dentro de blots in writing all suggested that further improvements un pequeño tubo de vidrio con un corcho como tapa e in writing technology were needed. So, in 1933, inventó el cartucho de tinta. Este concepto se patentó Hungarian-born inventor and journalist Ladislao Biro en el año 1935. began working on what became the ballpoint pen. The pen was first patented in Hungary in 1938 after which Biro had a casual encounter with Argentine president Instrumentos de escritura Agustin P. Justo when both were visiting a beach resort La invención del bolígrafo in Yugoslavia. President Justo liked the pen and offered to manufacture it in Argentina. That offer later helped Aunque mucho mejor que las lapiceras con pluma Biro to come to Argentina. He traveled with Juan de acero, la lapicera fuente no estaba libre de Gorge Meyne, who became his business partner in problemas: la obstrucción de las plumas y el engorroso 1940. Eventually Biro became an Argentine citizenship cambio de los cartuchos, el lento secado de la tinta and founded the Biro-Meyne-Biro Co with his brother sobre el papel y los esporádicos borrones durante la Jorge and Juan Jorge Meyne. escritura eran dificultades que hacían pensar en la In his own work as a journalist, Biro customarily used a necesidad de mejoras en la tecnología de la escritura. Pelikan brand fountain pen, made in Germany, that En 1933, el inventor y periodista Ladislao J. Biro, annoyingly often stopped writing when he most needed it. comenzó a trabajar en el desarrollo del bolígrafo. La He made the first prototype ballpoint pen to primera lapicera se patentó en Hungría en 1938; overcome the problems of fountain and quill pens. después, Biro tuvo un encuentro casual con el Quill Fountain pen Ballpoint pen The quill was Storage tube Birome inserted on a quill with a wood handle rechargable The ball turn free and Ink storage take ink and then left Ink channel it on the sheet of paper An small Metallic quill amount of Ink pot ink left Point enlarged stored in a Deep cut for special hollow the ink down Non uniform line Lines with slightly size variations Uniform lines Trazo muy sensible y variable Ink Ink Ink Inkused be simmilar to used in simple Semi solid ink - water insoluble. Liquid inks dilute with water and quills but without Shellac addition. Resist storage without drying but sometime with shallac. most designs had a good ink capacities immidiately it dry on the sheet paper. It was necessary to introduce the nevertheless the ink tended was to dry quill into the ink pot several times and the quill to get blocked up for each simple line. The idea of a pen using quick drying ink came to him presidente argentino Agustin P. Justo cuando ambos after observing a large press printing newspapers using visitaban una playa en Yugoslavia. Al presidente Justo ink which dried immediately and did not smear. He le gustó la lapicera y ofreció su fabricación en la pondered how to adapt the concept of that huge Argentina. Esa oferta le ayudó luego a Biro para viajar machine, made up of thousands of parts, to a simple a este país, y lo hizo con Juan Jorge Meyne, su socio device suitable to hand writing. He conceived of using de negocios en 1940. Finalmente, Biro obtuvo la a tiny sphere at the end of a capillary tube, with ciudadanía argentina y fundó la empresa Biro-Meyne- special ink that would flow by the force of gravity and Biro, con su hermano Jorge y Juan Jorge Meyne.
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