~GAZINE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY A union of the AmeTican Hortjcultuml Society and the American Horticultw·al Council 1600 BLADENSBURG ROAD, NORTHEAST. WASHINGTON 2, D. C.

For United Horticulture *** to accumulate, increase, and disseminate horticultural int01' mation

B. Y. MORRISON, Editor Directon Terms ExpiTing 1961 JAMES R. HARLOW, Managing Editor STUART M. ARMSTRONG Maryland Edi lorial Committee JOHN L. CREECH MMyland W. H. HODGE, Chairman WILLIAM H. FREDERICK, JR. Delaware JOHN L. CREECH FRANCIS PATTESON-KNIGHT FREDERIC P . LEE Virginia DO:-lALD \VYMA:-I CONRAD B. LINK Massachusetts CURTIS MAY Terms Expiring 1962 FREDERICK G . MEYER FREDERIC P. LEE WILBUR H. YOUNGMAN Maryland HENRY T. SKI NNER District of Columbia GEORGE H . SPALDING Officen California PRESIDENT RICHARD P. WHITE DONALD WYMAN District of Columbia Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts ANNE WERTSNER WOOD Pennsylvania FIRST VICE-PRF.SIDENT Terms Expiring 1963 ALBERT J . IRVING New Ym·k, New York GRETCHEN HARSHBARGER Iowa SECOND VICE-PRESIDENT MARY W. M . HAKES Maryland ANNE WERTSNER WOOD FREDERIC HEUTTE Swm·thmore, Pennsylvania Virginia w. H. HODGE SECRETARY-TREASURER PennsyZ,'ania OLIVE E. WEATHERELL ALBERT 1- IRVING W~shington, D. C. New York

The Ame?·ican Horticultwral Magazine is the official publication of the American Horticultural Society and is issued four times a year during the quarters commencing with January, April, July and October. It is devoted to the dissemination of knowledge in the science and art of growing ornamental plants, fruits, vegetables, and related subjects. Original papers increasing the historical, varietal, and cultural knowledges of plant materials of economic and aesthetic importance are welcomed and will be published as early as possible. The Chairman of the Editorial Committee should be consulted for manuscript specifications. Reprints will be furnished in accordance with the following schedule of prices, plus post­ age, and should be ordered at the time the galIey proof is returned by the author: One hundred copies-2 pp $6.60; 4 pp $12.10; 8 pp $25.30; 12 pp $36.30; Covers $12.10.

Entered as second class matter in the post ollice at Baltimore, Maryland, in accordance with the Act of August 24, 1912. Additional entry for Washington. D.C .• was authorized July 15. 1955. in accordance with the pro· visions of Section 132.122. Postal Manual. A subscription to The American H01 ·ticultural Magazine is included as a benefit of membership in the American Horticultural Society. Individual Membership dues being 16.00 a year. JULY. 1961

THE ~ER.ICA.N

FORMERLY THE NATIONAL HORTIC ULTURAL MAGAZINE VOLUME 40 • NUMBER 3

I Contents Ginkgo-The Maidenhair Tree H UI-LIN LI ______.__ _ 238

Horticultural Centers in Spain and Portugal FREDERICK G_ :MEYER ______. __ ._ 250

Biennial Campanulas ROBERT M_ SENIOR ______277

A Book or Two ______..______.______281

The Gardeners' Pocketbook Camellia X "Little Princess." B. 'y MORRISON ______288 Gardenia jasminoides. G. A. C. HERKLOTS ______. ______289 The Texas Persimmon. LYNN LOWREY ______291 I Eat One Arbutus unedo Fruit. ELIZABETH LAWRENCE ______292 Experiment With Two Conifers in Alabama. E. J. HORDER ______. __ 292 Anthurium wamcqueanum. ALEX D . HAWKES ______293 Concerning Tazettas. MRS. RICHARD N. DARDEN ______294

Growing Tree Ferns Outdoors in Northern Florida. ALBERT M . LAESSLE ______295 A New Lycoris, Perhaps. B. Y MORRISON ______297 Mangosteen. EDWARD F. THAYER ______299 Growing Tree Peonies from Seed. HARVEY F. STOKE ______299

JULY COVE R ILLUSTRATION

Ga?-denia jasminoides (See Page 289) 'W a ter color drawing b y G. A. C. Herklots

Copyright, © 1961 by T he American H orticultu ral Society, I nc. G. HAl\.'1PFLER Ginkgo biloba grown as a bonsai at Longwood Gardens Ginkgo-The Maidenhair Tree

HUI-LrN LI*

Ginkgo biloba, the maidenhair tree, Origin in China and Cultivation is a most unique tree in many respects. Ginkgo was unknown to the ancient As a species, it is the oldest one of all Chinese; its records in the literature can­ trees. As the only species of a whole order, GINKGOALES, botanicall y it is an not be traced definitely beyond one thou­ isolated and most distinctive one, the sand years. The earliest Chinese civiliza­ lone surviving member of a once great tion prospered along the Yellow River and dominant vegetation of the world. valley in northern China. Many plants It is a relic of the past, or, in the words h ave been domesticated there since time of Charles Darwin, a living fossil. This immemorial; among the trees there are very same tree was thriving a hundred the peach, apricot, pines, arborvitae, and a quarter million years ago when juniper, jujube, etc., but Ginkgo is con­ dinosaurs were still roaming the earth. spicuously absent. It appears first in the Indeed, it is a most precious and tenuous literature in the early Sung dynasty in link between the present and the remote the 11 th century as a plant native to east­ past. In the words of the eminent paleo­ ern China, south of the Yangtze River. botanist Sir Albert Seward [19381: "It At Kaifeng, the capital in northern appeals to the historic soul: we see it as China, it was considered a rare and pre­ an emblem of changelessness, a heritage cious "fruit." It was first sent as a tribute from worlds too remote for our human yearly from its native region to the capi­ intelligence to grasp, a tree which has in tal to be presented to the emperor. Sub­ its keeping the secrets of the immeasur­ able past." sequently a few trees were planted in the capital by Prince Li Wen-ho, and this is Ginkgo is not only a tree of great bo­ the first recorded instance of cultivation tanical interest, but one which is of great outside of its natural range. The tree horticultural value as well. As an orna­ was then named Ya Chio, meaning duck's mental, with its spreading, rigidly rallli­ foot, referring to the shape of the leaves. fied branches and curiously shaped This is evidently the earliest name of leaves, it is a tree of great distinction and dignity in a:ppearance. The fan shaped the plant and possibly the name first leaves are nearly always notched at the known in its place of origin. After the tip, hence the name "biloba." It is also nut became known in the capital, this because of the general resemblance of the name was regarded as vulgar, and an­ leaves to those of the maidenhair fern other name, Yin Hsing or silver apricot that gives it the common name maiden­ was adopted, and the two names were hair tree. often used concurrently. [Li 1956J. The original home of the tree is in After its first introduction into culti­ China. From there it has spread in cul­ vation in the capital, it also began to ap­ tivation in modern times to all parts of pear in poetry and in paintings. It was the world. It is now probably one of the eulogized by famous noets, who mostly most esteemed trees in this country, espe­ praised its "fruits" and sometimes also cially valued for this purpose because of its leaves. Undoubtedly the praise of this its upright habit, hardiness and dura­ rare "fruit" by the many renowned poets ?ility, ~ nd freedom from insect pests. It brought fame to this plant in northern IS considerably planted in Philadelphia, China. These verses also established the New York, Washington, D. c., and many fact that the tree was then growing wild other large cities especially in the east. in its native region, in the southern part It is ironical that the oldest living species of Anhwei province. is better suited to the most modern man­ It is interesting to note that the earlier made habitat than almost any other tree. in terest in the plant is because of the - Dr. Li. taxonomist of the N(orris Arboretum and edible nut and the ornamental features associate professor of botany at the University of of the plant. The "fruit," of course, is Pennsylva nia , is an au thority on Chinese horticulture and botany. His most recent book, The Garden not a true fruit, but a drupe-like seed. It Flow"rs of China [1959]. is a fascinating account of the horticultural contributions of that country. is yellowish when mature, of the size and [2391 240 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE appearance of a small apr~cot but with Introduction Into the West a silvery bloom on the outside, ~ence th~ Ginkgo was first made known to the literary name Yin Hsi?g ~r sIlver-apn­ western world by E. Kaempfer, a surgeon cot. The inside kernel IS edible. It beg~n in the employ of the Dutch East India to appear in the herbals in . the thl~' ­ Company, who first observed it in Japan teenth and fourteenth centunes. It IS in 1690 and published in 1712 a descrip­ noted in one of these early herbals that tion wi th a figure of the foliage and the nuts if eaten in excess, especially by frui t. [Kaempfer 1712]. The tree was children: may be slightly poisonous. first introduced into the Botanic Garden Ginkgo is described in detail in th~ gr~at at Utrecht. Jacquin brought it into the herbal Pen Ts'ao Kang Mu by Ll Shih­ Botanic Garden at Vienna sometime cHen in 1596. The author repeatedly after 1768. It was introduced into Eng­ says that it originates from Kiangnan, land about 1754. [Henry 1906]. which at that time embraced the modern Most of the earlier trees raised in Eu­ provinces Kiangsu and Anhwei. By then rope appear to have been males. The the tree was widely cultivated all over first recorded female tree was one found the country and also in Japan. The ex­ by DeCandolle near Geneva in 1814. act date of introduction from China to Scions from that tree were grafted upon Japan is unknown but early records in­ a male tree in the Botanic Garden at dicate it around the twelfth century when Montpellier, where the first perfect seed the Sung dynasty moved south and estab­ is reputed to have been produced. lished its capital in Hangchow, very close Ginkgo was first introduced into to southern Anhwei. America in Philadelphia. As far as au­ Wilson [1920] is probably the original thentic records go the oldest tree in this authority of the much quoted and re­ country is the one in Woodlands Ceme­ peated story about the origin of Ginkgo tery, in West Philadelphia, which was that it is a tree known since time im­ introduced by William Hamilton from memorial in China and that it is pre­ England in 1784. This is a magnificent served in cultivation only because of its specimen of a male tree. Harshberger association with Buddhism. As noted [Wilson 19201 is of the opinion that the above the tree was not known to the an­ Ginkgo tree in the old Bartram Garden cient Chinese and its cultivation can only in West Philadelphia is the oldest and be traced to the eleventh century. It has the first planted in America because the also no association with Buddhism what­ garden is older than that founded by soever except incidental planting on tem­ Hamilton and the tree is larger. Else­ ple grounds. This planting could also where in Philadelphia, there are other happen on the temple grounds of the large specimens scattered over the area. Taoists. It has always been the custom An old tree in Germantown, a male one, of the Buddhists as well as the Taoist has a female branch grafted onto it, lead­ priests to preserve portions of natural ing many to believe the Ginkgo is mo­ forests around their temples and to plant noecious. trees in their yards. Thus, venerable specimens are often found at these places, Botanical Investigations but they occur in many other places as well. Very old trees, Ginkgos as well as The name Ginkgo was given by J.lany other kinds, are often revered and Kaempfer. Kaempfer's designation was preserved because of geomantic beliefs, adopted by Linnaeus, :-vho in p71, de­ and decorated sometimes with incense scribed the plant as Gmgko blloba . .In stands or wayside shrines. It is a kind of 1797, the English botanist J. E. Sml th primitive nature worship, and the tree considered the name "uncouth and bar­ is honored because of its age and not its barous" and renamed it Salisbu1 0 ia adi­ kind. The cultivation of Gingko has no antifolia. The latter name has no nomen­ religious origin or significance and its clatural standing, however, as perso.nal preservation is not attributable to plant­ preference is not a valid reason to reject ing by Buddhist or Taoist priests. Wil­ an older legitimate name. . son's statement that " the tree reached When Ginkgo was first known to sc~­ Japan with Buddhism in the sixth cen­ ence, it was regarded as one of the com­ tury of the Christian era" is entirely un­ fers and generally included in the T ~x­ founded, as Ginkgo was at that time not ACEAE. In 1895, the Japanese botamst even yet known in China. Hirase [1895, 1898] made the startling JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 241 discovery that the ovules are fertilized experience in China, is usually quoted. by motile sperm-cells conveyed to them Wilson's exploration in China, al­ by pollen tubes. This differs radically though extensive, covers only a small from all other conifers, taxads, and flow­ part of the country. He collected espe­ ering plants which have non-motile male cially in the Lushan area in northern nuclei. Motile sperm-cells are found Kiangsi in eastern China and more wide­ only in the lower plants and in the ferns ly in western China in western Hupeh and cycads. This discovery established and Szechuan. As most of the curious defini tely the unique isolated nature of conifers in China and Japan, which are Ginkgo which was raised into ordinal many, have a very limited range of dis­ rank by Engler. tribution, it is unsafe to make a cate­ Hirase's find is often claimed as one gorical statement about their range and of the great discoveries in botany in the occurrence. For instance, the recently nineteenth century. His discovery, fol­ discovered and much discussed M eta­ lowed by further investigation by other seqtwia occurs in a small area in west­ botanists, stimulated many detailed stud­ ern China within the region extensively ies on the various interesting features of searched by Wilson on his many trips this most unusual plant. but was only narrowly missed by his The Ginkgo is a deciduous tree. The itinerary. branches are set with short spur-like Henry [1906] pointedly notes in 1906 shoots which bear clusters of fan-shaped that "its native habitat has ye t to be dis­ leaves and flowers. The venation in the ~overed ; and I would suggest the pro v­ leaf is open and dichotomous. The male mces of Hunan, Chekiang, and Anhwei and female flowers are produced on dif­ in China as likely to contain it in their ferent trees. The male flowers appear in as yet unexplored mountain forests." pendulous catkins of numerous loosely None of the many modern plant ex­ arranged stamens. The female flowers plorers working in China during the last arise usually in pairs, each a long stalk hundred years was familiar with the his­ wi th two naked ovules. The seed is torical records of Ginkgo to guide them drupe-like with a fleshy outer covering in their explorations, and Henry's state­ enclosing a woody shell with a kernel. ment, attesting to his wide knowledge All these structures and many other of the Chinese flora and his sagacious interesting details have been intensively observations, is closest to the truth. As studied by many botanists especially the noted above, early Chinese records clear­ unusual process of fertilization noted l~ indicate that sQuthern Anhwei, espe­ above and the nature of the ovule. The CIally the area of Ningkuo and Suan­ ovule bears a collar-like rim at the base, cheng, where Ginkgo originates. Both are a structure that has given rise to much now names of cities, but formerly Ning­ discussion. [Fujii 1896]- kuo was also the name of a larger district with modern Suancheng as its leading Geographical Origin city. And in modern plant exploration, Since the middle of the last century the. most reliable reports of Ginkgo as when China was open to the exploration a wIld plant als'o came from this area, the of the botanical collectors, most of these mountain region along the border of explorers were anxious to discover the Anhwei and Chekiang. n ative haunts of this famous plant, but Frank Meyer, botanical explorer for though there were claims of finding this the United States Department of Agri­ tree in the wild state, none seems to have culture as "quoted by Wilson [1916], received any recognition. states that the Ginkgo grows spontane­ All botanists and foresters of Japan ously near Changhua Hsien, about deny that Ginkgo is indigenous in any seventy miles west of H angchou in the part of Japan, but was definitely intro­ Chekiang province, China". There "the duced from China. Plant explorers some­ trees are so common that they are cut for times observed the plant in parts of firewood.". Wilson says that "it is, how­ China in natural woods but these were ever, by no means certain that this is the often passed as escapes from cultivation original home of the Ginkgo as these or only in a semi-wild state. Often to trees may all have descended from a deny the assertion that it still occurs wild planted tree". But he says further that in China, the statement to that effect "Meyer's discovery, however, is interest­ made by vVilson, because of his extensive ing, for there is no other evidence of the 242 THE A1VIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZI NE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE A gigantic specimen of the "Pai kwa shin Ginkgo biloba in the Tan she sze temple west of Peking} China} which measured twent)l-two feet in ciTcU?n­ fel-ence (the main trunk) when this photograph was made in 1908. Five laTge and thTee small stems have shot up fTOm the same base and the Chinese be­ lieve that this tTee stays in close j'elation with the Teigning dynasty- a new shoot developing as a new EmpeTor ascends the throne. JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 243

Ginkgo growing spontaneously or that it Ginkgo is sometimes also observed in is cut for any purpose.". a supposedly wild or semi-wild state in The area visited by Meyer lies in the other parts of China, especially in the western part of the Tien Mu Shan mountains of the southwest, in Kwei­ Range, along the northwestern border of chow, Szechuan, etc. It may be that the Chekiang and southeastern Anhwei. It natural range of Ginkgo is fairly wide is in immediate continuation with the and scattered, but undoubtedly the area Ningkuo and Suancheng area where in southern Anhwei and northern Che­ early Chinese records place the original kiang in eastern China is the center of home of Ginkgo. The highest mountain origin of all the cultivated trees, both in of this range reaches 5,075 feet. China and Japan as well as in other parts Wilson's assertion that these 10 square of the world. miles of Ginkgos may have all descended from a planted tree seems to be highly Ginkgo in Cultivation improbable. Moreover, this area was Ginkgo is now widely cultivated all visited subsequently by other Chinese over the world. It thrives well in tem­ botanists, and they also noted the same perate climates and in North America extensive occurrence of the Ginkgo tree it grows as far north as eastern Massachu­ in a spontaneous state. In the twenties setts and central Michigan and in parts and thirties, Ginkgo was observed and of Canada along the St. Lawrence River. collected in that area repeatedly by It grows in various situations but is gen­ Cheng, Tsoong, and others, and Cheng erally more successful on deep, well notes especially that "This tree is very drained and rich soil. common in Tienmushan, growing in as­ Ginkgo is used as either a specimen sociation with coniferous and broad­ tree or as an avenue tree. Because of its leaved trees. It seems to grow spontane­ distinctive and picturesque effect, and ollsly in that region". [Li 1956J. its potentiality in attaining great size In this area and the surrounding re­ and age, it is of particular value for gions, the Ginkgo also commonly occurs solitary planting. as a cultivated tree, more frequently so As a street tree, it thrives in cities big than in other parts of China. This is and small and is tolerant of congested borne out by my own observations as I situations and sooty atmospheric concli­ lived in southern Kiangsu for many years tions disastrous to many other trees. It and also travelled extensively in nothern can be freely pruned, another desirable Chekiang and southern Anhwei al­ quality in a street tree. It is also well though not in the Tien Mu Shan area. adapted for cultivation in containers, As early as a hundred years ago, Fortune and may be trained into low bushy form. observed enormous specimens near Hu­ In Japan, it is sometimes grown as a chow and Ningpo in northern Chekiang dwarf tree in trays. and also in southern Kiangsu. In the Ginkgo is readily propagated by seeds, nearby Chuki District, Tseng records a stratified in autumn. Between 265 an(t number of varities of Ginkgo trees cul­ 272 seeds weigh one pound. The seeds. tivated for their nuts. [Li 19561- " germinate in about fifty days after sow­ Southeastern China, especially south­ ing. [Chun 19221- ern Anhwei and Chekiang, is the home Ginkgo has long been considered dif­ of many rare plants. Among the conifers ficult to propagate by cuttings. With and taxads, this is the native haunt of auxin treatment, however, propagation the mono typic endemic Pseudo larix and by cuttings can be partially successful. Nothotaxus, and also Toneya grandis, Grafting, budding and layering can also Carya ca thayensis, and other rare species. be practiced, and these methods as well It is the refuge of many relic plants. The as cuttings are especially desirable for case of Ginkgo is very similar to Torreya obtaining male trees for planting. grandis and Carya cathayensis, which oc­ The female tree, because of the dis­ cur also in this area both in wild and agreeable odor of the fleshy covering of cultivated condi tions, for their edible the fallen seeds, is less desirable than the nuts. Undoubtedly, the last refuge of male tree in cultivation, especially as Gingko lies also in this area, a fact not street trees. It is claimed that there are only sustained by historic records but some differences in the growth habit of also corroborated by the observations of the two sexes, the male trees being more modern botanical explorers. pyramidal and the female more spread- 244 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRrCULTURE A fairly nearby view of the peculiar growth from a large limb of the Ginkgo biloba which veTy mnch Tesembles stalactites. These gTOwths look mttch like aeTial TOotS. The tree in the Zeupulwji Temple gTOunds, Tokyo, was twelve feet in ciTcumfeTence when the photogmph was made in 1929. JULY 1961, VOLUME 'JO, NUMBER 3 245 ing, and that the male trees tend to loose Cultivated Varieties their leaves earlier in the autumn. These In cultivation, there are a number of characters, however, do not appear to be varieties recognized in China and Japan. constant enough to be relied upon. As it It remains to be seen whether the dif­ takes many years for the trees to flower, ferent cultivated forms of European au­ it is highly desirable to devise some way thors originated in the Orient or devel­ of telling the sexes in young trees. Re­ oped independently under cultivation in cent studies have shown that there is European gardens. Among the trees in some difference between the chromosome Japan, there are cases of abnormal fruit apparatus of the male and female trees. formation, observed as early as 1891 by If a simple technigue can be devised to Sharai. On certain trees, fruits are pro­ study this chromosome phenomenon, it duced on the surface of ordinary leaves would be of great help in eliminating of the trees. This kind of tree was young female trees in horticultural recognized by Makino as var. epiphylla plantings. Makino in jow-. jap. Bot. 6 (1) : 5. 1929. In both China and Japan, there are No such trees have been observed in now many specimens of immense size. either Europe or America. Miyoshi [193IJ, gives an account in Ger­ Accounts of cultivated varieties in Eu­ man on specially noteworthy living speci­ rope were given by such early authors as mens in Japan. On very old trees there Carriere [1867J in French, Beissner often develop peculiar burs which are P887J in German and Henry [19061 in called nipples, "chi-chi", in Japanese. English. The varieties recognized by These are due to abnormal development these European authors are also given in of dormant or adventitious buds. 1£ Rehder's Manual, but with the exception these hanging burs reach the ground, of fastigiate forms, it is doubtful that any they take root and bear leaves. [Fujii of the other forms are in cultivation also 1895J. in the United States. These varieties are I have observed this phenomenon on as follows: many old trees growing in China and 'Aurea'-with bright yellow leaves. Japan. An old tree at Kew Gardens in 'Fastigiata'-branches ascending, form- England, planted some two hundred ing a narrow-pyramidal or columnar years ago, is also showing an incipient tree, with ascending branches. stage of this development and there are 'Laciniata' = 'Dissecta'-with larger, reports of these bur-like growths on sev­ deep dissected or incised leaves. eral trees on the European continent. 'Pendula'-with drooping branches. No tree in America has been observed to 'Variegata'-with yellowish variegated have such a beginning of growth. leaves. In Japan, however, I have observed The fastigate form is the commonly this condition also on many trees of a planted street tree in Philadelphia. relatively young age. Ginkgo is the most Recently there have been attempts widely and commonly planted street tree made to select and propagate desirable in Tokyo and there are tens of thousands forms in this country. Edward H. Scan­ of these trees lining the streets. These lon of Olmsted Falls, Ohio, has selected trees are nearly all of the spreading type and named the following clones: and the branches are often severely and 'Lakeview'-a broadly pyramidal form. carelessly pruned. On the campus of 'Mayfield'-a narrow tightly branched Tokyo University and along the sur­ fastigiate form. rounding streets, Ginkgo is especially ex­ 'Palo Alto'-a "nicely formed specimen tensively planted. Many of these are representing the species." about fifty years old and some of these 'Santa Cruz'-a low spreading umbrella­ also bear burs of various sizes on the low­ Ii ke form. er side of the main branches close to the trunk. On closer observation, it can be Diseases readily seen that they are nearly always Ginkgo seems to be free from any in­ developed on trimmed branches or sect infestation. The leaves are used in stumps of branches remaining on the China an~~ japan as book marks, re­ trunk. This development thus appar­ puted to keep silver fish and other worms ently is not only the result of old age away fromC:rheir tomes of loose sheets but also of wounds causing disruption of bamboo or wood-fibers. The wood is of normal sap flow. highly valued for making insect-proof 246 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U. S. FOREST SERVICE An example of Ginkgo biloba being used as a street planting

The Santa Cruz Ginkgo- a low spreading umbrella-like form

E. H. SCAN LO N

'. '{" -~... .----. ~~~..-..=-"-"--~'---:'""'--- JULY 1961, VOLUME '10, NUMBER 3 247

E. H. SCANLON The Mayfield Ginkgo in winter, showing its narrow, tightly branched, fastigiate form 248 THE Al'vlE RICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

E. H. SCANLON The broadly pyramidal Lakeview form of Ginkgo biloba JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 249 cabinets. It seems that there are natural the lacquer ware. The Japanese some­ insect-repellent properties in the tissues. times use the leaves for fertilizer, espe­ There are few if any diseases caused cially in rice fields under water. [Chun by pathogens and at least none of any 19221. serious nature. It is occasionally sub­ The outer fleshy pulp of the "fruit" jected to leaf scorch but this is perhaps has a foul odor. The inner kernel, with due to physiological rather than patho­ a white shell enclosing a soft flesh is logical factors. Sometimes, it is effected edible. It is supposed to promote diges­ by leaf spot fungi or wood-rot fungi, tion. The kernel can be roasted whole, pathogens more or less commonly affect­ or shelled and cooked with meat or fowl. ing trees in general. These troubles are It is sweetish and with a slightly resinous nearly always induced by physical dam­ flavor. age. If care is taken to protect the trees from damage by automobiles, lawn mow­ References ers, or cutting by children, the trees are relatively free from any disease. Beissner, L.: Handbuch der Nadelh6lzkunde. 189l. The young seedlings sometimes suffer Carriere, E. A.: T?"aile Geneml des Conife,·s. from damping off. Again this is due to 1855. physiological condi tions, and if the Chun, W. Y.: Chinese Economic Trees. 1922. growth environment can be kept healthy, Fujii, K.: On the nature and origin of the so­ called 'chi·chi' (nipples) of Ginkgo biloba and care is taken in regulating the mois­ L. BOI. Mag. Tokyo 9: 444-450. 1895. ture content and temperature of the soil, Henry, A.: Ginkgo biloba, maidenhair tree. In and in providing the right amount of Elwes & Henry, T,·ees of Great B,·itain and exposure, this trouble can be easily over­ heland 1: 56-62. 1906. Hirase, S.: Etudes sur la fecondation et l'embryo­ come. genie du Ginkgo biloba. Jom·. Coil. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo 8: 307-322. 1895, 12: 103-149. Uses 1898. The main use of Ginkgo IS horticul­ Kaempfer, E.: A moenitalum exoticarum .... tural, as an ornamental or shade tree. 1712. Li, H. L.: A horticultural and botanical history The wood, although of good quality and of Ginkgo. MOTris A?"b. Bull. 7: 3·12 . 1956. possessing an insect repellent property, Miyoshi, M.: Merkwlirdige Ginkgo biloba in is little used because of its very limited Japan. Milt. Deutsch. Dendr. Ges. 43: 21-22. supply, even in the Orient. The wood is 1931. Rehder, A.: A Manual of Cultivated Trees and soft but straight grained, light brownish Shrubs. rev. ed. 1940. in color with a silky sheen. In the Orient, Seward, A.: The story of the maidenhair tree. it is used for making small storage cabi­ Sci. P1·ogr. 32: 420-440. 1938. nets, or abacus beads, seals and other Wilson, E. H.: The conifers and taxads of Ja­ pan. Publ. Arnold Arb. No.8. 1916 . small fancy articles. In Japan it is also "Vilson, E. H.: The Romance of ou?" Trees. extensively used for the ground work of 1920. 250 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U . S. DEPARTMENT o ..~ ACRICULTURE

Patio de la Ria, gardens of Generalife, Granada . Horticultural Centers in Spain and Portugal*

FREDERICK G. MEYER**

Introduction prohibited entry into this country. About Europe long has been the chief source twenty-eight hundred introductions orig­ inated from visits to eighty botanic o-ar- of ornamental plants for American gar­ . 0 dens, and remains vastly richer in sources d ens, pnvate gardens, experiment sta- of these plants than does the United tions, nurseries, and arboretums. As an States. Reasons for this lie in the much overall long range 0bjective, it is hoped for these introductions to take a place longer cultural heritag@ . ~t ill stroTlgly en­ trenched in all of the ~propean states, in ~he rese:voir of ornamental plant ma­ tenals available for the enrichment of ancl the long~r history of plant introduc­ tiop in Europe, dating back mbre than American horticul ture. f0u,! ~undred years wheri" the first tulips Spain wet,e mtroduced from Turkey. Ameri­ can horticulture, now more than ever !he kaleidoscopic history of Spain brmgs to mind a rich artistic heritage, bef~re, exhibits renewed in terest in gar­ denmg on a scale never before witnessed always colorful and intensely emotional, iR this country. f~el~ngs largely expressed in the appre­ From March to November 1957, a trip CIatIOn of art, especially in painting, for ornamental plants covered areas in music, architecture, and gardens. In­ Italy, southern France, Spain, Portugal, deed, the Moorish gardens of Granada England, and Scotland. This trip was are uniqu€ in all Europe. The Royal made possible through the New Crops gardens of La Grania near Segovia and Research Branch, under a cooperative those at Araniuez built in the seven­ a.greement ?etween Crops Research Divi­ teenth and eighteenth centuries are the SIOn, AgrIcultural Research Service equal of any 0f the historical gardens of United States Department of Agricul: Europe. ture, Beltsville, Maryland, and the Long­ New plant material of horticultural good Gardens of Longwood Foundation, merit is found almost entirely in a few Inc., Kennett Square, Pennsylvania. outstanding private gardens, notably Objectives of this expedition were as those of the Pinya de Rosa and Mari­ fo llow ~, to introduce: (1) Species with murtra along the Costa Brava and in potentIal as ornamentals not in cultiva­ the several botanical gardens located in t~on, (2) e~ite clones (cultivars) of the Santander, Santiago, Madrid, Barcelona, sIT?ple speCIes not in cultivation, (3) hy­ and Valencia. Nurseries, although not bnds not in cultivation, (4) races or eco­ ~bundant in Spain, a~e located €hiefly types of the wild species as a source of 111 Barcelona and Madnd. The rose nurs­ new g~rm plasm for plant breeding, and eries near Barcelona are particularlv (5) :emtroduction of species, hybrids, or well-known and one of the largest shrub cultIvars rarely grown or lost to culti­ nurseries visited in Madrid produces vation for wider distribution. Arrange­ ml1;" s~ry stock of first quality. The pro­ ments with the United States Plant duCtIO~ of glass-house plants is generally q~a.rantine authorities through the fa­ appreCIated, and in the larger cities ex­ CIlitIes of the Plant Introduction Station cellent quality material is available. ~lenn D~le, Maryland, permitted th~ .

[25 11 252 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Gm-dens of Pinya de Rosa and coast of Spanish Riviera, ca lled the Costa Brava

POTtion of Senor RivieTe's collection of succulent plants JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 253

long streams of ivy pervade as the mode patio and court running water is the of gardening in the tightly packed predominating feature. Mediterranean houses along the narrow winding streets. plants are prominently used in the basic Toledo, Seville, and Valencia are out­ plantings and include the boxwood, standing for this custom. The patio is Buxus sempenJirens, and the myrtle, the traditional garden of all Latin Myrtus communis, both extensively used countries and is very common in Spain, as low clipped hedge plants. The olean­ where outdoor gardens consist often of der, Neritbm oleander, is also much­ oleanders, pelargoniums, boxwood, myr­ planted. The palace buildings are lav­ tle, petunias, ivy, and cypress grown in ishly constructed in what is recorded as terra cotta pots, glazed jardiniers, or some of the finest of Moorish architec­ tiled flower boxes. Space often is limited ture, and the site of the garden as it and water in most areas of southern stands on a spur of the hills behind Europe is often scarce. This is espe­ Granada commands a sweeping view of cially true of Spain. the city and distant vega beyond. The The larger Spanish cities and towns long avenue of Mediterranean cypress, are copiously planted with trees and the Cupressus sempervirens is a modern em­ public parks are attractively groomed. bellishment that is most pleasing as one In April, flowering horsechestnut trees, enters the garden, if not al together ac­ Aesculus hippocastanum, along the streets curate in the historical setting. of Madrid are to be remembered as a Blanes special embellishment of the Spanish Pinya de Rosa capital city. The Retiro Park is the larg­ Pinya de Rosa, garden of Senor Fer­ est in Madrid. In Barcelona there is nando Riviere de Caralt, outranks in the beautiful Montjuich Park. The scope all other modern private gardens municipal park of Malaga is particularly of Spain. Begun in 1940, the garden is interesting, since it is planted with a designed to impart the Catalonian flavor rich assortment of subtropical plants of this part of northeastern Spain. The suited to the southern climate. The garden covers about sixty acres, along Spanish Horticultural Society has head­ the picturesque Spanish Riviera at quarters in Madrid. Blanes, some fifty miles north of Bar­ Collections of wild Na1'cissus and celona. Few gardens in southern Eu­ kinds of broom, Cytisus, Genista, and rope are being developed more vigor­ Sarothamnus were the only wild plants ously or more rapidly. collected in Spain. An opportunity ex­ The collections consist largely of suc­ ists still for further exploration in quest culents, since these plants readily accli­ of wild plants in both Spain and Portu­ matize in the Mediterranean environ­ gal, siNce the wild flora of these coun­ ment. Senor Riviere has assembled a tries is one of the richest in Europe. very large collection of Opuntia and Granada other American cacti. South African succulents of the Figmarigold Family Gm-dens of the Generalife also are abmldantly represented such as The Moorish gardens of Andalusia in Ruschia, Lampranthus, Carpobrotus, the south of Spain are unique in being Glottiphyllum, and many others. the only real pleasure gardens construct­ The garden is expanding to include ed in Europe during the Middle Ages. ornini'ental shrubs, trees, and herbace­ The best of these, the gardens of the ous plants. A roadside bank some two Generalife, often called the gardens of hundred fee'< long,; is · 'planted to the Arif, were completed by 1350. The har­ creeping, lavender-flowered Convolvulus mony created by the skillful blending of mauritanictbS, a North African species, masonry, plants, and water instills in Indeed, few plants are more appropriate most visitors a spiritual quality long to for terraces and banks, or for a hanging be remembered. A labyrinth of pools, basket. The rock g-arden includes some fountains, and running water fed by fine specimens of Pelargonium acetosa, gravity from the neighboring Sierra Ne­ a beautiful species with fleshy glaucous vada mountains creates a virtual aquatic leaves and pink, red-striped flowers, symphony throughout the garden. Above The greenhouses are stuccoed on the all, water is perhaps the most unique exterior in the characteristic deep buff feature of the garden, since in every color of Catalonian dwellings. Collee- 254 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

SAC,\RR .. \ Tropical greenhouse at the Piny a de Rosa. Alocasia macTOrhiza ' Varie­ gala' is the low-growing aroid with white-variegated leaves in fore­ ground. A. portei along the pathway with fifteen-foot leaves is a strik- ing species from the Philippines. JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 255

FUN DACION CA RLOS FAUST HORTUS BOTANICUS Botanical garden of Marimurtm) Blanes) Spain tions under glass are devoted to orchids, sis, form an extensive open woodland as aroids, peperomias, and other tropical a background for the plantings of exotic species. Two aroids of special interest plants. A pergola is covered with Wis­ include Alocasia portei) from the Philip­ teria sinensis and the handsome hybrid pines, with enormous pinnately divided trumpet vine, Campsis X tagliabuana leaves fifteen feet long, and A. macro­ 'Mme. Galen'. An adjoining formal gar­ rhiza 'Variegata,' with blotched-white den is planted with multicolored cro­ leaves, four to five feet long. tons and other subtropical foliage plants. Attractive, specially designed porce­ A new extension to the garden is being lain labels are provided for many plants developed as an arboretum. growing in various parts of the garden. Introductions from this garden include N otelaea excelsa, an evergreen shrub to small tree, eight to twenty feet tall with Jardin Botanico "Marimurtra" black olive-like fruit, a native of the Ca­ "Marimurtra," formerly the private nary Islands; Cne01'um tTicoccon, a na­ estate of Carlos Faust, is maintained as tive Mediterranean broad-leaved \ ever­ a private botanical garden according to green with boxwoodlike foliage, attrac­ the wishes of the late owner. tive throughout the year, especially in The garden covers about forty acres late summer when the two- to three-foot on a high promontory above the Medi­ plants are laden with ripening red cap­ terranean at Blanes adjoining the gar­ sules; and Rhagodia nutans, an Austra­ den of Pinya de Rosa described previ­ lian scrambling herb related to Cheno­ ously. Succulents predominate among podium, now naturalized in various the plantings. Kalanchoe faustii grown parts of the garden. The small fleshy in the garden commemorates the name leaves and small bright red fleshy fruit of the founder. Trees, shrubs, and herb­ are attractive. Rhagodia is reputed to aceous plants adaptable in the Mediter­ be valued for forage in Australia. A ranean climate are extensively planted. beautful specimen of Amujia sericifera, The collections include about four thou­ a milkweed relative from Peru, scram­ sand kinds of plants. bles over the loggia of the garden . ~esi­ Native Aleppo pines, Pinus halepen- dence. 256 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U . S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Sophom japonica 'Dot') an unusual cultivaT with pendulo1ls) tOTtuOUS bmnches and wavy-maTgined leaves. Unknown outside of Spain. Speci­ men in botanical gaTden, Banelona.

Barcelona cooperative efforts of the park depart­ JaTdin Botdnico ment of the City of Barcelona and the The botanical garden in Barcelona botanical institute of the University. occupies an area of about fifteen acres in Evergreen holly-oaks, QueTcus ilex; an old woodland adjacent to Montjuich sycamores (Platanus X aceTifolia); elms, Park. This garden has been under de­ Ulmus spp.; stone pines) Pinus pinea; velopment only in recent years through and Aleppo pines, Pinus halepensis) JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 257 form the basis of the older plantings. There appears to be very little actIvIty About a thousand recent introductions now in the way of new introductions have been incorporated into the perma­ and the garden is suffering with an aura nent plantings. of neglect. Some of the old trees, though, The most unusual tree in the collec­ should be mentioned. Specimens of tion is Sophora japonica 'Dot', with Celtis australis, often called the lotus wavy-margined leaves and contorted tree, are of special note. Trees of this pendulous branches. This cultivar of the south European, Asia Minor, and North Japan pagoda-tree originated in the nur­ African species in the botanical garden sery of Simon Dot near Barcelona about are over a hundred feet tall and three 1920. Apparently it has never been feet in diameter. The smooth white grown outside the Barcelona area. bark is especially distinctive in old trees. In its native habitat, records indicate Madrid specimens may attain an age of a thou­ Jardin Botdnico sand years and a diameter of six feet. The Jardin Botanico in Madrid has The lotus tree is recommended for wider long stood among the well-known botan­ distribution in areas of southern United ical gardens of Europe. Founded in 1781, States. Specimens of Zelkova carpinifolia this garden developed rapidly at the end from the Caucasus are nearly as large as of the eighteenth century and early part the lotus tree. Z. carpinifolia is hardier of the nineteenth as new plants were than Celtis australis and deserves wider brought to Spain from the colonies in recognition as a substitute for diseased the New 'Vorld. The Dahlia, for exam­ American elms. The fern-leaved linden, ple, first entered Europe in 1789 via the Tilia platyphyllos 'Laciniata', is includ­ botanical garden in Madrid. ed among the more uncommon trees. The Jardin Botanico covers about American trees in the Jardin Botanico thirty acres. A wall encircles the garden include the persimmon, DiospyTOs vir­ except where imposing iron-grill en­ giniana; the osage orange, Maclura pom­ trance gates intercept at several points. ifera; and several young vigorous speci­ A series of broad walks parallel nearly mens of the giant sequoia, Sequoiaden­ the full length of the garden and divide dron giganteum. A collection of Span­ the plantings into large rectangular ish grape cultivars is growing on several blocks. Shrubs and herbaceous species hundred feet of arbor near the museum grown according to phylogenetic rela­ and greenhouses. Of the palms, only tionships are planted in beds between Trachycarpus fortunei and Chamaerops the tree-lined walks. Part of the garden humilis seem to flourish in the rigorous is set aside for experimental purposes. climate. Conservatories are located near the gar­ A few greenhouse plants are of spe­ den entrance on the Plaza de Murillo. cial interest. Piper ornattbm is a hand­ The historic building of the herbarium some climbing stovehouse pepper with and library commands a major focal lustrous leaves mottled pink and pink point among the architectural and scien­ veins. Indeed, this first-rate foliage plant tific features of the garden. is practically unknown in the United At an altitude of two thousand feet, States. Vellozia elegans, of the Vellozia the climate of Madrid is not the most Family, a lily relative, is a houseplant propitious for growing plants. Extremes of some merit, with white flowers that of temperature are commonplace. turn green with age and last for many Sweeping winds across the arid plains of weeks on lax si~-inch peduncles. They New Castile bring biting cold in winter are borne between the densely tufted and torrid blasts in midsummer. In lustrous green leaves. Achimenes lanata,. April, spring arrives and long avenues with small light blue flowers and white­ of horsechestnut, Aesculus hippocasta­ woolly leaves, is somewhat less showy num, burst forth into flower along the than the well-known A. longiflora and main thoroughfares of the city and in A. grandiflora types. many parts of the botanical garden. The collection of hardy plants in the Nursery of Bourguignon Jardin Botanico consists largely of a The nursery of Bourguignon, located small assortment of cool-temperate spe­ on the edge of Madrid, operates a com­ cies, planted mostly many years ago. pletely modern establishment compar- 25M THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Specimens of the south European hackberry, Celtis austmlis, about seventy-five feet tall in botanical gal-den, Madrid

able with the uest of the nurseries seen ornamental trees, shrubs, herbaceous in the Mediterranean countries. A dis­ plants, and fruit trees, but mostly of play sales room, for example, serves cus­ kinds widely grown in southern Europe t,omers on a cash-and-carry basis, a meth­ and in parts of the United States. od rarely seen in European nurseries. A rarely grown plant in the collection The quality of the merchandise offered is Roupala pohlii, a Brazilian woody is first-class. The hardy nursery stock species of Proteaceae closely related to available includes a wide selection of the silk-oak, Grevillea robusta. The ele- JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 259 gant pinnately divided lustrous foliage ates four separate nurseries, two near of Roupala, in the opinion of the writ­ Madrid and two at Aranjuez, thirty er, highly recommends this plant for miles south of Madrid. wider cultivation as a pot plant. Rou­ The nursery visited at Aran juez cov­ pala now is rarely grown in the United ers about fifty acres planted largely to States, lacking a steady source of seed, conifers, roses, broad-leaved and decidu­ and difficulties, experienced by Euro­ ous shrubs, and to a lesser extent, herba­ peans, in propagating this plant vege­ ceous plants. The entire acreage is un­ tatively. der irrigation. Many of the species coni­ fers are grown from seed in open raised Aranjuez beds. The junipers in this region are Royal Gardens, Jardin de la Isla superior to all conifers in cultivation as Aranjuez is a small town, about thirty nursery stock. Large blocks of the Chi­ miles south of Madrid, bordering the nese juniper, Juniperus chinensis, and Tagus River. The history of the place lesser amounts of the American red­ has been dominated by the Spanish cedar, .r. virginiana, are under cultiva­ Royal House since the fourteenth cen­ tion. Both bush and standard roses, tury. Lofty English elms (Ulmus campes­ principally hybrid teas, are grown in tris) and sycamores (Platanus X aceri­ large blocks for the wholesale market. folia) are extensively planted within the An interesting summer flowering shrub environs of the town and create a veri­ in the nursery is Perovskia atriplicifolia, table oasis in the otherwise arid and a member of the Mint Family from Af­ barren plain of New Castile. ghanistan with silvery-gray foliage and The Tardin de la Isla covers several handsome bright-blue flowers on three­ acres adjacent to the Royal Palace and foot stems. This plant is toleran t of hot, the Tagus River that flows through the dry climates and deserves to become bet­ grounds of the Royal estate. Construct­ ter known, particularly in southern and ed during the reign of Philip II in the western areas of the United States. sixteenth century, the design of the gar­ Shrubs grown in quantity include den imitates the Italian style in garden Berberis julianae; Viburnum rhytido­ art of the late Renaissance period. Foun­ phyllum; Spiraea X vanhouttei; and tains and clipped boxwood hedges epito­ species of Fonythia, Ligustj'um, and mize the basic features of the Royal Buddleia. The Van Houtte spiraea is Gardens. one of the commonest dooryard shrubs. . A modern trend for tree-planting has grown in Mediterranean gardens . VIrtually turned the Tardin de la Isla Seville into an arboretum. The collection of trees, though, can hardly be called ex­ Viveros Andres tensive. A long row of rather droug-ht­ The nursery firm Qf Senor Andres is stunted Magnolia grandiflora borders the only sizable establishment of its kind one side of the garden. The crapemyr­ serving the Seville 'area, in a city of tIe, Lagerstroemia indica, is much-plant­ about a hundred and fifty thousand in­ ed and specimens fifteen feet high are habitants. Production of nursery stock common in various parts of the grounds. is limited mostly to trees and shrubs. Several English yews, Taxus baccata, are Forsythia spp., Ligustrum spp., Spiraea over thirty feet wide and fifteen feet tall. X vanhouttei, Prunus cerisifera 'Pisar­ Specimens of Fraxinus excelsior 'Pen­ dii', !opulus alba 'Pyramidalis', Ulmtls dula', the weeping European ash, are pumzla, and Robinia pseudoacacia are fifteen feet tall with a branch spread grown in large quantities for the local of over twenty feet. In spite of the arid­ market. A major part of the business in­ ity, specimens of the California redwood, volves the sale of bitter orano-e stock Sequoia sempervirens, are now upwards Citrus aurantium, for growing in th~ of a hundred feet tall. Seville area. A vigorous, large-leaved form of the Viveros Castilla ivy, Hedera helix, is included in a small One of the largest of Spanish nur­ selections of perennials and pot plants series, the Viveros Castilla, S. A., oper- offered by Senor Andres. 260 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

VIVEROS CASTILLA, S.A. Royal Gardens, "Jardin de la Isla," Aranjttez. JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 261

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

Typical Portuguese ornamentation leading into the formal garden Jardim Botdnico, Coimbm 262 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Portugal botanic garden in Portugal is located here. Many plants in the extensive col­ Portugal is abundantly supplied with lections are of horticultural interest. gardens and horticultural institutions. Lisbon area. - Climatically, Lisbon A profound interest in horticulture and and the area to the west around Sintra, gardening is part of the Portuguese are unlike other areas of southern tradition. Europe. Extremes of temperature and Northern Section.-In the springtime, aridity are less severe than in comparable few areas of western Europe can com­ areas of the Mediterranean. In summer, pare with northern Portugal. The mild, cloudy and foggy days are not uncom­ relatively moist belt around Oporto mon in Lisbon, and extreme heat is receives a rainfall of approximately rare. Frost occurs infrequently. Palms thirty-five to forty inches a year. As a flourish and subtropical plants are com­ result, northern coastal Portugal remains monly grown in parks and gardens in perpetually green. In March and April, this area. Growing conditions are com­ native species of heather and numerous parable with parts of southern Cali­ species of woody legumes carpet the northern Portuguese hills in a kaleido­ fornia. scopic riot of color. The arborescent Lisbon is particularly well-stocked heathers, Erica australis, with light to with botanical institutions and gardens dark pink flowers, and E. lusitanica with of horticultural interest. Three botani­ white flowers are shrubs four to five feet cal gardens, the city-operated Estufa tall. The lower growing, E. umbellata, Fria in Edward VII Park, and a num­ twelve to fourteen inches tall, with deep ber of small parks are points of major purple flowers, covers vast areas. interest within the city. The oldest Showy native shrubs of the Legume gardens are about three hundred years Family, mainly species of Cytisus, old. Genista, and Ulex, with yellow or white The Sierra da Sintra to the west of flowers contribu te no less to the check­ Lisbon receives perhaps the highest rain­ ered display. Large areas of northern fall of any comparable areas of southern Portugal are planted to the native Europe. In this mild, wet area, warm cluster pine, Pinus pinaster, often ma­ temperate and subtropical plants, espe­ liciously delimbed and cut in many cially acid-loving species grow luxuri­ areas as a source of firewood. Eucalyptus antly. In gardens near Sintra many globuIus, a well-known Australian tree, species are grown to a peak of perfection assumes the role of a native plant in all not attained elsewhere in Europe. northern coastal areas and inland val­ leys. Another Australian tree that con­ Oporto tributes much beauty to the landscape jardim Botdnico is the silver wattle, Acacia dealbata, now widely naturalized in Portugal. Long The Jardim Botanico at Oporto, es­ rows of this species line the roadways of tablished about twenty years ago in col­ northern Portugal; and in March, when laboration with the Botanical Institute the tree is swathed in yellow flowers, few of the University, is the youngest such sights are more appealing. garden in Portugal. The garden covers Oporto is the major center of horti­ about thirty acres, mostly on relatively cul~ur.al activity in northern Portugal. flat terrain, on the site of an old private ThIS IS the center of the nursery indus­ estate. try. The acidic soils of the northern Beech trees, Fagus sy Iva tica, several districts are well-suited for growing nearly a hundred feet tall, embellish rhododendrons, azaleas, and camellias. the grounds around the white-stuccoed Oporto deserves acclaim as the home of building of the Botan,ical Institute. the camellia in Europe, since the oldest Hedges of Camellia japonica, twenty specimens in cultivation on the Con­ feet high, surround more formal gardens tinent allegedly are growing here. <;>f clipped boxwood and tulip beds. C. Flaming-red rhododendrons and azaleas Japonica 'Mathotiana' is the most out­ are in flower in the parks during March. standing of the cultivars grown as a In the main plaza at Oporto, thousands h.edge .. A fifteen-foot specimen of Camel­ of tulips are in full bloom at this season. ita retzculata 'Capt. Rawes' is laden with Coimbra.-The oldest and largest several hundred flowers in March. This JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 263

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Twenty-five foot specimen of Mahonia japonica) about a hundred years old) in nursery of Companhia Horticola 264 THE AIVIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

FOTmal garden sU1Tounded by a twenty-foot hedge of Camellia japonica cultivars with clipped boxwood and tulips_ Botanical gal-den, aporto

Nursery of Cornpanhia Horticola built on a series of walled terraces overloolang the DOUTO River, aporto JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 265

TEOFI LO REGO Camellia japonica trees l"eptlted to be fOtlT hundTed yeaTS old at Villa Nova de Gaia

species grows to perfection in the well­ species, trees, shrubs, fruit trees, and drained sandy acidic soils of Oporto. vines. Other plants in the J ardim Bot

TEOFILO REGD Tulip tree) Liriodendron tulipifem Reputably the largest specimen in Europe at the Quinta de Meio JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 267

Nursery of Moreira da Silva et Filhos "Bulbous plants" are a special feature The nursery of Moreira da Silva et of the garden, especially the native Por­ Filhos in Oporto dates from the 1880's. tuguese narcissi. Narcissus cyclamineus This firm offers a wide selection of high naturalizes in great profusion in the quality nursery stock, especially camel­ acidic well-drained sandy soil. Sparaxis lias, evergreens, and greenhouse plants. is abundant in the woodland. A peren­ Camellia japonica 'Augusto Leal Gou­ nial spring that flows through the gar­ veia Pinto'; 'Dona Herzilia de Fretas den is a natural asset of value in the Magalhaes'; Dona Jane Andresen'; 'Dr. cultivation of ferns and bog plants. Ca­ Baltazar de Melo'; and 'Duarte de mellia bushes over eighty years old are Oliveira'; are cultivars of Portuguese twenty feet tall. Camellia japonica origin grown in this nursery. 'Princeza Real', a pink-flowered formal Begonia paulensis, an elegant rhizo­ type, and 'Camurca', with white to matous species from Brazil, with pink­ blush-pink flowers are cultivars of Por­ veined leaves on a light green back­ tugese origin. C. retiwlata 'Capt. Rawes' ground, is grown in some quantity by grows particularly well in this garden. Mr. de Silva. The waxy-white flowers on two-foot long scapes, are an inch and A specimen fifteen feet high is covered with hundreds of flowers in March. a half across; the dark red hairs are prominently displayed over the calyx. A large specimen of Liriodendron tulipifera, now over a hundred feet tall, Villa Nova de Gaia twenty-two feet in circumference, and Evidence suggests the three old camel­ seven feet in diameter at the Quinta da lia trees at the Villa Nova de Gaia in Meio is alleged to be the largest tulip­ Oporto are the oldest specimens of tree in Europe. This tree is now a Camellia japonica in cultivation yet "Monumento Nacional" as designated recorded in Europe. The Conde de by the Portuguese Forestry Department. Campo Bello, present owner of the villa, Tree ferns, Dichsonia antarctica, also indicates that living plants of C. jap'Onica flourish in the well-watered Tait garden. imported from Japan were planted in the garden abou t the middle of the six­ North American trees include Mag­ teenth century. This is not impossible, nolia grandiflora, fifty feet tall, and since early Portuguese traders in the Sassafras albidum, thirty feet tall. Sev­ Orient first made contact with Japan in eral old fifteen foot hybrid rhododen­ 1542. The discovery of these aged speci­ drons with deep red flowers, and a mens extends the date of introduction double-flowered pink Japanese cherry of the camellia back nearly two hundred originally imported from Japan, flower years-to about 1550. Modern reference in March. Eucalyptus ficifolia, a red­ works date the introduction of C. flowered species is thirty feet tall. Thirty­ 0 japonica into Europe about 1740. foot specimens of Ligust1 um lucidum Two of the three specimens are still are larger than plants of this species in excellent condition, the largest meas­ usually seen in cultivation. Several uring just over two and a half feet in large Judas-trees, Cercis siliquastrum in diameter at the base. The specimens the garden flower at the end of March. are about twenty to twenty-five feet tall. A large Wisteria sinensis nearly covers The flowers are single rose-pink. Self­ one side of the villa. sown seedlings have become established in the vicinity of the mother plants. Coimbra Quinta da Meio Jardim Botanico The Quinta da Meio, garden of Miss The botanical garden at Coimbra oc­ M. R. Tait, overlooks the Atlantic Ocean cupies an imposing site adjoining the on a series of broad terraces above the University on a hilltop overlooking the estuary of the Rio Douro. The English­ valley of the Rio Mondego. Founded in style garden on the old family property 1772, this is the oldest and largest bo­ was first planted by the Tait grandfather tanical institution in Portugal. The cur­ soon after his arrival from Scotland as rent plan of the garden dates from the a permanent resident in Portugal nearly days of Julio Henriques, eminent Portu­ a hundred years ago. Three generations guese botanist and director of the gar­ of the family have since nurtured the den from 1873 to 1918. The garden cov­ garden on its present site. ers about fifty acres. 268 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL IVIAGAZINE

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Portion of fOTnwl garden and conservatories; Ficus magnolioides In the center is the largest fig tree in the botanical garden, Goimbm

The undulating topography offers a about two acres adjacent to the conserva­ series of varied habitats for the plant tories. Specimens of K wanzan cherry, collections. Relatively steep slopes drop Prunus sen"ulata 'Kwanzan', the rose sharply away from the broad upper ter­ 'Belle of Portugal', and ten-foot Japa­ races in to a series of low ridges and val­ nese sago palms, Gycas revoluta, are con­ leys below. The collections are planted spicuous among the woody plants in the according to natural botanical relation­ sunken garden. Boxwood hedges border ships. The herbaceous species and many the pathways. Two ornamental iron-grill shrubs are grown in beds neatly edged gates give entrance to the garden. A with boxwood on the upper terraces. A fountain stands in the center. Panels of collection of palms and conifers is grown tiling in the Portuguese taste are con­ in the same area. The bamboo garden spicuous on the walls that surround the covers nearly an acre of ground at the sunken garden on three sides. bottom of the valley below the botanical The collection of subtropical plants, institute. Culms of Phyllostachys viTidis as one of the most comprehensive in are approximately forty feet high. Near­ Portugal, includes a good representation by, a succulent collection covers part of of palms, eucalyptus, acacias, figs, and the open slopes. A more extensive col­ warm-temperate conifers. The green­ lection of conifers is planted in the ar­ house collection of tropical species is boretum. quite extensive. The formal sunken garden in !talo­ A specimen of Ficus magnolioides Portuguese design is one of the con­ about sixty feet high, with a branch spicuous architectural features of the spread of equal dimensions is the largest, J ardim Botanico. This garden covers although not the tallest, tree in the gar- JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 269 den. A specimen of Eucalyptus maculata was introduced to Portugal in the six­ var. citriodom with a stark-white trunk teenth century. It was thought to be a towers nearly a hundred feet tall. Of native of Portugal by Philip Miller who the palms, Washingtonia filifem, Are­ first assigned the epithet " lusitanica" castrum romanzofJi.anum, Jubaea spec­ to this plant in the eighth edition of his tabilis, and Erythaea annata, are thirty Gardener's DictionaTY, published in 1758. to fifty feet high. Specimens of Araucaria Indeed, C. lusitanica not only is very bidwillii and A. excelsa are a hundred beautiful but also a useful tree. Many feet high. cultivated forms exist. Columnar, spread­ H ebanthe paniculata, a vigorous ing, weeping, and variegated-leaved climber of the Amaranth Family from types are known. The Portuguese cy­ Mexico grows rampantly over a pergola. press is widely planted, especially in A pollonias canm'iensis, an evergreen northern Portugal and upland areas of thirty-foot tree of the Laurel Family the country. It is seen commonly as a from the Canary Islands is recommended roadside tree, in parks, plantations, and for avenue planting in a mild climate. gardens. Gnidia polystachya is a six-foot heathlike The remains of the ancient Carmelite South African shrub with fragrant yel­ monastery at Bussaco are now incorpo­ lowish flowers. The latter species is a rated into a manuelian style hotel. A pretty shrub for a small garden in nearly series of formal and informal gardens frostless regions. adjacent to the hotel grounds includes a Anthw'ium digitatum, a Colombian small collection of camellias. An un­ species, and Streptocarpus caulescens, named cultivar of Camellia japonica, from tropical East Africa, with small is a good white-flowered formal type purple flowers one-half to one inch found growing here. A thirty-foot speci­ across, are two plants of special interest men of Sop hom japonica 'Pendula' was in the conservatory. The latter very seen growing at the edge of the camellia floriferous species grows easily in pots, garden. In the forest nearby, a valley is and high temperatures of a greenhouse planted to Dicksonia antarctica and are not to its disliking. Cyathea aTbo?'ea tree ferns, Hydmngea macTOphylla 'Hortensia,' and azaleas. Serra de Bussaco Fo?"es t of Bussaco Lisbon As a "Monumento Nacional," the A juda Park-The original park IS now Forest of Bussaco is the oldest and most composed of two main parts: widely known forest preserve of Portu­ 1. The Royal PaTk gal. Planted by Carmelite monks who Lisbon's Royal Park of Ajuda and the founded a monastery on the site in 1268, surrounding gardens were established A.D., the tract covers several thousand under Royal patronage by D. Joao acres on the Serra de Bussaco, about (1644-46). The most interesting horti­ forty miles northeast of Coimbra. In cultural features center around a well­ those days the monks lived in small cells kept formal garden in !talo-Portuguese scattered through the forest, some of design and a collection of old trees. which still exist. Some of the specimens were planted The principal introduced trees are the nearly three-hundred years ago. Portuguese cypress, Cupressus lusitanica; The formal gardens overlook the plane trees, Platanus X acerifolia and P. estuary of the Tagus River on a series of orientalis; and Montezuma pine, Pinus broad terraces. Pelargoniums and can­ montezumae. The native Portuguese nas planted between long double and trees mostly are cluster pine, Pinus triple rows of clipped hedges of box­ pinaster; holly oak, QueTcus ilex; cork wood reflect the Portuguese taste for oak, Q. sube?'; Portuguese oak, Q. lusi­ flowering plan ts. tanica; and lindens. A large dragon's blood tree, Dmcaena One-hundred foot specimens of the dmco, fifteen to twenty feet tall with a Portuguese cypress are among the no­ branch spread of over forty feet, rivals blest trees at Bussaco. In many parts of in size some of the oldest recorded spec­ Portugal, this tree assumes the role of a imens of this species in the Canary native species. C. lusitanica is a native Islands where it is a native plant. Other of the mountains near Mexico City and trees of special interest are: Sophom FOTmal gardens of the Royal Pm'k of Aiuda with jJink and Ted pelaT­ goniums and dwarf cannas planted between double and triple rows of clipped boxwood hedge. Washingtonia filitem palms, and the Tagus estuary beyond.

..'" ::>,. ..::> u.. ".. ,.0 z ~ ..... '"Q vi ::i Dragon TTee, Dracaena dmco, neady forty. feet across was planted zn the seventeenth century . [270] JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 271

Sophom japonica 'Pendula', a weeping fm'm of the Japan Pagoda Tree

japonica 'Pendula', twenty-five feet tall; site formerly a part of the nearby Royal Fagus sylvatica 'Tortuosa', forty feet tall; Park of A juda described previously. Acacia armata, thirty feet tall; and The exotic plants include subtropical Schotia latifolia from South Africa with trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species a branch spread of nearly fifty feet at the hardy in the Mediterranean climate of base. In the formal garden specimens of Lisbon. The old trees in the woodland, the NIexican Nolina longifolia are ten chiefly Portuguese cypress, Cupressus feet tall. Specimens of Grevillea TObusta lusitanica, and the holly oak, Quercus are nearly seventy feet tall. ilex, were planted about two-hundred A fern, M icrolepia. strigosa 'Cristata' years ago. in the greenhouse of the Royal Park is Olea ew"opaea 'Sylvatica', represented of much decorative merit. The tips of by a forty-foot specimen in the Botanical the lax foot-long fronds are crested. Park manifestly makes a superior tree 2. The Botanical PaTk for ornamental purposes as compared The Botanical Park of A juda covers with the common commercial olive. The more than one-hundred acres on the cultivar 'Sylvatica' differs from the com­ grounds of the Institute of Agronomy. mon olive in the straighter bole, more The activities of the garden concern densely branched round crown and plant introduction and acclimatization larger size of the tree. studies on ornamentals and economic The economic collections consist of crop plants of special interest to Portu­ forage and oil crop species and an exten­ guese agriculture and horticulture. The sive collection of fruits-fig, pear, plum, botanical garden has developed largely peach, cherry, and grape cultivars grown over the past thirty to forty years on a in Portugal. 272 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

.'.

~ 1 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Weeping fo?"m of the Portugttese cypress, Cupressus l.usitanica 'Pendula', neal'ly fifty fe et across, supported on a metal fmme zn a small public park of Lisbon.

JaTdim do Ultmmar colony of Ma<;:ao is devoted chiefly to bamboos. The most interesting orna­ As a public botanical garden and re­ mental plants are tropical and subtrop­ search institution combined, the Jardim ical species, especially those from the do Ultramar functions in the interest of Portuguese African territories. agricultural problems related to the Por­ Trees of special interest: PodoCG1'puS tuguese overseas territories. Located in mannii, a conifer from the tropIcal Belem, a western suburb of Lisbon, the island of Sao Thome; Dombeya bur­ Overseas Garden covers about fifty acres gessiae, from Mozambique with pink overlooking the estuary of the Tagus flowers; and ET'ythTina comllodendron, River. Research activities encompass a with scarlet flowers. A twenty-five foot wide range of studies on crop plants re­ specimen of 01"e Opanax capitatus is t~e lated to tropical agriculture-rice, sugar­ only example of this ornamental speCles cane, sesame, coffee, and cotton. seen in Portugal. This tree is widely The principal features of the garden grown on French and Italian Riviera. include a long avenue of sixty-foot Cali­ Collections of ornamental merit in the fornia fan palms Washingtonia filifem, conservatory include Trentlia af?"icana, that extend from the entrance to the the African breadfruit tree; Saraca in­ center of the garden; an aquatic garden dica, the "Sorrowless Tree" of India­ near the entrance; a conservatory for the tree under which Buddha is said to tropical plants; and an arboretum. A have been born; Goethea stTictiflom, an section dedicated to the Portuguese attractive large shrub related to Pavonia JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 273

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Garden gate dedicated to the Portuguese colony of Mar;iio zn the Colonial Garden, Lisbon

of the Mallow Family with cauliflorous ed on concrete pillars made to simulate red flowers; Rheedia macrophylla, an tree trunks that support the superstruc­ evergreen tree native of Brazil; Mema­ ture of the Estufa Fria. Tree ferns, cylon mann ii, a shrubby species of the mainly Dicksonia antarctica and Cyathea Melastome Family from west tropical arborea, and the palms Livistona, Africa. Howeia, and Chamaedorea contribute to Estufa Fria the jungle habitat of the cold green­ house. The Estufa Fria, in Lisbon's Edward Begonias are much-planted in the Es­ VII Park, is known among the more un­ tufa Fria, especially the rex types. Be­ usual horticultural attractions of south­ gonia maxima, with pink flowers, is a ern Europe. This lath house "conserva­ rarely cultivated woody species four feet tory" is without artificial heat and cov­ tall. Fuchsias are grown in baskets ers nearly two acres. Many tender tropi­ throughout the lath house. C,·inum gi­ cal plants that otherwise would not ganteum of the bulbous plants that tol­ thrive without protection are grown in erate shade is abundantly planted. the Estufa Fria. C hrysophyllum imperiale is an elegant A rock embankment on one side pro­ Brazilian tree with leaves lustrous green vides a natural habitat for growing sub­ on the upper surface and silvery be­ tropical vines, ferns, begonias, saint­ neath. The aroid, Epipremum gigan­ paulias, aroids, and other species that teum, a giant species from Malaya, con­ prefer the environment of a humid trop­ tributes much to the tropical character of ical forest. Clambering lianas are plant- the Estufa Fria. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRI CULTURE

In the botanical garden, Lisbon

JaTdim Botanico tTicae, and Phoenix cana1'iensis var. POT­ phYTOcocca are represented among the The J ardim Botanico occupies a pleas­ rarer palms in the collection. ant setting near the center of the city, on Other attractive plan ts in the .J ardim one of Lisbon's seven hills. The garden, Botanico include: Ruellia ciliatifioTa, as the second oldest botanical garden in an attractive two-foot herbaceous peren­ Portugal, was founded in 1839. Sub­ nial from Argentina with purple flowers tropical plants flourish in a warm-tem­ nearly two inches across; Cest1-um. fas­ perate climate not unlike that of Los ciculatum, a good color form of tlus at­ Angeles. Although founded primarily as tractive :Mexican species with deep rose­ a center for the study of botany, the gar­ colored flowers; and Limoniast1'um mon­ den is full of well-grown plants of much opetale, an extremely attractive and very interest to both layman and scientist. floriferous seaside shrub (recommended C. Vasconcellos and A. Franco [As for planting along the sea in California). Palmeims de Lisboa e Anedm-es. In In midsummer, this native Portuguese Portugaliae Acta Biologica. 2: 289-425. relative of the common thrift, Armeria, 1948.], in their paper on the palms of is laden with rose-violet flowers on the Lisbon and vicinity, record twenty-four branch tips. genera and nearly forty species of palms StTobilanthes kunthianum is an inter­ gTowing in this area. The collection in esting evergreen shrub from the Nilgiri the J ardim Botanico ranks among the hills of south India; and Lycium afrum most comprehensive in Portugal. A fine is a spinescent shrub from South Africa double row of California fan palms, with yellow fruit an inch across. He­ Washingtonia filifem, borders the long dychium gaTdneTianum, an Indian spe­ avenue leading into the garden from the cies with yellow flowers, is one of the west entrance. The hesper palm, b -y­ most beautiful of the cultivated mem­ thaea annata, thirty feet tall, frames the bers of the genus. The latter species has entrance to the conservatory. The white, naturalized in moist locations in the fifteen-foot long inflorescences of the lat­ Jardim Botanico. Semele androgyna, the ter species are particularly attractive climbing butchersbroom, grows luxuri­ when produced in midsummer. Eleu­ antly on the trunks along the avenue of theTopetalum sarto1-ii var. confeTtum, Canary Island date palms, Phoenix cana­ Archontophoenix alexandme var. bea- Tiensis. The Brazilian soap-bark tree, [274] FREOERICK G. MEYER Pm-que de MonseTmte) Sintra. Thuja oTientalis in fOTeg1"Otmd; Amu­ caTia bidwillii) the bunya-bunya tTee in uppeT Tight.

Quillaja brasiliensis) in fruit during Au­ dens of Portugal. The equable climate gust, is the rarer of the two cultivated and the sandy acid soil are favorable in species of the genes. A specimen of the this area for growing conifers, ericads. floss-silk tree, ChOTisia speciosa) from camellias, and a host of warm-temperate Brazil, now nearly one hundred feet tall, and subtropical plants to a peak of per­ with a crown spread of over fifty feet, fection not usually found in the gardens may be the largest of its kind in Europe. of southern Europe. Tree ferns, for ex­ Quisqualis indica, with flowers that open ample, grow to a height of fifty feet. white in the morning and change to red PaTque de lV1ons en-ate as the day advances, is one of the most beautiful of the tropical climbers grown The Parque de Monserrate covers in the J ardim Botanico. about seventy-five acres on a series of A collection of cycads includes Dioon wooded ridges and valleys typical of the spinulosttm, D . edule) Cycas Tevoluta) sharply undulating windward slopes of C. ciTcinalis) Zamia fioTidana, a stami­ the Serra da Sintra. Monserrate was de­ nate plant of StangeTia paTadoxa, and veloped through the efforts of one, Sir species of Encephalartos. Francis Cook, a long-time British resi­ dent of Portugal. The garden is now Serra da Sintra about a hundred years old. Foggy sum­ About forty miles west of Lisbon, a mers, an evenly distribut'ed rainfall low range of hills, the Serra da Sintra, throughout the year, and rare frosts favor parallels the Atlantic coast for about ten the cultivation of warm-temperate and miles from Sinu-a to Cape Roca. The subtropical species. Conifers, tree ferns, highest elevation is 1,736 feet. The ter­ and palms are of particular interest. rain is relatively rugged and the slopes The most interesting conifers are spe­ are densely forested. Within this lim­ cies from the Southern Hemisphere. A ited area, the moisture-laden winds magnificent specimen of the Australian bring an evenly distributed and more dammara pine, Agathis robusta, is now _copious precipitation than for any com­ over eighty feet tall and more than four parable region of coastal Portugal. The feet in diameter. Nowhere in Europe is windward slopes of the serra are fre­ this tree cultivated so successfully. Beau­ quently swathed in mist and fog. Frost tifully developed specimens of AmucaTia is rare. bidwillii, the bunya-bunya tree of Aus­ Two gardens, the Parque de Monser­ tralia, are nearly a hundred feet tall. rate and the Parque da Pena, located Norfolk Island pines, Amucaria excelsa, near Sintra, are unique among the gar- are a hu ndred feet tall and fi ve feet in [275] 276 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE diameter. Dacl'ydium cup1'essinum, the Parque da Pena rimu tree of New Zealand with extreme­ Under Royal patronage, planting of ly beautiful weeping branchlets is forty forest trees at the Parque da Pena be­ feet talL Cryptomeria japonica of Japan gan about a hundred years ago. In the reaches one hundred and twenty-five feet moist, nearly frostless climate of the in height at lVlonserrate. Serra da Sintra, few arboreta are more Magnolia grandiflom trees, fifty feet favorably located for growing trees from tall, are the largest specimens encoun­ moist, warm-temperate climates. On tered in Mediterranean gardens. Pho­ several hundred acres trees of potential tinia serrulata is seventy-five feet tall value to Portuguese forestry are grown. with a trunk diameter of a foot. In the Species from Australia, New Zealand, United States many growers know this Chile, Japan, Tasmania, New Caledonia, Chinese evergreen species as a bush six and North America predominate among to eight feet tall. the plantings. A forest of tree ferns is one of the most Conifers are widely represented in the impressive of the plantings at Monser­ c?Ilection. Of special interest are spe­ rate. Cyathea sp. ten to thirty feet tall, CIes from the Southern Hemisphere. and Dicksonia antarctica ten to twelve Specimens of Callitris cupressiformzs feet tall, flourish with the vigor of speci­ from southeastern Australia and C. tas­ mens in their native Australian habitat. manica from Tasmania, are fifty feet Grevillea robusta} the Australian silk­ tall. Dacrydium cupressinum} about fifty oak tree, is a hundred feet tall. Tri­ feet tall with beautiful pendulous chilia sp. of the Tree-oI-Heaven fam­ branches and dark green ra ttaill ike ily, is an attractive thirty-foot tall ever­ branchlets is a New Zealand species. green tree with pinnately divided leaves Amucm-ia hetemphylla and A. montana and orange-colore~ fruit. Roupala pohlii} from New Caledonia are rarely grown a highly attractive species related to the species of monkeypuzzle in the collec­ ~ilk-oak tree (Proteaceae) from Brazil, tion. Specimens of A.e:athis robusta} the IS represented by small specimens twen­ Australia dammara pine of Queensland, ty feet tall. Rhododendrons have natu­ are now about two feet in diameter. ralized in various parts of the garden. Two conifers of the Northern Hemi­ ~ornus capitata, the evergreen dogwood, sphere, A bies X vasconcellosiana} a hy­ 1S represented by a IS-foot specimen. Of the herbaceous plants, Hedychium brid of A. pindrow X A. pinsapo} and gardnerianum} an elegant yellow-flow­ Podocarpus neriifolia 'Variegatus', a va­ ·ered species from India, has naturalized riegated-leaved form, originated at the along the small watercourse that flows Parque da Pena. through the valley below the Manuel­ Australian species of Acacia} especial­ ia~-styl~ m~nsion house. Gunnera sp. ly A. dealbata and A. stl-icta, are natu­ WIth gIgantIC leaves three feet across is ralized in many parts of the Parque da a companion plant of the hedychium. Perra. Banksia integrifolia} an Austra­ Ab.out twenty-five species of palms are lian species of Proteaceae, is self-sown growmg at Monserrate. Diplothemium from mature fifty-foot trees. Pittospo­ arenarium and Trithrinax acanthocoma rum has naturalized in some areas, espe­ are ~he rarest in. t~e collection. Large cially P. h1J.ttonianum and P. undula­ speCImens of Ltvzstona austmlis are tum. A valley devoted to Dicksonia and nearly sixty feet tall. L. chinensis is thir­ Cyathea tree ferns could well represent ty feet tall. Howea forsteriana and H. a scene from parts of Australia or New belmoreana . are nearly fifty feet tan. Zealand. A fifty-foot specimen of Cleo Sever~l spec~mens · of Archontophoenix thra arboreal native of Madeira, flowers cunnznghamzana are approaching fifty in August and is one of the most striking feet tall. of flowering trees in the collection. C. This is one of the most pleasant and brasiliensis} a Brazilian clethra with favorable sites for a garden encountered thick leathery leaves four to five inches by the writer in southern Europe. The long, was not yet in flower. property now .is. ad.ministered through Management of the collection comes the local mumCIpahty and visitors are under the Portuguese Forestry Depart­ freely admitted upon payment of a ment of the Institute of Agronomy in small fee. Lisbon. Biennial Campanulas

ROBERT M. SENIOR*

Some of the most beautiful campanu­ house, where it has a fairly long period of las, many of them seldom seen in our bloom during the latter half of June and gardens, are included among those that early July. It has a long taproot, so after are biennial. No doubt the "Canterbury the first year it should be placed in a Bell" is the most frequently grown. rather deep pot. Incidentally, a number Strictly speaking, a biennial is a plant of years ago, the Royal Horticultural So­ that develops vegetatively the first year, ciety gave it an "Award of Merit." blooms and sets seed the second year, Probably many people who have vis­ and then dies. There are occasionally ited the Alps in summer have seen the some that grow vegetatively for two years delightful C. barbata, which gets its or even longer, however, then bloom and name from the fringe of hairs along the die. For example, we have raised one of edge of the drooping lavender-blue bell­ the most charming campanulas, C. mir­ shaped corolla. It is said to be peren­ abilis, which almost invariably did not nial, but with us it always dies after bloom until the third or fourth year. blooming. We have raised it on several Nearly all these so-called biennials are occasions, placed in a rock crevice, where not difficult to grow, requiring only a it could send its taproot down for a con­ light well-drained soil, and possibly, in siderable distance. Here, too, the plant summer, some shade during midday. A seeds freely. Possibly in our climate it few of them cannot withstand our win­ does best in a northern exposure, or at ters, with alternate freezing and thawing least in a position where it gets some pro­ weather. These are particularly suitable tection from the midday sun in summer. for the alpine house. Those grown out­ There are several species that are na­ doors that have rather thick downy leaves tive to Greece, all of them having at­ should be protected in winter with a tractive lyrate basal leaves. When the pane of glass over them, or better still, profusely-flowering stems finally arise, placed in the coldframe, where the leaves these basal leaves die, or at least most can be kept absolutely dry. One good of them do. Among this group is C. an­ feature of these plants is that they set drewsii, C. pelia, C. celsii, C. anchusi­ seed freely, and if these are sown when flora, and C. rupestris. At different times they are still reasonably fresh, they germ­ we have raised all of these plants. All inate readily. In fact, one single pod have somewhat downy leaves, and pos­ will often contain more seeds than the sibly with the exception of C. rupestris, average gardener would care to sow. are safer to raise in the alpine house. In One of our favorite flowers, a native a coldframe, however, and kept as dry of Yugoslavia, is C. formanekiana, which as possible, they often survive the winter. is usually a little over a foot high. The I believe there is only one biennial first year it forms an attractive rosette of that is native to this country, namely C. rather downy lyrate leaves. With us it americana. This plant, not particularly generally blooms the third year, when it attractive, usually over one and one-half sends up a shoot bearing a considerable feet high, is found over a great part of number of erect large white bell-shaped the eastern section of this country, rang­ flowers, blooming rather close to the ing from Canada to Florida. Here in stem. Although we have occasionally southern Ohio, it is rather widespread, kept a plant in the cold frame over ~he usually growing in thin woods. It has winter, it is really at its best in the alpme violet-colored, wheel-shaped flowers, ar­ *Robert M. Senior of Cincinnati is a charter mem· ranged in spikes. One characteristic is ber of the American Rock Garden Society and a found· its long curved style. If you have seeds ing member of the Ohio Rock Garden Society a nd its first president, as well as a past president of the Cin· of this plant, and scatter them in your cinnati Museum of Natural History. For many years wild garden, some are almost certain to he has specialized in the study of various genera of the CAMPANULAC£A£. germinate. Since the plant sets seed [2771 278 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZl?-\E

. \

:.: .. , ..~ ""'~ . 'f , . . I ••.... I·.··· ::·. Y ~

G. HAM PFLER Campamtla mirabilis photographed from CW'tis's Botanical Magazin e> Vol. 126, T.7714. JULY 196 1, VOLUME 4·0, NUMBER 3 279

ROB ERT M . SE'N IOR RO 8ERT M. SEN lOR

Campanula andrewsii (the first year) (the second year or third year)

Campanula formanekiane Campanula incurva Campanula pelia Campanula rupestris freely, seedlings would probably appear said that by spraying a plant of the year after year. "Canterbury Bell" with gibberellin it has c. incurva is another Grecian species, often been made to bloom the first year, sometimes incorrectly called C. leut­ and we are wondering whether the use weinii. The first year it forms a rosette of this chemical would hasten the bloom of ovate cordate leaves, of a rather yel­ of C. mirabilis. If this treatment were to lowish green hue. In the course of time prove effective, the popularity of this it sends up erect stems and side shoots, plant would be greatly enhanced. At the main stem about fifteen inches high, any rate, our plant, the first year, devel­ all bearing large upright white flowers, oped a rather large rosette of dark green, which may be as much as two inches shiny leaves. When flowering time ar­ long. It is said that the flower is some­ rived, it threw up a stem about foyrteen times of a light lavender color, but the inches high, with short side branches flowers of our plant have always been bearing numerous, large, erect bell­ white. Here again, it is safest to carry it shaped flowers, up to two inches long, over the winter in the coldframe or the and almost as wide, of a pale lilac-blue alpine house. color. We once raised it on a slope in C. sartori is found on certain islands the rock garden, placed in a rock crevice, of the Mediterranean. Like so many of where it received some protection from these biennials and monocarps, it first the midday sun, and here, in the third forms a rosette of small, rather round year, it bloomed profusely. It is an ideal dentate leaves. In due time it sends out plant for the alpine house. Incidentally, shoots that are practically prostrate, bear­ ing numerous erect white flowers. There the English Dictionary of Gardening has is a delicate charm to this species, which a picture of the plant; it is also illus­ induces us to raise a few of them year trated in Curtis's Botanical Magazine after year. In fact, we bought seeds table 7714. about fifteen years ago, and our present There are a number of other biennials, plants are all descendants of those that among which are C. patula, a rather we originally raised. widespread species in central and south­ Of all the plants mentioned, C. mir­ ern Europe, C. reiseri, another florifer­ abilis, native to the Caucasus, is one of ous Grecian one, and C. longistyla from the most beautiful. We raised it on sev­ the Caucasus. These plants are worth eral occasions; unfortunately it never growing, but hardly as attractive as most bloomed in less than three years. It is of those that we have described. [280] A Book or Two

The Beginning Gardener. The Lawn Book. Katherine N. Cutler. M. Barrows and Com­ Robert W. Schery. The Macmillan Company, pany. Inc .. 425 Fourth Avenue, New York 60 Fifth Avenue, New York 11 , New York. 16, New York. 1961. 173 pages. Illustrated. 1961. 207 pages. Illustrated. $5.95. (Library) $2.95. (Library) This is a useful small volume in which are This is a book written for small children to discussed nearly every element needed even for introduce them to gardening. It is written so the layman to undertake an intelligent prepara­ that children of the elementary grades can un­ tion of whatever area he may des ire to plant as derstand. Several kinds of gardens are suggested a lawn . The most interesting " new" treatment such as one in a box or dish, an herb garden, is the addition at the end of each chapter of a window garden or a wild flower garden . Simply short section called More Fancy Than Fact. In written chapters are short so as to continue the it are discussed and disposed of certain common child's interest. Several phases or gardening are ideas that are not true. included as telling about soil, how plants are grown, making a compost, digging and culti­ If any criticism can be offered, it might appear vating, garden tools, and general ca re. The cul­ to be of the discussions of areas other than the ture of more common vegetables and fl owers is greater central and northern portions oE the described briefly. This would be a good book country, where the establishment of good lawns for fourth or fifth grade children to read when is more difficult, for reasons of soil or climate. they want to do a project for the sc hool science The weed lists are interesting and the drawings fair or a sc hool exhibit. that accompany the notes and comments are clear enough. The only region familiar to the CON RAD B. LINK reviewer boasts a considerable number of lawn weeds that are not mentioned, including a de­ lIghtful annual known as soliva, and a perennial The Hydrangeas. species of erigeron that rivals Salvia lyrata in persistence and spread. Michael Haworth-Booth. Constable and Company, Limited, 10 Orange Street, London The discussion of centipede grass is in ade­ W. C. 2, England; distributed by Charles T. quate. In other writing, this author speaks of Branford Company, 75 Union Street, Newton it as a "prima donna," which is a slander. It Centre 59, Massachusetts. 1959, Thir d Edi­ has no difficulties, no diseases, and shows no tion. 185 pages, plus Illustrations. $5.00. faults save two: in continued rainy weather in (Library) shade, it may appear chlorotic, but that passes as soon as the rain lets up; and in areas where This appraisal of the hydrangea is a revISIon there is constant walking, paths will appear, but of an earlier edition of this English work and the plants do not die. For sandy so ils in the covers the history, species, culture, etc., in a solid South, this is a grass that all lawn men had bet­ fashion. In many respects it reads like E. H. ter heed. Wilson, and Wilson's findings are generously re­ B. Y. JVf. ferred to in relation to history and plant collect­ ing. L ike many English writers, Mr. Haw'orth­ Booth chooses to overlook the efforts made in the U. S. from a horticultural standpOint. In the area of plant introduction he proposes that there is a need to collect the "fruits of a great orna­ Holiday and Party Table Settings. mental gardening tradition," i.e., Japan. This is something we have been doing ever since Perry's Zelda Wyatt Schulke Hearthside Press, expedition to Japan and in the last several Inc., 118 East 28th Street, New York 16, New veal'S, American horticulturists have paid great York. 121 pages. Illustrated. $4.50. (Library) attention to Japanese horticulture. This is a book of easy reading. Many of the Despite such seeming shortcomings, the book pages are taken up with pictures and descrip­ is well organized and done with authority. If tions of them, but there is basic information. AHS Members wish a knowledge of the funda­ This covers table setting and appointments and m entals of the hydrangea this will well serve. is given in a practical way. Most of the pictures From the standpoint of use, culture, and treat­ feature easy to obtain materials. The exhibitor ment as plants for American gardens there is as well as the busy housewife should find this much to be desired. helpful for formal or infor mal entertaining. J. L. C. ANNE "\T. WOOD

(Books available for loan to the MembeTship are designated: (Libmry). Those not so designated are in p·rivate collections and aTe not available for loan. Books available for sale to the M~ ember­ ship a're designated with the slJecial 1'e duced price and a1~e subject to the usual change of price without notice. OrdeTS must be sent through the American HOTticultural Society accompanied by the projJer payment. Please allow two to three weeks for delivery. Those not designated for sale to the Membership at 1'educed prices can be purchased throull,h the Society, however, at the retail prices given. In these instances the full profit is 1'eceived by the Society to be used for increased services and benefits of the Membership.) [281 ] 282 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Arranging Flowers for the Sanctuary. Getting Started With Rhododendrons and Azaleas. Francis Patteson-Knight and Margaret Mc­ Reynolds St. Claire_ Harper & Brothers, Pub­ J. Harold Clarke, Doubleday and Company, lishers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, Inc., 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New York. 1961. xii + 132 pages. Illustrated. New York. 268 pages. Illustrated. $4.95. $3.50. (Library) (Library) This is a most interesting book. It is not pri­ This book on these two popular groups of marily about arrangements, as such, but about ornamental plants is directed to experienced arrangements in the Sanctuary, and do not ever gardeners, but to a selected group of them; forget that as you read. It immediately relieves those who have had little experience with rho­ the authors from a great variety of problems, dodendrons and azaleas. even if it presents others peculiar to its field. Parts One and Two are primarily devoted to i'Vhat impresses this reviewer more than any­ the culture of these plants and are well done for thing else is the sense of organization that is this selected audience. Part Three would seem apparent throughout the book, with some in­ to go beyond the stated purpose and reaches in­ clusions that surprise one and some omissions to the field of the specialist. PartiCtllarly is this that seem odd. The word, sanctuary, is relegated true in the later chapters of Part Three, when to the glossary, presumably on the assumption species and variety lists are presented and breed­ that any who need the book will know all that ing techniques are discussed. Much of the text. that word bears histori£ally and otherwise. while valuable for the advanced amateur, is far The treatment of arrangemenM is shown to be beyond the needs of the beginner and scope of controlled, and very properly so, by several fac­ the title. uors: the denomination, the architectural style Chapters on the climate and soil requirements of the building, the season of the year, the spe­ of these acid-loving plants on uses, culture, care, cial occasion, as for Christmas or a wedding, the and pests are quite appropriate and are con­ material available to workers, according to cise, interesting and very informative. budget and climate, a.nd to certain styles. The author goes too far, however, in the list If one single element were to be marked for and description of species and varieties for use special praise, it is that a sense of scale is shown in the experienced amateur's garden. So many to be the primary lest of any successful arrange­ possibilities are offered that the newcomer in ment in this usage. Many an arrangement, fine this group will be completely confused. Many in itself, can be out of scale for the edifice or of the varieties recommended would not be the position where it is to stand, and be further hardy in some major sections of the country wrecked by choice of materials that are not suffi­ where these plants are particularly popular. The ciently dominant in character for the place. list is by-and-Iarge a suitable list for the West The next most important inclusion in the Coast area where the author has had his major book is that which discusses all the things that experience. Only 25 out of the 100 varieties have nothing to do with flower arrangement as listed (including 10 which the author calls "the such-Altars, Lights, Vestments, and the Cross old hardy hybrids") are varieties hardy in zones where that is used. Everyone of these impinges One and Two as established by the American upon the proper placement and style of arrange­ Rhododendron Society. ment of flowers or foliage, and of the colors in­ The final chapter on planting lists for special volved. Basically, if decorations are used, they places and purposes will be helpful to the group must be subservient to all these elements, and to which the book is directed. this is made clear. It is unfortunate that a great majority of the There are many practical details, of value illustrations do not add to the value of the particularly to such persons as have charge of book. They certainly do an injustice to the real the placement of decorations from plant ma­ value of the text. Particularly this reviewer terials in any church. would lament the inclusion of some of the illus­ There is a chapter devoted to "The Christian o-ations on "Uses" and most of those supposed Calendar," but it is a calendar based on the ob­ to illustrate the flower characteristics of indi­ servances of the Episcopal and the Roman vidual flower trusses. Better illustrations would Church, not the many Protestant churches that have enhanced the value of the written word. ignore it, in large part; but this is supplemented R. P. i ,VHITE by a Calendar for the Jewish Year, which is not as the other. This same chapter aoes on to list plants available by colors and by'" seasons, with an additional discussion of floral symbolism, much of which seems rather irrelevant, and many of the plants included could not possibly be used 111 any church decoration of size, and be seen five feet away. The illustrations in halftone are centered in Japanese Flower Arrangement in a the book, and show a catholic taste in choice Nutshell. among a variety of churches, denominations and architectural ~t~les , followed by an interesting Ellen Gordon Allen. Charles E. Tuttle Com­ group. of 111dlvldual arrangements, some quite pany, Rutland, Vermont, and Tokyo, Japan. Stllnn111g, and some by themselves of no inter­ 1960 (Tenth Printing). 55 pages. Illustrated. es t, but with every potential when placed cor­ $1 .00. (Library) rectly. This paper-bound book is an inspiring cover­ Some extraneous lists, and a list of ti tIes of age of principles and technique aimed at stimu­ many years coverage in the total field. lating interest in Ikebana. It is a handbook for B_Y.M. beginne];s and advanced students as well. JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 283

Mrs. Allen defines symbolisms in general and Bonsai. Japanese Miniature Trees. the meaning of the famous Japanese word "furyu." With photographs a nd drawings she Their Style, Cultivation and shows how special talent is not necessary to do Training. a J apanese arrangement. She proves art prin· ciples are revealed by nature, based on certain Kan Yashiroda. Charles T . Branford Com­ rules as an approach to symmetry, imparting pany, 75 Union Street, Newton Centre 59, graceful and harmonious curves to the tri·lineal Massachusetts. 1960. 166 pages, plus 48 pages flower arrangement. of 117 illustra tions. $5 .75. (Library) H EATHERLY D. ABERNATH Y ·Whether the American mind and eye will ever a ttain the depths of perception that has been built into the J apanese concept of plants and man is a debatable point. But with the trend to grasp at the symbols of the intima te relationship the J apanese have with plants, Forest and Shade Tree Entomology. America ns should now become experts in the R oger F. Anderson. John Wiley and Sons, culture of Bonsai. Because these crea tions are Inc. , 440 Fourth Avenue, New York 16, New difficult to im port successfully due to various York. 1960. 428 pages. IIlllstrated. $8.50. quarantines, the only answer is to undertake (Library) . the culture here at home. Mr. Yas hiroda has written a book which gives Professor Roger F. Anderson of the School of the details of Bonsai culture in exacting fash­ Forestry, Duke University, has written an in· ion. In addition, he has quietly slipped in a few formative book about the insects that attack co ncepts that will be enjoyed, such as the ex­ fores t trees and wood products. In the first pression of delight and humor in the growth of section (83 pp.) structure, phys iology, classifi­ Mame Bonsa i (Miniature Bonsai) from seed. cation, abundance, insecticides, and principles There are no technical faults to the book, plan t and methods of control are considered. The names are properly des igna ted and there are major part of the book (Sec tion 2) is devoted ample line drawings to simplify the text. AHS to discussion of the individual species that dam­ members who do not particularly care to engage age fo rest and shade trees and wood in use. in the art of Bonsai will still find this a book Illustrations (black-and-white) are numerous well worth having in their library. and very good. The book is both a reference J. L. C. text and manual. C. M.

Tropical and Subtropical Agriculture. Principles of Plant Breeding. J. J. Ochse, M. J. Soule, Jr., M. J. Dijkman, and C. "Vehlburg. The Macmillan Company, R . W. Allard. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 60 Fifth Avenue, New York ll, New York. Fourth Avenue, New York 16, New York. 1961. 1446 pages, in two volumes, boxed. 1960. 485 pages. Illustrated. $9.00. (Library) Illustrated . $35.00. (Library) The content oE most plant breeding texts has This is a magnificent work, long needed and tended to be unduly weighted in the direction of singular value not only in the Tropics them­ of the a u thor's personal area of in terest. Ge­ selves, but to persons working within the United netics and population studies have been dealt States and those sent from here to other coun­ with separately from plant breeding methods as tries. It is quite impossible of review. though tile latter were not completely depend­ There is an imposiHg list of acknowledgments, en t u pan the former. of references and of data reproduced from other "Principles of Plant Breeding" is a new and works, most of them not easily available to welcome type of text in which emphasis is workers in this cotll1try. The authors, who mod­ placed on the genetical basis of plan t breeding es tly write of themselves as writers, are an im ­ methods and iH which these methods are illus­ posing quartette, each with his own special type trated witll work from a great variety of crop of contribution. plants. T he usual dull reading has been re­ The book is di v~ ded into two major portions, placed by material logically developed and in­ the first dealing with general topics, such as terestingly written. Each section is complete in climate and physiology, formation of soil, chem­ itself, allowing the instructor to suit the book ical and phys ical properties of soil and organic to his course needs. This is an excellent text matter, soil fertility, soil management, and cul­ for students of plant breeding. tural practices, crop improvement, economic The laym an without genetical tra ining will considerations, and food value of tropical prod­ find many sections difficult, as a bas ic knowledge ucts. These topics may read as if dull going, of that subject is ass umed . Conspicuous by their but that is not the case, and the co ntents are absence are the methods and applications of splendid and basic. experimental design; an omission for which this Part Two deals with crops, and the arrange­ reviewer .is grateful. Too many plant b reeding ment is based on those that are of paramount texts have blunted the interest of even the most importance in our present economy and then avid beginning student by interspersing other­ follows a long treatment of the other tropical wise intriguing sections with the language of crops tha t are or may be of importance in vary­ biometry--a subject better left to the req uired ing d egrees. These are arranged according to special courses. orders, so that one reads of all the Annonaceous R. "V. LiCHTY species in one secti on, and is reminded that 284 THE Al'vIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

there are many, aside from the delicious cheri­ 25 ,000 and 30,000 species belonging to 2,400 gen­ moya tha t does sometimes reach a northern era. Even with this extensive coverage, so many market, even if not in its best state. Volume areas still remain unexplored botanically that Two continues this treatment and then passes to the compilers believe that the bulk of the task discussions of crops according to the prod uct as still remains to be done, for of orchids alone Spices, Beverages, etc. more than 5,000 species are known, of trees more There is an excellent glossary, author index, than 3,000, etc. Java alone has 500 kinds of subject index, and index of common names. ferns. It is hoped to com p lene the flora in 25 This sort of review cannot begin to indicate years. IVleanwhile at least one volume a year is the degree of care that has gone in to the prep­ promised. aration of every section-in fact, of every sub­ The volumes covering the taxonomic reVlSlons ject. The work is monumental and should be are expected to number about 15, but this is final for any foreseeable future. onl y Series I of the Flora. Series II will cover B.Y.M. the ferns in 3 volumes, Series III the mosses and hepatics in 5 volumes, Series IV the fungi and lichens in 3 volumes, and Series V the algae in 3 volumes. Only Series I is in actual pro­ duction. Because the first three volumes are of general Flora Malesiana. interest to many scientists besides botanists, they are available separately, but beginning with Vol. 1. Malaysian Plant Collectors and Col­ Vol. 4 the books are available only on a sub­ lections. By Mrs. M . .J. Van Steenis-Kruseman. scription basis for the whole of Series I as pub­ Introductory chapters by Dr. C. G. G . .J Van lished. Steenis, general editor. Published under aus­ Two new and commendable ideas are attached pices of Botanic Gardens of Indonesia, Bogor, to the publication of the taxonomic revisions. and of the Rijksherbarium, Leyden, Nether­ The monographs are published in the order in lands. Published by Noordhoff-Kolff N. V., which they are completed and no attempt is Djakarta, Indonesia, 1950. Large octavo, 791 made to follow a taxonomic sequence. There pages. 3 maps, 200 illustrations. Bound in ver­ will be no publication delays resulting from late min-proof cloth. $23.50. manuscripts. Another feature is a complete Vol. 2 ( in preparation) . To consist of an il­ cumulative index at the end of each volume, so lustrated accoun t of the vegetation of Malaya. that reference to the most recent number makes Vol. 3 (in preparation) . To be a detailed it possible to find immediately any natural or­ discussion of the plant-geography. der, genus or species that has been completed Vol. 4. Introductory chapters on importance so far. - of variability of Malaysian p lants (70 pages), The magnitude of the flora is a bit overwhel­ history of Malaysian phytograpmy (90 pages), ming because collectors and collections in that dates of publication of Malaysian species (60 part of the world go back to Marco Polo, the pages), and with this volume begin the taxo­ area covered is 5 mill ion sq uare kilometers, and nomic revisions (630 pages). Genera keyed, ex­ 989,492 p lant specimens have been gathered for tensively illustrated with d istribution maps and the authors and compilers to describe. When line drawings illustrative of each genus. Revi­ they get done, Malaysia will be the first tropical sions of 65 natural orders. Djakarta 1954. $24.50. region with a complete and modern flora. Vol. 5. Introductory chapters cover an anno­ EDWIN A. MENNINGER tated, selected bibliography by area, by natural orders, and by genera (144 pages), citation of serials and books (20 pages), taxonomic delim­ itations (65 pages), supplement to Malaysian plant collectors and collections (105 pages), continuation of taxonomic revisions (595 pages) . Contemporary Perennials. Revision of 24 natural orders. Djakarta 1958. $28.50. Roderick W. Cumming and Robert E. Lee. Vol. 6 ( in preparation 1959-1963) . Revisions The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Avenue, of Cyperaceae, Thymelaeaceae, Verbenaceae, New York 11, New York. 1960. 363 pages. Ericaceae, Menispermaceae, Bignoniaceae, Mal­ Illustrated with Line Drawings by Allianora vaceae, Capparidaceae, Myristicaceae, Sapotaceae, Rosse. $6.95. (Library) Moraceae, etc. A well known nurseryman from Bristol, Con­ Series II. Pteridophyta (Ferns and fern al­ necticut, and a professor of floriculture at Cor­ lies). Vol. 1, Part 1, is now in preparation. Dr. nell University have given the gardener a much­ R. E. Holttum, who retired three years ago as needed, up-to-date book on selected herbaceous professor of botany at the University of Singa­ perennial species and their cultivars. The first pore and is now attached to Kew, is editor of 48 pages, which include planning, planting and this volume. Momentarily Dr. Holttum is in care of the garden, offer good practical infor­ the United States. mation. The body of the book alphabetically The Flam Malesiana, of which the first three describes each genus which is followed by the volumes have now appeared, undertakes to pre­ garden value, soil and exposure, care and prop­ sent an up-to-date, comprehensive account of agation along with species and cultivars of note. the flora of Malaysia (the Malay peninsula, In­ Selected lists conclude this timely and knowl­ donesia, the Philippine Islands, Sarawak, Borneo, edgeable guide to growing better perennials. Timor, New Guinea, etc.). It is an international It is of interest to note that the generous project on which 50 institutes and 50 plant tax­ dedication is "to E. O. which stands for Each onomists are collaborating. The flora is an en­ One who has in any way contributed to the suc­ tirely new, original publication, which in due cessful completion of this book." course will include a critical account of between LOIS "V. PAUL JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 285

Gardens in Winter. T his second edition of the needle-leaved trees or conifers covers essentia lly the sa me ground as Elizabeth Lawrence. Harper and Brothers, the 1955 edition but with several important ad­ Publishers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York ditions to the list of co nifers, and a modernized 16, New York. 196 1. 218 pages. Illustrated. nomenclature. 1483 species , varieties, forms, and $4.50. (Library) cultivars of conifers are listed. T h e book in­ This is an enchanting book by the a uthor of cludes not only the cultivated kinds grown in A Sou.thern Garden a nd The Little Bulbs. Mi s Central E urope but includes those potentially Lawrence writes of h er own garden in Charlotte, useful but not ye t introduced. North Carolina, and she gives us first hand Die Nadelgeholze is a descriptive reference knowledge of how the various subjects react in volume designed for persons working with coni­ her garden. She shares with us information on fers at the practical level. For those who read these sa me plants in other climates, and under German, there is a very useful up-to-date intro­ other conditions, brought to h er through her ductory piece on classification of the conifers correspondence with other gardeners in every drawn from the latest and most reliable so u rces. corner of the United States and abroad. The descriptive list which embodies most of the "Ve meet many new people in h er book, and book begins with A bies and finishes with Wid­ renew acquaintance with old friends. B. Y. Mor­ drin gtonia. rison and Mr. Krippendorf tell us of plants T he work is handsom ely illustrated with dis­ growing as far apart as Missi sippi and Ohio. We tribu tion maps that clearly depict the geograph­ read of such well-known gardeners as the late ica l d istribution of each genus. Detailed draw­ E. A. Bowles and Canon Ellacombe, Miss J ekyll, ings are also included and full page illustrations and countless others, who were aware of the de­ of co nes and oth er details of the plant are scat­ lights to be fo und in the winter garden. tered amply throughout the work. The closeup Caroline Dorma n. whom we enco unter ea ting photographs that pepper the volume from be­ berries of Elaeagnus umbellata, did the fine illus­ ginning to end add much eye-appeal and prac­ trations, and the list of the sources of plants at tical usefulness to this book. A t the back there the back of the book should prove very useful­ is a list of 95 locations, mostly in Europe and it covers a wide area of the country, as well as America where outstanding co ll ections of coni­ one or two places outside the United States. fers exist. A large bibliography is included at F. P.-K. the end. All gardeners, foresters, agriculturists, a nd users in related fields will soo n discover this Palms. work to be an indispensable reference work to this most importan t group of plants. The for­ Desmond Muirhead. D ale Stuart King, Pub­ mat and printing are in the highest quality as lisher, Six Shooter Canyon, Globe, Arizona. we have learned to associate with the Paul 1961. 140 pages , Illustrated. Paper Back Parey Press. $1.95 (washable vinyl cloth on boards $3.20) . F. G. M. (Library.) The author is British, British trained , but with practical experience in many places out of Britain, and apparently only recent experience within the United States. His point of view is that of the landscape architect and city planner and his text is particularly valuable for precise­ ly that reason. The text is illustrated by half­ Plant Disease Handbook. tones of varying clearness and excellence, and many sketches by the author that emphasize the Cynthia Westcott. D . Van Nostrand Com­ particula r design values of the palm shown. p an y, 120 Alexander Street, Princeton, New There are also several design plans in the back J ersey. 1960, Second Edition. 825 pages. Il­ of the book that show the use of palms in large lustrated. $13.50. (Library) des igns, city pl ans, and some of small residen­ This is a second edition of a valuable refer­ tial size. All are provocative. en ce on plant diseases. It is a book for both the The text contains any number of opinions gardener as well as the technically trained per­ that may and should lead to controversial dis­ son. The author refers to it as a compendium. cuss ions, so mething that all good design texts It is technical in parts but those sections deal­ should do. In the opinion of this reviewer the ing with practical phases of the disease are in book is likely to be of more value to the pro­ terms that the lay person can understand. fessional man than the home builder. The T he arrangement of the book is essentiall y as point of view particularly stressed is that of the in the first edition, with the major chapter a Southwest, which m akes an excellent co ntrast to discussion of the various diseases, their descrip­ the books that tell more of palms to the South- tion and control. This is followed by the ch ap­ east. ter on the host plants with a list of diseases B.Y.M. known on each . The plants listed begin with Abelia through Zizia. The author h as enlarged the sections on nem­ Die Nadelgeholze. atodes and on virus diseases to bring in new in­ formation which has been found since the first (Cultivated Conifers) edition . T hese are important areas in present Gerd Kriiss mann. Verlag, Paul Parey, Ber­ day plant pathology. lin and H amburg. Germany. Distributed by Drawings and photographs help in the under­ Stechert-Hafner, Inc., 31 East Tenth Street, stand ing plus a glossary of terms. T he serious New York 3. New York. 1960, 2nd Editioll . st IJd ent will appreciate the extensi" e bibliogra­ ~3tj pages. 419 figures. $10040. phy. C. B. L. 286 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

Hawaiian Flowers & Flowering Trees. greens for New England Gardens," because out­ side this area the author is obviously not much A Guide to T ropical and Semitropical Flom. a t home with his subject. Specific information Loraine E. Kuck and Richard C. Tongg. given about plants that grow best south of New Charles E. Tuttle Company, Rutland, Ver­ York is often hazy and in a few instances in­ mont, and Tokyo, Japan. 1958, First paper­ accurate_ The book might have been more care­ bound Edition, I !J60. 158 pages. Illustrated. fully organized. While the content obviously is $2.45 . (Library) written for the amateur, most amateur garden­ This paper-back book, printed in Japan, is a ers will not find it easy to use. If an outline popular edition of an earlier cloth-bound vol­ format had been used instead of a discursive ume. The title would be more accurate if re­ one the average home gardener would find the worded, "Cultivated Flowers and Flowering book far more useful and informative. Trees of Hawa ii " for, as noted by the publish­ FREDERICK G. MEYER ers, this is primarily an account of the com­ moner cultivated flowering plants to be seen in any tropica l garden whether it be in Honolulu or Miami, J amaica or Zanzibar. Of the 100 or more tropicals illustrated in attractive color Orchids. Their Botany and Culture. paintings, scarcely a handful are native to the Hawa ii an Archipelago. Alex D. Hawkes. Harper and Brothers, Pub­ The thumbnail sketches uive common and lishers, 49 East 33rd Street, New York 16, scientific names, common fad;ily name, country New York. 1961. 297 pages . Illustrated. or area of origin, and descriptive paragraphs $6 .95. (Library) . about the plant but not including culture. A minor criticism has to do with the selection in The author states very clearly in his Preface some cases of common family names. Authors in precisely what he intended to do, and then does general would be wise to help standardize such it. All is well organized, cl ea rly written, well names by always selecting the common name of Illustrated and precise. The veries t beuinner the type genus which normally appears as the can find here cl ear instructions, though often in root of the Latin family designation. Thus, So­ rather brief form , which may give him momen­ lanaceae is better called " Potato Family" (after tary doubts of his own understanding. There Solanum) rather than "Tomato Family" (page need be ~o need of that. In such pla~es where 32) , and Apocynaceae is better "Dogbane Fam­ the Il1dlvldual must make his own decision that il y" (after APOC)I11wn) than "Periwinkle Fam­ is clearly stated, as in the discLl ssion of fe~ding il y" (page 114) . practices, pottIl1g media, amounts of light, and W. H. H. so on. The illustrations, which are clear, are mostly habit pictures, photographs, some from ama­ teurs, some from professionals and some from ~ommercial men. In only a few cases have draw­ The Evergreens. Il1gs . been used or reproductions from old pub­ licatIOns; all are clear. The author himself has James H . Beale. Doubleday and Company. contributed some. Inc. 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22. If the amateur, not the beginner, wishes to New York. 1960. 285 pages. Illustrated. cavil over anythinu a t all, it may be that the $4.50. (Library)_ "feel" of the whole" book is botanical rather than Author Beale, long-time director of the Boyce hor,ticultural, in the sense of cultural practices . Thompso n Arboretum at Yonkers, New York, ThIS cannot be held as a fault, since Botany brings out a timely book about evergreen trees comes first in the title! and shrubs in a style for the amateur gardener. The Appendix contains mllch that is well Altogether, the author lists several hundred worth reading, a disc ussion of Names and Classi­ kinds of evergreens available to gardeners living fication in which much is touched upon but no in the Atlantic states, mainly for New England mentIOn of the present status in which one may resldents, but the book is quite applicable for enco unter a name for a hybrid population fol­ residents as far south as Washington, D. C. This lowed by the name of the individual from it is strictly a how-to-do-it book with emphasis on that is. named as a start of a clone. Some truly fantastIc results come from this. This section fundamentals the author encourages his readers is followed by a Phylogenetic List of more im­ to accept in selecting kinds of evergreens and portance to botanists than others and to end how to grow them_ The book is divided into all there is an excellent index. ' two distinct parts: B. Y. M. (1) Conifers (pines, spruces, arbor-vitae, cy­ presses, yews, firs, and junipers) with needle­ like leaves and cones (conifer flowers of separate sexes are borne in cone-like aments); and (2) broad-leaved evergreens, a very diverse group of woody flowering plants (with flowers in the Iris for Every Garden. usual sense), including boxwood, some bar­ berries, a magnolia, many rhododendrons, azal­ Sydney B. Mitchell. M. Barrows and Com­ eas, and many hollies, to list only a very few pany, Incorporated, 425 Fourth Avenue, New kinds described by that term. York 16, New York. 1960 (Revised Edition, Very few books about evergreens have been June 1960). 216 pages. Illustrated. $4.95. produced in recent years. Thus, a book of this (Library) scope is. timely. A more appropriate title, how­ A revised edition of a well oruanized book on ever, might hal'e been chosen, such as "Ever- the iris written for American c~ nditions. It is JULY 1961, VOLU1'vIE 40, NUMBER 3 287 a gardener's book written with a mlll11nUm of Japanese Flower Arrangement, technical terms. The reader will find sugges­ tions on kind and culture for most sections of Classical and Modern. the United States. All of the iris types are in­ Norman J. Sparnon. Charles E. Tuttle, Rut­ cluded- bulbous, crested, beardless, and the land, Vermont, and Tokyo, J apan. 1960. 264 bearded types with rhizome and fl eshy root­ pages. lIlustrated ..~ 1 5.00. (Library) stocks. For the iris fancier culLu ral sugges tions are given for each major type. In addition there \\lhat more can one want in a book? is information on cu ltura l variations between No pains have b een spared to make this the the different groups. Iris varieties are discussed most informative and inspiring book ever writ­ in a general way and the techniques of hybrid­ ten on J apanese flower arrangement. There are ization described and illustrated. The appendix one hundred and nvo full color photographs provides a list of high rating bea rded varieties, and draWings, plus one hundred and fifteen a li-st of species in their order of bloom and black and whites. It is printed in J apan; book lists of so urces of additional information on iris design and typography are by M. Weatherby. and sources of plants. A practical book for those This is a full course, step by step, on classical with a special iris interest. C. B. L. and modern , authentically based on two of the most reputed schools in Japan-Ikenobo and Sogetsu. It is wholeheartedly endorsed by both. Mr. Sparnon, having spent many years in All About Begonias. Japan, is fll1ent in both spoken and written Jap­ ane e. H e is a fll lly accredited master and a Bernice Brilmayer. Doubleday and Company, d irector in the Sogetsu School and an ardent Inc., 575 Madison Avenue, New York 22, New sllpporter of Ikebana International. York. 223 pages. Illustrated. $4.95 . (Li­ This is for those who appreciate this fasci- brary) naling Oriental art. Bego nias are a varied and interesting group HEATHERLY D. ABERNATHY of plants which des ~ rve more attention by those who want interesting house plants. The author first describes the general culture of begonias, Japanese Flower Arrangelnent with such subjects as propagation, condition; necessary for their growth and so ils. In the For American Homes. chapter on p ests and pL-oblems there is a help­ Mary Badham Kittel. The Viking Press, Inc. ful guide in diagnosing difficulties in growing of 625 Ivlad ison Avenue, New York 22, New begonias and what may be done to correct them. York. 1960. 168 pages . Illustrated. $6.95. The major groups of begonias are d e ~ cribed (Library) with cllltural suggestions for that specific type and li sts of species and varieties. These lists Mrs. Kittel has ex pressed in Mer book Nope have a brief description of each kind and are that the Japanese method of decoratimg with divided into those for b ~ ginners , for advanced flowers might be adapted to our western homes. growers, for coII €ctors and in some cases those She has realistically ruled out the haphazard or "varieties to watch and wait for," the newest. carelcss fl ow ~r arrangement and has proven thal The ill lI stra tions and pictu res add to the fundamental knowl edge of classic tradition and usefulneSS of the book, especially to illustrate rll l ~ s are ne~ 2 ssary. H er drawings of holders, cultural methods and to show the great variation containers, stem,. ane how to lise them, are ex­ in this genus. C. B. L. cell ent and s ;mpl ~ enough for even the beginner to understand. She shows mamual skill in tech­ nique, efficiency in mastering the basic prin­ ciples, and easy ways to good flow er arrange­ m ent. Chrysanthemums Indoors. HEATHERLY D . ABERNATHY Vera Todd Bayles. Hearthside Press, Inc., 11 8 East 28th Street, New York 16, New York. 1960. 92 pages. 51 illllstrations (54 photo­ graphs) . $3 .50. (Library) OtheT Boohs Added to the Lihmry To the hortinllturist the title of this book is misleading; this is one dealing with chrysanthe­ Citnls Fruits. mums as material in flower arrangements and H. Harold Hllme. The Macmillan Company, decorations. Principles of desi~n are disctlSsed, New York, New York. (Revised Edition of using the chrysanthemum as the featured flow­ The Cultivation of Citrus Fruits). 1957. 444 er. Corsage making is illustrated using the pages. Illustrated. $10 .50. (Library). chrysanthemum. One chapter is concerned with the ClIlture of chrysantherl1ums in pots or other The ObseT/Jer's Baal! of Cacti containers for decorative li se. It includes the and ther SuC(ulents. training of plants as cascades with sketches to 0 show the technique. A short section is devoted S. H. Scott. Frederick Warne & Company, to the m ethod of growing chrysanthemums as Inc., New York, New York. 1958. 159 pages. bonsa i pI.ants and this is illustrated with photo­ Illustrated. $1.25. (Library). graphs of a plant on a large rock. The chapter on a chrysanthemum show and the clas: ification The Manual of Shrub Roses. is a start but not enough information to help anyone very much if they were to organize or G. S. Thomas. SllI1ningdale Nurseries, Win­ manage such a show. dlesham. Surrey, England. (1957- 19.58). 80 C.BL. pages . Illustrated. 3;. 288 THE ArvIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

IVAN N . ANDERSON Camellia X "Little Princess" The Gardeners' Pocketbook

Camellia X "Little Princess" many frosty nights makes a good show­ III the January 1961 issue of the Jow'­ ing. The innermost three petals are mu.ch larger than the others, pure white, nal at Lh~ America:l Camellia Society, page 34, IS the offiCIal descri ption wi th w.hlle the others may be tinted with registration number (No. 525) of this pmk, and the sepals are definitely rose chan11lng hybrid originated by Mr. K. pmk. Sawada, to whom we owe many other de­ I~ the Li ttle ~ri ncess, the petals are lightful camellias. as m Japonz ca with a fine set of petals The note furnishes several very im­ next the calyx, and various inner petals portan t facts, particularly that the plant of smaller dimensions, as it flowered IS slow If grown from cuttings; but will here, but no petaloids here nor were make a good plant quickly if grafted on there any single flowers. Diameter, about a large understock. two inches. The Editor's plant was given him by Th.e pale rose color is deepest on the Mr. Sawada himself and is still in the margms of the petals, and fades grad­ ually into white in the center of each. ol~iginal. can, having been kept this first 1£ there are not too many petals, some wmter 111 the cool greenhouse in order stamens show with the contrast of the t? be .sure ~o. see the flowers in perfec­ tIon, s1l1ce, If It resembles its C. tmtenw golden. poll~n on the open anthers. parent, it would surely bloom during the There IS a famt scent, rather like that of period when winter frosts may, and t1:ate1'11a, but not enough to perfume the aIr. often do, com~ , when one wishes sorely for frost-free nights. The understock ap­ No effort was r:oade to self-pollinate the blooms but this season, with its con­ pears to be no more than three-quarters of an inch in diameter, if that, and the tinued. cold, did not permit much suc­ top is now about .eighteen inches high cess WIth the pollination (self again) of with good branch1l1g, and at the time the blooms on tmtel"na, a species that of this writing, mid-April, there are fine here rarely makes more than one or two f:ui ts if left to itself, and not hand pol­ new g~" Owt!1S from every possible point. The clIrectlOn of the main stem is slight­ lmated. Frequently there are no more ly over-arching and the branches all have tha~ two, and often only one seed per the same fine curve, all of it, much as in frUIt. Now that the Camellia Society is con­ tTal erna itself. The leaves are mat in surface, a nice cerned with finding new types of camel­ lia blooms, possibly others will want to middle tone of green, and the young work on this Chinese species, either as leaves have a fine range of bronzy tints, pollen parent or vice versa.-B. Y. MOR­ as in tmte1'11.a. RISON, Pass Christian, jl1.ississippi. Actually the plant differs from fratenw chiefly in the doubling of the flowers, Gardenia jasminoides and the fact that the flower clusters, borne on short axillary spurs, are more If the reader is of the male sex It IS often facing upwards than not. While almost certain that sooner or later he the writer of this note has a possibly sen" will wear a gardenia in his button-hole timental bias in favor of tmterna, until either at his own wedding or a.s best man the plants of that species are of fairly at his friend's. Does he on that occasion good height one does not see the full consider from where the flower came or beauty of its flowers, for they hang down­ who was responsible for introducing it ward and even when in some quantity, into cultivation in the western world! do not make a good showing of their For centuries it has been known to the beauty. Chinese but only recently to the white As has been noted in this magazine man. Robert Fortune, whose travels in before, seedlings of tmtema itself grow China commenced in 1843 inaugurated slowly but once well established make a new era in the history of botanical dis­ faster growth than in the first three years. coveries in that country, was responsible It does not hold all its leaves as well as for introducing many lovely plants into in many camellias of other provenance, England. In his book, Three Years' but has quite enough. When it has set­ Wanderings in China, published in 1847, tled into its stride, it flowers well and if he writes of plants seen by him at Soo­ December and January do not have too chow-foo " ... and a Gardenia with large [2891 290 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

F. WILBUR SElDERS Diosj)y1"OS texana (o ld "pictuTesque" tTee) used in the landscape of a Houston anhitect's office. Gl"otmd coveT plant is Tmchelospennum jasminoides. . JULY 1961, VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 291 white blossoms like a Camellia." This many a possum out of persimmon trees variety was later named Fo?·tuniana in that didn't look anything like that!" his honor. The species from which this The leaves of the Texas species are and other double-flowered forms have about one-sixth the size of those of the been derived is G. jasminoides, a native eastern persimmon, the gray bark on of South China, possibly also of Japan. older trees is smooth instead of rough G. florida and G. radicans are synonyms. and the frui t is black, not orange to In his book, Plant Httnting in China, brown. The fruits are alike in shape and E. H. M. Cox refers to the fact that in taste, however, and the only other simi· 1848 Fortune found that in Shanghai larity is that the roots of both ~rees are good plants of the fine form of Gardenia black. In the southern part of Its range flO?-icla, called after him, were on sale at our tree is evergreen. two shillings a hundred. In the wes tern part of the S ta te it re­ The single-flowered wild form is com­ ceives about one-fifth the amoLlnt of mon in ravines in Hong Kong and in rainfall it receives in HOLlston, and in South China. When in flower, in April arid rocky regions it has less foliage and and the first half of May, the shrub, the growth appears more gnarled than which grows from three to nine or ten ever in the East. feet, is very attractive. The flowers have Landscape architects have us~d i~ in a simple grace, as of a debutante, each p atios and courtyards where Its ltght poised at the tip of a side shoot and colored bark, twisted and gnarled ap­ facing heavenwards. A shrub may have pearance, with dark green leaves, make 100 flowers out together and their fra­ it a character tree of value, but on range grance, sweet but with a soupr;-on of lands it is often a pest like other chap­ mushroom, carries for several yards. The arral. flowers have six to nine petals held in a Pistillate trees, in five gallon cans and plane at right angles to the tube. A~ they at four years of age and often four feet age they change from white to IVO~- y, tall, bear fruit. The fruit that has some­ then to pale yellow. The almost sessIle times been used as a dye, varies in eat­ anthers curl back between the petal­ ing quality as does the fru.it of the ea~t­ lobes. The calyx is more developed than ern species, though there IS some vana­ in the double forms and persists. The tion among trees, and many conSider the fruits are very characteristic; they are flavor inferior to that of the eastern ridged berries, the ridges continue into species. the calyx lobes which flare outwards. In Seed from partly green fruits will the autumn the mature berries turn sprout in twenty days. -Well-ripened seed from green to a rich orange splashed is usually slower. with red. Birds peck at the bernes and The Texas persimmon can withstand eat the seeds. A yellow dye may be o.b­ a temperature of lO' degrees F., or even tained by boiling the macerated frUl~s colder. It grows best in well drained soil in water and has been used by the Chi­ and does not appear to require the al~a­ nese for many centuries; it was men­ line soil that is common over most of Its tioned by Chau Ju-Kua in Canton about natural range. It does not produce the A.D. 1200. multitude of sprouts that are common The drawings of the wild form indi­ from the eastern kind, which rarely over­ cate its simple elegance; that of the. dou­ laps it in range. Its mature height . in ble form was of a half-starved speCImen, arid regions is often no mo.re than nme the only one avai lable, drawn in Stanley feet, and may be less, although it will Internment Camp, Hong Kong.-G. A. grow much larger under more favorable C. HERKLOTS, Katmandu, Nepal. conditions. The Texas Persimmon It is sometimes known as lVIexican per­ The Texas persimmon, Diospyros tex­ simmon or chapote. ana, grows naturally from the ~0l!-s~on Although grown chiefly as an orna­ area to west Texas, and into adjommg mental, one can only wonder if it could Mexico. Its appearance is s? different hybridize with D. virginiana, whether or from that of the eastern perSimmon, D. not it would take a rootstock for other viTginiana, that they seem scarcely re­ species, and whether ~t is worthy of any lated when one first looks. An east further work to get Its value complete, Texan acquainted with the common per­ not merely as a picturesque ornamental. simmon unbelievingly said, ''I've shook -LYNN LOWREY, Houston, T exas. 292 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE

I Eat One Arbutus unedo Fruit Experiment With Two Conifers To make a statement in print is all in Alabama that is needed to have it proved untrue. There is something very fascinating I had no more than written that Arbutus about trying to grow native trees and unedo never fruits in these parts, when shrubs outside their natural ranges. One I looked up into the deep green branches might call this an experiment in ecology, of the one in my garden, and saw two for one must try to match as closely as small red balls and one smaller pale yel­ possible, a site condition in the new low one. This was in November when home comparable to that of the original the branches were tipped with bunches habitat, if possible. The writer has tried to do this, using of little white flowers. The shrub has California redwood (Sequoia semper­ been growing there for eight years, and Vi1"ens) and Canada hemlock (Tsuga the one in my Raleigh garden had been canadensis). Aside from the pleasure of there for ten years when we left, but trying this out, there is another reason: these are the first fruits I have ever seen. I like them as ornamentals. The Red­ It was well that I looked up when I wood Forest in California is very beau­ did, for a few days later, when I went tiful and the hemlock brings back mem­ out to admire them, I found that the ories of the quiet wild ravines of beech, yellow ball had disappeared, one red cottonwood and Jack pine behind Mich­ one was shrivelled, and the other was on igan's coastal sand dunes. the ground. I tasted the one that had The "almost" subtropical Gulf Coast fallen. It was insipid, but of a pleasant of Alabama would not seem a likely custard consistence; the only disagree­ place to grow these two conifers. The able trait is the granular skin, which long hot summer with its daily round of needn't be eaten. I found no seed, but 80 degrees F. mean temperature, is hard perhaps I ate them without knowing it. on plants from cooler regions, yet it is possible to find ravines and shaded hill Arbutus is hard to transplant unless slopes that offer a different exposure for it comes in a can, and it seems to be these plants, than do the hot Turkey tender when young, but once established oak-Longleaf Pine ridges inland. It is in I find it more weatherproof than many such a situation that I have planted the shrubs that I consider perfectly hardy. redwood and the hemlocks. The broken Although it gets off to a rather slow shade, higher soil moisture, and mulch start, this one has grown to ten feet in seem to be the key to their survival to 8 years. It is said to be tolerant to heat date. and drought, though it responds to a There are eight hemlocks planted and moist, well-drained soil. It prospers in they have been in the ground three years. sand or clay, and in sun or half shade, The parent trees from which the seeds and tolerates lime though it belongs to were taken are in North Carolina, Con­ the heath family. The one thing it necticut, and Canada. All have good col­ needs is protection from wind. or in the foliage, and range in height I have read that cuttings strike well in from eighteen inches to three feet. The summer and fall, and also that it is im­ plants from the southernmost seed possible to get them to strike at any source are the largest but all have exhib­ time. If the latter is true, perhaps that ited the curious phenomenon of elon­ is the reason that this beautiful shrub gating the tip growth in lat~ March or is so hard to find. I think I shall try lay­ early April and then stoppmg growth ering. Autumn is the time. about June for the remainder of the Arbutus is supposed to be a bee plant, season even though conditions seem "far and wide they feed on the arbutus," right for them to continue growing with but I have never seen a bee visiting mine. another flush or two. This probably ex­ They spend their time hovering over the plains their slow growth. sasanquas that bloom at the same time. The redwood, on the other hand, So far as I know this shrub has only grows with considerable vigor and one fault; sometimes small black spots matches a nearby Taxodium distichum come on the leaves. Fortunately there is in this respect. It has not been planted nothing that can be done about this, so long enough in this region to make any it doesn't cause any trouble.-ELIZABETH conclusions about its adaptability but it LAWRENCE, Charlotte, North Carolina. certainly has started out with promise. JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 293

G. HAMPFLER

Anthurium warocqueanum This raises another question: why does the redwood show such promise of enduring conditions in the deep south In modern times, the numerous mem­ while the coastal Douglas-fir does not, bers of the Arum Family (ARACEAE) are at least to date? increasingly popular with plantsmen, These two trees grow side by side in such genera as Caladium, Philodendron, coastal California under almost identical Zantedeschia, DiefJen bachia, Monstem, conditions, but here, the beautiful Doug­ and Scindapsus being widely grown. The las-fir begins to look anything but beau­ largest genus in the ARACEAE, Anthw'i­ tiful after a short time. The question um (with an estimated 600 species, all remains ,and intrigues me and I plan to indigenous to the Americas from Cuba continue observations on these species and IVIexico southward), also contains and such others, perhaps, as Abies religi­ numerous representatives which have osa from Mexico and Pseudotsuga macro­ found a favored position in our collec­ carpa, the Big-cone Spruce.-E. .J. HOR­ tions. DER, NIobile, Alabama. The cultivated Anthuriums are basi- 294 THE AMERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE cally divided, from a horticultural point Concerning Tazettas of view, into two distinct groups-those The tazetta group of narcissus do well grown for their "flowers" and those in the local sandy flat terrain in our part grown for their "foliage." Anthttrium of Virginia, at least, they do well for all andreanum and myriad hybrids derived our friends who are not the least inter­ in large part from it make up the bulk ested in the care and feeding of daffodils. of the first group. The subject of the In fact, there is a beautiful old taze tta present brief note is a representative of of unknown origin that grows with aban­ the second group, the "foliage" Anthuri­ don in Tidewater, Virginia. It has a urns. milk-white perianth with cups of deep Anthurium warocqueanum must cer­ cream. One authority called it "Seven­ tainly be classed among the finest and teen Sisters." Another said it might be most spectacular of all the genus-and Scilly White. Some one else suggested indeed, is usually considered to be one that all tazettas of that type are known of the most handsome of all araceous as 'White Pearl, not the 'White Pearl plants. Indigenous to the warmer parts listed as Class 2 C in the 1958 R.H.S. of Colombia, it has been in cultivation Classified List of Daffodil Names, but a for many years, but even today is a rarity true tazetta in the old sense, botanical in our collections, this due to its relative not horticultural. unavailability in the trade, and also to Six years ago we dug some of these its somewhat refractory temperament. Its bulbs from an ancient historic but appearance may be ascertained by exam­ deserted garden, where they h ad been ination of the accompanying photo­ neglected for years. \l\Tith utmost care, graph, made of a superb specimen at we divided the clumps and planted the Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, bulbs in deeply spaded, rich soil. The Pennsylvania. result has been disappointing. Every In the wild generally growing epi­ year the foliage has been frozen and only phytically in dense, humid forests, this rarely are there blooms. In contrast, our fabulous Anthurium consists of a rela­ neighbors have a profusion of blooms tively robust caudex, copiously rooting, with up to twenty flowers per scape, from which arises a quantity of leaves, from their neglected and unfed clumps. these of considerable longevity. As is the Soliel d'Or has responded in the same case with most members of this genus manner for us. Years ago we dumped (and of most aroids, for that matter), a our discarded forced Paper Whites back certain amount of clonal variation oc­ of the Smoke House. After a few years, curs, with the largest and most valued they bloomed profusely about Christ­ forms bearing leaves individually meas­ mas time in their outside location. No uring somewhat in excess of four feet one seemed enthusiastic about walking from tip to tip. These are arranged in a to the rear of the smoke house late in singularly symmetrical fashion, often December, so we moved them to beds facing in regular planes, and hang sharp­ close to the house. We have not had a ly from the petioles. Their coloration is single bloom since we transplanted them. a remarkable velvety dark green, often Can it be that if the tender foliage is almost a black-green, with the strongly left in masses, it would provide a natural prominent midrib and principal veins a protection against severe winter freezes? noticeably paler hue, often almost green­ Or do they prefer poor untended soil? ish-white, thus offering a startling and We have several named varieties of ta­ striking contrast to the ground-hue. zettas, all of which suffer from frost bit­ The flowers of Anthurium warocque­ ten foliage. N. compressa from Alex anum, as frequently obtains in the case Gray is perhaps the most beautiful and of these "foliage" species of the group, robust. It has pure white perianth seg­ are relatively nondescript, with an elon­ ments of good substance and large beau­ gate tapering spadix and thin, somewhat tifully formed deep primrose goblet­ twisted, usually dull green spathe several shaped cups. inches in length. For the past two years, N. panizzianus, It is a remarkable plant, but one of also from Gray, bloomed outside in Sep­ many hundreds of beautiful members of tember. It is a starry-shaped flower with the varied and fascinating ARACEAE.­ many flowers to the scape. Hiawassee, ALEX D. HAWKES, Coconut Grove, Flor­ bred by Edwin C. Powell but obtained ida. from Mitsch, is an exquisite late and JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUMBER 3 295 very hardy pure white tazetta, but often two feet. At Gainesville spores are pro­ it produces only three or four flowers duced in early summeF. After the sori per scape. N. canaliculatus will not (spore-bearing areas) have turned dark bloom for us, after the first year. N. brown, a portion of frond with ripe (but dubius is beautiful but fragile and tem­ ~till unopened) spore cases, may be put peramental. Haligny does very well but 111 an envelope and sealed. I'Vithin a day its huge flower head on a short stem gives or so the. spores ~re shed and may be pre­ it an awkward appearance. N. be?-toloni pared for sow1l1g by shaking them also from Gray, bloomed just once and through a fine handkerchief held over a was not especially pretty. His N. odoT­ sheet of clean white paper. This proce­ atu.s is strikingly similar to our locally dure separates the spores from debris established tazetta. (liVe asked Gray why which might cause mold to form after we could not find this name in the the spores are sown. The spores remain R.H.S. Classified List, and he replied Viable for only a month or so. I have that he had coined it, but that it was found that dusting the spores on the indeed Class 10!) surface of Hyponex solution two tea­ In the autumn of 1960 we planted spoons per gallon of boiled waler con­ Grand Monarque, White Pearl and Hors tained in a flat glass dish and co,'ered d'Oeuvre; also Gray's new miniature with a sheet of glass and placed in a bred from N. canalindatus x N. minor) north windm~, will carry the sjJorelings and hope it will perform as well as his to a stage suItable for transfer to a soil Shrew, which is of the same parentage medium. and a real miniature. vVe will report If the spores are sown directly on soil, results later.-MRs. RICHARD N. DARDEN) the spores of many other species of ferns JR.) Newsoms) ViTginia. are present which outgrow the tree [ems. After a month to six weeks most spores Growing Tree Ferns Outdoors should have developed into flat, heart­ in Northern Florida shaped structures floating on the surface of the solution. At this stage they may Usually when one thinks of tree ferns be poured on the surface of compacted being grown in this country a picture of dark peat, filling a six inch pot to with­ them in a glassed house comes to mind. in about one and a half inches of the I have found one species, however, A lso­ rim, The pot may then be buried to phila coopeTi Hook. ex F. Muell. (pass­ within one and a half inches of the top ing incorrectly in the trade as A. awtmlis in soil that is well shaded. Cover the pot R. Br.) to be surprisingly resistant to with a sheet of glass. The glass cover is cold. For over 12 years I grew a speci­ most important since rain on the spore­ men outdoors at Gainesville, where it lings of this stage, less than one-eighth survived temp~ratures of below 20°F. on inch in diameter, will kill them. After numerous occasions. But, after it had the plants have attained about one-quar­ attained a trunk height of over seven ter inch in diameter they should be wet­ feet it ironically succumbed to an attack ted at least once a week by dipping the of termites. I had believed that these in­ pot in water and letting the soil become sects feed only on dead plant material thoroughly saturated, A film of mois­ but the entire central, non-vascular por­ ture must be present to allow the male tion of the trunk had been completely gametes formed by the sporeling to swim eaten by these pests. I have lost many and fertilize the female gametes. other tree ferns in this manner, but Usually about four months after the thoroughly dusting the lower portion of sowing of the spores the first small leaves their trunks and the soil about them of the ferns will become evident. The within a radius of a foot with 5% chlor­ first leaves do not look fernlike, bu teach dane powder once a year affords com­ new frond will more closely resemble plete protection. those of a mature plant. I have had best To propagate this species one must success if I allow the young ferns to de­ raise them from spores as, unlike most velop fronds about two inches long be­ ferns of temperate regions, the stem does fore transplanting to moist peat. One not branch nor does it form offshoots should obtain at least 50 plants from a from the base. Spores are produced on six inch pot if this procedure is followed. the underside of fronds of plants that If the spores are sown in July, two inch have attained a trunk height of about plants should be attained by spring. 296 THE AlVIERICA N HORT ICULT URAL MAGAZINE

ALBERT M. LAESSLE Alsophila cooperi as grown outdoors in Northern Florida JULY 1961 , VOLUME 40, NUNrBER 3 297

During freezes I cover my young ferns Gulf States and also along the _-\llantic and sporelings with a corrugated card­ coast at least as far north as Charleston. board box_ "\Then the trunks attain heights that If monthly fertilization with H yponex would make winter protection difficult, solution of the same strength used in it might be well to replace them wi til cuI turi ng the spores is practiced, ferns smaller plants that are more easily pro­ with 12-15 inch fronds should be at­ tected. Although no fronds might be in tained by the end of the following sum­ evidence from late October until late mer. April 1, the six foot fronds would be so Ferns of this size may be planted in beautiful throughout the summer and permanent locations. They will grow early fall that many people would find faster if they receive abou t haH a day of the care required well worth the effort. full sunlight but this increases the water -ALBERT M. LAESSLE, Depm·tment of requirement and the soil must remain moist at all times. Quite heavy applica­ Biolog;j, Univenity of Florida, Gaines­ tions of commercial f=rtilizers may be ville, F{01-ida. made, being certain that none is applied closer than six inches to the crown. This A New Lycoris, Perhaps will also speed up the growth rate. A trunk growth of one foot a year is not 'Nhile in correspondence with l\11r. difficult to achieve after the f=rns have Kan Yashiroda, in Japan, about another formed a trunk above the ground. But, Lycoris, he 'was good enough to tell me it usually takes about three years from of a species, native in his area, that is the spore stage until a trunk is formed. considered a species by most Japanese High shade is very helpful in preven t­ botanists, though assigned as a \'ariety to ing frost from killing the fronds. This L. .':angllinea by olhers. He lold me that factor is important since frost may form it grew at a particular altitude le\'el, and on open sites at temperatures above freez­ that its flowering season was a little ing. Fronds so protected by high shade ahead of that of L. radiata, the other will sland temDeratures of about 25 °F. species of the area. To complete the dis­ If all expanded fronds are killed by tem­ cussion, he offered to collect bulbs for pera ~ ures below 25°F., new fronds will m e. At the proper time, they arrived form when warm weather returns, pro­ and in quantity enough so a few could vided the "bud" is not killed. The d =nse be sent to Dr. Traub, to Mr. Sam Cald­ covering of scales and frond bases, how­ well and to i\Ir. Frederic P. Lee, all of ever, form sufficient insulation about the whom are concerned and inlerested in "bud" to protect it at temperatures of the genus. 20 °F., if this cold is not of more than a The balance, planted here, have be­ few hours duration. haved as do the bulbs of L. sa ngu inea, '''Trapping the buds with Span;sh moss, no foliage through the winter and later blankets, etc., will protect them [;-om in appearing than any of the sprin& pro­ more severe cold. Even these precau­ ducing kinds, except L. sq Il{[ Inzgem. tions failed me, however, in the winter This year, they showed about February of 1957-58 when the temperature at fifteenth, but after the leaves hall come Gainesville reached a low of 16 OF. and on incaTnata, Spl'engeri, C({{dru elli, remained below freezing for 14.8 hours "Spen-yi" and chinensis. Novv, in leaf, and 22° or lower for 10 hours on the superficially one could not tell the new night of December 12-13. "\Then warm bulbs from old bulbs of sanguinea or weather returned after this freeze the "cinnabarina." Blooming may be post­ fronds of the protected buds uncoiled poned a year, as newly se t bulbs of any and reached a length about 15 inches Iycoris often wait, but we are publish­ before collapsing due to the killing of ing here two prints from photographs the trunk below. Dozens of tree ferns, taken by ]\tIr. Yashiroda and usee! by his some with trunks over seven feet tall, kind permission. As compared to the were thus killed. Most that had not yet flowers of L. sanguil1ea, these appear to formed a trunk above the ground sur­ be much more open with n arrower seg­ vided this very severe cold. ments and longer petioles. The color is It appears that with a protective reported to be about the same, a lthough mulch, this species could be grown out­ the color of all sanguinea that appears doors in the warmer portions of the to be in cultivation in this country is 298 THE AMERICAN HOR TICULTURAL MAGAZINE

KAN YASHIRODA

Lycoris kiushiana (L. sanguinea var. kiushiana)

KAN YASH IRODA JULY 1961 , VOLUME ':l0, NUMBER 3 299 so different from the taxonomist's de­ erally acclaimed to be the most delicious scription, that Mr. Caldwell, for one, and beautiful fruit in the world, I feel wonders if we have the typical san­ that i ~ is .worth the effort to attempt to guinea. establi sh It here. Information leading to As alllycoris, except squa171igera which securing seeds or plants of any of the is variable in performance, are superb o.ther Garcinia species would be appre­ things for the Deep South, any new kind CIated. - EDWARD F. THAYER, Stuart, is more than welcome.-B. Y. MORRISON, Florida. Pass Christiall, Nlississippi. Growing Tree Peonies Mangosteen from Seed A couple of years ago, I was finally As an amateur grower of tree peonies successful in securing viable seeds of the for many years, I still find it surprising Mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana. After that this magnificent flowering shrub is a year of careful culture, assisted with a so little known and grown by the aver­ bottom heated, humidity controlled age gardener. The huge blossoms of wardian case, I started grafting mango­ many colors, shades, and textures lend steen scions on any Garcinia species or spectacular beauty to any garden, mak­ closely related genera obtainable 111 ing the plant worthy of far greater use. Florida, with the following results: Perhaps the chief cause of the delayed All mangos teen scions are growing on acceptance of the tree peony, Paeonia these rootstocks, and the following re­ stlffruticosa, by American gardeners is actions are now evident: New leaves of the lack of information as to its cultural mangos teen on Garcinia spicata are light­ requirements. Another factor is prob­ green, and darken to normal color with ably our characteristic demand for im­ age. Growth of scion seems normal. mediate results, for the propagation of l\langosteen on Garcinia tinct01-ia shows blossoming specimens of the tree peony salmon colored new leaves, characteristic takes considerable time, making them of mangosteen on its own roots, leaves expensive. Tree peonies are for patient green up to normal with age, but are people. very close together. Mangosteen on A native of interior Asia, under natu­ Rheedia aristata produces very li ght ral conditions the plant was a woods green leaves with dark green veins and undergrowth. Selections have been made have not darkened to normal color as and propagated by the Chinese for so yet, growth is very slow. Mangosteen on many centuries that the identity of the Clusia Tosea shows new vigorous salmon wild native plant, now almost extinct, colored leaves, but it is too soon since has been all but lost. grafting to check further reactions. The Many generations of cross-pollination term normal is indicated by the appear­ and inter-breeding have made the seed­ ance of mangos teen on its own roots. lings, even of the named varieties, high­ I have Garcinia livingstonei stock, but ly variable in color and type, ranging they are too small to graft as yet. I am from pure white to deep maroon and quite anxious to secure other species of purple, and from singles with their gold­ Ga1-Ci17ia or other closely related genera en stamens to doubles so full that to try as rootstocks, but no success so far. nei ther stamens or pistils are visible. It is much too early in the progress of The Chinese, whose art and literature this experiment to determine complete concerning the tree peony date back to graft compatibility. If I could contact the sixth century A.D., stressed full dou­ anyone else in the world, however, that bles in their variety selections. The.J ap­ is working along the same lines, we may anese, whose period of culture has been eventually succeed in locating the most somewhat less, appear to favor singles compatible rootstock. and semi-doubles. Efforts to establish the mangosteen in Owing to the great variabili ty of seed­ Florida fiave failed because, clue to lack lings, the characteristics of the named of root hairs, it is extremely sensitive to varieties have been fixed by asexual slight water deficits, and possibly to nu­ propagation, which includes grafting, trient variation. Some believe that the layering and division. extreme sensitivity of the plant to cold I shall not here enter into the details is the real trouble. Since this fruit is gen- of asexual propagation, the techniques 300 THE ArvIERICAN HORTICULTURAL MAGAZINE of which call [or skills and training not Planting, whether fall or the fellowing to be expected of the casual grower. spring, should always be shallow, with Rather I think it is more interesting to the seed scarcely more than an inch be­ invite the reader to the high adventure low the surface. Like the bean and pea, of growing the unpredictable seedlings, the cotyledons formed by the division of the area from which the named varieties the seed, will rise above the surface, re­ have been selected. The long period of leasing the tender top from the inter­ waiting between the planting of the seed ference of hard soil. A high humus con­ and the unfolding of the flower only ac­ tent and sand used in the soil covering ce ntuates the keenness of anticipation the seed will help prevent baking and and the climax of satisfaction when one hardening. Mulching is helpful in fall views for the first time a blossom of planting, but the mulch should be re­ unique loveliness, the exact likeness of moved early in the spring, for the little which has never before been seen by the plants are early risers. eyes of man. In their first year the plants will de­ Tree peonies begin blossoming several velop from one to three leaves. When weeks in advance of herbaceous peonies these fall in the autumn the plant will of the same district. Here, in the upper scarcely show above ground. "Vinter South, the season begins in the latter mulching is desirable during the follow­ part of April, ranging northward ing few years to prevent the heaving, through May to June. Coincidentally due to alternate freezing and thawing, the ripening of the seed occurs in Au­ from tearing the tender roots of the gust in southwest Virginia and corres­ young plants. pondingly later in the North. Plants may be spaced a foot apart in My first attempt at growing tree peo­ the row and left thus until they reach nies was with seed imported from Japan. blossoming stage, which takes fi,'e or These I planted early in the spring of more years. They should then be moved 1932 but none came up until a year later, to permanent locations, spaced not less a result that can always be expected from than four feet apart. dry seed. The seed, hard, black and Tree peonies do best in deep fertile shining and the size of garden peas, are soil 'with a high humus content and good best gathered as ~oon as the pods open drainage. Unlike the herbaceous peony, and whIle they stIll retain their pristine mois.ture. Never let them dry out. Im­ they do best in partial shade, especially medIate planting is satisfactory if one in the upper South and the middle "Vest. The usual height of a mature plant un­ takes the pains to provide suitable soil, der favorable conditions is from three to shade, and vigilant care to see that the five feet, with an equal or greater spread. soil a~d seeds do not become too dry at The older stalks age and after ten to any tIme before the advent of winter. twenty years are best removed to give My personal preference is immediate­ ly to place the seeds in sphagnum, peat place to abundant new shoots. Under moss, or vermiculite, and store in mod­ congenial conditions plants are known erate temperatures until sprouting be­ to survive a hundred years. gins, a period of about two months. The Annual growth starts very early in the seed can then be planted, either in a cold spring and is completed by .June, even frame or out of doors. in the North. Do not remove leaves or Th~ s~ed of the tree peony has this healthy growth during the growing sea­ pecull~nty: ~fter the sprouting root ap­ son, for the spring's early and almost pears It defimtely will not develop a top explosive growth and blossoming is de­ until the sprouted seed has passed pendent on the nutrients stored in the through a cool or cold "incubation" fleshy roots during the preyious season. period of several months. This fact has Tree peonies are very hardy. In the bee~ demonstrated and scien ti fically es­ public parks of Rochester. New York, tabhshed by the Boyce Thompson Insti­ and Milwaukee, "Wisconsin, no special tute. Under natural conditions the acorn protection is necessary in the winter, of the oak and the nut of the cheslnut though a good mulch is always helpful. exhibit similar characteristics, anchoring For a real flower lover never to make themselves to the soil by the sprouting the acquaintance of the tree peony is to root, beneath fallen leaves, and devel­ miss one of life's most pleasing experi­ oping the top when they emerge in the ences.--HARVEY F. STOKE, Roanoke, Vir­ spring. ginia. \

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Nickerson Color Fan The American Horticultural a nd its numeri ca l des igna ti on in characteristics from the stand­ Society h as been interested for the Munsell System of Color point of both indoor and out­ many years in making available Notations which is fast becoming door work. to the horticultural public a accepted as standard by m any The availability of the present popularly priced co lor chart that industries and societies dealing fan , through the America n Hor­ could be used as a standard in with color system s in America. ti cultural Society was made pos­ all phases of horticul ture, Ac­ The chart uses color names that sible b y a grant from the Long­ cura te charts, in the past, have have been selected as standard wood F 0 u n d a t i on , Kennett been too costly to publish at a by the Inter-Society Color Coun­ Square, Pennsylva nia. moderate price. cil and the National Bureau of Judges who h ave used the fan No color chart, except those Standards, report that the color chips are with a thousand colors or more, The fan may be opened out so easy to h andle, particularly ca n contain all the colors needed a nd, if desired, a b ackground when working with color classes, by all the various horticultural chart may be obtained on which that they prefer it to any other groups, but the N ickerson Color all the fan leaves may be pasted color reference. Fan, which has been approved into the form of a color wheel, The Nickerson Color Fan is by America's outstanding color to make a complete, permanen t distributed by the American foundation, ca n well becom e the color wheel. The wheel-type H orticultural Society at $6.00 standard everywhere, chart is often desirable for the each ($5 .1 0 to AHS members). Included with the color ch art study of co mplementary colors T his low price is possible only is a twelve- page booklet expl ain­ in such fields as Rower arrange­ by cooperation in payment with ing the use of the fan in detail. m ent. However, the ease with order. D iscount for quantity Printed in small type, on each which the fa n can be folded and purchases will be given upon color, is the popular color name carried is one of its va luable req ue t. ·1

ULI.-\ S A. GUERNSEY

Ceropegia woodi